BFC21103 Chapter4 PDF

BFC21103Hydraulics
Chapter4.NonUniformFlow
inOpenChannel
TanLaiWai,WanAfnizan&ZarinaMdAli
laiwai@uthm.edu.my
LearningOutcomes
Attheendofthischapter,studentsshouldbeableto:
i. Analysethecharacteristicsofhydraulicjump
(rapidlyvariedflow)basedonmomentum
equation
ii. Analysethecharacteristicsofgraduallyvaried
flow
BFC21103Hydraulics
Tanetal.(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
4.1RapidlyVariedFlow
Occurswhenthedepthofflowchangerapidlywithinshortdistance,
e.g.hydraulicjump.
Hydraulicjumpoccurswhensupercriticalflowchangessuddenlyto
subcriticalflowwithinashortdistance.
hydraulicjump
yc
supercritical
y2
subcritical
y1
2
BFC21103Hydraulics
Datum
4.2HydraulicJump
Hydraulicjumponlyoccursiftheupstreamflowissupercritical,
i.e.y1 < yc,andthedownstreamflowbecomessubcriticalflow,i.e.
y2 > yc > y1
where,
y1 =depthofflowjustbeforethejump
y2 =depthofflowjustafterthejump
y1 andy2 areknownasconjugatedepths
BFC21103Hydraulics
Hydraulicjumpinthelaboratoryflume
BFC21103Hydraulics
Hydraulicjumpatthetoeofspillway Itaipudam,Brazil
BFC21103Hydraulics
Hydraulicjumpdownstreamofsluicegate Harrancanal,Turkey
BFC21103Hydraulics
WaveshittingseawallinDepoebay,OregonU.S.
BFC21103Hydraulics
SurgewavesduetofastflowingfloodinTangjiasan,China
BFC21103Hydraulics
ApplicationsofHydraulicJump
i.
Energydissipatori.e.reducevelocityandpreventerosion
ii. Diversethewaterirrigation
iii. Increaseweightofwater
iv. Mixchemicalsubstancee.g.inwatertreatmentprocess
v. Aerationofflow,i.e.increaseDO
BFC21103Hydraulics
TypesofJump
BasedontheFroudenumberbeforethejumpFr1
Fr1 = 1.0 1.7
undularjump
Fr1 = 1.7 2.5
weakjump
Fr1 = 2.5 4.5
oscillatingjump
Fr1 = 4.5 9.0
steadyjump
Fr1 > 9.0
strongjump
BFC21103Hydraulics
Fr1 =1.6
Energydissipation=45%to70%
BFC21103Hydraulics
Energydissipationupto85%
MomentumEquation
Considerahydraulicjumponafrictionlessflatbed withina
rectangularchannel,
F4
F1
y1
1
F1
y2
W
F3
F = M2 M1
F1 F2 F3 + F4 = QV2 QV1
Sincefriction= 0 F3 = 0andflatbedF4 = Wsin = 0
BFC21103Hydraulics
F1 F2 = QV2 QV1
y1
y2
gA1 gA2 = QV2 QV1
2
2
DividingbygB,
1 2 1 2 qV2 qV1
y1 y 2 =
2
2
g
g
Since V1 =
q
q
,
andV2 =
y2
y1
1 2 1 2 q2 q2
y1 y 2 =
2
2
gy2 gy1
q2 1 2 q2 1 2
+ y1 =
+ y2
gy2 2
gy1 2
BFC21103Hydraulics
Activity4.1
Usingthemomentumforceequation,drawthespecificforcecurve
if a hydraulic jump occurs within a rectangular channel with the
dischargeperunitwidthis25ft3/s.
Givenq =25ft3/sflowsinarectangularchannel
q2 1 2
+ y
Specificforceisgivenas F =
gy 2
Momentum Hydrostatic
pressure
flux
BFC21103Hydraulics
y (ft)
F (ft2)
1.0
19.910
1.2
16.895
1.4
14.844
1.6
13.411
1.8
12.403
2.0
11.705
2.2
11.243
2.4
10.967
2.6
10.845
2.8
10.852
3.0
10.970
3.2
11.186
3.4
11.489
3.6
11.872
3.8
12.328
4.0
12.852
4.2
13.441
4.4
14.091
4.6
14.800
4.8
15.564
5.0
16.382
5.2
17.253
5.4
18.174
5.6
19.146
5.8
20.167
y (ft)
6
5
SubcriticalflowFr<1
yc
3
2
1
SupercriticalflowFr>1
0
0
10
Fmin
F (ft2)
15
20
y1 andy2 withthesameF areconjugatedepths
BFC21103Hydraulics
ConjugateDepthsEquation
Fromthemomentumequationofflowinarectangularchannel,
q2 1 2 q2 1 2
+ y1 =
+ y2
gy2 2
gy1 2
Rearranging,
2
2
2
q
2
q
y22 y12 =
gy1 gy2
2q 2 y2 y1
(y2 y1 )(y1 + y2 ) =
g y1 y 2
2q 2
(y1 + y2 )y1y2 =
g
2
q
ItcanbeseenthatFrcanbeintroducedsince Fr2 = 3
gy
BFC21103Hydraulics
y2 2q 2
( y1 + y 2 ) 2 = 3
y1 gy1
Divisionby y13 ,
y22 y2
2
+
=
2
Fr
1
y12 y1
Notethatsolving
2
2
2
1
y y2
+ 2Fr12 = 0
y y1
Solvingfor
y2
gives
y1
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
b b2 4ac
gives x =
2a
1 + 12 4(1)( 2Fr12 )
y2
=
y1
2(1)
y2 1
= 1 + 1 + 8Fr12
y1 2
sincey1 andy2 arepositivevalues
BFC21103Hydraulics
Elseifdivisionismadeby y23 ,
1 + 1 + 8Fr22
y1
=
y2
2
y2
y1
> 1 or
Notethatforhydraulicjumptooccur,
<1
y1
y2
BFC21103Hydraulics
EnergyLoss
Therewillbeconsiderablelossofenergyinhydraulicjumpbetween
sections1and2
V12
2g
EL V22
2g
hydraulic
jump
yc
supercritical
y2
subcritical
y1
2
BFC21103Hydraulics
Datum
Eo
EGL
Energylossiscalculatedas
E L = E1 E 2
V12
V22
E L = y1 + y 2 +
2g
2g
Forrectangularchannel,itcanbesimplifiedas
q2
q2
EL = y1 +
y2 +
2
2
2gy1
2gy2
1 q2 1 1
2 2
E L = ( y1 y 2 ) +
2 g y1 y 2
1 q 2 y22 y12
E L = ( y1 y 2 ) +
2 2
2 g y1 y 2
BFC21103Hydraulics
q2 1
Substituting
= (y1 + y2 )y1 y2
g 2
y22 y12
1 1
E L = ( y1 y 2 ) +
y1 y2 (y1 + y2 ) 2 2
y y
2 2
1 2
4 y1 y2 (y1 y2 ) + y1 y22 y13 + y23 y12 y2
EL =
4 y1 y 2
y23 + 3y12 y2 3y1 y22 y13
EL =
4 y1 y 2
EL =
(y2 y1 )3
4 y1 y 2
whichisexpressedinmeter
BFC21103Hydraulics
PowerduetoEnergyLoss
PowerduetoenergylossinunitWattisgivenas
PL = gQE L
HeightofJump
Theheightofjumpisgivenas
H j = y 2 y1
BFC21103Hydraulics
LengthofJump
BasedonFroudenumberupstreamofthejumpFr1,
Lj = 6.9(y2 y1 )
forFr1 5.0
Lj = 6.1y2
forFr1 > 5.0
BFC21103Hydraulics
Activity4.2
A spillway discharges flow at a rate of 7.75 m3/s/m. At the
downstream horizontal apron, the depth of flow was found to be
0.5m.Whattailwaterdepthisneededtoformahydraulicjump?If
ajumpisformed,findits
(i)
type;
(ii) length;
(iii) headloss;and
(iv) energylossasapercentageoftheinitialenergy.
BFC21103Hydraulics
Givenq =7.75m3/s/m,y1 =0.5m

q
7.75
=
= 6.999
Fr1 =
3
3
gy1
9.81 0.5
Utilizingtheconjugatedepthsequation,
y2 1
= 1 + 1 + 8Fr12
y1 2
0.5
y2 =
1 + 1 + 8 6.9992
2
y2 = 4.705 m
(i) BasedontheFr1 =6.999,thejumpisasteadyjump(4.5< Fr1 < 9.0)
BFC21103Hydraulics
(ii) SinceFr1 =6.999> 5.0

