CHAPTER 2 Two-Dimensional Geometry

Chapter 2 Get Ready

Get Ready

Question 1

Page 48

a) All sides are different lengths, so it is a scalene triangle.

All angles are less than 90, so it is an acute triangle.

b) All sides are different lengths, so it is a scalene triangle.

The triangle has a 90 angle, so it is a right triangle.

Get Ready

Question 2

Page 48

The two triangles are alike because they are both

isosceles.
The two triangles are different because one is a
right triangle while the other is an obtuse
triangle.

Get Ready

Question 3

Page 48

a) 52 = 5 5
= 25
b) 72 = 7 7
= 49
c) 22 = 2 2
=4
d) 82 = 8 8
= 64
Get Ready

Question 4

Page 48

4 = 2.
b) 5 5 = 25, therefore 25 = 5 .

a) 2 2 = 4, therefore

49 = 7 .
d) 10 10 = 100, therefore 100 = 10 .
c) 7 7 = 49, therefore

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Get Ready

Question 5

Page 49

a) Since the shape is a square, all side lengths are the same.
P=74
P = 28
The perimeter of the square is 28 m.

b) Since the shape is a square, all side lengths are the same.
P = 11 4
P = 44
The perimeter of the square is 44 cm.

Get Ready

Question 6

Page 49

a) P = 17 + 15 + 8
P = 40
The perimeter of the triangle is 40 cm.

bh
2
15 8
A=
2
A = 60
A=

The area of the triangle is 60 cm2.

b) P = 7.8 + 7.8 + 12
P = 27.6
The perimeter of the triangle is 27.6 m.

bh
2
12 5
A=
2
A = 30
A=

The area of the triangle is 30 m2.

62

MHR Chapter 2

Get Ready

Question 7

Page 49

a) x + 10 = 18
By inspection, 8 + 10 = 18. Therefore, x = 8.
b) x + 15 = 24
By inspection, 9 + 15 = 24. Therefore, x = 9.
c) 4 + x = 16
By inspection, 4 + 12 = 16. Therefore, x = 12.
d) 12 + x = 25
By inspection, 12 + 13 = 25. Therefore, x = 13.
Get Ready

Question 8

Page 49

a) 20 = 9 + x
By inspection, 20 = 9 + 11. Therefore, x = 11.
b) 36 = x + 20
By inspection, 36 = 16 + 20. Therefore, x = 16.
c) 32 = x + 16
By inspection, 32 = 16 + 16. Therefore, x = 16.
d) 81 = x + 49
By inspection, 81 = 32 + 49. Therefore, x = 32.

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Section 2.1 Discover the Pythagorean Relationship

Section 2.1

Question 1 Page 53

In order for the Pythagorean relationship to be true, a triangle must have a right (90) angle.
Section 2.1

Question 2

Page 53

The Pythagorean relationship holds true for all right triangles regardless of their size.
Section 2.1

Question 3

Page 53

You can determine if ABC is a right triangle by testing to see if the

Pythagorean relationship holds true.
The Pythagorean relationship states:
Area of Square on AC + Area of Square on BC = Area of Square on AB
Area of Square on AC + Area of Square on BC
=9+9
= 18
Area of Square on AB
= 16
18 16
This statement is not true, so the Pythagorean relationship does not hold true.
Therefore, ABC is not a right triangle.
Section 2.1

Question 4

Page 53

a) By the Pythagorean relationship:

AB2 = AC2 + BC2

= 1 + 16
= 17

The area of the square on side AB is 17 m2.

b) By the Pythagorean relationship:

AB2 = AC2 + BC2

= 6+6
= 12

The area of the square on side AB is 12 cm2.

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MHR Chapter 2

Section 2.1

Question 5

Page 53

a) By the Pythagorean relationship:

AC2 = AB2 + BC2

= 12 + 20
= 32

The area of the square on side AC is 32 m2.

b) By the Pythagorean relationship:

DF2 = DE 2 + EF2
= 32 + 24
= 56

The area of the square on side DF is 56 cm2.

Section 2.1

Question 6

Page 54

a) By the Pythagorean relationship:

XZ2 = XY 2 + YZ2
10 = XY 2 + 7
XY 2 = 3 by inspection
The area of the square on side XY is 3 cm2.

b) By the Pythagorean relationship:

JK 2 = JL2 + KL2
120 = JL2 + 5
JL2 = 115 by inspection
The area of the square on side JL is 115 km2.

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Section 2.1

Question 7

Page 54

a) By the Pythagorean relationship:

PR 2 = QR 2 + PQ 2
25 = QR 2 + 18
QR 2 = 7 by inspection
The area of the square on side QR is 7 cm2.
b) By the Pythagorean relationship:

SU 2 = ST 2 + TU 2
66 = ST 2 + 38
ST 2 = 28 by inspection
The area of the square on side ST is 28 cm2.

