Sketch Book work

Aperture
Aperture is the opening of the lens. The aperture that is set impacts the size of the hole. The
larger the hole the more light will get in and vice versa. Aperture is measured in f-stops
Moving from one f-stop to another would double or half the size of time for the lens to open,
so changing the amount of light that can get through.

Depth of field (DOF) is an aspect to think about when changing the aperture. DOF is the
amount of the shot that would be in focus. Having a large DOP means that most if not all will
be in focus whether its close to the camera or far away. Having a Shallow DOP means that
only a specific part of the image would be in focus with the rest of the shot out of focus. The
DOP is very important, it works with the f-stops if you have a hole that is larger like f/1.4 then
there will be a smaller DOP. If there is a smaller hole like f/8 there is going to be a wider DOF

Aperture
Depth of Field

Shutter speed
Shutter speed stands for the length of time a camera shutter is open to expose light into the
camera sensor. If the shutter speed is fast, it can help to freeze action completely. If the
shutter speed is slow, it can create an effect called motion blur, where moving objects appear
blurred along the direction of the motion. This effect is used a lot in advertisement of cars or
motorbikes, where the sense of speed and motion is communicated to the viewer by
intentionally blurring the moving wheels. Slow shutter speeds are also used to photograph
lightings or other objects at night or in dim environments with a tripod. Landscape
photographers intentionally use slow shutter speeds to create a sense of motion on rivers
and waterfalls while keeping everything else in focus. Shutter speeds are typically measured
in fractions of a second. For example, means a quarter of a second. Most modern DSLRs can
handle shutter speeds of up to 1/4000th of a second, with the longest shutter speed usually
being 30 seconds.

Focus
Focus is the adjustment of the distance setting on a lens to define the subject sharply.
Generally, the act of adjusting a lens to produce a sharp image. In a camera this is effected by
moving the lens bodily towards or away from the film or by moving the front part of the lens
towards or away from the rear part, thus altering its focus length. Focus also relates to the
depth of field. If you want to have a sharp photograph, then you must think about the depth
of field. This is the amount of photographic scene that s in focus or sharp. Depth of field
changes with the angle of the cameras lens, the distance from the lens to the object in the
image and the cameras settings. With the most important aspect being the aperture.

Lenses and filters

There are four main types of lenses; standard, telephoto, wide angle and a zoom lenses. The
standard lenses have a fixed focal length (50mm, 85mm, 100mm) and reproduces fairly
accurately what the human eye sees. Telephoto lenses can provide you with a narrow field of
view. These lenses enable you to compress a distance and pick out specific objects from far
off. They have a strong resolving power and an inherent shallow DOF, where the slightest
lateral moment can take a subject out of view. Telephoto lenses are great for wildlife, portrait,
sports, and a documentary types of photography. Wide angle lenses have a shorter focal
length when compared to a standard lens. This enables you to capture a comparatively wider
angle of view. A wide angle lens is a natural choice for capturing outdoor landscapes and
group portraits. You can use wide angle lenses to capture a deep DOF. Zoom lenses have
variable focal lengths, and are extremely useful. Some can range between wide angle and a
telephoto so you have extensive versatility for composition. Because of the number of
elements required in constructing these lenses, they have a limited ability to open up and
allow in light. You can also get other lenses like fisheye lens, macro lens, tilt shift lens, image
stabilisation lens and more.
Camera filters are transparent of translucent optical elements that alter the properties of light
entering the camera lens for the purpose of improving the image being recorded. Filters can
affect contrast, sharpness, highlight flare, colour, and light intensity.

Film speed and types

There are 3 main types of film print, Colour reversal film and black and white film. Print film
when developed yields a transparent negative with the light a dark areas and colours inverted
to their respective complementary colours. Colour reversal film produces positive
transparencies, also known as dipositive. Large format colour reversal sheet films are used by
some professional photographers, typically to originate very high resolution imagery for
digital scanning. Black and white reversal film is very uncommon. Transparencies may be
produced by printing negatives onto special positive print film. Film speed is the amount of
light and grain within the photo so if you have taken a particularly dark photo you would want
to use a high film speed to let more light into the photo.

