CHAPTER 2 Two Dimensional Geometry

Get Ready
Get Ready

Page 52

Question 1

Find any line joining two points in the picture. Choose four from: AB/BA, BC/CB, AC/CA, DE/ED,
DF/FD, EF/FE, GH/HG, GA/AG, AD/DA, GD/DG, HC/CH, CF/FC, HF/FH, BE/EB, DB/BD, BH/HB,
DH/HD, FB/BF, BG/GB, FG/GF.
Get Ready

Page 52

Question 2

Answers may vary. As an example, AB measures about 3.1 cm.

Get Ready

Page 52

Question 3

Since the hydro pole is symmetric down the middle, line segments that are flipped about this line will be
symmetric. Choose one pair from: DE/ED and EF/FE, AB/BA and BC/CD, DA/AD and FC/CF, AG/GA
and CH/HC, DG/GD and FH/HF, DB/BD and FB/BF, BG/GB and BH/HB, DH/HD and FG/GF.
Get Ready

Page 52

Question 4

Choose one from: DE/ED and EF/FE inside DF/FD, AB/BA and BC/CD inside AC/CA, DA/AD and
AG/GA inside DG/GD, FC/CF and CH/HC inside FH/HF, DB/BD and BH/HB inside DH/HD, FB/BF and
BG/GB inside FG/GF.
Get Ready

Page 52

Question 5

a) Answers may vary. Place the protractor along either the AB line or the DA line. The angle is about
77o.
b) Answers may vary. Place the protractor along either the DB line or the BF line. The angle is about
100o.
c)

Answers may vary. Place the protractor along either the AG line or the GH line. The angle is about
80o.

Get Ready

Page 52

a)

80

MHR Chapter 2

Question 6

b)

c)

Get Ready

Page 53

Question 7

a) Since the angle is 55o, it is less than 90o. It is an acute angle.

b) Since the angle is 90o, it is equal to 90o. It is a right angle.
c)

Since the angle is 120o, it is greater than 90o. It is an obtuse angle.

MHR Chapter 2

81

Get Ready

Page 53

Question 8

Answers may vary.

An acute angle is less than 90o. Some examples include: ADB, BFE, BGH.
A right angle is equal to 90o. Choose one from: BED or BEF.
An obtuse angle is greater than 90o. Some examples include: ADE, HCB, GBH.
Get Ready

Page 53

a)

b)

82

MHR Chapter 2

Question 9

Get Ready

Page 53

Question 10

a) Pretend that there is an imaginary horizontal line

going through point P. Then, flip PQR over this
line.

b) Pretend that there is an imaginary vertical

line going through point R. Then, flip
PQR over this line.

Get Ready

Page 53

Question 11

a) Pretend there is a nail through point P so it cannot move (since it is

our pivot point). Then, rotate PQR 90o clockwise about this point.

b) Pretend there is a nail through point Q so it

cannot move (since it is our pivot point).
Then, rotate PQR 180o counterclockwise
about this point.

MHR Chapter 2

83

2.1 Classify Triangles

Section 2.1

Page 57

Question 1

You need to compare the lengths of the sides of a triangle. If they are all of equal length, it is an equilateral
triangle. If two sides have the same length, it is an isosceles triangle. If all three sides have different
lengths, it is a scalene triangle.
Section 2.1

Page 57

Question 2

You need to compare the angles inside the triangle. If all three angles are less than 90o, it is an acute
triangle. If one of the angles is greater than 90o, it is an obtuse triangle. If one of the angles is equal to 90o,
it is a right triangle.
Section 2.1

Page 57

Question 3

GHI does not belong since all of the other triangles

are isosceles triangles (two sides of the same length).
GHI is a scalene triangle (all three sides of different
lengths).

Section 2.1

Page 57

Question 4

An acute scalene triangle will have all 3 sides of different lengths and all 3 angles
less than 90o. To check if your triangle fits this description, use your ruler and
protractor. Answers will vary. An example is shown.

Section 2.1

Page 57

Question 5

a) This is an isosceles triangle. It has two equal sides of length 3 cm.

b) This is a scalene triangle. All three of its sides are of different lengths.

Section 2.1

Page 57

Question 6

a) This is a scalene triangle. All three of its sides are of different lengths.

b) This is an equilateral triangle. All three of its sides have the same length of
5 cm.

84

MHR Chapter 2

Section 2.1

Page 57

Question 7

a) This is a right triangle. One of its angles is equal to 90o.

b) This is an acute triangle. All three of its angles are less than 90o.

Section 2.1

Page 57

Question 8

a) This is an obtuse triangle. One of its angles is greater than 90o (120o).

b) This is an acute triangle. All three of its angles are less than 90o.

Section 2.1

Page 57

Question 9

a) This is a right triangle because one of its angles is equal to 90o. It is also a
scalene triangle because all three of its sides are of different lengths.
b) This is an obtuse triangle because one of its angles is greater than 90o (100o).
It is also a scalene triangle because all three of its sides are of different
lengths.
Section 2.1

Page 57

Question 10

a) There is one large triangle with two smaller triangles inside of it.
The large triangle is ACE, the top smaller triangle is ABE,
and the bottom smaller triangle is BCE.
b)

o
ACE: EAC is greater than 90 . Since ACE has an obtuse

angle, it is an obtuse triangle.