Section 2.1

Question 8

Page 54

a) The hypotenuse is RT because it is the side opposite the right

angle.
By the Pythagorean relationship:

RT 2 = ST 2 + RS2
28 = ST 2 + 18
ST 2 = 10 by inspection
The area of the square on side ST is 10 cm2.
b) The hypotenuse is LM because it is the side opposite the right
angle.
By the Pythagorean relationship:

LM 2 = KM 2 + KL2
= 26 + 22
= 48 by inspection
The area of the square on side LM is 48 m2.

66 MHR Chapter 2

Section 2.1

Question 9

Page 54

a) By the Pythagorean relationship:

Area of square on the hypotenuse = Area of square on leg 1 + Area of square on leg 2
= 11 + 15
= 26
The area of the square on the hypotenuse is 26 cm2.
b) By the Pythagorean relationship:
Area of square on the hypotenuse = Area of square on leg 1 + Area of square on leg 2
= 10 + 4
= 14
The area of the square on the hypotenuse is 14 m2.
c) By the Pythagorean relationship:
Area of square on the hypotenuse = Area of square on leg 1 + Area of square on leg 2
= 7 + 21
= 28
The area of the square on the hypotenuse is 28 cm2.
d) By the Pythagorean relationship:
Area of square on the hypotenuse = Area of square on leg 1 + Area of square on leg 2
= 26 + 13
= 39
The area of the square on the hypotenuse is 39 km2.
Section 2.1

Question 10

Page 54

a) 14 cm2 = 4 cm2 + 10 cm2

Area of square on the hypotenuse = Area of square on leg 1 + Area of square on leg 2
The Pythagorean relationship holds true for this triangle.
b) 16 cm2 3 cm2 + 12 cm2
Area of square on the hypotenuse Area of square on leg 1 + Area of square on leg 2
The Pythagorean relationship does not hold true for this triangle.
c) 27 cm2 = 5 cm2 + 22 cm2
Area of square on the hypotenuse = Area of square on leg 1 + Area of square on leg 2
The Pythagorean relationship holds true for this triangle.
d) 21 cm2 = 2 cm2 + 19 cm2
Area of square on the hypotenuse = Area of square on leg 1 + Area of square on leg 2
The Pythagorean relationship holds true for this triangle.

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Section 2.1

Question 11

Page 54

a) Area of square on hypotenuse = Area of square on leg 1 + Area of square on leg 2

34 = 17 + Area of square on leg 2
Area of square on leg 2 = 17 cm2 by inspection
b) Since each leg of the triangle makes a square of 17 cm2, the two legs are the same side length.
This makes the triangle isosceles.
Section 2.1

Question 12

Page 54

Yes, the Pythagorean relationship holds true for a right triangle with side lengths that are not all
whole numbers.
Example 1: Consider a right triangle with side lengths of 0.5 m and 1.2 m, and a hypotenuse of
length 1.3 m.
0.52 + 1.22 = 0.25 + 1.44
= 1.69
1.32 = 1.69
Therefore, the Pythagorean relationship holds true for this triangle.
Example 2: Consider a right triangle with side lengths of 0.8 m and 1.5 m, and a hypotenuse of
length 1.7 m.
0.82 + 1.52 = 0.64 + 2.25
= 2.89
1.72 = 1.89
Therefore, the Pythagorean relationship holds true for this triangle.
Section 2.1

Question 13

Page 54

Area of square with side length 5 = 52

= 25
Area of square with side length 7 = 72
= 49
Area of square with side length 9 = 92
= 81
Since 81 49 + 25,
Area of square on longest side sum of the areas of the squares on the two shorter sides.
Therefore, the Pythagorean relationship does not hold true.
This means that the triangle is not a right triangle.

68 MHR Chapter 2

Section 2.1

Question 14

Page 54

Case 1: If the areas of the squares on the legs are 26 cm2 and 40 cm2, then the area on the third
side (hypotenuse) will be 26 + 40 = 66 cm2.
Case 2: The area of the square on the hypotenuse is 40 cm2, and the area of the square on one leg
is 26 cm2.
By the Pythagorean relationship:

40 = 26 + (area on unknown side) 2

= 26 + 14
14 = (area on unknown side) 2 by inspection
The area of the square on the unknown side is 14 cm2.
Section 2.1

Question 15

Page 55

25 = 16 + 9, therefore,
Area of square D = Area of square B + Area of square C
This means that a right triangle can be formed with D being the
square on the hypotenuse and B and C being the squares on the
legs.

Section 2.1

Question 16

Page 55

The Pythagorean relationship works with a rhombus drawn on the sides of a right triangle.
Note that a square is simply a special type of rhombus.
Section 2.1

Question 17

Page 55

Answers may vary.

Section 2.1

Question 18

Page 55

Answers may vary.