Lengthofjump
Lj = 6.1y2
Lj = 6.1 4.705
Lj = 28.70 m
(iii) Headlossisgivenas EL =
EL =
(y2 y1 )3
4 y1 y 2
(4.705 0.5)3
4 0.5 4.705
EL = 7.901 m
BFC21103Hydraulics
q2
(iv) Initialtotalenergyis Eo = y1 +
2gy12
7.752
Eo = 0.5 +
2 9.81 0.52
Eo = 12.745 m
EL 7.901
Percentageofenergyloss
=
100% = 61.99%
Eo 12.745
BFC21103Hydraulics
Activity4.3
A25mwidespillwayisdischargingflowwithvelocityof30m/sata
depthof1m.Hydraulicjumpoccursimmediatelydownstream.Find
theheightofthejumpandpowerlossduetothejump.
GivenB =25m,y1 =1m,V1 =30m/s
V1
30
=
= 9.578
Fr1 =
gy1
9.81 1
Conjugatedepthsequation,
y2 1
= 1 + 1 + 8Fr12
y1 2
1
y2 = 1 + 1 + 8 9.5782
2
y2 = 13.055m
BFC21103Hydraulics
(i) Heightofjump H j = y2 y1
H j = 13.055 1
H j = 12.055 m
(ii) Energyloss
EL =
EL =
(y2 y1 )3
4 y1 y 2
(12.055 1)3
4 1 12.055
EL = 28.019 m
Powerduetoenergyloss PL = gQE L
PL = 9810 (25 1 30 ) 28.019
PL = 206.15MW
BFC21103Hydraulics
4.3GraduallyVariedFlow
Asteadynonuniformflowinaprismaticchannelwithgradualchanges
initsflowsurfaceelevation.
Examples:
(i)Drawdownproducedbysuddenchangeinchannelbedslope
M2
controlsection
S2
yo
Mildslope
yc
Stee
psl
ope
Computations C
omp
u ta
tion
s
BFC21103Hydraulics
yo
(ii)Backwaterproducedbyincreasedinbedelevation
M1
controlsection1
yo1
controlsection2
yo2
Mildslo
pe
yc
Computations
Milderslope
Computations
BFC21103Hydraulics
Lake
TypesofSlope
yo
So
Typeofslope
Symbol
yo > yc
So < Sc
Mild
yo < yc
So > Sc
Steep
So = Sc
Critical
yo =
So = 0
Horizontal
yo =
So < 0
Adverse
yo = yc
or
BFC21103Hydraulics
ClassificationofGVFProfile
Channel
Mildslope
Steepslope
Criticalslope
Horizontalbed
Adverseslope
Region
Condition
Type
y >yo >yc
M1
yo >y >yc
M2
yo >yc >y
M3
y >yc >yo
S1
yc >y >yo
S2
yc >yo >y
S3
y >yo =yc
C1
y <yo =yc
C3
y >yc
H2
y <yc
H3
y >yc
A2
y <yc
A3
ClassificationofGVFProfile
Slope
Region1
Region2
M1
MildM
M2
yo
yo
Region3
yo
yc
yc
yc
yo > y > yc
y > yo > yc
M3
yo > yc > y
S1
yc
SteepS
yc
yo
y > yc > yo
S2
yo
yc > y > yo
yc
yo S3
yc > yo > y
C1
CriticalC
yo = y
y > yo = yc
BFC21103Hydraulics
yo = y
C3
yo = yc > y
Slope
Region1
Region2
Region3
H2
Horizontal
H
yc
yc
y > yc
H2
yc > y
A2
AdverseA
yc
yc
y > yc
Allcurvesinregion1havepositiveslopes(backwatercurves)
Allcurvesinregion2havenegativeslopes(drawdowncurves)
BFC21103Hydraulics
yc > y
BFC21103Hydraulics
OccurrenceofFlowProfile
(a)i.M1 profile
Occursduetoobstructiontosubcriticalflow,e.g.weir,damor
othercontrolstructures.Theprofileextendstoseveralkilometres
upstreambeforeapproachingthenormaldepth.
y > yo > yc
M1
yo
yc
Mildslope
BFC21103Hydraulics
(a)ii.M2 profile
Occurswhenthereisasuddendropinthebottomofthechannel,
constrictionofchannelorchanneloutletintoreservoir.
yo > y > yc
M2
yo
yc
Mildslope
BFC21103Hydraulics
(a)iii.M3 profile
Occurswhensupercriticalflowentersamildslopechannel,e.g.
flowfromaspillwayorasluicegatetoamildchannel.
yo > yc > y
yo
M3
yc
Mildslope
BFC21103Hydraulics
(b)i.S1 profile
Occurswhensupercriticalflowchangestopoolofwater
(subcriticalflow)duetoobstructionsuchasweirordam.
y > yc > yo
S1
yc
yo
Steepslope
BFC21103Hydraulics
(b)ii.S2 profile
Occurswhenflowfromreservoirenterasteepslopeorwhen
thereisachangefrommildslopetosteepslope.Thisprofileisof
shorterlength.
yc > y > yo
yc
yo
S2
Steepslope
BFC21103Hydraulics
(b)iii.S3 profile
Occurswhenflowfromreservoirenterasteepslopeorwhen
thereisachangefrommildslopetosteepslope.Thisprofileisof
shorterlength.
yc > yo > y
Ste
S3
Steepslope
yo
yc
ep
e
rs
lop
e
BFC21103Hydraulics
S3
Steepslope
yo
yc
(c)C1 andC3 profiles

Highlyunstableandrarelyoccur, y > yo = yc and yo = yc > y
(d)H2 andH3 profiles
Occurswhenthebedofmildslopebecomesflatter.Thereisno
region1sinceyo = .
y > yc
H2
yc > y
H3
yc
Horizontalbed
BFC21103Hydraulics
Drop
(e)A2 andA3 profiles

Occurswhenflowisonadverseslope,whichisrare.Theseprofiles
occurswithinashortlength.
y > yc
A2
yc > y
A3
yc
Pool
Drop
Adverseslope
BFC21103Hydraulics
Activity4.4
Determinethetypeofprofileforthefollowingflow.
Sluicegate
Sluicegate
yc
yo
yo
(a)
yc
(b)
BFC21103Hydraulics
yc >yo S
yo >yc M
Zone1 S1
Zone1 M1
Zone3 S3
Zone3 M3
S1
Sluicegate
M1
S3
Sluicegate
yc
M3
yo
(a)
(b)
BFC21103Hydraulics
yo
yc
Activity4.5
A rectangular channel with bottom width 4 m and bottom slope
0.0008hasdischargeof1.5m3/s.Alongthegraduallyvariedflowin
the channel, the depth at a section is found to be 0.3 m. Assuming
Manningn =0.016,determinethetypeofGVFprofile.
BFC21103Hydraulics
Rectangularsection,B =4m,So =0.0008,n =0.016,Q =1.5m3/s,y =0.3m.

2
3
AR =
Qn
S
1
2
o
Q
y c = 2
B g
2
2
3
Byo 1.5 0.016

=
(Byo )
1
B
+
y
2
o
0.00082
2
3
(4 yo ) 4 yo = 0.8485
1
3
1.5
y c = 2
4 9.81
2
y c = 0.2429 m
4 + 2y o
yo = 0.4261 m
Since yo > y > y c M2
BFC21103Hydraulics
1
3
Activity4.6
A triangular channel has side slope 1(H):1(V), bed slope 0.001, and
Manningroughnessn =0.015.Ifrateofflowis0.2m3/s
(a)Determinethetypeofslope,and
(b)Givethelimitofdepthsofflowinregions1,2,and3.
BFC21103Hydraulics
Triangularsection,z =1,So =0.001,n =0.015,Q =0.2m3/s

2
3
AR =
Ac3 Q2
=
Tc
g
Qn
S
1
2
o
(zy )
2 3
c
0.22
=
2zy c 9.81
2
3
0.2 0.015
zy
2
o
=
(zyo )
1
2
y
+
z
2
1
o
0.0012
y c5 = 0.008155
2
3
= 0.09487
(y )
2 2 yo
2
o
2
o
y c = 0.3822 m
8
3
o
y = 0.1897
yo = 0.5361 m
Since yo > y c mild slope M