ABE: EAB is greater than 90o. Since ABE has an obtuse angle, ABE is an obtuse triangle.
BCE: EBC is greater than 90o. Since BCE has an obtuse angle, it is an obtuse triangle.

MHR Chapter 2

85

Section 2.1

Page 57

Question 11

a) There are three triangles in this picture. There is one large triangle with two
smaller triangles inside of it. The large triangle is PQR, the top smaller
triangle is PRS, and the bottom smaller triangle is QRS.
b)

PQR: PRQ is equal to 90o. Since PQR has a right angle, it is a right
triangle. Since PQR has two sides of equal length, it is also an isosceles
triangle.
PRS: Since all three of its angles are less than 90o, it is an acute triangle.
Since PRS has three sides of different length, it is also a scalene triangle.
QRS: QSR is greater than 90o. Since QRS has an obtuse angle, it is an obtuse triangle. Since
QRS has three sides of different length, it is a scalene triangle.

Section 2.1

Page 58

Question 12

a) The first object is a cracker. It is close to the shape of an isosceles triangle since two of its sides are the
same length. It is also an acute triangle since all 3 of its angles are less than 90.
The second object is a yield sign. It is close to the shape of an equilateral triangle since all three of its
sides are of the same length. It is also an acute triangle since all three of its angles are less than 90o.
The third object is a sail. It is close to the shape of an isosceles triangle since two of its sides are the
same length. It is also an acute triangle since all 3 of its angles are less than 90.
b) Answers may vary. Possible examples include: the support beams on a bridge may be in the shape of a
triangle, a teepee is in the shape of a triangle, a rooftop may have a triangle shape, or a window might
be in the shape of a triangle.
Section 2.1

Page 58

Question 13

Answers may vary slightly.

a) PQ = 5.0 cm, RQ = 4.3 cm, and RP = 7.4 cm.
b) RQP = 109o, QPR = 31o, and PRQ = 40o.
c)

86

RQP is greater than 90o. Since PQR has an obtuse angle,

it is an obtuse triangle. PQR has three sides of different
lengths. It is also a scalene triangle.

MHR Chapter 2

Section 2.1

Page 58

Question 14

a) Using your ruler and protractor, you should first draw the two 5-cm
lines that have an angle of 60o. When you join these two lines with a
third line, you should find that the length of this line is 5 cm and the
other two angles are both 60o. So, since all of the angles are less than
90o, it is an acute triangle. Since all three of its sides are of equal
length, it is also an equilateral triangle.

b) Using your ruler and protractor, you should first draw the 4-cm line DE.
Next, draw lines at both points D and E that are 60o to the line. At the
point where these two lines meet, you have point F. Both of these lines
should be 4 cm in length, and F should be 60o. Since all of the angles
are less than 90o, it is an acute triangle. Since all three of its sides are of
equal length, it is also an equilateral triangle.

Section 2.1

Page 58

Question 15

a) Using your ruler and protractor, you should first draw the two 8-cm
lines that have an angle of 40o. When you join these two lines with a
third line, you should find that the length of this line is about 5.5 cm
and the other two angles are both 70o. Since all of the angles are less
than 90o, it is an acute triangle. Since two of its sides are of equal
length, it is also an isosceles triangle.
b) Using your ruler and protractor, you should first draw the 6-cm line
PQ. Next, draw a line from the point Q that is 50o to the line PQ.
Make sure this line is long. Next, use your protractor to find a line that
is 80o to the long line you just drew and that connects with the point P.
You should find that the remaining angle P is 50o and the lengths of
the other two sides are about 4.7 cm. Since all of the angles are less
than 90o, it is an acute triangle. Since two of its sides are of equal
length, it is also an isosceles triangle.
Section 2.1

Page 58

Question 16

a) Using your ruler and protractor, you should first draw the two 5-cm lines
that have an angle of 65o. When you join these two lines with a third line,
you should find that the length of this line is about 5.4 cm and the other two
angles are both 57.5o. Since all of the angles are less than 90 o, it is an acute
triangle. Since two of its sides are of equal length, it is also an isosceles
triangle.
b) Using your ruler and protractor, you should first draw the 6-cm line.
Next, draw two lines from the endpoints of the line you just drew that are
45o to the line. Make sure these lines are long enough to cross. The point
where these two lines meet is your third point. You should find that this
point has an angle of 90o and the two remaining sides have a length of
about 4.2 cm. Since one of the angles is equal to 90o, it is a right triangle.
Since two of its sides are of equal length, it is an isosceles triangle.

MHR Chapter 2

87

Section 2.1

Page 58

Question 17

a) Since the lengths of the lines XY and YZ are equal,

XYZ is an isosceles triangle.
b) If you use your protractor, you will find that X and
Z are the same.