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Section 2.2 Find the Approximate Values of Square Roots

Section 2.2

Question 1

Page 60

The number 10 does not have an exact square root. The reason for this is that there is no integer x
such that x2 = 10.
Since 32 = 9, and 42 = 16, you know that the square root of 10 cannot be a whole number. It must
be a number between 3 and 4.
Section 2.2

Question 2

Page 60

Ravi can estimate 67 by listing perfect squares.

For example: 72 = 49, 82 = 64, 92 = 81.
Since 67 is between 64 and 81, therefore
Since 67 is much closer to 64, therefore
A good estimate for
Section 2.2

67 is between 8 and 9.
67 is much closer to 8 than to 9.

67 is 8.1.

Question 3

Page 60

a) 11 11 = 121, therefore,

121 = 11.
b) 10 10 = 100, therefore, 100 = 10.
c) 1 1 = 1, therefore,

1 = 1.
d) 9 9 = 81, therefore, 81 = 9.
Section 2.2

Question 4

Page 60

a) 5 5 = 25, therefore,

25 = 5.
b) 50 50 = 2500, therefore, 2500 = 50.
c) 0.5 0.5 = 0.25, therefore, 0.25 = 0.5.

Section 2.2

Question 5

Page 60

a) 8 8 = 64, therefore,

64 = 8.
b) 80 80 = 6400, therefore, 6400 = 80.
c) 0.8 0.8 = 0.64, therefore, 0.64 = 0.8.

Section 2.2

Question 6

Page 60

Since 5 5 = 25, you know that

25 has an exact value.

Since 52 = 25 and 62 = 36, you know that 30 cannot have an exact value.
You can only give an approximate answer for 30 as somewhere between 5 and 6.

70 MHR Chapter 2

Section 2.2

Question 7

Page 60

a) True. 52 = 25 and 62 = 36, therefore,

30 is between 5 and 6.
b) True. 62 = 36 and 72 = 49, therefore, 48 is between 6 and 7.
c) False. 32 = 9 and 42 = 16, therefore, 10 is between 3 and 4.
d) True. 82 = 64 and 92 = 81, therefore, 75 is between 8 and 9.
Section 2.2

Question 8

Page 60

You can estimate 13 by listing perfect squares.

32 = 9 and 42 = 16

13 is between 3 and 4.
Since 13 is about halfway between 9 and 16, you know that 13 is about halfway between 3

Since 13 is between 9 and 16, you know that

and 4.
A good estimate for
Section 2.2

13 is 3.6.

Question 9

Page 60

25 = 5
36 = 6
100 = 10
Section 2.2
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)

Question 10

Page 61

10 = 3.162, therefore, 10  3.16 .

40 = 6.324, therefore, 40  6.32 .
72 = 8.485, therefore, 72  8.49 .
55 = 7.416, therefore, 55  7.42 .
93 = 9.643, therefore, 93  9.64 .
105 = 10.246, therefore, 105  10.25 .
88 = 9.380, therefore, 88  9.38 .
21 = 4.582, therefore, 21  4.58 .

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Section 2.2

Question 11

Page 61

a) The square of an odd number is always odd.

This is always true because any two odd numbers multiplied together always form an odd
product.
b) The square root of a number is greater than the square of the number.
This is sometimes true.
It is true whenever the number is less than 1.
For example, 0.252 = 0.0625 while 0.25 = 0.5.
It is false whenever the number is greater than or equal to 1.
For example, 252 = 625 while

25 = 5

c) The square root of a perfect square is even.

This is sometimes true.
It is true whenever the perfect square is even. For example,

64 = 8.

It is false whenever the perfect square is odd. For example,

25 = 5.

d) Square roots only exist for whole numbers.

This is always false.
For example,

0.25 = 0.5.

e) Perfect squares can only exist between 1 and 10 000.

This is always false.
For example, 1 000 000 is a perfect square since 10002 = 1 000 000.
Section 2.2

Question 12

Page 61

The side length of the painting should be 900 = 30 since the painting is square.
The base of the gift box should have dimensions 30 cm 30 cm.
The height of the box is variable.
Section 2.2

25 = 5,

Question 13

30  5.5 ,

Page 61

28  5.3

Since 5 < 5.3 < 5.5 < 5.8 < 6, therefore,

72 MHR Chapter 2

25 <

28 <

30 < 5.8 < 6.

Section 2.2

Question 14

Page 61

Since the kite paper is square with an area of 1200 cm2, the side length of the kite paper is

1200 . This is approximately 35 cm.

Section 2.2

Question 15

Page 61

a) The backyard is square with an area of 42 m2. The side length of the backyard is
The dimensions of the yard are 6.5 m 6.5 m.

42  6.5 .

b) The perimeter of the yard is approximately 4 6.5 m = 26 m.