Processing and printing

The process of film development can be very complicated and tricky at times however it can
become very easy to master. Firstly, it is important to remember the film is ISO 100 so make
sure there is a strong light source for your photos. A tripod is recommended to take advantage
of low shutter speeds. This means that your photo will look a lot smoother once it has been
developed. Once you have taken the photo and the film has been exposed you will want to
start mixing the chemicals. You firstly want to mix the developer to the ratio of 1 part
developer to 1 part water. Once the developer has been diluted you will want to regulate the
temperature of the mix to 20 degrees. Now you move onto the stop bath. You will mix water
at a ratio of 1:64. Fixer is the final chemical you will need. Once this has all been completed
you will need to get the developing tank, reels and film. You now need to take the film out of
the canister. If you touch the emulsion side, it will affect the chemicals in the developing
process. Without touching the emulsion side of the film, cut off the tongue of the film. Once
the film has an even end, it can be loaded on the reel. Take the reel and feed the first piece
of film onto it. As the reel will have a self-feeding oscillating mechanism you will just need to
rotate one side of the reel until the film is fully in the reel. You will want to make sure that
you cut the plastic spindle free from the film. Once all the film is loaded, place the reel inside
the light-safe tank and close it. Because the timing of chemical baths must be precise when
developing the film, you need to make sure that you have measured out all the chemicals
beforehand. Now you can start pouring in the chemicals. The developer is first and you need
to make sure that it be kept at a temperature of 20 degrees. You will now pour out the water
and pour in the developer. Once the solution has been poured in agitate the tank by giving it
quarter turns and tilting it. Repeat this process for 30 seconds. Tap the bottom of the tank
and allow it to sit for 25 seconds. Agitate again for 5 seconds and tap the bottom again and
allow it to sit for a further 25 seconds. The process of 5 inversions for by 25 seconds should
be repeated until the developer has been in the tank for 7 minutes. You can now poor out the
developer and pour in 400ml of stop bath and agitate the tank for 30 seconds. Poor out the
stop bath and pour in 400ml of fixer. You will want to agitate the tank for 1 second, tap it 3
times and leave it for 45 seconds. You will repeat this cycle for 4 minutes. You can now poor
the fixer back into its container. You now give your negatives 10 minutes wash and then
discard the water. You will now want to remove the negatives from the reels and hang them
in a clean dry are. You should leave them for at least 2 hours. There are a few things that need
to be remembered when creating your negatives. Firstly the time control will be different for
every piece of film so you need to make sure that you research the times for each chemical.
You also need to make sure that whenever you use the negatives that youre in the dark room
so the negatives wont be ruined by any form of light.

Cropping and shaping

Cropping refers to the removal of the outer parts of an image to improve framing and let the
photograph focus on the subject matter within the photo. To do this you will want to select
the crop tool on Photoshop, then you will type in the dimensions you want your photograph
to be so it can fit into the area in which you want it to be presented. You will then move the
crop box around until you have everything you want to see in the image. Shaping can also be
used which would be where you can change the shape of your photo. As you can see in my
example I have looked to focus more on the final sale sign, I have removed some the space
on the right hand side.

Colour
Colour is where you can adjust the photo in Photoshop by adding or changing the colours you
see. Using the colour tool can extenuate certain areas of the photo making it more vibrant
towards the people who are seeing the photo. To do this you will need to select your photo
and go to adjustments on the right hand side. You will then click on an icon so you can alter
the colour and saturation of the photograph. Her you can see I have used the colour tool to
give the photograph a green look.

Texture
With the texture tool you are able to alter the images main look. There are Avast amount of
textures to choose from, each able to change a certain part or the whole photo. The effect
can give specific uses towards the photo. To choose all the textures you just need to click on
the filter tool and you will be able to choose from all of the different types of texture. Here
you can see in my example I chose this texture to make the audience focus on the centre of
the picture.

Stamps
The clone stamp tool within Photoshop allows you to duplicate part of an image. It is most
commonly used to get rid of imperfections of a person, like wrinkles or spots, however they
can be used to copy certain parts of the image multiple times. To do this you firstly want to
select the clone stamp tool, you will then point the cursor at the image area you want to paint
with, hold down [Alt] key, then, mouse click. Now you would have selected the source point
of cloning. Now you can paint over the area with the copied pixels. Here you can see I have
used the clone stamp tool to copy the clock into multiple different areas.

Lassos
The lasso tool enables you to select a certain part of your image and create a new layer. This
means you are able to alter that part of the picture without changing the rest of the photo.
You can delete that section, duplicate it and more. The lasso tool in Photoshop comes in three
forms. The lasso tool; this is a freehand selection tool, where you can draw anywhere you
want. The polygonal lasso tool; instead of drawing free hand you left click on various points
and it will create a series of straight edges around certain parts of the image. The magnetic
lasso tool; when you hold down the left mouse button it will follow a certain line along the
image, this means that you can make precise changes into the photo and make sure you only
select the area you want. Here you can see I used the lasso tool to select just the clock and
put the layer in front of some faces.

