Steady Heat Conduction In Plane Walls 3-1C (a) Ifthe lateral surfaces of the rod are insulated. the heat transfer surface area ofthe cylindrical rod is ‘he bottom or the top surface area of the rod, 4, = aD* /4. (b) Ifthe top and the bottom surfaces of the rod are insulated, the heat transfer area of the rod isthe lateral surface area ofthe rod, A= aDL 3.2C In steady heat conduction, the rate of heat transfer into the wall is equal to the rate of heat transfer out of it, Also, the temperature at any point in the wall remains coastent, Therefore, the energy content of the wall does aot change daring steady heat conduction. However, te temperature along the wall and ns the nergy coatent ofthe wall will change during tansient conduction 3.3C The temperature distribution in a plane wall will be a straight line during steady and one dimensional ‘eat transfer with constant wall thermal conductivity. 3-4C The thermal resistance of a medium represents the resistance of that medium against heat transfer. 3.5C The combined heat transfer coefficient represents the combined effects of radiation and convection heat transfers on a surface, and is defined as heonbaed = Icsavecion + ligation: It offers the convenience of ‘incorporating the effects of radiation in the convection heat transfer coefficient, and to ignore radiation in heat transfer calculations. 3.6C Yes. The coavestion resistance can be defined as the inverse of the convection heat transfer coefficient per uit surface area since its defined as Reyy =1/ (NA) 3-7C The convection and the radiation resistances at a surface are parallel since both the convection and radiation heat transfers occur simultaneously. 3.8C For a surface of dat which the convection and radiation heat transfer coeiients ar lggy alg the single equivalent heat transfer eoeficint ish, =Mtgy‘Hhyg When the medium and she suromding sorfaces are atthe same temperature. Then the equivalent themnal resistance will be Ruy, =1(igyA) 3.9C The thermal resistance network associated with a five-layer composite wall involves five single-layer resistances connected in series, 3-10C Once the rate of heat transfer Q is known, the temperature drop across any layer can be determined by muiplying heat transfer rte by the thenmal resistance across that ayer, ATing = Rigg3A2C Yes. itis, 3.13C The window glass which consists of two 4 mm thick glass sheets pressed tightly agninst each other vill probably have thermal contact resistance which serves as an additional thermal resistance to heat transfer through window, sad thus the het transfer rate will be smaller relative to the one which consists of a single § mm thick glass sheet. 3-14C Convection heat transfer through the wall is expressed as Q= ad, (I; ~T.,) In steady heat transfer, heat transfer rate to the wall and ffom the wall are equal. Therefore at the outer surface which has convection heat transfer coefficient thre times that of the inner surface will experience three times smaller temperature drop compared to the inner surface. Therefore, atthe outer surface, the tempersture will be closer tothe sucrounding air tempersture. 3-18C The new design introduces the thermal resistance of the copper layer in addition to the thermal resistance ofthe aluminum which has the same value for both designs. Therefore, the new design will be a poorer conductor of heat. 3-16C The blanket will introduce additional resistance to heat transfer and slow down the heat gain of the drink wrapped in a blanket. Therefore, the drink left on a table will warm up faster.3.18 The two surfaces of @ window are maintained at specified temperatures. The rate of heat loss through the window and the inner surface temperature are to be determined, Assumptions 1 Heat transfer through the window is steady since the surface temperatures remain constant at the specified values. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional since any significant temperature gradients will exist in the direction irom the indoors to the outdoors. 