The fencing will cost approximately $40.00/m 26 m = $1040.00.
Section 2.2

Question 16

Page 61

a) The grass is a square with area 80 m2.

Side length = 80  8.94
The side length of the grass is approximately 8.94 m.
b) Area = r2 = 80 m2
Use systematic trial to find r.
3.14 4.002 = 50.24
Too low.
2
3.14 6.00 = 113.04
Too high.
3.14 5.002 = 78.50
Close, but a bit too low.
2
3.14 5.10 = 81.67
Close, but a bit too low.
3.14 5.052 = 80.08
Very close.
3.14 5.042 = 79.76
The radius of the circle is approximately 5.04 m.
Section 2.2

Question 17

Page 61

a) 42 = 16 and 2 22 = 8.
This means that 42 is not 2 times the value of 22.
b) 82 = 64 and 4 22 = 16.
This means that 82 is not 4 times the value of 22.
The actual relationship is 82 = 16 22
= 42 22
c) 102 = 100 and 5 22 = 20.
This means that 102 is not 5 times the value of 22.
The actual relationship is 102 = 25 22
= 52 22
d) If you have two numbers a and b, then (a b)2 = a2 b2.

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Section 2.2

Question 18

Page 61

The graph is shown.

To find

30 , start at 30 on the vertical axis. Draw a horizontal line to the curve. Then, draw a

vertical line to the horizontal axis.

74 MHR Chapter 2

30 is approximately 5.5.

Section 2.3 Apply the Pythagorean Relationship

Section 2.3

Question 1

Page 65

Use the Pythagorean relationship to find the lengths of c and d.

Triangle 1:

Triangle 2:

c = 4 +3

d 2 = 12 + 22

c 2 = 16 + 9

d 2 = 1+ 4

c 2 = 25

d2 = 5

d= 5
d  2.24

c = 25
c=5

The answer for c is the root of a perfect square, while the answer for d must be estimated or
derived using a calculator.
Section 2.3

Question 2

Page 65

The rope can be used to make a right angle by arranging it to form a triangle with side lengths 3,
4, and 5. This is a right triangle because the Pythagorean relationship holds true: 52 = 32 + 42.
Section 2.3

Question 3

Page 65

You can describe a method to calculate the hypotenuse with the following two steps.
Step 1: hypotenuse2 = (leg 1)2 + (leg 2)2
=x
Step 2: hypotenuse = x

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Section 2.3

Question 4

Page 65

a) c 2 = 62 + 82

c 2 = 36 + 64
c 2 = 100
c = 100
c = 10
The length of the hypotenuse is 10 m.
b)

c 2 = 152 + 82
c 2 = 225 + 64
c 2 = 289
c = 289
c = 17
The length of the hypotenuse is 17 cm.

Section 2.3

Question 5

Page 65

a) c 2 = 0.32 + 0.42

c 2 = 0.09 + 0.16
c 2 = 0.25
c = 0.25
c = 0.5
The length of the hypotenuse is 0.5 km.
b) c 2 = 22.52 + 12.0 2

c 2 = 506.25 + 144
c 2 = 650.25
c = 650.25
c = 25.5
The length of the hypotenuse is 25.5 m.

76 MHR Chapter 2

Section 2.3

Question 6

Page 66

a) c 2 = 52 + 42

c 2 = 25 + 16
c 2 = 41
c = 41
c  6.4
The length of the hypotenuse is approximately 6.4 cm.
b) c 2 = 7 2 + 7 2

c 2 = 49 + 49
c 2 = 98
c = 98
c  9.9
The length of the hypotenuse is approximately 9.9 m.
Section 2.3

Question 7

Page 66

a) c 2 = 4.52 + 2.62

c 2 = 20.25 + 6.76
c 2 = 27.01
c = 27.01
c  5.2
The length of the hypotenuse is approximately 5.2 m.
b) c 2 = 9.82 + 7.52

c 2 = 96.04 + 56.25
c 2 = 152.29
c = 152.29
c  12.3
The length of the hypotenuse is approximately 12.3 m.

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Section 2.3

Question 8

Page 66

a) 2 cm, 4 cm, and 5 cm could not be the lengths of a right triangle.

42 + 22 = 16 + 4
52 = 25
= 20
Therefore, 52 42 + 22
b) 6 cm, 8 cm, and 10 cm could be the lengths of a right triangle.
102 = 100 62 + 82 = 36 + 64
= 100
2
2
Therefore, 10 = 6 + 82
c) 9 cm, 15 cm, and 12 cm could be the lengths of a right triangle.
152 = 225 92 + 122 = 81 + 144
= 225
Therefore, 152 = 92 + 122
d) 12 cm, 8 cm, and 7 cm could not be the lengths of a right triangle.
122 = 144 82 + 72 = 64 + 49
= 113
Therefore, 122 82 + 72
Section 2.3

Question 9

Page 66

a) c 2 = 102 + 42

c 2 = 100 + 16
c 2 = 116
c = 116
c  10.8
The length of the hypotenuse is approximately 10.8 m.
b) c 2 = 32 + 52

c 2 = 9 + 25
c 2 = 34
c = 34
c  5.8
The length of the hypotenuse is approximately 5.8 cm.