BFC21103Hydraulics
ForM1 :y > 0.5361 m

ForM2 :0.5361 m > y > 0.3822 m
ForM3 :y < 0.3822 m
BFC21103Hydraulics
AnalysisofGVFProfile
TwobasicassumptionsareinvolvedintheanalysisofGVF:
1.Thepressuredistributionatanysectionishydrostatic.
2.Theresistancetoflowatanydepthcanbeassumedusing
uniformflowequation,suchastheManning'sequation,withthe
conditionthattheslopetermtobeusedintheequationisthe
energyslopeandnotthebedslope.Thus,ifinaGVFthedepthof
flowatanysectionisy,theenergyslopeSf is:
Sf =
n2V 2
R
4
3
whereR isthehydraulicradiusofthesectionatdepthy.
BFC21103Hydraulics
DifferentialEquationofGVF
ThetotalenergyH ofagraduallyvariedflowinachannelofsmall
slopeis:
V2
H=z+y+
2g
V2
wherethespecificenergy E = y +
2g
V2
2g
Datum
Energy
lineS
Wate
y
z
So
SchematicsketchofGVF
BFC21103Hydraulics
rsur
fa
ce
Sincethewatersurfacevariesinthelongitudinalxdirection,thedepth
oftheflowandthetotalenergyarefunctionsofx.
Differentiatingtotalenergywithrespecttox,
dH dz dy d V 2
= + +
dx dx dx dx 2g
Energyslope
dH
= S f
dx
Bottomslope
dZ
= So
dx
watersurfaceslope
relativetothechannel
bottom
d V 2 d Q 2 dy
Velocityterm =
2
dx 2g dx 2gA dx
Q 2 dA dy
= 3
gA dy dx
BFC21103Hydraulics
Since
dA
=T
dy
d V 2 Q2T dy
= 3
dx 2g gA dx
Differentiatedenergyequationcannowberewrittenas
dy Q2T dy
S f = So + 3
dx gA dx
dy S o S f
=
Rearranging,
Q2T
dx
1 3
gA
DynamicequationofGVF
BFC21103Hydraulics
OtherformsofdynamicequationofGVF
(a)IfK =conveyanceatanydepthy andKo =conveyancecorrespondingto
thenormaldepthyo,then
Q
forGVF
K=
Sf
Q
Ko =
foruniformflow
So
S f K o2
= 2
So K
IfZ =sectionfactoratdepthy andZc =sectionfactoratthecriticaldepthyc,

3
A
Z2 =
T
Ac3 Q2
2
=
and Z c =
Tc
g
Q2T Z c2
Hence
= 2
3
gA Z
BFC21103Hydraulics
SubstitutingintotheGVFdynamicequation
Sf
1
So
dy
= So
Q2T
dx
1 3
gA
K o 2
1
dy
= So K 2
dx
1 Z c
Z
Thisequationisusefulindevelopingdirectintegrationtechniques.
BFC21103Hydraulics
(b)IfQo representsthenormaldischargeatadepthyo andQc denotesthe

criticaldischargeatthesamedepthy,
Qo = K So
and
Qc = Z g
Usingthesedefinitions,theGVFdynamicequationin(a)canberewrittenas
2
Q
1
Qn
dy
= So
2
dx
Q
1
Qc
BFC21103Hydraulics
(c)AnotherformoftheGVFdynamicequationis
dE
= So S f
dx
ThisequationiscalledthedifferentialenergyequationofGVFtodistinguish
itfromtheotherGVFdifferentialequations.Thisenergyequationisvery
usefulindevelopingnumericaltechniquesfortheGVFprofilecomputation.
BFC21103Hydraulics
AnalysisofGVFProfile
Amongtheimportanceare:
(a) determinationoftheeffectofhydraulicstructuretotheflow;
(b) inundationduetodamorweirconstruction;and
(c) estimationoffloodarea.
Thiscourseonlyconsidersthefollowingmethods:
(a) Directintegration;
(b) Numericalintegration;and
(c) Directstep.
BFC21103Hydraulics
CalculationofGVFProfile
Graduallyvaried
flowsurface
y1
x1
yN+1
y1+y1 y1+y2
x2
xN
dy
Changesindepthofflowcanbecalculatedif:
dx
(a) y1 andyN+1 areknown,or

