Claire Galvin

Annotated Bibliography
Gray, E. (2015, June 25). University Survey Highlights Role of Verbal Coercion in Sexual
Assault. TIME. Retrieved from http://time.com/3936005/university-michigan-sexualmisconduct-survey/
This article is about the role verbal coercion plays in sexual assault. In a survey
conducted by the University of Michigan, it was found that 10% of female undergrads
had experienced unwanted sexual conduct as a result of verbal pressure. As a
response to this survey, the university will now require all students, not just freshmen and
sophomores, to complete healthy sexual relationship training. These training sessions
will be age-specific to most accurately address the concerns held by each age group. The
survey came after the White House recommended that anonymous sexual misconduct
climate surveys be conducted to reform sexual assault on campuses.
Kingkade, T. (2014, July 1). For Years, Students Have Accused Virginia Universities Of
Botching Sexual Assault Cases. Huffington Post. Retrieved from
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/01/virginia-universities-sexualassault_n_5545486.html
This Huffington Post article is about the four Virginia colleges and universities--JMU,
UVA, William and Mary, and University of Richmond--that are under Title IX
investigations. It also mentioned how VMI and VCU were under investigations that
ended this past spring. JMU was under investigation because there was an incident
where a female student, who has since withdrawn from the school, was sexually assaulted
by three male students, who then went on to spread videos of the incident around campus.

JMU found them responsible, however their only punishment was being expelled after
graduation. The article goes on to discuss how, as of 2014, there are no laws being
considered in the state government about campus sexual assault, despite previous
proposals such as Kathryn's Law (which never got past committee). The Virginia Crime
Commission conducted a statewide review of colleges and universities and found that in
2010, there were 16 reported rape cases but no arrests. The commission also found that
10% of colleges did not have written policy for rape investigations and that 76% of
schools allowed a rapist to cross-examine their victim.
Krebs, C., Lindquist, C., Berzofsky, M., Shook-Sa, B., Peterson, K. (2016, Jan). Campus
Climate Survey Validation Study Final Technical Report. Retrieved from
http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/ccsvsftr.pdf
This graph, taken from a campus climate report from the Bureau of Justice Statistics,
highlights the results of a survey given to the students of eight different colleges and
universities. As the graph highlights, a very low percentage of female students actually
report their cases of sexual assault. In fact, on average, less than 5% of cases are actually
reported, according to the BJS. Even the school with the highest percentage of reported
cases still has dismally low statistics. This is a trend that needs to be changed drastically.
If more people got reported, then chances are, fewer people would rape or assault others.
Something that's interesting is that assault is reported the most and rape is reported the
least. Could this be because many women are embarrassed to admit that they were
raped? Or, could it possibly be because some were under the influence of either alcohol
or drugs and they didn't want to get in trouble?

LadyGagaVEVO. (2015, Sept 17). Lady Gaga Til It Happens To You. Retrieved from
https://youtu.be/ZmWBrN7QV6Y
Lady Gaga has been a proponent for sexual assault victims for quite a while, and at the
2016 Academy Awards, she performed her song "Til It Happens To You." This song was
inspired by her own experience with sexual assault when she was in college. She writes
that what happened to her caused her world to "crash" and "burn," and that she was at
"the end of [her] rope." The music video highlights the fact that assault can happen to
anyone, that the victims aren't only drunk girls at parties. After each person is assaulted,
they close in on themselves, stop talking to others, lose interest in what they were once
passionate about, and even drop out of school. Each victim writes their internal thoughts
on their bodies, including phrases like "sometimes I hate myself," and "I am worthless."
This video does an excellent job of portraying the feelings of victims, something that isn't
always highlighted in statistics.
NBC12. (2014, May 1). UVA, William and Mary among schools facing sex assault
investigation. NBC12. Retrieved from http://www.nbc12.com/story/25403037/uvawilliam-and-mary-among-schools-facing-sex-assault-investigation
This article, written by NBC12, is about a list of 55 schools--which includes William and
Mary and UVA--that are under Title IX investigation. The list was released by the
Department of Education a few days after the White House said there would be greater
transparency when it comes to sexual assault in higher education. The Department will
keep this list updated, and it was made public in hopes that it will spark conversation
about the problems with Title IX on college campuses. President Obama also created a
task force to investigate the issues with sexual assault on campuses. The task force