78 MHR Chapter 2

Section 2.3

Question 10

Page 66

To determine whether Ahmed can call his brother, you must find the
distance from home to the last house.
The line between the two points is the hypotenuse of a right triangle
with legs of 120 m and 100 m.

c 2 = 1202 + 1002
c 2 = 14 400 + 10 000
c 2 = 24 400
c = 24 400
c  156.2
Since the distance is more than 150 m, Ahmed cannot call his brother from the farthest point on
his route.
Section 2.3

Question 11

Page 66

The slant of the brace is the hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs of 5 cm and 10 cm.

c 2 = 52 + 102
c 2 = 25 + 100
c 2 = 125
c = 125
c  11.2
Approximately 11.2 cm of material is required to make the slant of the brace.
Section 2.3

Question 12

Page 66

The handrail of the staircase is the hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs of 3.2 m ad 3.6 m.

c 2 = 3.22 + 3.62
c 2 = 10.24 + 12.96
c 2 = 23.2
c = 23.2
c  4.8
The handrail should be approximately 4.8 m long.

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Section 2.3

Question 13

Page 66

The diagonal across the parking lot is the hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs of 80 m and 85
m.

c 2 = 802 + 852
c 2 = 6400 + 7225
c 2 = 13 625
c = 13 625
c  116.7
The hypotenuse is approximately 166.7 m.

80 + 85 116.7 = 48.3
 48
By walking diagonally across the lot, Tony walks approximately 48 m less.
Section 2.3

Question 14

Page 67

a) The top edge is the hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs of 20 cm

and 15 cm.

c 2 = 202 + 152
c 2 = 400 + 225
c 2 = 625
c = 625
c = 25
The hypotenuse is 25 cm.
The bottom edge is the hypotenuse of a triangle with legs of 40 cm
and 15 cm.

d 2 = 402 + 152
d 2 = 1600 + 225
d 2 = 1825
d = 1825
d  42.7
The hypotenuse is approximately 42.7 cm.
The perimeter of the kite is the sum of the two top edges and the two bottom edges.

P = 2 25 + 2 42.7
P = 50 + 85.4
P = 135.4

Approximately 135.4 cm of ribbon will be needed to make the kite.

80 MHR Chapter 2

b) The kite can be divided into two triangles.

The top triangle has a height of 20 cm and a base of 30 cm.

A = bh 2
A = 20 30 2
A = 300

The area of the top triangle is 300 cm2.

The bottom triangle has a height of 40 cm and a base of 30 cm.

A = bh 2
A = 40 30 2
A = 600

The area of the bottom triangle is 600 cm2.

Total surface area = 300 + 600
= 900
Therefore, 900 cm2 of kite paper is needed to cover one side of the frame.
Section 2.3

Question 15

Page 67

a) The tablecloth is square with an area of 1 m2. Since

is 1 m or 100 cm.

1 = 1, the side length of the tablecloth

b) The diagonal distance across the tablecloth is the hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs that
are both 1 m.

c 2 = 12 + 12
c2 = 1 + 1
c2 = 2
c= 2
c  1.4
The diagonal distance across the tablecloth is approximately 1.4 m.
Section 2.3

Question 16

Page 67

The length of the longest flower is the hypotenuse of a triangle with legs of 25 cm and 35 cm.

c 2 = 252 + 352
c 2 = 625 + 1225
c 2 = 1850
c = 1850
c  43
The length of the longest possible flower is approximately 43 cm.

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Section 2.3

Question 17

Page 67

The diagonal of the mat is the hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs that are both 8 m.

c 2 = 82 + 82
c 2 = 64 + 64
c 2 = 128
c = 128
c  11.3
The length of the diagonal is approximately 11.3 m.
Since each cartwheel is 2.5 m. Jessie will be able to do about four cartwheels.
Section 2.3

Question 18

Page 67

a)

b) The longest tabletop that will fit through the door is the hypotenuse of a right triangle with
sides that are 0.78 m and 2.00 m.

c 2 = 0.782 + 2.002
c 2 = 0.61 + 4.00
c 2 = 4.61
c = 4.61
c  2.15
Since the tabletop measures 2.5 m, it will not fit along the hypotenuse of the door of only 2.15 m.

82 MHR Chapter 2

Section 2.3

Question 19

Page 67

The side length of the square is the hypotenuse of a right triangle with
legs that are both 1.2 cm.

c 2 = 1.22 + 1.22
c 2 = 1.44 + 1.44
c 2 = 2.88
c = 2.88
c  1.7
1 cm = 10 mm
Therefore, 1.7 cm = 17 mm.
The side of the diagonal is approximately 17 mm.