3 Thermal conductivity is constant, 4 Heat transfer by radiation is negligible Properties The thermal conductivity ofthe glass is given to be k= 0.78 WiC. Analysis The area of the window and the individual resistances are Glass A=(2m)x(QQm)=24 0° i 1 1 al = Regt == TC hA (\OWm? 024m’) Rag == 2 __-oontow Q BS" kA (0.78Wim°C)24m*) h, 1 1 . Bo Rom ha Oswinloaam) ow T Reyat = Rear * Rees + Reoo.2 = 0.04167 +0,00821+ 0.01667 =0.06155°CW R | Rass) B ‘The steady rate of heat transfer through window glass is then J, AANA ma Ta ga lcla _ B-tsre Rog 006155°C/W The inner suface temperature of the window glass canbe determined from oR 2 Ty — ORgys = 24° C-(4T1 WY0.04167 °C/W) =4.4°C. 1 =471W3.19 A doublespane window consists of two Jemm thick layers of glass separated by a I2-mm wide stagnaat sir space, For specified indoors and outdoors temperstres, the rate of heat loss through the window and the inner surface temperature of the window are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Hat transfer throngh the window is steady soe the indoor and outdoor teamperatues remain constant at the specified values. 2 Heat transfer is onelimensional since any significant temperature gradients ill exist in the direction from the indoors to the outdoors, 3 Thermal conductivities ofthe glass and air are constant, 4 Heat transfer by radiation is negligible. Properties The themal conductivity of the glass and ir are given to be Egg, = 0.78 Win°C and bay = 0.026 Wim-*C. Analysis The area ofthe window and the individual resistances ane A=(12m)x(2m)=24m° Re=Romy == =00417°CW 0.0016°CW (O78 Win0)24m ___ 002m kA (0.026Wim2C)(24m°) =0.1923°CW = 0.0167 °CW Regt = Regn,1 + 2R; + Ry + Renney = 0.0417 + 2(0.0016) +0.1923+ 0.0167 =0.2539°CW Air The: sels rate of heat transfer through window glass then becomes Rig 0258" & The inner surface temperature ofthe window glass can be deemiadd oa RL RB HAN A 91, = Tey Qos = 24°C-(114 W)(0.0417°CW) = 19.2°C Ry R Hi Bo4.23 A oylindical resistor on a circuit board dissipates 0.15 W of power steadily in a specitied cavitonment. The amount of beat dissipated in 4 b the suface heat ux, and the surface temperature of the resistor ae to be determined, Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist, 2 Heat is transfered uniformly fiom all surfaes ofthe Tesistor, Analysis (a) The amowat of beat this resistor dissipates daring a 24-hour period is Q=Osr= (0.15 W)24h)=3.6Wh -— (6) The heat futon the surface ofthe resistors 4, Dap, = OM3mY” , 5(0.003m1)0012)=0.00127 2 9 4 4 Reser ‘ y : ow g-2- UY sro wim? 4, 0.000127; (The surface temperature ofthe resistor can be determined from sw Q=id,(T, -T.)—T, =7, 2 -—___ine id, (1179 Wim?,*)(0.000127m*) 3-28 A circuit board houses 100 chips, each dissipating 0.07 W. The surface heat flux, the surface temperature of the chips. and the thermal resistance between the surface of the board and the cooling medium are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Heat transfer dom the back surface of the board is negligible. 2 Heat is transferred uniformly trom the entire front surface. Analysis (a) The heat flux on the surface of the circuit board is A, =(0.12m)(0.18m)=0.0216m? To 2 _ 000x007) W a = 2 - 0000.07) W _ 394 wim ‘A, 00216m? Cups (B) The surface temperature of the chips is O=hA, (7, -T.) ° or, 27, +22 40:¢+ LOW capa 1, GoWim? C(0.0216m") (6) The thermal resistance is Rogge = ——— = 4.63°CW om A, (10 Wim?.2C)(0.0216 m?)3-30 An exposed hot surface of an industrial natural gas fumace is to be insulated to reduce the heat 1 through that section of the wall by 90 pereent. The thickness ofthe insulation that needs to be used isto determined. Also, the length of time it will take for the insulation to pay for itself from the energy it sa will be determined Assumptions 1 Heat transfer through the wall is steady and one-dimensional. 2 Thermal conductivities constant. 3 The fumace operates continuously. 4 The given heat transfer coefficient accounts for radiation effects. Properties The thermal condnetivity of the glass wool insulation is given to be k= 0.038 Wim°C. Analysis The rate of heat transfer without insulation is A=(2m\15m)=3m" Q=hA(T, -T,) = (10 W/m?.