Layering
Layering is where you can have multiple copies of the image or parts of the image. You are
able to edit those layers without affecting the original picture which would be considered the
background layer. This is a very useful tool as you will be able to try out different effects to
make the image more appealing, and if you dont like that certain effect then you can simply
delete the layer and start over again. Layering also allows you to merge other images together
or use part of one image and another part of another image.
Here you can see that I have included multiple layers each with its own effect to change the
image and make more appealing towards a certain audience, making look more professional

Digital Printing and paper choice

Digital printing is a process in which your artwork is processed by the computer and then
printed directly onto the surface of the product. It has lots of benefits compared to
conventional printing. Firstly, it is a lot eco-friendlier as there are no-press stages between
the digital document file and the final print, so there is no need for film plates or photo
chemicals. Digital printing is also a lot quicker as the response time is a lot shorter because of
minimal press setup.
The paper you choose is also very important, you want the photo to print out at the highest
quality so you can show your images in the finest detail. A lot of photographers would use
Gloss paper. This is very popular because the paper is coated with a right shiny emulsion,
giving inkjet print rich depths of colour and a bold shiny sheen. So your photos will keep that
new clean look. Matte paper is also a popular choice. This is a duller more understated type
of paper; matte papers are also coated however the coat seems softer.

Equipment

Tripod: a tripod is a three-legged stand for supporting a camera or other apparatus.

You would use it to make sure the images taken are steady and there is no blurriness
in the final image.
Film- based camera: a film based camera is camera that exposes photographic film to
light in order to take a picture. The film is made of a chemical emulsion on a plastic
substrate that is sensitive to light. These would be used if you wanted to get the
highest quality photos as possible.
Digital camera: a digital camera is a camera that stores images digitally rather than
recording them on film. You would use a digital camera if you needed to take a lot of
photos, they can store up to a huge amount of photos, however the resolution may
not be as good as a film-based camera.
Lenses: you can get multiple different lenses including wide angle, standard, telephoto
and macro lens, as well as attachments for the lenses. A wide angle lens is capable of
capturing more in the frame because of its wider DOP. For example, if you had a 14mm
lens and an 85mm lens, the 85mm lens will possess a greater magnification than the
14mm. a standard lens would be the lens closest to what the naked eye would see.
the focal length would usually be 50mm for a 35mm camera. A telephoto lens has a
longer focal length than standard, giving a narrow field of view and a magnified image.
A macro lens is that it will be able to reproduce a life-sized image of an object on the
recording medium. Macro lenses offer a magnification factor of 1.0x or 1.1 as its
closest focus setting. If you fit one to a DSLR like the Canon EOS 60D, then a standard
UK postage stamp will fill the whole frame. Lens attachments are used to enhance the
quality of the image and give photos different effects.
Film types: there are multiple film types like colour, black and white, transparency and
instant. Colour film is where the photo would create a coloured image that is the same
as the object you took the picture of. Black and white film is where the image taken
will only use black and white instead of colour. the black and white will change on how
much light is on each area. Transparency film or reversal film can be processes to
produce a positive transparent image for direct projection, rather than a negative for
printing. Instant film is a type of film introduced by polaroid where is can be used in
an instant camera. You will be able to see a photo you look on glossy paper moments
after you took it.
Storage devices: there are two storage devices; memory card or flash drive. A flash
drive is a small electronic device containing flash memory that is used for storing
images or transferring them to or from a computer, digital camera etc. a memory card
is a much smaller and flatter flash drive used especially for digital cameras so you can
transfer over images.
Artificial lights: there are different types of flash. The first is a flash. This is a device
that is used to help illuminate a dark scene. Other uses of a flash would be to capture
quickly moving objects or changing the quality of light. Most newer DSLR have flashs
built in, however you can buy separate flashs to give the image a lighter scene or