(b) L isknown
BFC21103Hydraulics
A.DirectIntegration
Betweentwosections(x1,y1)and(x2,y2),
M
yc J
yo
[F (v2 , J ) F (v1 , J )]
x2 x1 = (u2 u1 ) [F (u2 , N ) F (u1 , N )] +
So
yo M
where,
y
u=
yo
v =u
N
J
N
J=
(N M + 1)
M,N =hydraulicexponents
F(u,N)=variedflowfunction
F(v,J)=samefunctionasF(u,N)
BFC21103Hydraulics
A dT
y
M = 3T
A
T dy
2y
dP
N = 5T 2R
3A
dy
Section
Rectangular
2to3.333
Trapezoidal
3to5
2to5.333
5.333
Triangular
Fortrapezoidalchannels,
y
y
3 1 + 2z
2z
B
B
M=
1 + z y 1 + 2z y
B
B
y 1 + z2
1 + 2z y
8
10
B
B
N=
3 1 + z y 3
y 1 + z2
+
1
2
BFC21103Hydraulics
y
y
and
Do
B
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
z =0(rectangular)
2.0
y
B
z=
0.
5
z=
1
z=
z = 1.5
2
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
z =2.5
z =3
z =4
Circular
0.2
Do
y
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
M
4.5
BFC21103Hydraulics
5.0
5.5
1.0
0.8
0.6
y
y 0.5
0.4
and
Do 0.3
B
.
0
z=
1.
y
z=
)
ular
tang
(rec
2.0
z = 0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
Circula
r
z =2
z =2.5
z =3
z =4
0.2
Do
y
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
BFC21103Hydraulics
5.0
5.5
VariedflowfunctionforpositiveslopesF(u,N)(Chow,1959)
N
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.100
0.120
0.140
0.160
0.180
0.100
0.120
0.140
0.160
0.180
0.100
0.120
0.140
0.160
0.180
0.100
0.120
0.140
0.160
0.180
0.100
0.120
0.140
0.160
0.180
0.100
0.120
0.140
0.160
0.180
0.201
0.221
0.241
0.262
0.282
0.200
0.221
0.241
0.261
0.282
0.200
0.220
0.241
0.261
0.281
0.200
0.220
0.240
0.261
0.281
0.200
0.220
0.240
0.260
0.281
0.200
0.220
0.240
0.260
0.280
0.200
0.220
0.240
0.260
0.280
0.303
0.324
0.344
0.366
0.387
0.302
0.323
0.343
0.364
0.385
0.302
0.322
0.343
0.363
0.384
0.301
0.322
0.342
0.363
0.383
0.301
0.321
0.342
0.362
0.383
0.301
0.321
0.341
0.362
0.382
0.300
0.321
0.341
0.361
0.382
u
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.100
0.120
0.141
0.161
0.181
0.100
0.120
0.140
0.161
0.181
0.100
0.120
0.140
0.160
0.181
0.100
0.120
0.140
0.160
0.180
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.202
0.223
0.243
0.264
0.286
0.201
0.222
0.242
0.263
0.284
0.201
0.221
0.242
0.262
0.283
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.307
0.329
0.350
0.373
0.395
0.305
0.326
0.348
0.370
0.392
0.304
0.325
0.346
0.367
0.389
BFC21103Hydraulics
N
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
0.405
0.426
0.448
0.470
0.492
0.404
0.425
0.446
0.468
0.489
0.403
0.424
0.445
0.466
0.488
0.403
0.423
0.444
0.465
0.486
0.402
0.423
0.443
0.464
0.485
0.517
0.540
0.563
0.587
0.612
0.514
0.536
0.559
0.583
0.607
0.511
0.534
0.556
0.579
0.603
0.509
0.531
0.554
0.576
0.599
0.508
0.529
0.551
0.574
0.596
0.506
0.528
0.550
0.572
0.594
0.644
0.657
0.671
0.684
0.698
0.637
0.650
0.663
0.676
0.690
0.631
0.644
0.657
0.669
0.683
0.627
0.639
0.651
0.664
0.677
0.623
0.635
0.647
0.659
0.672
0.620
0.631
0.643
0.655
0.667
0.617
0.628
0.640
0.652
0.664
0.712
0.727
0.742
0.757
0.772
0.703
0.717
0.731
0.746
0.761
0.696
0.709
0.723
0.737
0.751
0.689
0.703
0.716
0.729
0.743
0.684
0.697
0.710
0.723
0.737
0.680
0.692
0.705
0.718
0.731
0.676
0.688
0.701
0.713
0.726
u
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.418
0.441
0.465
0.489
0.514
0.414
0.437
0.460
0.483
0.507
0.411
0.433
0.456
0.478
0.502
0.408
0.430
0.452
0.475
0.497
0.407
0.428
0.450
0.472
0.494
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.539
0.565
0.592
0.619
0.647
0.531
0.556
0.582
0.608
0.635
0.525
0.550
0.574
0.600
0.626
0.521
0.544
0.568
0.593
0.618
0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.676
0.691
0.707
0.722
0.738
0.663
0.677
0.692
0.707
0.722
0.653
0.666
0.680
0.694
0.709
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.754
0.771
0.787
0.805
0.822
0.737
0.753
0.769
0.785
0.802
0.724
0.739
0.754
0.769
0.785
BFC21103Hydraulics
N
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
0.766
0.781
0.796
0.811
0.827
0.757
0.772
0.786
0.802
0.817
0.750
0.764
0.779
0.793
0.808
0.744
0.758
0.772
0.786
0.800
0.739
0.752
0.766
0.780
0.794
0.857
0.874
0.892
0.911
0.930
0.844
0.861
0.878
0.896
0.914
0.833
0.849
0.866
0.883
0.901
0.823
0.839
0.855
0.872
0.889
0.815
0.830
0.846
0.862
0.879
0.808
0.823
0.838
0.854
0.870
0.970
0.992
1.015
1.039
1.064
0.950
0.971
0.993
1.016
1.040
0.934
0.954
0.974
0.996
1.019
0.919
0.938
0.958
0.979
1.001
0.907
0.925
0.945
0.965
0.985
0.896
0.914
0.932
0.952
0.972
0.887
0.904
0.922
0.940
0.960
1.091
1.119
1.149
1.181
1.216
1.065
1.092
1.120
1.151
1.183
1.043
1.068
1.095
1.124
1.155
1.024
1.048
1.074
1.101
1.131
1.007
1.031
1.055
1.081
1.110
0.993
1.015
1.039
1.064
1.091
0.980
1.002
1.025
1.049
1.075
u
0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0.841
0.859
0.878
0.898
0.918
0.819
0.837
0.855
0.874
0.893
0.802
0.819
0.836
0.853
0.871
0.787
0.804
0.820
0.837
0.854
0.776
0.791
0.807
0.823
0.840
0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.939
0.961
0.984
1.007
1.031
0.912
0.933
0.954
0.976
0.998
0.890
0.909
0.929
0.950
0.971
0.872
0.890
0.909
0.929
0.949
0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84
1.056
1.083
1.110
1.139
1.170
1.022
1.047
1.072
1.099
1.128
0.994
1.017
1.041
1.067
1.093
0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
1.202
1.236
1.273
1.312
1.355
1.158
1.190
1.224
1.260
1.300
1.122
1.151
1.183
1.217
1.254
BFC21103Hydraulics
N
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
1.189
1.225
1.266
1.311
1.363
1.163
1.197
1.236
1.279
1.328
1.140
1.173
1.210
1.251
1.297
1.120
1.152
1.187
1.226
1.270
1.103
1.133
1.166
1.204
1.246
1.467
1.545
1.644
1.707
1.783
1.423
1.497
1.590
1.649
1.720
1.385
1.454
1.543
1.598
1.666
1.352
1.417
1.501
1.553
1.617
1.322
1.385
1.464
1.514
1.575
1.296
1.355
1.431
1.479
1.536
1.959
2.106
2.355
2.931
1.880
2.017
2.250
2.788
1.812
1.940
2.159
2.663
1.752
1.873
2.079
2.554
1.699
1.814
2.008
2.457
1.652
1.761
1.945
2.370
1.610
1.714
1.889
2.293
2.399
1.818
1.572
1.428
1.327
2.184
1.649
1.419
1.286
1.191
2.008
1.506
1.291
1.166
1.078
1.856
1.384
1.182
1.065
0.982
1.725
1.279
1.089
0.978
0.900
1.610
1.188
1.007
0.902
0.828
1.508
1.107
0.936
0.836
0.766
u
0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
1.401
1.452
1.508
1.572
1.645
1.343
1.390
1.442
1.500
1.568
1.294
1.338
1.386
1.441
1.503
1.253
1.294
1.340
1.391
1.449
1.218
1.257
1.300
1.348
1.403
0.950
0.960
0.970
0.975
0.980
1.730
1.834
1.968
2.052
2.155
1.647
1.743
1.865
1.943
2.040
1.577
1.666
1.780
1.851
1.936
1.518
1.601
1.707
1.773
1.855
0.985
0.990
0.995
0.999
1.000
2.294
2.477
2.792
3.523
2.165
2.333
2.621
3.292
2.056
2.212
2.478
3.097
1.001
1.005
1.010
1.015
1.020
3.317
2.587
2.273
2.090
1.961
2.931
2.272
1.984
1.817
1.698
2.640
2.021
1.756
1.602
1.493
BFC21103Hydraulics
N
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
0.955
0.868
0.802
0.748
0.703
0.866
0.785
0.723
0.672
0.630
0.790
0.714
0.656
0.608
0.569
0.725
0.653
0.598
0.553
0.516
0.668
0.600
0.548
0.506
0.471
0.749
0.713
0.681
0.652
0.626
0.665
0.631
0.601
0.575
0.551
0.595
0.563
0.536
0.511
0.488
0.535
0.506
0.480