P = 4 17
P = 68

The perimeter is approximately 68 mm.

Section 2.3

Question 20

Page 67

AB is the hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs of

4 units and 5 units.

AB 2 = 42 + 52
AB 2 = 16 + 25
AB 2 = 41
AB = 41
AB  6.4
The length of the shortest path from A to B is
approximately 6.4 units.

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Section 2.3

Question 21

Page 67

Distance traveled north = 7.2 km/h 2 h

= 14.4 km.
Distance traveled east

= 7.2 km/h 0.5 h

= 3.6 km.

The distance from St. Johns is the hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs of 14.4 km and 3.6
km.

c 2 = 14.42 + 3.62
c 2 = 220.32
c = 220.32
c  14.8
The ship is approximately 14.8 km from St. Johns after 2.5 h.

84 MHR Chapter 2

Section 2.4 Use the Pythagorean Relationship to Solve Problems

Section 2.4

Question 1

Page 70

You can describe a method to calculate x with the following two steps.
Step 1:

x 2 + 42 = 62
x 2 + 16 = 36
x 2 = 20
Step 2:

x = 20
x  4.5
Section 2.4

Question 2

Page 70

Crystals method is incorrect. She thought that b was the hypotenuse.

She should have written 102 = b2 + 82.
Section 2.4

Question 3

Page 70

92 = h2 + 7 2
h2 = 92 7 2
h2 = 81 49
h = 81 49
The height of the triangle is approximately 6.66 cm.
Darians answer will be correct.

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Section 2.4
a)

Question 4

Page 70

x 2 + 92 = 152
x 2 + 81 = 225
x 2 = 144
x = 144
x = 12
The length of the missing side is 12 cm.

b)

x 2 + 152 = 17 2
x 2 + 225 = 289
x 2 = 64
x = 64
x=8
The length of the missing side is 8 cm.

Section 2.4
a)

Question 5

Page 70

x 2 + 1.52 = 2.52
x 2 + 2.25 = 6.25
x2 = 4
x= 4
x=2
The length of the missing side is 2 m.

b)

x 2 + 2.82 = 3.52
x 2 + 7.84 = 12.25
x 2 = 4.41
x = 4.41
x = 2.1
The length of the missing side is 2.1 m.

86 MHR Chapter 2

Section 2.4

Question 6

Page 70

x 2 + 52 = 82

a)

x 2 + 25 = 64
x 2 = 39
x = 39
x  6.2
The length of the missing side is approximately 6.2 cm.
b)

x 2 + 5.52 = 9.52
x 2 + 30.25 = 90.25
x 2 = 60
x = 60
x  7.7
The length of the missing side is approximately 7.7 km.

Section 2.4

Question 7

Page 71

The height of the ramp is the leg of a right triangle with a hypotenuse of 9.6 m and a leg of 9.5 m.

x 2 + 9.52 = 9.62
x 2 + 90.25 = 92.16
x 2 = 1.91
x = 1.91
x  1.4
The height of the ramp is approximately 1.4 m.

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Section 2.4

Question 8

Page 71

The top deck can be divided into three parts.

The left part of the deck is the leg of a right
triangle with a hypotenuse of 13 cm and a leg of 5
cm.

x 2 + 52 = 132
x 2 + 25 = 169
x 2 = 144
x = 144
x = 12
The left part of the deck has a length of 12 cm. The right part of deck is symmetrical to the left
part. Its length is also 12 cm.
The middle part of the deck has a length of 10 cm.
Total length = 12 + 10 + 12
= 34
The total length of the deck is 34 cm.
Section 2.4

Question 9

Page 71

a) The side length of the park is the leg of an isosceles right triangle with a hypotenuse of 48 m.

x 2 + x 2 = 482
2 x 2 = 2304
x 2 = 2304 2
x 2 = 1152
x = 1152
x  34
The side length of the park is approximately 34 m.

P = 34 4
P = 136

The perimeter of the park is 136 m.

b)

A = s2
A = 342
A = 1156

The area of the park is 1156 m2.

88 MHR Chapter 2

Section 2.4

Question 10

Page 71

The length of the stretch of glass is half of the length of the hypotenuse.

c 2 = 1.32 + 1.52
c 2 = 1.69 + 2.25
c 2 = 3.94
c = 3.94
c2
The hypotenuse of the glass is approximately 2 m. The length of the scratch is approximately
1 m.
Section 2.4

Question 11

Page 71

a) TA is the leg of a right triangle with a hypotenuse of

50 m and a leg of 30 m.

x 2 + 302 = 502
x 2 + 900 = 2500
x 2 = 1600
x = 1600
x = 40
The length of TA is 40 m.
b) TC is the hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs of 40 m and 40 m.

c 2 = 402 + 202
c 2 = 1600 + 1600
c 2 = 3200
c = 3200
c  56.6
The length of TC is approximately 56.6 m.
TD is the hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs of 40 m and 50 m.

c 2 = 402 + 502
c 2 = 1600 + 2500
c 2 = 4100
c = 4100
c  64
The length of TD is approximately 64 m.