°C)(@3 mr? (80-30) C= 1500 W In onder to reduce heat loss by 90%, the new heat transfer rate and thermal resistance must be Rasta | Ro 0=010x1500 W= 150 W a na 2 AT = 30"C p33 ecw Rent “0 LOW and in order to have this thermal resistance. the thickness of insulation must ble Bt *Rewy* Byte _ 1 L ~ (oWin? *Q(3m2) * (0.038 Wim2C)(3m*) 1=0.04m=3.4em ‘Noting that heat is saved at a rate of 0.9x1500 = 1350 W and the furnace operates continuously and t 365x24 = 8760 h per year, and that the fumace efficiency is 78%, the amount of natural gas saved per y is Insulation =0.333°CW Energy Saved = 5174 therms Qroeeht _ (1.3500/5)(8760h) (me at therm Efficiency 078 th A105,5001 The money saved is Money saved = (Energy Saved)(Cost of energy) = (517.4 therms)($0.$5/ therm) = $2845 (per year) The insulation will pay for its cost of $250 in Money spent $250 Payback period = Mossy spent __$250 __ shack ped eyswred S283 0.88 yr ‘which i less than one year,3.33E Tho of the walls of « house have ao windows while the othe two walls have 4 windows each, The ratio of heat transfer trough the walls with and without windows i to be determined Assumptions 1 Heat transfer through te walls andthe windows is steady and one-dimensional. 2 Thermal conductivities are constant. 3 Any direct radiation gai or loss through the windows is negligible 4 Heat transfer coeficients are constant and uniform over te entire suiae. Properties The thermal conductivity ofthe gas is given tobe ays = 0.45 Brub.t“F. The Revue ofthe wali given tobe 19 hf “FBtu. Analysis The thermal resistances trough the wall without windows are A= (28408) = 480m" wall -t 1) _. pootonn7 Fu L ha (QBwhi “F\4908°) eA ok AE EB oss 7 Bs 6 He (4s0m") Ret — | ___-pocosz FB NA (4Brhf?°F)(48047) Rett =R, +Reay +R, = 0.010417 + 0.03958 + 0.00052 = 0.411417 FB ‘The thenmal resistances through the wall with windows are say Fr Avndogs =4(3%3) = 608° rina AGS) 5 We Aad = Aoi Ant = 480-60=420 7 Ry=Raye == RA __ = o.orti6h °F Btu ~ 1A (045 Bw. ft°F\(60 f°) L_lhf? Btu & a & = Rygy === = 004524 FB B= Rai =F aon) 4 WA ANA oe yt. _, 1 __ a, =0.00076-4F Bt Roy Rates Raz 9.007716 0.04524 Rua? =R, + Ray +R, =0.001047+-000076-+000082 = 0.002527 “FB Then the ratio of the heat ane tough the walls win and without windows becomes Gosia AT Rassr Row OOEIIAIT 4 9 Qoatt AT Reis Rou?” 0002337Thermal Contact Resistance 3-39C The resistance that an interface offers to heat transfer per unit interface area is called thermal contact resistance, R.. The inverse of thermal contact resistance is called the thermal contact conductance. 3-40C The thermal contact resistance will be greater for rough surfaces because an interface with rough surfaces will contain more air gaps whose thermal conductivity is low. 3-41 An interface acts like a very thin layer of insulation, and thus the thermal contact resistance has significance only for highly conducting materials like metals. Therefore, the thermal contact resistance can be ignored for two layers of insulation pressed against each other. 3-42C An interface acts like a very thin layer of insulation, and thus the thermal contact resistance is significant for highly conducting materials like metals. Therefore. the thermal contact resistance must be considered for two layers of metals pressed against each other. 3-43C Heat transfer through the voids at an interface is by conduction and radiation. Evacuating the interface eliminates heat transfer by conduction, and thus increases the thermal contact resistance. 3-44C Thermal contact resistance can be minimized by (1) applying a thermally conducting liquid on the surfaces before they are pressed against each other, (2) by replacing the air at the interface by a better conducting gas such as helium or hydrogen, (3) by increasing the interface pressure, and (4) by inserting a soft metallic foil such as tin, silver, copper. nickel, or aluminum between the two surfaces.3.48 A thin copper plate is sandwiched between two epoxy boards, The error involved in the total thermal resistance of the plate if the thermal contact conductances are ignored is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist, 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional since the plate is large. 