0.457
0.436
0.485
0.457
0.433
0.411
0.392
0.441
0.415
0.392
0.372
0.354
0.693
0.669
0.647
0.627
0.608
0.602
0.581
0.561
0.542
0.525
0.529
0.509
0.490
0.473
0.458
0.468
0.450
0.432
0.417
0.402
0.417
0.400
0.384
0.369
0.355
0.374
0.358
0.343
0.329
0.316
0.337
0.322
0.308
0.295
0.283
0.591
0.574
0.559
0.531
0.505
0.509
0.494
0.480
0.454
0.431
0.443
0.429
0.416
0.392
0.371
0.388
0.375
0.363
0.341
0.322
0.343
0.331
0.320
0.299
0.281
0.305
0.294
0.283
0.264
0.248
0.272
0.262
0.252
0.235
0.219
u
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.779
1.651
1.552
1.472
1.405
1.532
1.415
1.325
1.252
1.191
1.340
1.232
1.149
1.082
1.026
1.186
1.086
1.010
0.947
0.895
1.060
0.967
0.896
0.838
0.790
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.346
1.296
1.250
1.210
1.173
1.138
1.091
1.050
1.013
0.980
0.977
0.935
0.897
0.864
0.833
0.851
0.812
0.777
0.746
0.718
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.139
1.108
1.079
1.052
1.027
0.949
0.921
0.895
0.871
0.848
0.805
0.780
0.756
0.734
0.713
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.22
1.24
1.003
0.981
0.960
0.922
0.887
0.827
0.807
0.788
0.754
0.723
0.694
0.676
0.659
0.628
0.600
BFC21103Hydraulics
N
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
0.351
0.334
0.318
0.304
0.290
0.304
0.288
0.274
0.260
0.248
0.265
0.250
0.237
0.225
0.214
0.233
0.219
0.207
0.196
0.185
0.205
0.193
0.181
0.171
0.162
0.329
0.316
0.304
0.293
0.282
0.278
0.266
0.256
0.246
0.236
0.237
0.226
0.217
0.208
0.199
0.204
0.194
0.185
0.177
0.169
0.176
0.167
0.159
0.152
0.145
0.153
0.145
0.138
0.131
0.125
0.330
0.320
0.310
0.288
0.269
0.273
0.263
0.255
0.235
0.218
0.227
0.219
0.211
0.194
0.179
0.191
0.184
0.177
0.161
0.148
0.162
0.156
0.149
0.135
0.123
0.139
0.133
0.127
0.114
0.103
0.119
0.113
0.108
0.097
0.087
0.251
0.236
0.222
0.209
0.198
0.203
0.189
0.177
0.166
0.156
0.165
0.153
0.143
0.133
0.125
0.136
0.125
0.116
0.108
0.100
0.113
0.103
0.095
0.088
0.082
0.094
0.086
0.079
0.072
0.067
0.079
0.072
0.065
0.060
0.055
u
1.26
1.28
1.30
1.32
1.34
0.856
0.827
0.800
0.776
0.753
0.694
0.669
0.645
0.623
0.603
0.574
0.551
0.530
0.510
0.492
0.482
0.461
0.442
0.424
0.408
0.410
0.391
0.373
0.357
0.342
1.36
1.38
1.40
1.42
1.44
0.731
0.711
0.692
0.675
0.658
0.584
0.566
0.549
0.534
0.519
0.475
0.459
0.444
0.431
0.418
0.393
0.378
0.365
0.353
0.341
1.46
1.48
1.50
1.55
1.60
0.642
0.627
0.613
0.580
0.551
0.505
0.492
0.479
0.451
0.425
0.405
0.394
0.383
0.358
0.335
1.65
1.70
1.75
1.80
1.85
0.525
0.501
0.480
0.460
0.442
0.403
0.382
0.364
0.347
0.332
0.316
0.298
0.282
0.267
0.254
BFC21103Hydraulics
N
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
0.117
0.110
0.104
0.092
0.083
0.094
0.088
0.082
0.073
0.065
0.076
0.070
0.066
0.058
0.051
0.062
0.057
0.053
0.046
0.040
0.050
0.046
0.043
0.037
0.032
0.098
0.089
0.082
0.076
0.070
0.075
0.068
0.062
0.057
0.052
0.058
0.052
0.047
0.043
0.039
0.045
0.040
0.036
0.033
0.029
0.035
0.031
0.028
0.025
0.022
0.028
0.024
0.022
0.019
0.017
0.089
0.083
0.078
0.059
0.046
0.065
0.060
0.056
0.041
0.031
0.048
0.044
0.041
0.029
0.022
0.036
0.033
0.030
0.021
0.015
0.027
0.024
0.022
0.015
0.010
0.020
0.018
0.017
0.011
0.007
0.015
0.014
0.012
0.008
0.005
0.037
0.031
0.022
0.017
0.013
0.025
0.020
0.014
0.010
0.008
0.017
0.013
0.009
0.006
0.005
0.011
0.009
0.006
0.004
0.003
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0.002
0.005
0.004
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0.001
u
1.90
1.95
2.00
2.10
2.20
0.425
0.409
0.395
0.369
0.346
0.317
0.304
0.292
0.273
0.251
0.242
0.231
0.221
0.202
0.186
0.188
0.178
0.169
0.154
0.141
0.147
0.139
0.132
0.119
0.107
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
0.326
0.308
0.292
0.277
0.264
0.235
0.220
0.207
0.195
0.184
0.173
0.160
0.150
0.140
0.131
0.129
0.119
0.110
0.102
0.095
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.5
4.0
0.252
0.241
0.230
0.190
0.161
0.175
0.166
0.158
0.126
0.104
0.124
0.117
0.110
0.085
0.069
4.5
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.139
0.122
0.098
0.081
0.069
0.088
0.076
0.058
0.047
0.040
0.057
0.048
0.036
0.028
0.022
BFC21103Hydraulics
N
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
u
9.0
10.0
20.0
0.060
0.053
0.023
0.033
0.028
0.011
0.019
0.016
0.005
0.011
0.009
0.003
0.006
0.005
0.001
0.004
0.003
0.001
BFC21103Hydraulics
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
0.002
0.002
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
N
4.2
4.6
5.0
5.4
5.8
6.2
6.6
7.0
7.4
7.8
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.100
0.120
0.140
0.160
0.180
0.100
0.120
0.140
0.160
0.180
0.100
0.120
0.140
0.160
0.180
0.100
0.120
0.140
0.160
0.180
0.100
0.120
0.140
0.160
0.180
0.100
0.120
0.140
0.160
0.180
0.200
0.220
0.240
0.260
0.280
0.200
0.220
0.240
0.260
0.280
0.200
0.220
0.240
0.260
0.280
0.200
0.220
0.240
0.260
0.280
0.200
0.220
0.240
0.260
0.280
0.200
0.220
0.240
0.260
0.280
0.200
0.220
0.240
0.260
0.280
0.300
0.320
0.340
0.360
0.380
0.300
0.320
0.340
0.360
0.380
0.300
0.320
0.340
0.360
0.380
0.300
0.320
0.340
0.360
0.380
0.300
0.320
0.340
0.360
0.380
0.300
0.320
0.340
0.360
0.380
0.300
0.320
0.340
0.360
0.380
u
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.100
0.120
0.140
0.160
0.180
0.100
0.120
0.140
0.160
0.180
0.100
0.120
0.140
0.160
0.180
0.100
0.120
0.140
0.160
0.180
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.200
0.220
0.240
0.260
0.280
0.200
0.220
0.240
0.260
0.280
0.200
0.220
0.240
0.260
0.280
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.300
0.321
0.341
0.361
0.381
0.300
0.320
0.340
0.361
0.381
0.300
0.320
0.340
0.360
0.381
BFC21103Hydraulics
N
4.2
4.6
5.0
5.4
5.8
6.2
6.6
7.0
7.4
7.8
0.400
0.420
0.441
0.461
0.481
0.400
0.420
0.440
0.460
0.480
0.400
0.420
0.440
0.460
0.480
0.400
0.420
0.440
0.460
0.480
0.400
0.420
0.440
0.460
0.480
0.501
0.522
0.542
0.563
0.584
0.501
0.521
0.542
0.562
0.583
0.501
0.521
0.541
0.562
0.582
0.500
0.521
0.541
0.561
0.582
0.500
0.520
0.541
0.561
0.581
0.500
0.520
0.541
0.561
0.581
0.606
0.617
0.628
0.638
0.649
0.605
0.615
0.626
0.636
0.647
0.604
0.614
0.625
0.635
0.646
0.603
0.613
0.624
0.634
0.645
0.602
0.612
0.623
0.633
0.644
0.602
0.611
0.622
0.632
0.643
0.601
0.611
0.622
0.632
0.642
0.660
0.672
0.683
0.694
0.706
0.658
0.669
0.680
0.691
0.703
0.656
0.667
0.678
0.689
0.700
0.655
0.666
0.676
0.687
0.698
0.654
0.665
0.675
0.686
0.696
0.653
0.664
0.674
0.685
0.695
0.653
0.663
0.673
0.684
0.694
u
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.402
0.422
0.443
0.463
0.484
0.401
0.421
0.442
0.462
0.483
0.401
0.421
0.441
0.462
0.482
0.400
0.421
0.441
0.461
0.481
0.400
0.420
0.441
0.461
0.481
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.505
0.527
0.548
0.570
0.592
0.504
0.525
0.546
0.567
0.589
0.503
0.523
0.544
0.565
0.587
0.502
0.522
0.543
0.564
0.585
0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.614
0.626
0.637
0.649
0.661
0.611
0.622
0.633
0.644
0.656
0.608
0.619
0.630
0.641
0.652
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.673
0.685
0.697
0.709
0.722
0.667
0.679