MHR Chapter 2

89

c) TC TB = 56.6 50
= 6.6 m
TC is approximately 6.6 m longer than TB.
Section 2.4

Question 12

Page 71

The larger square has a perimeter of 36 cm. It has a side length of

36 4 = 9 cm.
The smaller square has an area of 9 cm2. It has a side length of

9 = 3 cm.
The shortest distance from A to B is the hypotenuse of a right
triangle with legs of 9 cm (height) and 12 cm (width).

c 2 = 92 + 122
c 2 = 81 + 144
c 2 = 225
c = 225
c = 15
The shortest distance from point A to B is 15 cm.
Section 2.4

Question 13

Page 71

The horizontal distance from the truck

to the porch is the leg of a right triangle
with a hypotenuse of 3.5 m and a height
of 0.5 m.

x 2 + 0.52 = 3.52
x 2 + 0.25 = 12.25
x 2 = 12
x = 12
x  3.4
The horizontal distance from the truck to the porch is approximately 3.4 m.

90 MHR Chapter 2

Chapter 2 Review
Review

Question 1

Page 72

a) The hypotenuse is PR. It is the side opposite the right angle and
also the longest side.
b) PQ and RQ are the legs of the triangle.
c) According to the Pythagorean relationship:
PR2 = PQ2 + RQ2
d) The side length of RQ is a perfect square because the square root

of 4 is a whole number ( 4 = 2 ).
Review

Question 2

Page 72

The student on the left is estimating. She is not using any measurement tool.
The student on the right is approximating. He is using a calculator.
Review

Question 3

Page 72

The Pythagorean relationship says that: c2 = a2 + b2, where c is the hypotenuse of a right triangle,
and a and b are the legs of a right triangle. This relationship is useful for determining the length
of the third side of a right triangle when two sides are known.

Review

Question 4

Page 72

a) By the Pythagorean relationship:

Area of the square on the hypotenuse
= Area of square on leg 1 + Area of square on leg 2
= 48 + 25
= 73
The area of the square on the hypotenuse is 73 m2.

b) By the Pythagorean relationship:

Area of the square on the hypotenuse
= Area of square on leg 1 + Area of square on leg 2
= 38 + 14
= 52
The area of the square on the hypotenuse is 52 m2.

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91

Review

Question 5

Page 72

a) For this to be a right triangle, the Pythagorean relationship must hold true.

Area of the square on the hypotenuse = 10 m2

Area of the square on leg 1 + Area of the square on leg 2
= 9 m2 + 1 m2
= 10 m2
The Pythagorean theorem holds true for this triangle. It is a right triangle.
b) For this to be a right triangle, the Pythagorean relationship must hold true.

Area of the square on the hypotenuse = 30 cm2

Area of the square on leg 1 + Area of the square on leg 2
= 25 cm2 + 4 cm2
= 29 cm2
29 cm2 30 cm2
The Pythagorean theorem does not hold true for this triangle, therefore, it is not a right
triangle.
Review

Question 6

Page 72

a) 0.1 0.1 = 0.01, therefore,

0.01 = 0.1.

b) 14 14 = 196, therefore,

196 = 14.

c) 20 20 = 400, therefore,

400 = 20.

d) 0.7 0.7 = 0.49, therefore,

Review

Question 7

0.49 = 0.7.

Page 72

a)

5 = 2.236, therefore,

b)

41 = 6.403, therefore,

41  6.40 .

c)

75 = 8.660, therefore,

75  8.66 .

Review

Question 8

5  2.24 .

Page 72

a) The area of the square is 12 m2.

Since 12  3.5 , the side length of the square is approximately 3.5 m.
b) Three cans are needed to paint a square. The square has an area of 3 12 = 36 m2.

Since

36 = 6, the side length of the square is 6 m.

92 MHR Chapter 2

Review

Question 9

Page 73

x2 + y2 = z2
Review

Question 10

Page 73

a) c 2 = 82 + 152

c 2 = 64 + 225
c 2 = 289
c = 289
c = 17
The length of the hypotenuse is 17 cm.
b) c 2 = 7 2 + 242

c 2 = 49 + 576
c 2 = 625
c = 625
c = 25
The length of the hypotenuse is 25 km.
Review
a)

Question 11

Page 73

l = 20 + 20 + 10 + 10
= 60
The length is 60 cm.

w = 20 + 45 + 15
= 80

The width is 80 cm.

b) The diagonal of the box is the hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs of 60 cm and 80 cm.

c 2 = 602 + 802
c 2 = 3600 + 6400
c 2 = 10 000
c = 10 000
c = 100
The length of the diagonal is 100 cm.
c) The mouse ran a total of 20 + 20 + 20 + 45 + 10 + 15 + 10 = 140 cm.
This is 140 100 = 40 cm more than a straight path from opening to opening.