3 Thermal conductivities are constant. Properties The thermal conductivities are given to be = 386 Win-C for copper plates and k = 0.26 Wim°C for epoxy boards. The contact conductance at the interface of copper-epoxy layers is given to be he= 6000 Wim?-*C. Analysis The thermal resistances of different layers for unit surface area of | m’ are 1 1 er Rent = = 000017 ‘ suet 4, (6000 Wim? *CIm7) Epox | Evox T 0001 m 6 ON net ecw Foe = © (G86W/m°O\l a 0.005 m oy” we (0.26 W/ m°C)(1 m The total thermal resistance is Ret = Renta + Rete + Repay = 20,0017 +2.6x10" + 250,01923 = 0.03914 °C1W Then the percent eror involved in the total thermal resistance of the plate the thermal contact resistances are iguored is detemnined to be Semon = “Resta. 22000109 0.8746 Rotate Feat font qh eM WW b which is negligible. Revntset Renntart3.49C Parallel resistances indicate simultaneous heat transter (such as convection and radiation on a surface). Series resistances indicate sequential heat transfer (such as two homogeneous layers of a wall). 3.50C The thermal resistance network approach will give adequate results for multi- dimensional heat transfer problems if heat transfer occurs predominantly in one direction. 3.51C Two approaches used in development of the thermal resistance network in the x- direction for multi-dimensional problems are (1) to assume any plane wall normal to the X-axis to be isothermal and (2) to assume any plane parallel to the x-axis to be adiabatic.3-52 A wall consists of horizontal bricks separated by plaster layers. There are als plaster layers on each side of the wall. and a rigid foam on the inner side of the wall. Th rate of heat transfer through the wall is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of change with time. Heat transfer through the wall is one-dimensional. 3 Thermal conductivities are constan 4 Heat transfer by radiation is disregarded. Properties The thermal conductivities are given to be k= 0.72 Wim°C for bricks, F 0.22 Win-C for plaster layers, and k= 0.026 Wiin-°C for the rigid foam, Analysis We consider 1 m deep and 0.33 m high portion of wall which is representativ of the entire wall, The thermal resistance network and individual resistances are By = Romi “Fy Rooms WA (10 W/m?.°C\(033x1m*) L 0.02 m Ry = Rega, = == “em A (0026 W/ m2 C\(0.33 x1 L 0.02 m Ry = Re = Ryan == 9 n= Re Ee kA (022 W/mC)(030x1. L Sm Ry = Rs = Rptage = = 3 = Bs = Rnser Tod (022 Wim°C)(0015x 1m L 018m Ry = Rigg = —__ 82 __ + HA (072 Wim°C\(030x1m2) —_ 1 (20 W/m.°C)(033 x1m?) toi ee ya = 081 °C Rus i ass Reron = R, +B, +2Ry + Ryg +Ry = 0303+233+2(0303) + 081+ 0152 =4201°C/W The steady rate of heat transfer through the wall per 033 Tar Teo _ [22-CAFC Roa 420°C W 033 °C/W 152 °C/W 619 W i Then steady rate of heat transfer through the entire wall becomes (4x 6m? 033 m’ Qwra = (619 W) =450W3.88 A composite wall consists of several horizontal and vertical layers. The left and right surfaces of the wall are maintained at uniform temperatures. The rate of heat transfer through the wall, the interface temperatures, and the temperature drop across the section F are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of change with time. 2 Heat transfer through the wall is one-dimensional. 3 Thermal conductivities are constant. 4 Thermal contact resistances at the interfaces are to be considered. Properties The thermal conductivities of various materials used are given to be ka = hy = 2. fp = 8. ke = 20, hp = 15, and he = 35 WiC. Analysis The representative surface area is 4 a 2 mz = a x % Re Be (q@ The thermal resistance network and the individual thermal resistances are =k =(£) = 2c cgccw 4}, @Wim°C)(0.12m?) 2) 005m ____nggeeny Ha). (20 Wim2C)(0.04 m’ —__ 005 Lo isscnw lp (8 Wim°C)(0.04m") 8m Leen 1p 5 Wim? C0.06 m?) =—— 21m igs ecw e GSWinC\(0.06m") _ 0.06m le (2 Wim.2C\(0.12 m* aiid Ruy RR Oal” 005 Reems = Ry + Raut + Ra 2 + Ry + Ry = 0.044 