Section 2.1

Page 58

Question 18

a) Actual drawings may vary. The other angles in this triangle should both be
75o and the lengths of the sides will depend on the drawing. Since the triangle
has all three angles less than 90o, it is an acute triangle.

b) Actual drawings may vary. The other angle in this triangle should
be 120o and the lengths of the sides will depend on the drawing.
Since the triangle has one angle greater than 90o (120o), it is an
obtuse triangle.

Section 2.1

Page 58

Question 19

a) If drawn carefully your triangle should look like the diagram here.
The missing information will be:
RS = 5 cm
ST = 5 cm
S = 60o
b) Since the lengths of all of the sides are equal to each other, you
know this is an equilateral triangle. Since the angles are all less
than 90o, you know this is also an acute triangle. Therefore,
RST is an acute equilateral triangle.

88

MHR Chapter 2

Section 2.1

Page 59

Question 20

a) The other two angles are acute angles.

b) The other two angles are acute angles.

c)

Each angle is 60o. Draw an equilateral triangle and then measure its
angles.

Section 2.1

Page 59

Question 21

a) There are right, obtuse, isosceles, and scalene triangles.

b) Answers may vary.
Section 2.1

Page 59

Question 22

All types of triangles have at least 2 acute angles in

them, so any triangle you draw will contain an acute
angle.
Section 2.1

Page 59

Question 23

Answers may vary. Triangles are used in bridges because they are much more rigid than squares or other
shapes. In Chapter 1 you learned that there is only one triangle for a collection of three lengths, whereas if
you're given four lengths of a quadrilateral, there can be many variations depending on the angles between
the sides. This is what makes the triangle more rigid. The angles cannot change in a three-sided figure, but
in a four-sided shape they can.
Section 2.1

Page 59

Question 24

For every triangle, the sum of any two side lengths will always be greater than the length of the third side.
This is the same as saying that the shortest distance between two points is a straight line. Imagine yourself
standing on vertex A of the triangle ABC and having to get to B. You can go straight there or you can
wander up to C and then back down to B, but clearly the distance going up to C first will be much farther.

MHR Chapter 2

89

Making Connections: Symmetry

1. Since every side has the same length, you can draw a line from any vertex through the
middle to get a line of symmetry. So, since there are three vertices, there are three lines of
symmetry for an equilateral triangle.
2. An isosceles triangle has just one line of symmetry. This can be drawn from the
vertex of the two lines of equal length through the middle of the triangle.
3.

90

A scalene triangle has no lines of symmetry.

MHR Chapter 2

2.2 Classify Quadrilaterals

Section 2.2

Page 63

Side Lengths
Parallel Sides
Angle Measures

Section 2.2

Question 1

Rectangle
Parallelogram
2 pairs of opposite sides that are equal
2 pairs of opposite sides that are equal
2 pairs of opposite sides that are parallel 2 pairs of opposite sides that are parallel
Contains 4 right angles
Contains no right angles

Page 63

Question 2

A rhombus is like a square because they both have four sides that are equal in length and two pairs of
opposite sides that are parallel. A rhombus is like a parallelogram because they both have two pairs of
opposite sides that are equal (where actually a rhombus has four sides that are equal), two pairs of opposite
sides that are parallel, and contain no right angles.
Section 2.2

Page 63

Question 3

Drawings may vary. To be a quadrilateral, the shape must have four sides. It is formed by joining four line
segments and has four angles at the vertices.
Section 2.2

Page 63

Question 4

a) Four sides are marked as having equal lengths.

Two pairs of opposite sides are parallel.
All four angles are 90o.
Quadrilateral ABCD is a square.
b) Two pairs of opposite sides are marked as having equal lengths.
Two pairs of opposite sides are parallel.
All four angles are 90o.
Quadrilateral VWXY is a rectangle.

MHR Chapter 2

91

Section 2.2

Page 63

Question 5

a) No sides are marked as having equal lengths.

Two pairs of opposite sides are parallel.
None of the angles are 90o.
Quadrilateral EFGH is a parallelogram.

b) Four sides are marked as having equal lengths.

Two pairs of opposite sides are parallel.
None of the angles are 90o.
Quadrilateral RSTU is a rhombus.
Section 2.2

Page 64

Question 6

a) Two pairs of non-opposite, connected sides are marked as

having equal lengths.
No sides are parallel.
None of the angles are 90o.
Quadrilateral ABCD is a kite.

b) No sides are marked as having equal lengths.

One pair of opposite sides is parallel.
None of the angles are 90o.
Quadrilateral ABCD is a trapezoid.
Section 2.2

Page 64

Question 7

The two quadrilaterals are quadrilateral JKLO and

quadrilateral OLMN.
JKLO:
No sides are marked as having equal lengths.
One pair of opposite sides is parallel.
None of the angles are 90o.
Quadrilateral JKLO is a trapezoid.
OLMN:
Two pairs of opposite sides are marked as having equal lengths.
Two pairs of opposite sides are parallel.
None of the angles are marked as being 90o.
Quadrilateral OLMN is a rectangle.