higher quality. Studio lighting would be artificial light used within a studio to help give
an even light to the subject getting photographed. There are multiple different types
of studio lights like; a spot light, soft box, umbrella or reflector. The final type of
artificial light is a diffuser. This is an accessory fitted to the front of a light-source or
placed close to the illuminated subject which is designed to scatter or disperse light.
It is usually made out of nylon weave, frosted plastics sheet or any other semitranslucent material.
Processing equipment: theres a lot of equipment used within the process of film like;
tanks, spools, measuring cylinders, thermometers. A tank is used to develop the film.
It enables you to mix all the chemicals with the film in daylight. A spool is an auto load
plastic reel which enables you to rap the film around it. This will be put into the tank
making it easy for the film to mix with the chemicals. Measuring cylinders are plastic
tubes, with increasing measurements on the side, these are used to make sure you
use the right amount of different chemicals and dont put too much or too little into
the tank. Thermometers are ways of reading the temperature. This is important
because some of the chemicals need to be a certain temperature for the process of
developing the film to work. This makes it easy for you to get the temperature.
Printing: printing the negatives requires a numerous amount of equipment. The first
one being an enlarger. This is a device used to make the negative larger than the
original negative, this gets the negative to fit the paper perfectly without altering the
quality of the image. Next is the easel. This is a device to hold photographic paper flat
during the exposure process, it is usually equipped with a metal mask for framing. A
contact print is the photographic print made by placing a negative directly in a contact
with sensitized paper, emulsion surfaces facing and exposing them to light. Dishes and
tongs are used in the end product. Different dishes have different chemicals in them.
You will then put the photographic paper that has your negatives on into them and
constantly move the paper around with the tongs, this will ensure that the reaction
will take into full effect.
Digital Imaging: digital imaging has multiple different aspects to think about like;
software, scanners, image capture, image storage, image retrieval, printers. The
digital imaging software are programs that can be used on the computer, so you can
alter the look of your digital image, you are able to ad effects, change the colour, and
almost anything the make the digital image to your liking. Image scanners are used as
a digital device to scan images and convert them to digital images so you can use them
on the computer. To image capture is the process of obtaining a digital image from a
digital camera. Usually this entail a hardware interface known as a frame grabber,
which captures single frames of video, converts the analogue values to digital, and
feeds the result into computer memory. Image storage is how you store the images
you have taken whether you use a memory chip, memory stick, flash drive. Image
retrieval is a computer system for searching and retrieving images form a large
database of digital images. A common use of image retrieval is to utilise the search by
entering a key word. Printers are devices used to print off your finished images. You
can use laser printers or and inkjet printer.

Health and Safety

Health and safety at work act

The basis of British health and safety law is the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1
974.
The Act sets out the general duties which employers have towards employees and
members of the public, and employees have to themselves and to each other.
These duties are qualified in the Act by the principle of so far as is reasonably
practicable in other words, an employer does not have to take measures to avoid
or reduce the risk if they are technically impossible or if the time, trouble or cost of
the measures would be grossly disproportionate to the risk.
What the law requires here is what good management and common sense would
lead employers to do anyway: that is, to look at what the risks are and take
sensible measures to tackle them.
The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 (the
Management Regulations) generally make more explicit what employers are
required to do to manage health and safety under the Health and Safety at Work
Act. Like the Act, they apply to every work activity.
The main requirement on employers is to carry out a risk assessment. Employers
with five or more employees need to record the significant findings of the risk
assessment.
Risk assessment should be straightforward in a simple workplace such as a typical
office. It should only be complicated if it deals with serious hazards such as those
on a nuclear power station, a chemical plant, laboratory or an oil rig.
The HSE leaflet Five steps to risk assessment
will give you more information. Besides carrying out a risk assessment, employers al
so need to:
make arrangements for implementing the health and safety measures identified as
necessary by the risk assessment;
appoint competent people (often themselves or company colleagues) to help
them to implement the arrangements;
set up emergency procedures;
provide clear information and training to employees;
work together with other employers sharing the same workplace.

Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations (2002)

These regulations are among the most important since the HSWA (1974). They place
a duty on employers to make an assessment of risks for work with toxic and
corrosive substances hazardous to health, and to take necessary steps to prevent or
control adequately the exposure of employees to these substances. In addition to the
materials used in art and design, and dust created by practical work, attention should
be paid to the potentially harmful effects from work with cleaning agents. Care should
always be taken when using such products. Although the principal legal responsibility
rests with the employer, employees also have specific duties to make full and proper
use of control measures and personal protective equipment, and to report all
defects.
The Health and Safety Executive publish Health and safety regulation a short
guide which can be accessed at: www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/hsc13.pdf Also available
is: COSHH: a brief guide to the regulations which can be accessed
at: www.hse.gov.uk/coshh
Subsequent amendments can be found on Her Majesty's Stationery Office
website:www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/legislation/uk.htm