MHR Chapter 2

93

Review
a)

Question 12

Page 73

x 2 + 32 = 62
x 2 + 9 = 36
x 2 = 27
x = 27
x  5.2
The length of the missing side is approximately 5.2 cm.

b)

x 2 + 122 = 202
x 2 + 144 = 400
x 2 = 256
x = 256
x = 16
The length of the missing side is 16 m.

c)

x 2 = 2.42 + 3.52
x 2 = 5.76 + 12.25
x 2 = 18.01
x = 18.01
x  4.2
The length of the missing side is approximately 4.2 m.

Review

Question 13

Page 73

The distance that the ladder reaches up the tree is the leg of a right
triangle with a hypotenuse of 3.5 m and a leg of 0.8 m.

x 2 + 0.82 = 3.52
x 2 + 0.64 = 12.25
x 2 = 11.61
x = 11.61
x  3.4
The ladder reaches approximately 3.4 m up the tree.

94 MHR Chapter 2

Review

Question 14

Page 73

a)

Length of chessboard

= 3.2 cm/square 8 squares

= 25.6 cm

Width of chessboard

= 3.2 cm/square 8 squares

= 25.6 cm

The diagonal of the chessboard is the hypotenuse of a right triangle with both legs measuring
25.6 cm.

c 2 = 25.62 + 25.62
c 2 = 1310.72
c = 1310.72
c  36.2
The length of the diagonal of the chessboard is approximately 36.2 cm.
b) The diagonal of one square is the hypotenuse of a triangle with both legs measuring 3.2 cm.

c 2 = 3.22 + 3.22
c 2 = 20.48
c = 20.48
c  4.5
The length of one square of the chessboard is approximately 4.5 cm.
The diagonal of the entire chessboard contains 8 diagonals of one square.
Diagonal of chessboard = 8 4.5
= 36
The diagonal of the chessboard is 36 cm long.

MHR Chapter 2

95

Chapter 2 Practice Test

Practice Test

Question 1

Page 74

C Area of square on side YZ = Area of square on side XZ Area of square on side XY

= 62 32
= 36 9
= 27
The area of the square on side YZ is 27 cm2.

Practice Test

Question 2

Page 74

B 22 is not a perfect square.

42 = 16 and 52 = 25
Therefore,

Practice Test

22 is between 4 and 5.

Question 3

Page 74

C 82 = 64 and 92 = 81
72 is about halfway between 64 and 81.

72 is about halfway between 8 and 9.

72 is closest to 8.5.
Practice Test

Question 4

Page 74

B Let x represent the missing side length.

x 2 + 122 = 202
x 2 + 144 = 400
x 2 = 256
x = 256
x = 16
The missing side length is 16 m.

96 MHR Chapter 2

Practice Test

Question 5

Page 74

The diagonal of the sandwich is the hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs of 9 cm and 12 cm.

c 2 = 92 + 122
c 2 = 81 + 144
c 2 = 225
c = 225
c = 15
The length of the diagonal cut is 15 cm.

Practice Test

Question 6

Page 74

Let c represent the hypotenuse of the triangular plot.

c 2 = 452 + 242
c 2 = 2025 + 576
c 2 = 2601
c = 2601
c = 51
The hypotenuse of the triangular plot is 51 m.
P = 24 + 45 + 51
P = 120
The perimeter is 120 m.
A=bh2
A = 24 45 2
A = 540
The area is 540 m2.
Practice Test

Question 7

Page 74

The shortest distance that the lifeguard needs

to swim is the hypotenuse of a right triangle
with legs of 60 m and 25 m.

c 2 = 602 + 252
c 2 = 3600 + 625
c 2 = 4225
c = 4225
c = 65
The shortest distance that the lifeguard needs to swim is 65 m.

MHR Chapter 2

97

Practice Test

Question 8

Page 74

The statement describing the Pythagorean relationship is incorrect because it does not mention
that the triangle must be a right triangle.

Practice Test

Question 9

Page 75

The sum of 9 and 36 is 45, so place the two square sheets as legs of
a right triangle. Then, the third side of this triangle has length
Measure its length with a ruler.

Practice Test

Question 10

45 .

Page 75

a)

b) The minimum height of the box must be 9 cm.

c) The length is 25 cm, and the width is 18 cm.
d) Let the diagonal length be c.

c 2 = 252 + 182
c 2 = 625 + 324
c 2 = 949

The diagonal length across the bottom of the box is approximately 30.8 cm.

c = 949
c  30.8 cm

98 MHR Chapter 2