92

MHR Chapter 2

Section 2.2

Page 64

Question 8

The three quadrilaterals are quadrilateral ABCD,

quadrilateral AGED, and quadrilateral DEFC.
ABCD:
Four sides are marked as having equal lengths.
Two pairs of opposite sides are parallel.
All four angles are 90o.
Quadrilateral ABCD is a square.
AGED:
No sides are marked as having equal lengths.
One pair of opposite sides is parallel.
None of the angles are marked as being 90o.
Quadrilateral AGED is a trapezoid.
DEFC:
No sides are marked as having equal lengths (but it looks like two pairs of opposite sides have equal
lengths).
Two pairs of opposite sides are parallel.
None of the angles are 90o.
Quadrilateral DEFC is a parallelogram.
Section 2.2

Page 64

Question 9

a) Method 1:
Since it has four equal sides, you need to change the sides so they are all equal.
Since it has no right angles, you need to change the angles so that they arent 90o.
The answer is C rhombus.
Method 2:
The quadrilateral has four equal sides. It is not a rectangle, a parallelogram, a trapezoid, or a kite.
The quadrilateral has no right angles. It is not a square or a rectangle.
The answer is C rhombus.
b) Method 1:
Since it has no equal sides, you need to change the sides so they are not equal.
Since it has one pair of parallel sides, you need to change one pair of opposite
sides so they are not parallel.
The answer is D trapezoid.
Method 2:
The quadrilateral has no equal sides. So, it is not a rectangle, a square, a parallelogram, a rhombus, or
a kite.
The quadrilateral has no right angles. So, it is not a square or a rectangle.
So, the answer is D trapezoid.

MHR Chapter 2

93

c)

Method 1:
Since it has two pairs of equal sides, you can keep the sides as they are.
Since it has no parallel sides, you need to change the sides so they are not parallel.
The answer is B kite.

Method 2:
The quadrilateral has two pairs of equal sides. So, you cant conclude anything from this statement.
The quadrilateral has no parallel sides. So, it is not a rectangle, a square, a parallelogram, a rhombus,
or a trapezoid.
The answer is B kite.
d) Method 1:
Since it has four equal sides, you must change the sides so they are all equal.
Since it has four right angles, you keep the angles are they are.
The answer is A square.
Method 2:
The quadrilateral has four equal sides. So, it is not a rectangle, a parallelogram, a trapezoid, or a kite.
The quadrilateral has four right angles. So, it is not a parallelogram, a rhombus, a trapezoid, or a kite.
The answer is A square.
Section 2.2

Page 64

Question 10

Answers may vary. It has two sides of equal length. This

is similar to an isosceles triangle. An isosceles triangle
also has two sides of equal length.
Section 2.2

Page 64

Question 11

a) To be a quadrilateral, the shape must have four sides. By looking at the

tangram, you will see two four-sided shapes.
Shape 4:
Four equal sides, two pairs of opposite, parallel sides, and four 90o angles.
This is a square.
Shape 6:
Two pairs of opposite, equal sides, two pairs of opposite, parallel sides, and no 90o angles. This is a
parallelogram.

b) Using either pieces 3 and 4, 4 and 5, or 5 and 6, you will have a quadrilateral (4 sides).
With either set of pieces:
Only one pair of opposite sides is parallel. This is a trapezoid.

94

MHR Chapter 2

Section 2.2

Page 65

Question 12

a) First quadrilateral:
Two pairs of opposite sides have equal lengths.
Two pairs of opposite sides are parallel.
None of the angles are 90o.
This quadrilateral is a parallelogram
Second quadrilateral:
No sides are marked as having equal lengths (but it looks like a pair of opposite sides has equal
lengths).
One pair of opposite sides are parallel.
None of the angles are 90o.
This quadrilateral is a trapezoid.
b) The pattern starts with either a parallelogram or a trapezoid with a pair of opposite, horizontal sides.
The next shape is either a trapezoid or a parallelogram (the shape that was not used to start the pattern).
This shape fits perfectly next to the first shape. The third shape is either a horizontally flipped
parallelogram or a vertically flipped trapezoid (the same shape as the first shape in the pattern). The
fourth shape is either a horizontally flipped parallelogram or a vertically flipped trapezoid (the same
shape as the second shape in the pattern).
Section 2.2

Page 65

Question 13

a) Drawings may vary. Since ABCD has exactly one pair of opposite, parallel
sides, it is a trapezoid.

b) Drawings may vary. Since all sides have equal lengths, two pairs of opposite
sides are parallel, and none of the angles are 90o, EFGH is a rhombus.
Section 2.2

Page 65

Question 14

a) There are four shapes in this quilt: trapezoid, square, rectangle, and triangle.
b) Answers will vary.
Section 2.2

Question 15

a) When you split a rectangle across its diagonal, you will be left with two right scalene triangles
b) There are two ways to break up a kite. From the diagram, you can see that each triangle
has three acute angles. Depending on how the kite is drawn, you will either have one
triangle with three equal sides and one triangle with exactly two equal sides or two
triangles with exactly two equal sides. You can either have an acute equilateral triangle
and an acute isosceles triangle or two acute isosceles triangles.
Depending on how you drew the kite, you can have two triangles that have two acute
angles and one obtuse angle or two triangles that have three acute angles. In addition,
you will have two triangles with two equal sides or two triangles with three sides of
different lengths. You will either have two obtuse isosceles, two acute isosceles, two
obtuse scalene, or two acute scalene triangles.