0.691
0.703
0.715
0.663
0.675
0.686
0.698
0.710
BFC21103Hydraulics
N
4.2
4.6
5.0
5.4
5.8
6.2
6.6
7.0
7.4
7.8
0.711
0.723
0.734
0.746
0.757
0.709
0.720
0.732
0.743
0.754
0.708
0.719
0.730
0.741
0.752
0.706
0.717
0.728
0.739
0.750
0.705
0.716
0.727
0.737
0.748
0.773
0.786
0.798
0.811
0.824
0.769
0.781
0.794
0.806
0.819
0.766
0.778
0.790
0.802
0.815
0.763
0.775
0.787
0.799
0.811
0.761
0.773
0.784
0.796
0.808
0.760
0.771
0.782
0.794
0.805
0.845
0.860
0.875
0.890
0.906
0.838
0.852
0.867
0.881
0.897
0.832
0.846
0.860
0.874
0.889
0.828
0.841
0.854
0.868
0.883
0.824
0.837
0.850
0.863
0.877
0.820
0.833
0.846
0.859
0.873
0.818
0.830
0.842
0.855
0.869
0.923
0.940
0.959
0.978
0.999
0.913
0.930
0.947
0.966
0.986
0.904
0.921
0.937
0.955
0.974
0.897
0.913
0.929
0.946
0.964
0.892
0.907
0.922
0.939
0.956
0.887
0.901
0.916
0.932
0.949
0.882
0.896
0.911
0.927
0.943
u
0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0.735
0.748
0.761
0.774
0.788
0.727
0.740
0.752
0.765
0.779
0.722
0.734
0.746
0.759
0.771
0.717
0.729
0.741
0.753
0.766
0.714
0.725
0.737
0.749
0.761
0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.802
0.817
0.831
0.847
0.862
0.792
0.806
0.820
0.834
0.849
0.784
0.798
0.811
0.825
0.839
0.778
0.791
0.804
0.817
0.831
0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.878
0.895
0.912
0.931
0.949
0.865
0.881
0.897
0.914
0.932
0.854
0.869
0.885
0.901
0.918
0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.969
0.990
1.012
1.035
1.060
0.950
0.970
0.990
1.012
1.035
0.935
0.954
0.973
0.994
1.015
BFC21103Hydraulics
N
4.2
4.6
5.0
5.4
5.8
6.2
6.6
7.0
7.4
7.8
0.994
1.016
1.040
1.066
1.095
0.984
1.004
1.027
1.052
1.080
0.975
0.995
1.016
1.040
1.067
0.967
0.986
1.007
1.030
1.055
0.960
0.979
0.999
1.021
1.045
1.149
1.191
1.245
1.279
1.319
1.129
1.169
1.220
1.252
1.290
1.112
1.150
1.198
1.228
1.264
1.097
1.134
1.179
1.208
1.242
1.085
1.119
1.163
1.190
1.222
1.073
1.107
1.148
1.174
1.205
1.409
1.487
1.617
1.917
1.371
1.443
1.565
1.845
1.338
1.406
1.520
1.780
1.310
1.373
1.481
1.725
1.285
1.345
1.446
1.678
1.263
1.320
1.416
1.635
1.244
1.298
1.389
1.596
1.033
0.736
0.610
0.537
0.486
0.951
0.669
0.551
0.483
0.436
0.870
0.611
0.501
0.438
0.394
0.803
0.562
0.459
0.399
0.358
0.746
0.519
0.422
0.366
0.327
0.697
0.481
0.390
0.337
0.300
0.651
0.448
0.361
0.311
0.277
u
0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
1.087
1.116
1.148
1.184
1.225
1.060
1.088
1.117
1.151
1.188
1.039
1.064
1.092
1.123
1.158
1.021
1.045
1.072
1.101
1.134
1.007
1.029
1.054
1.081
1.113
0.950
0.960
0.970
0.975
0.980
1.272
1.329
1.402
1.447
1.502
1.232
1.285
1.351
1.393
1.443
1.199
1.248
1.310
1.348
1.395
1.172
1.217
1.275
1.311
1.354
0.985
0.990
0.995
0.999
1.000
1.573
1.671
1.838
2.223
1.508
1.598
1.751
2.102
1.454
1.537
1.678
2.002
1.001
1.005
1.010
1.015
1.020
1.417
1.036
0.873
0.778
0.711
1.264
0.915
0.766
0.680
0.620
1.138
0.817
0.681
0.602
0.546
BFC21103Hydraulics
N
4.2
4.6
5.0
5.4
5.8
6.2
6.6
7.0
7.4
7.8
0.332
0.290
0.258
0.232
0.211
0.300
0.261
0.231
0.207
0.188
0.273
0.236
0.208
0.186
0.168
0.250
0.215
0.189
0.168
0.151
0.229
0.196
0.172
0.152
0.136
0.220
0.204
0.189
0.176
0.165
0.194
0.179
0.165
0.154
0.143
0.172
0.158
0.145
0.135
0.125
0.153
0.140
0.129
0.119
0.110
0.137
0.125
0.114
0.105
0.097
0.123
0.112
0.102
0.094
0.086
0.181
0.170
0.161
0.153
0.145
0.155
0.146
0.137
0.130
0.123
0.134
0.126
0.118
0.111
0.105
0.117
0.109
0.102
0.096
0.090
0.102
0.095
0.089
0.083
0.078
0.090
0.084
0.078
0.072
0.068
0.080
0.074
0.068
0.064
0.059
0.138
0.131
0.125
0.114
0.104
0.116
0.110
0.105
0.095
0.086
0.099
0.093
0.089
0.080
0.072
0.085
0.080
0.076
0.067
0.061
0.073
0.069
0.065
0.057
0.051
0.063
0.059
0.056
0.049
0.044
0.055
0.052
0.048
0.042
0.037
u
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
0.618
0.554
0.504
0.464
0.431
0.535
0.477
0.432
0.396
0.366
0.469
0.415
0.374
0.342
0.315
0.415
0.365
0.328
0.298
0.273
0.370
0.324
0.290
0.262
0.239
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
0.403
0.379
0.357
0.338
0.321
0.341
0.319
0.299
0.282
0.267
0.292
0.272
0.254
0.239
0.225
0.252
0.234
0.218
0.204
0.192
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
0.305
0.291
0.278
0.266
0.254
0.253
0.240
0.229
0.218
0.208
0.212
0.201
0.191
0.181
0.173
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.22
1.24
0.244
0.235
0.226
0.209
0.195
0.199
0.191
0.183
0.168
0.156
0.165
0.157
0.150
0.138
0.127
BFC21103Hydraulics
N
4.2
4.6
5.0
5.4
5.8
6.2
6.6
7.0
7.4
7.8
0.065
0.059
0.054
0.050
0.045
0.055
0.049
0.045
0.041
0.037
0.046
0.041
0.037
0.034
0.031
0.039
0.035
0.031
0.028
0.025
0.033
0.030
0.026
0.024
0.021
0.052
0.048
0.044
0.041
0.038
0.042
0.038
0.035
0.033
0.030
0.034
0.031
0.029
0.026
0.024
0.028
0.025
0.023
0.021
0.019
0.023
0.021
0.019
0.017
0.016
0.019
0.017
0.015
0.014
0.013
0.046
0.043
0.040
0.035
0.030
0.036
0.033
0.031
0.026
0.023
0.028
0.026
0.024
0.020
0.017
0.022
0.021
0.019
0.016
0.013
0.018
0.016
0.015
0.012
0.010
0.014
0.013
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.011
0.010
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.026
0.023
0.020
0.017
0.015
0.019
0.017
0.014
0.013
0.011
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.009
0.008
0.011
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.004
0.003
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.003
0.002
u
1.26
1.28
1.30
1.32
1.34
0.182
0.170
0.160
0.150
0.142
0.145
0.135
0.126
0.118
0.110
0.117
0.108
0.100
0.093
0.087
0.095
0.088
0.081
0.075
0.069
0.079
0.072
0.066
0.061
0.056
1.36
1.38
1.40
1.42
1.44
0.134
0.127
0.120
0.114
0.108
0.103
0.097
0.092
0.087
0.082
0.081
0.076
0.071
0.067
0.063
0.064
0.060
0.056
0.052
0.049
1.46
1.48
1.50
1.55
1.60
0.103
0.098
0.093
0.083
0.074
0.077
0.073
0.069
0.061
0.054
0.059
0.056
0.053
0.046
0.040
1.65
1.70
1.75
1.80
1.85
0.067
0.060
0.054
0.049
0.045
0.048
0.043
0.038
0.035
0.031
0.035
0.031
0.027
0.024
0.022
BFC21103Hydraulics
N
4.2
4.6
5.0
5.4
5.8
6.2
6.6
7.0
7.4
7.8
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.005
0.004
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.004
0.003
0.003
0.002
0.001
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.004
0.003
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
u
1.90
1.95
2.00
2.10
2.20
0.041
0.038
0.035
0.030
0.025
0.028
0.026
0.023
0.020
0.016
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.013
0.011
0.014
0.012
0.011
0.009
0.007
0.010
0.009
0.008
0.006
0.005
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
0.022
0.019
0.017
0.015
0.013
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.009
0.008
0.009
0.008
0.006
0.005
0.005
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.003
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.5
4.0
0.012
0.010
0.009
0.006
0.004
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.003
0.002
0.004
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
4.5
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.003
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
BFC21103Hydraulics
N
4.2