created a website called Not Alone, which provides resources for victims of sexual
assault. This article was very helpful because it centralizes on the federal government's
response to the sexual assault epidemic. This shows that it's not just a college problem,
it's one that is of utmost importance to local, state, and national governments.
OConnor, E. (2016, March 10). Morehouse College To Overhaul Sexual Assault Policy.
Buzzfeed. Retrieved from http://www.buzzfeed.com/emaoconnor/morehouse-collegeannounces-changes-in-sexual-assualt-polici#.sknYWgp2g
This Buzzfeed article focuses on the redo of Morehouse College's Title IX enforcement
policies. The aim of the new policies was to "create a more supportive environment for
victims of sexual assault," a plan that would include "timely resolutions to allegations of
sexual assault." One student at Spelman, a school connected to Moorehouse, described
her experience with sexual assault. She was told that she would need to speak to a
private Title IX consultant in Massachusetts, who then dismissed her claims as false
without ever meeting with her. A petition was soon created to ensure that the combination
of the two schools, referred to as SpelHouse, would update their policies surrounding
sexual assault on their campuses. The petition asks that there be mandatory sexual
assault courses for new students and that each case of sexual assault is investigated
thoroughly.
Off the Sidelines PAC. (2014). Issue: Campus Sexual Assault. Retrieved from
http://offthesidelines.org/issue/campus-sexual-assault/
These statistics, gathered from an organization called Off the Sidelines, are also focused
on incidents of sexual assault that actually get reported. One of the trends that is present

in many articles is that many schools have a horrible way of dealing with sexual assault
on their campuses--in many cases, "dealing with" actually means ignoring it, because
41% of colleges haven't conducted an investigation of a sexual assault complaint in five
years. Additionally, the graphic shows that men are the main offenders in cases of rape
and assault. While, on average, only 5% of male students are offenders, over 90% of
campus rapes are committed by that small population. It is apparent that the government
has taken an interest in the sexual assault epidemic, because nationwide, 101 colleges are
being investigated on the matter. Will the growing national and governmental attention
bring an end to the lack of response to sexual assault cases?
Schow, A. (2015, July 2). New campus sexual assault laws go into effect in Virginia.
Washington Examiner. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/newcampus-sexual-assault-laws-go-into-effect-in-virginia/article/2567530
This article is about three Virginia laws that went into effect in July, 2015. The first one
requires that a prominent notation is displayed on a students transcript if he is
suspended, permanently dismissed, or withdraws from the university during a sexual
violence investigation. Schools can remove this notation if the student was found
innocent of the crime. The next law, H.B. 1785, requires that there be cooperation
between campus police and local law enforcement. This seems like a step in the right
direction, however it wont help if the university doesnt report sexual assault to its
campus police. The last law, S.B. 712, requires a school employee who knows
information about a sexual assault accusation to report it to the Title IX investigator, who
then has 72 hours to call a review committee, who will see if the school is still safe.

TIME. (2015, Feb 9). My Rapist Is Still on Campus: Sexual Assault in the Ivy League | TIME.
Retrieved from https://youtu.be/KDG67KzDUbQ
This video centralizes on a student at Columbia University. When she got raped and
reported it, her case was dismissed because of the poor way her report was written. She
now has to attend school with her rapist, see him in her classes, and even graduate with
him. This video is the perfect example of how colleges and universities are failing their
students. How is anyone going to feel as though they should speak up about what
happened to them if they know their assaulter is just going to be able to walk free? This
video also highlights the fact that just because a university doesn't have a lot of reported
rapes means that it's safe. In fact, considering that approximately one in four students
will be sexually assaulted, no reported assaults should actually raise a red flag. At the
end of the video, the woman who was raped concluded by saying that what happened to
her is a "cloud that will always hang over" her, which is a powerful statement about a
victim's feelings after being assaulted.
United States Department of Justice. (2015, Aug 7). Overview of Title IX of the Education
Amendments of 1972, 20 U.S.C. A 1681 ET. SEQ. United States Department of Justice.
Retrieved from https://www.justice.gov/crt/overview-title-ix-education-amendments1972-20-usc-1681-et-seq
This page on the Department of Justice's website is all about Title IX. It says that Title
IX was signed into law in 1972 by President Nixon. The law is supposed to prevent any
sort of discrimination based on sex in any federally funded educational program or
activity, including K-12 education along, with colleges and universities. Initially, the
main focus of this law was on athletics: whether men's and women's teams had equal

funding, comparable practice and game times, and equal publicity. Title IX also applies
to any issue that involves men and women, including sexual assault at any federally
funded schools. After reading this, the question arises: why the federal government
doesn't cut off funding to schools with many Title IX infractions? It seems as though
schools are put under investigation or are put on watch when they have all of these
infringements. Why not just cut off funding to schools who aren't treating both sexes
fairly?