MHR Chapter 2

95

Section 2.2

Page 65

Question 16

a) Since an equilateral triangle has three equal

sides, you can say that it has two equal sides.
Every equilateral triangle is an isosceles
triangle. Since the small oval is inside the
large oval, you can say that the small oval
represents equilateral triangles and the large
oval represents isosceles triangles.
Since no right triangles are equilateral triangles, but some right triangles are isosceles triangles, the
right oval represents right triangles. The area outside the ovals represents triangles that are both
scalene and obtuse or scalene and acute.
b) The overlap includes both the isosceles oval and the right triangle oval. It represents triangles that are
both isosceles and right triangles.
Section 2.2

Page 65

Question 17

Answers may vary. One possible Venn diagram is:

Making Connections: Sports

In the diagram, there are rectangles, squares, and a circle

96

MHR Chapter 2

2.3 Congruent Figures

Section 2.3

Page 68

Question 1

Object A and C are both rectangles and they both measure 2 by 3.

They are congruent.
Object B is a rectangle, but it measures 3 by 4. Since it has a
different shape, it is not congruent.
Section 2.3

Page 68

Question 2

K = R, M = T, L = S
KL = RS, LM = ST, MK = TR
Object KLM and RST are both triangles, and their corresponding side lengths and angles are the same.
They are congruent.
Section 2.3

Page 68

Question 3

a) The figures are all hexagons with the same shape and
size. Therefore, the three hexagons are congruent.

b) The figures are all parallelograms, but they have a

different shape. The first is 1 by 1, the second is 1 by
3, and the third is 2 by 1. Therefore, the three
parallelograms are not congruent.

c)

The figures are all trapezoids with the same shape and
size. Therefore, the three trapezoids are congruent.

MHR Chapter 2

97

Section 2.3

Page 68

Question 4

All three figures are rectangles. Rectangle ABCD and rectangle

EFGH both measure 3 by 4. They have the same shape and size.
Rectangle JKLM measures 2 by 4. It has a different shape.
Therefore, rectangles ABCD and EFGH are congruent.

Section 2.3

Page 68

Question 5

All three figures are triangles.

D = G, E = H, F = I. Therefore, DEF and GHI have the
same shape.
DE = GH, EF = HI, FD = IG, DEF and GHI have the same size.
Since DEF and GHI have the same shape and size, they are
congruent.
C (F or I) and BC (EF or HI). DEF is not congruent with the other two triangles.
Section 2.3

Page 68

Question 6

LK = NM, KJ = MR, JI = RQ, IH = QP, HG = PO, GL = ON.

Since the top right figure is the same shape and size as the
bottom left figure, they are congruent.
Since EF (HG or PO) and CD (JI or RQ), the top left shape
and either the top right or bottom left shape are not congruent.
Since UT (KJ or MR), TS (JI or RQ), XW (HG or PO),
and WV (GL or ON), the bottom right shape and either the top
right or bottom left shape are not congruent.
Since UT BC and WV FA, the bottom right shape and the top left shape are not congruent.
Section 2.3

Page 69

Corresponding sides:
AB = DE
BC = EF
CA = FD
Corresponding angles:
A = D
B = E
C = F

98

MHR Chapter 2

Question 7

Section 2.3

Page 69

Question 8

Corresponding sides:
LM = PQ
MN = QR
NL = RP
Corresponding angles:
L = P
M = Q
N = R
Section 2.3

Page 69

Question 9

a) AJG and AJD are right triangles. They

have the same shape and size, so they are
congruent.
b) AIJ and ABJ, JIF and JBE, CBE
and HIF are acute triangles. Since the three
pairs have the same shape and size, the three pairs
are congruent.
c) DCE and GHF, DBJ and GIJ are
obtuse triangles. Since the two pairs have the same
shape and size, the two pairs are congruent.

Section 2.3

Page 69

Question 10

Your triangle should have the same corresponding sides and angles as
KLM.
Section 2.3

Page 69

Question 11

No, they do not have to be congruent. They can be of different sizes.

ABC and ADE have the same shape, but they are of different sizes. They
are not congruent.

Diagrams may vary.

Section 2.3

Page 69

Question 12

No, they do not have to be congruent.

For example, a 1 by 4 rectangle has a perimeter of 10 (1 + 1 + 4 + 4 = 10)
and a 2 by 3 rectangle has a perimeter of 10 (2 + 2 + 3 + 3 = 10). The
rectangles have the same perimeter, but have a different shape. They are
not congruent.
Diagrams may vary.