4.6
5.0
5.4
5.8
6.2
u
9.0
10.0
20.0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
BFC21103Hydraulics
6.6
7.0
7.4
7.8
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
N
8.2
8.6
9.0
9.4
9.8
u
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.100
0.120
0.140
0.160
0.180
0.100
0.120
0.140
0.160
0.180
0.100
0.120
0.140
0.160
0.180
0.100
0.120
0.140
0.160
0.180
0.100
0.120
0.140
0.160
0.180
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.200
0.220
0.240
0.260
0.280
0.200
0.220
0.240
0.260
0.280
0.200
0.220
0.240
0.260
0.280
0.200
0.220
0.240
0.260
0.280
0.200
0.220
0.240
0.260
0.280
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.300
0.320
0.340
0.360
0.380
0.300
0.320
0.340
0.360
0.380
0.300
0.320
0.340
0.360
0.380
0.300
0.320
0.340
0.360
0.380
0.300
0.320
0.340
0.360
0.380
BFC21103Hydraulics
N
8.2
8.6
9.0
9.4
9.8
u
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.400
0.420
0.440
0.460
0.480
0.400
0.420
0.440
0.460
0.480
0.400
0.420
0.440
0.460
0.480
0.400
0.420
0.440
0.460
0.480
0.400
0.420
0.440
0.460
0.480
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.500
0.520
0.540
0.561
0.581
0.500
0.520
0.540
0.560
0.581
0.500
0.520
0.540
0.560
0.580
0.500
0.520
0.540
0.560
0.580
0.500
0.520
0.540
0.560
0.580
0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.601
0.611
0.621
0.632
0.642
0.601
0.611
0.621
0.631
0.641
0.601
0.611
0.621
0.631
0.641
0.600
0.611
0.621
0.631
0.641
0.600
0.610
0.621
0.631
0.641
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.652
0.662
0.673
0.683
0.694
0.652
0.662
0.672
0.683
0.693
0.651
0.662
0.672
0.682
0.692
0.651
0.661
0.672
0.682
0.692
0.651
0.661
0.671
0.681
0.692
BFC21103Hydraulics
N
8.2
8.6
9.0
9.4
9.8
u
0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0.704
0.715
0.726
0.736
0.747
0.704
0.714
0.725
0.735
0.746
0.703
0.713
0.724
0.734
0.745
0.702
0.713
0.723
0.734
0.744
0.702
0.712
0.723
0.733
0.744
0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.758
0.769
0.780
0.792
0.804
0.757
0.768
0.779
0.790
0.802
0.756
0.767
0.778
0.789
0.800
0.755
0.766
0.777
0.788
0.799
0.754
0.765
0.776
0.787
0.798
0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.815
0.827
0.839
0.852
0.865
0.813
0.825
0.837
0.849
0.862
0.811
0.823
0.835
0.847
0.860
0.810
0.822
0.833
0.845
0.858
0.809
0.820
0.831
0.844
0.856
0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.878
0.892
0.907
0.921
0.937
0.875
0.889
0.903
0.918
0.933
0.873
0.886
0.900
0.914
0.929
0.870
0.883
0.897
0.911
0.925
0.868
0.881
0.894
0.908
0.922
BFC21103Hydraulics
N
8.2
8.6
9.0
9.4
9.8
u
0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.954
0.972
0.991
1.012
1.036
0.949
0.967
0.986
1.006
1.029
0.944
0.961
0.980
0.999
1.022
0.940
0.957
0.975
0.994
1.016
0.937
0.953
0.970
0.989
1.010
0.950
0.960
0.970
0.975
0.980
1.062
1.097
1.136
1.157
1.187
1.055
1.085
1.124
1.147
1.175
1.047
1.074
1.112
1.134
1.160
1.040
1.063
1.100
1.122
1.150
1.033
1.053
1.087
1.108
1.132
0.985
0.990
0.995
0.999
1.000
1.224
1.275
1.363
1.560
1.210
1.260
1.342
1.530
1.196
1.243
1.320
1.500
1.183
1.228
1.302
1.476
1.165
1.208
1.280
1.447
1.001
1.005
1.010
1.015
1.020
0.614
0.420
0.337
0.289
0.257
0.577
0.391
0.313
0.269
0.237
0.546
0.368
0.294
0.255
0.221
0.519
0.350
0.278
0.237
0.209
0.494
0.331
0.262
0.223
0.196
BFC21103Hydraulics
N
8.2
8.6
9.0
9.4
9.8
u
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
0.212
0.173
0.158
0.140
0.123
0.195
0.165
0.143
0.127
0.112
0.181
0.152
0.132
0.116
0.102
0.170
0.143
0.124
0.106
0.094
0.159
0.134
0.115
0.098
0.086
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
0.111
0.101
0.092
0.084
0.077
0.101
0.091
0.083
0.075
0.069
0.092
0.082
0.074
0.067
0.062
0.084
0.075
0.067
0.060
0.055
0.077
0.069
0.062
0.055
0.050
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
0.071
0.065
0.061
0.056
0.052
0.063
0.058
0.054
0.050
0.046
0.056
0.052
0.048
0.045
0.041
0.050
0.046
0.043
0.040
0.036
0.045
0.041
0.038
0.035
0.032
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.22
1.24
0.048
0.045
0.043
0.037
0.032
0.042
0.039
0.037
0.032
0.028
0.037
0.034
0.032
0.028
0.024
0.033
0.030
0.028
0.024
0.021
0.029
0.027
0.025
0.021
0.018
BFC21103Hydraulics
N
8.2
8.6
9.0
9.4
9.8
u
1.26
1.28
1.30
1.32
1.34
0.028
0.025
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.024
0.021
0.019
0.017
0.015
0.021
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.009
1.36
1.38
1.40
1.42
1.44
0.016
0.014
0.013
0.011
0.010
0.013
0.012
0.011
0.009
0.008
0.011
0.010
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.006
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.005
1.46
1.48
1.50
1.55
1.60
0.009
0.009
0.008
0.006
0.005
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.006
0.005
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.005
0.004
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.004
0.004
0.003
0.003
0.002
1.65
1.70
1.75
1.80
1.85
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
BFC21103Hydraulics
N
8.2
8.6
9.0
9.4
9.8
u
1.90
1.95
2.00
2.10
2.20
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
2.8
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
20.0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
BFC21103Hydraulics
Stepsindirectintegrationmethod:
1. Calculateyo andyc
2. DetermineN andM
3. CalculateJ
4. Calculateu andv
5. FindF(u,N)andF(v,J)
6. Calculatelengthofthereach
BFC21103Hydraulics
Activity4.7
A very wide river with Manning roughness n = 0.035 has uniform depth of
3.0mandlongitudinalslopeof0.0005.Basedondirectintegrationmethod,
estimatethelengthofnonuniformflowproducedbyaweirthatcausedthe
watersurfacetoincreaseasmuchas1.5mupstreamofweir.
yo =3m
4.5m
So =0.0005;n =0.035
BFC21103Hydraulics
Step1.Calculateyo andyc
yo =3.0m
2
1
1
q = yoR 3 So2
n
5
1 3 12
q = y o So
n
(Forverywidechannel,R y)
5
1
1
q=
3 3 0.00052
0.035
q = 3.987m2 /s
1
3
q 2 3.9872
y c = =
g 9.81
1
3
y c = 1.175m
y = 3 m to 4.5 m > yo = 3 m > y c = 1.175 m M1 profile
BFC21103Hydraulics
Step2.DetermineM andN
10
M =3and N =
3
Step3.CalculateJ
N
3.333
=
= 2.500
J=
(N M + 1) (3.333 3 + 1)
Step4.Calculateu1,u2,v1,andv2
u1 =
y1 3.003
=
= 1.001
yo
3
N
J
1
v1 = u = 1.001
3.333
2.5
= 1.001
u2 =
y2 4.5
=
= 1.5
yo 3
N
J
2
v2 = u = 1.5
BFC21103Hydraulics
3.333
2.5
= 1.717
Step5.FindF(u1,N),F(u2,N),F(v1,J),andF(v2,J)
F (u1 , N ) = F (1.001, 3.333) = 1.907
F (u2 , N ) = F (1.5, 3.333) = 0.1884
F (v1 , J ) = F (1.001, 2.5) = 2.786
F (v2 , J ) = F (1.717, 2.5) = 0.3342
Step6.Calculatelengthofchannelreach
M
yc J
yo
[F (v2 , J ) F (v1 , J )]
x2 x1 = (u2 u1 ) [F (u2 , N ) F (u1 , N )] +
So
yo M
3
3
1
.
175
2.5
L=
[0.3342 2.786]
(1.5 1.001) [0.1884 1.907] +
3
0.0005
3
L = 12569.05m
BFC21103Hydraulics
yo =3m y =3.003m
4.5m
So =0.0005;n =0.035
L =12569.05m
BFC21103Hydraulics
B.NumericalIntegration
Section
Equationsused
Allsections
K
So 1 o
dy
K ave
=
Q 2T
dx
1 3
gA
Rectangular
K 2
So 1 o
dy
Kave
=
3
dx
y
1 c
yave
Verywidechannel
(Chezy)
y
1 o
y ave
dy
= So
dx
1 y c
y
ave
BFC21103Hydraulics
Q 2T
1 3
dy
gA
dx =
So K o 2
1