MHR Chapter 2

99

Section 2.3

Page 69

Question 13

No, they do not have to be congruent.

For example, a 1 by 4 rectangle has an area of 4 (1 4 = 4) and a 2 by 2
square has an area of 4 (2 2 = 4). The rectangle and the square have the
same area, but have different sizes and shapes. They are not congruent.
Diagrams may vary.
Section 2.3

Page 69

Question 14

a) There are three possibilities:

If you place the third side of the isosceles triangles (the side that is not equal
to the other two sides) together, you will have a rhombus.

If you place the triangles together, with one upside down and the other right side up,
placing together two of the two equal sides, you will have a parallelogram.

If you place the triangles together, both right side up, placing together two of the two
sides, you will have a kite.

b) There are 4 possibilities:

If you place the triangles together on the same non-diagonal
side, and both facing the same direction (so the line is like a
mirror), you will have an isosceles triangle. If the lengths are
correct, this could be an equilateral triangle.
If you place the triangles together on the same non-diagonal
side, and both facing the opposite direction, you will have a
parallelogram.

If you place the triangles together on their diagonal lines, with their similar nondiagonal sides on opposite sides of the figure, you will have a rectangle.

If you place the triangles together on their diagonal lines, with their similar nondiagonal sides adjacent to each other, you will have a kite.

100

MHR Chapter 2

equal

Section 2.3

Page 69

Question 15

a) Draw a line from one of the corners through the middle of the triangle that touches
the opposite side at its middle point.

b) Find the point in the middle of the triangle. Draw a line out from each vertex to the
centre of the triangle.

c)

Draw an upside down triangle inside the equilateral triangle where its corners touch
the middle of each side of the equilateral triangle.

MHR Chapter 2

101

2.4 Congruent and Similar Figures

Section 2.4

Page 72

Question 1

a) Figures A and C are congruent since they both

have the same size and shape, a rectangle of width 2
squares and length 3 squares.

b) Figures B and D are similar because they are both squares. E is not similar with A and C because its
sides are not in the same proportion with each other.
Section 2.4

Page 72

Question 2

ABC is similar to DEF, because their angles are equal and

their sides are in the same proportion. GHI is not similar
because its angles are not the same as those in the other
triangles. Also, its sides are not in the same proportions.

Section 2.4

Page 73

Question 3

a) These two are both squares. They are similar to each other.
b) The lengths of the corresponding sides are not in the same
proportion. The rectangles are not similar.

Section 2.4

Page 73

Question 4

a) These triangles are not congruent. Their

corresponding angles are equal, but their corresponding
sides are not. These triangles are similar. They both have
equal angles, and the lengths of their corresponding sides
are in the same proportion.

b) These triangles are congruent. Their corresponding

angles and sides are equal.

102

MHR Chapter 2

Section 2.4

Page 73

Question 5

KLMN and WXYZ are the two similar rectangles. All of the rectangles
shown have the equal angles but these two are the only ones where the
lengths of corresponding sides are in the same proportion.

Section 2.4

Page 73

Question 6

Quadrilateral ABCD is similar to quadrilateral EFGH, and square

IJKL is congruent to square MNOP. In the first case, you can tell
they are similar by looking at the lengths of the sides, which are in
the same proportion. In the second case, both shapes are squares
of the same size. They are congruent.

Section 2.4

Page 73

Question 7

These two triangles are similar. All their angles are equal. When you look
at the proportions of the corresponding sides to one another, you find:
MK: ZX = 13 : 26 = 1: 2
ML : ZY = 12 : 24 = 1: 2
LK : YX = 5 : 10 = 1: 2
All corresponding sides are in the same proportion.
Section 2.4

Page 73

Question 8

These triangles are not similar.

PQ : ST = 8 : 6 = 4 : 3
RQ : VT 6 : 4 = 3 : 2.
Since these ratios are not equal, these triangles cannot be similar.
Section 2.4

Page 73

Question 9

a) Arrow C is congruent to Arrow A since they are both the

same size and shape.
b) Arrow E is similar to A. Arrow E has the same
proportions as A, but it has been drawn at half the size of A.

MHR Chapter 2

103

Section 2.4

Page 74

Question 10

Congruent and similar triangles and squares are used throughout the design of the quilt.
Section 2.4

Page 74

Question 11

a) Pieces 1 and 2 are congruent. Pieces 3 and 5 are congruent. In each case the
pieces are the same size and shape.
b) Pieces 1 and 2 are similar to piece 7 and pieces 3 and 5. All the triangles
are similar. All of the triangles are right isosceles triangles. They have equal
angles. By comparing their sides, you can confirm that they are indeed all in the
same proportion.
Section 2.4

Page 74

Question 12

a) All squares are similar to each other. A square by definition has equal angles and sides of equal
length. This means that when comparing the lengths of corresponding sides, they will always be in the
same proportion.
b) All rectangles are not similar to each other. To check this, compare the proportions of a square with
those of a rectangle whose length is twice the width. These are both rectangles but they are not similar.
c) All right isosceles triangles are similar to each other. If you place two right isosceles triangles
together, you form a square. It is easy to see that all squares are similar to each other, and since each right
isosceles triangle is just half a square, they are also similar to each other.
d) All rhombi are not similar to each other. A rhombus can be drawn with varying angles. They do not all
have equal angles. They are not all similar.
Section 2.4

Page 74

Question 13

Answers will vary.

When you compare the diagonals, you are really comparing triangles made by
cutting the rectangles along the diagonal. If these triangles are similar, then
their angles will be the same and hence this will cause the longest sides of the
triangles to align with each other. If the triangles are similar, then the rectangles
will be similar as well.
Section 2.4

Page 74

Question 14

a) Diagrams may vary. Ensure that the sides are in the same
proportion with the sides of XYZ
b) Your triangles should all be similar because you have all
drawn triangles with sides in the same proportion as the sides
of XYZ. Your triangles will only be congruent if two
students happen to draw their sides of exactly the same length.

104

MHR Chapter 2

Section 2.4

Page 74

Question 15

Congruent:
Squares: EIHK, IBJK, KJFL, HKLG
Trapezoids: FCDG, AEGD
Rectangles: EBJH, EILG, BILF, FJHG
3-pacs: HEBFLK, EIKJFG, EBJKLG, GHKIBF
and any other variations combining the different shapes.
Similar:
Squares: all congruent ones, BEGF, ABCD
3-pacs: all congruent ones, AEGFCD
Section 2.4

Page 74

Question 16

ADE is similar to ABC. A is shared by both triangles and so

is equal. Since DE and BC are parallel, then B = D and
C = E. Thus, all the angles in both triangles are equal. Therefore,
these two triangles are similar.

Section 2.4

Page 74

Question 17

Cut rectangles that are twice as long as they are wide out of centimetre grid
paper. Make a big one to represent the entire flag, such as 12 cm by 6 cm. The
red rectangles also have a length that is twice the width since they are similar to
the entire flag. The length of the red rectangles equals the width of the flag,
which in this case is 6 cm. Cut out the two red rectangles, 6 cm by 3 cm. Place
these new rectangles in position on the flag. The white area is a perfect square, 6 cm by 6 cm. Every
Canadian flag has a white square in the centre.

MHR Chapter 2

105

Chapter 2 Review
Review Key Words

Page 76

Question 1

a) Isosceles triangle

b) Obtuse triangle

c)

Rhombus

d) Trapezoid

Review Key Words

Page 76

Question 2

Each side has a different length.

There is a 90o angle in each triangle.
Both triangles are right scalene triangles.
Corresponding sides:
2AB = XY
2BC = YZ
2CA = ZX
Corresponding angles:
A = X
B = Y
C = Z
ABC is similar to XYZ.

Review 2.1

Page 76

Question 3

a) All angles are acute. This is an acute triangle. All of its sides are equal. It is
also an equilateral triangle.

b) This triangle has an obtuse angle and all of its sides are of different
lengths. This is an obtuse scalene triangle.

106

MHR Chapter 2

Review 2.1

Page 76

Question 4

A right scalene triangle is formed. The pole and the ground make a 90o angle with
each other, and each side of the triangle has a different length.

Review 2.1

Page 76

Question 5

a) Using your ruler and protractor, draw the two 4-cm lines that have an
angle of 50o between them. When you join these two lines with a
third line, you should find that the length of this line is about 3.4 cm,
and the other two angles are both 65o. Since all of the angles are less
than 90 o, it is an acute triangle. Since two of its sides are of equal
length (4 cm), it is also an isosceles triangle.
b) Using your ruler and protractor, draw the 7-cm line. Next, draw
a line from one of the endpoints of the line you just drew that is
25o to the line. Then, draw a line from the other endpoint of the
7-cm line that is 40o to the line. Make sure these lines are long
enough to cross. The point where these two lines meet is your
third point. You should find that this point has an angle of 115o
and the two remaining sides have a length of about 5 cm and 3.3 cm, respectively. Since one of the
angles is greater than 90o, it is an obtuse triangle. Since all of its sides are of different lengths, it is also
a scalene triangle.
Review 2.2

Page 76

Question 6

a) Two pairs of equal opposing sides.

4 right angles.
Quadrilateral PQRS is a rectangle.
b) All 4 sides equal.
Opposing sides are parallel.
No right angles.
Quadrilateral TUVW is a rhombus.
c)

Opposing sides equal and parallel.

No right angles.
Quadrilateral KXYZ is a parallelogram.

d) No sides are marked as having equal lengths.

One pair of opposite sides is parallel.
None of the angles are 90o.
Quadrilateral KLMN is a trapezoid.

MHR Chapter 2

107

Review 2.2

Page 76

Question 7

There are squares, rectangles, trapezoids, rhombi, and

quadrilaterals in the spider's web.

Review 2.3

Page 77

Question 8

Answers may vary.

Shapes are congruent
when they are the same
size and shape.

Review 2.3

Page 77

Question 9

a) Answers may vary. Some examples include: a pair of

blue triangles, a pair of white rectangles, and a pair of
white parallelograms.
b) Answers may vary.