K ave
y 3
1 c
dy yave
dx =
So K o 2
1

K ave
y 3
1 c
dy yave
dx =
So y o 3
1

yave
Section
Verywidechannel
(Manning)
Equationsused
10
yo 3

1
y
dy
= So ave 3
dx
yc

1
yave
BFC21103Hydraulics
1 y c
dy yave
dx =
10
So
yo 3

1
yave
Activity4.8
A very wide river with Manning roughness n = 0.035 has uniform depth of
3.0 m and longitudinal slope of 0.0005. Based on numerical integration,
estimatethelengthofnonuniformflowproducedbyaweirthatcausedthe
water surface to increase as much as 1.5 m upstream of weir. Use N = 4
steps.
yo =3m
4.5m
So =0.0005;n =0.035
BFC21103Hydraulics
Calculateyo andyc
yo =3.0m
2
1
1
q = yoR 3 So2
n
5
1 3 12
q = y o So
n
5
1
1
q=
3 3 0.00052
0.035
q = 3.987m2 /s
1
3
q 2 3.9872
y c = =
g 9.81
1
3
y c = 1.175m
BFC21103Hydraulics
1 y c
dy yave
So =0.0005,yo =3.0m,yc =1.175mand dx =
10
So
yo 3

1
yave
y (4.5 3)
dy =
=
= 0.375m
N
4
yo
1
yave
0.7017
10
3
y (m)
yave (m)
4.5 4.125
4.3125
yc
1
yave
0.9798
4.125 3.750
3.9375
0.9734
0.5960
1224.9
3.750 3.375
3.5625
0.9641
0.4361
1658.2
3.375 3.0
3.1875
0.9499
0.1830
3893.7
L = dx
BFC21103Hydraulics
dx (m)
1047.2
7824.0
y (m)
3.75m
3.375m
3m
4.125m
4.5m
0
0
1000
2000
3893.7
3000
4000
5000
1658.2
x (m)
6000
7000
1224.9 1047.2
L =7824.0m
BFC21103Hydraulics
8000
9000
C.DirectStepMethod
dE
= So S f
dx
Rearranging
Betweentwosections
dx =
dE
So S f
E 2 E1
dx =
1
So (S f 1 + S f 2 )
V22
V12
y 2 + y1 +
2g
2g
dx =
2 2
2 2
1 n V1 n V2
So 4 + 4
2
3
3
R2
R1
BFC21103Hydraulics
Activity4.9
A 200 m wide channel conveys flow at uniform depth of 3 m on a 0.0005
slopeandManningn =0.035.Basedondirectstepmethod,determinethe
type and length of GVF flow produced by a weir which has caused the
upstreamflowtobeelevatedasmuchas1.5m.UseN =4steps.
yo =3m
4.5m
So =0.0005;n =0.035
BFC21103Hydraulics
Calculateyo andyc
yo =3.0m
2
1
1
q = yoR 3 So2
n
5
1 3 12
q = y o So
n
5
1
1
q=
3 3 0.00052
0.035
q = 3.987m2 /s
1
3
q 2 3.9872
y c = =
g 9.81
1
3
y c = 1.175m
BFC21103Hydraulics
So =0.0005,yo =3.0m,yc =1.175mand dx =

dy =
y (4.5 3)
=
= 0.375m
N
4
y (m)
R (m)
V
(m/s)
dE
So S f
V2
(m)
2g
E (m)
dE
(m)
Sf
104
8
Sf
104
9
So S f
104
10
dx (m)
4.5
4.5
0.8860
0.04001
4.540
1.294
4.125
4.125
0.9665
0.04761
4.173
0.367
1.730
1.512
3.488
1052.2
3.75
3.75
1.0632
0.05761
3.808
0.365
2.377
2.054
2.946
1239.0
3.375
3.375
1.1813
0.07112
3.446
0.362
3.377
2.877
2.123
1705.1
3.0
3.0
1.3290
0.09002
3.090
0.356
5.001
4.189
0.811
4389.6
L =dx 8385.9
BFC21103Hydraulics
y (m)
3.75m
3.375m
3m
4.125m
4.5m
0
0
1000
2000
4389.6
3000
4000
5000
1705.1
x (m)
6000
7000
1239.0 1052.2
L =8385.9m
BFC21103Hydraulics
8000
9000
Activity4.10
A10mwidechannelconveysflowatuniformdepthof3mona0.0005slope
and Manning n = 0.035. Based on direct step method, determine the type
andlengthofGVFflowproducedbyaweirwhichhascausedtheupstream
flowtobeelevatedasmuchas1.5m.UseN =4steps.
yo =3m
4.5m
So =0.0005;n =0.035
BFC21103Hydraulics
Calculateyo andyc
yo =3.0m
2
1
1
q = yoR 3 So2
n
2
1
1
30 3
q=
3 0.00052
0.035
16
q = 2.914m2 /s
1
3
q 2 2.9142
y c = =
g 9.81
1
3
y c = 0.9530m
y = 3mto 4.5 m > yo = 3 m > y c = 0.953 m M1 profile
BFC21103Hydraulics
So =0.0005,B =10m,yo =3.0m,yc =1.175mand dx =

q = 2.914m2 /s
dE
So S f
y (4.5 3)
dy =
=
= 0.375m
N
4
1
y (m)
R (m)
V
(m/s)
4.5
8
Sf
104
9
So S f
104
V2
(m)
2g
E (m)
dE
(m)
Sf
104
2.368 0.6476
0.02138
4.521
4.125
2.260 0.7064
0.02543
4.150
0.371
3.75
2.143 0.7771
0.03078
3.781
3.375
2.015 0.8634
0.03799
3.0
1.875 0.9713
0.04808
10
dx (m)
2.061
1.845
3.155
1175.9
0.369
2.677
2.369
2.631
1402.5
3.413
0.368
3.588
3.133
1.867
1971.1
3.048
0.365
4.999
4.294
0.706
5170.0
1.628
L =dx 9719.5
BFC21103Hydraulics
y (m)
3.75m
3.375m
3m
4.125m
4.5m
0
0
1000
2000
5170.0
3000
4000
5000
1971.1
x (m)
6000
7000
1402.5 1175.9
L =9719.5m
BFC21103Hydraulics
8000
9000
Assignment#4
Q1.
Ariver6mwideconveysflowatanormaldepth2.0malongaslope
of0.0002andn =0.035,upstreamofawaterfall.Theflowreducesto
adepthof1.9mjustbeforethefall.TakingN =3steps,determine:
(i) typeofflowprofile;
(ii) lengthofgraduallyvariedflowprofileproducedbasedonthe
methodofnumericalintegration;and
(iii) sketchoftheflowprofile.
BFC21103Hydraulics
TanLaiWai(laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Q2.
Ariver6mwideconveysflowatanormaldepth2.0malongaslope
of0.0002andn =0.035,upstreamofawaterfall.Theflowreducesto
adepthof1.9mjustbeforethefall.UsingdirectstepmethodwithN
=5steps,determine:
(i) typeofflowprofile;
(ii) lengthofgraduallyvariedflowprofileproduced;and
(iii) sketchoftheflowprofile.
EndofQuestion
BFC21103Hydraulics
THANKYOU
BFC21103Hydraulics

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BFC21103Hydraulics

Fr1 = 1.7 2.5

Fr1 = 2.5 4.5

Fr1 = 4.5 9.0

Fr1 > 9.0

y1 andy2 withthesameF areconjugatedepths

sincey1 andy2 arepositivevalues

forFr1 > 5.0

Givenq =7.75m3/s/m,y1 =0.5m

(ii) SinceFr1 =6.999> 5.0

(c)C1 andC3 profiles

(e)A2 andA3 profiles

Rectangularsection,B =4m,So =0.0008,n =0.016,Q =1.5m3/s,y =0.3m.

Byo 1.5 0.016

Since yo > y > y c M2

Triangularsection,z =1,So =0.001,n =0.015,Q =0.2m3/s

Since yo > y c mild slope M

ForM1 :y > 0.5361 m

IfZ =sectionfactoratdepthy andZc =sectionfactoratthecriticaldepthyc,

(b)IfQo representsthenormaldischargeatadepthyo andQc denotesthe

(a) y1 andyN+1 areknown,or

So =0.0005,yo =3.0m,yc =1.175mand dx =

So =0.0005,B =10m,yo =3.0m,yc =1.175mand dx =

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