108

MHR Chapter 2

Review 2.3

Page 77

Question 10

a) These parallelograms have sides of the same length and

equal angles, so they are congruent.
Sides: HI = LM, IJ = MN, JK = MO, KH = OL
Angles: K = O, H = L, I = M, J = N

b)

PQR is a right triangle and STU is not. Since they have a

different shape, they are not congruent.

c)

These trapezoids have equal angles and sides, so they are

congruent.
Sides: AD = YX, DC = XW, CB = WZ, BA = ZY
Angles: A = Y, D = X, C = W, B = Z

Review 2.3

Page 77

Question 11

Two triangles with the same perimeter are not necessarily

congruent. For example, a triangle with side lengths 5, 3, and
4 has a perimeter of 12 (5 + 3 + 4 = 12), and a triangle with
side lengths 4, 4, and 4 has a perimeter of 12 (4 + 4 + 4 = 12).
The triangles have the same perimeter, but have different shapes and sizes, so they are not congruent.
Diagrams may vary.
Review 2.4

Page 77

Question 12

Answers may vary. You can tell they are similar because they should have the same shape, but different
sizes.
Review 2.4

Page 77

Question 13

Rhombus DEFG is similar to rhombus HIJK because

they have the same shape but different sizes.
Trapezoid LMNO is similar to trapezoid PQRS because
they have the same shape but different sizes.
Rhombus DEFG is not congruent to rhombus HIJK
because they have different sizes.
Trapezoid LMNO is not congruent to trapezoid PQRS
because they have different sizes.

MHR Chapter 2

109

Review 2.4

Page 77

Question 14

a) A photocopy of a shape will be congruent to the original, unless the photocopy machine was
deliberately set to produce a different scale copy.
b) A photograph of a shape will be similar to the original. It may be congruent depending on the size of
the picture. Most likely, the picture will have a different size than the original, so they will not be
congruent.
Review 2.4

Page 77

Question 15

a) The triangles are not congruent because ABC is taller

than DEF. They are not the same size.
b) The triangles are not the same shape. FE is about as long as
CB but DF is much shorter than AC. They are not similar.

110

MHR Chapter 2

Chapter 2 Practice Test

Practice Test

Page 78

Question 1

B an acute isosceles triangle

This triangle has two sides of equal length and three acute angles.
Practice Test

Page 78

Question 2

C an obtuse scalene triangle

S is obtuse and all of its sides are of different lengths.
Practice Test

Page 78

Question 3

D a rhombus
All of its sides are equal, the opposing sides are parallel, and
there are no right angles.
Practice Test

Page 78

Question 4

D a trapezoid
This figure has two parallel sides. It is a trapezoid.
Practice Test

Page 78

Question 5

B congruent triangles
The two triangles have the same corresponding sides and
angles. They are congruent.
Practice Test

Page 78

Question 6

C similar squares
The two squares have the same shape (square) but their sides
have different lengths. They are similar.
Practice Test

Page 78

Question 7

a) Using your ruler and protractor, draw the two 5-cm lines that have an angle of
90o. When you join these two lines with a third line, you should find that the
length of this line is about 7.1 cm and the other two angles are both 45o. Since
one of the angles equals 90o, it is a right triangle. Since two of its sides are of
equal length (5 cm), it is also an isosceles triangle.
b) Using your ruler and protractor, draw the 5-cm line AB. Next, draw a line
from the point B that is 60o to the line AB. This is the line BC and is 7 cm.
Join the two lines. You should find that A is 76o and C is 44o. The length
of the other side, CA, is about 6.2 cm. Since all of the angles are less than
90o, it is an acute triangle. Since all three of its sides are of different lengths,
it is also a scalene triangle.

MHR Chapter 2

111

Practice Test

Page 79

Question 8

All three are similar rectangles. Each rectangle has a length to

width ratio (l : w ) of 3:2.
12 : 8 = 6 : 4 = 3 : 2.

Practice Test

Page 79

Question 9

Since a right triangle has one angle equal to 90o and an

obtuse triangle has one angle greater than 90o, there is
no way for all three corresponding angles to be the
same. They will never have the same shape. They
cannot be similar.
Practice Test

Page 79

Question 10

ABC is congruent to GHI, since they are both

equilateral triangles with side length 1 cm.

Both ABC and GHI are similar to DEF

because they are all equilateral triangles with
proportional side lengths (2 by 2 by 2 and 1 by 1 by
1).
JKL is similar to LMN because they are both
isosceles triangles with proportional side lengths (2
by 2 by 1 and 4 by 4 by 2).

Practice Test

Page 79

Question 11

Since ABCD is a square with perimeter 16 cm, it has to have

side lengths of 4 cm. Since square ABCD is half the height of
square EFGH, EFGH must have a side length of 8 cm.
Since they are both squares, they have the same shape.
However, they are different sizes. Therefore, they are similar
but not congruent.

Practice Test Chapter Problem

Answers may vary.

112

MHR Chapter 2