0.025+0.034+ 0.25 +0.001 350°C W Tay —Teg _ (300 -100)°C R, 0.350°CW Ryug 9 =0.034°CW STLW (fora 0.12m> 1 msection) ad Then steady rate of heat transfer through entire wall becomes GmSm) 2 = 1.90.05 W 012m Onna = S71):(b) The total thermal resistance between left surface and the point where the sections B, D. and E meet is Ray = By + Rygay = 0.04 + 0.025 = 0.065°CW ‘Then the temperature at the point where The sections B, D. and E meet becomes o- aw 3 =T, — Ray = 300°C — (571 WY(0.065 °C/W) = 263°C a (c) The temperature drop across the section F can be determined from Tr 6-2 _sar- ore = (S71 W)(0.25°C'W) =148°C 73.60 A coat is made of $ layers of 0.1 mm thick cotton fabric separated by 1.5 mm thick air space. The rate of heat loss through the jacket is to be determined, and the result is to be compared to the heat loss through a jackets without the air space. Also, the equivalent thickness of a wool coat is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of change with time. 2 Heat transfer through the jacket is one-dimensional. 3 Thermal conductivities are constant. 4 Heat transfer coefficients account for the radiation heat transfer. Properties The thermal conductivities are given to be f= 0.06 Wim-C for cotton fabric. k= 0.026 Wim-C for air, and k= 0.035 Wim-°C for wool fabric. Analysis The thermal resistance network and the individual thermal resistances are aR Ry RFR Ry RRs RyRy AW Te L 00001 m = R,=R,=R,=R, = Ry === ——— = 000182 °C/W Renan = By = Bs = By = By = By =F (006 W/ m°C\(Ll m?) 5 Roy = Ry = Ry = Ry = Rp == __ gos ecw © (0026 W/m OV mF) 1 1 25. W/m? °C) m") Rai = SR pipe +4Ryy +Ro = 5% 000152-+ 4 0052444 00364 = 02536 °C/W = 00364 °C/W. and =1L0W Rog 0.2536°CW If the jacket is made of a single layer of 0.5 mm thick cotton fabric, the rate of heat transfer will be [2s-C5FC (5 0.00152+.00868) °C/W The thickness of a wool fabric for that case can be determined from Lil Raggi = Rog + Ry = vot Bao +B ig L 02536 °C/ W=-—__——____. (0035 W/m2Cy(ut 000364 —+ L = 0.0084 m= 8.4 mm3-64C When the diameter of cylinder is very small compared to its length, it can be treated as an indefinitely long cylinder. Cylindrical rods can also be treated as being infinitely long when dealing with heat transfer at locations far fiom the top or bottom surfaces. However, it is not proper to use this model when finding temperatures near the bottom and the top of the cylinder. 3-65C Heat transfer in this short cylinder is one-dimensional since there will be no heat transfer in the axial and tangential directions. 3.66C No. In steady-operation the temperature of a solid eylinder or sphere does not change in radial direction (unless there is heat generation)3-68 A steam pipe covered with 3-cm thick glass wool insulation is subjected to convection on its surfaces The rate of heat transfer per unit length and the temperature drops across the pipe and the insulation are to be determined, Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any change with time. 2. Heat transfer is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the center line and no variation in the axial direction. 3 Thermal conductivities are constant. 4 The thermal contact resistance at the interface is negligible. Properties The thermal conductivities are given to be k= 15 W/m-°C for steel and k= 0.038 W/m-°C for glass wool insulation Analysis The inner and the outer surface areas of the insulated pipe per unit length are ¢ A, = AD,L= (0.08 m)(1 m) = 0.157 m? A, = ADgL = a(0.085+0.06 m)(1 m) = 0.361 m? = 3.089°CW (0.038 Wim °C)\I m) = 0.1847°CW Rog =R, +R +Ry +R, =0.08+0.00101+ 3,089+0,1847=3.355°CW Then the steady rate of heat loss from the steam per m. pipe length becomes The temperature drops across the pipe and the insulation are ATyipe = QRoize = (939 W)(0.00101 °C/W) = 0.095°C AT yntanon = ORyuntanen = (939 WY(3.089 °C/W) = 290°C3-16 Hot water is flowing through a 3m section of a cast iron pipe. The pipe is exposed. fo cold air and surfaces in the basement. The sate of heat loss ffom the hot Water and the average velocity of the water in the pipe as it passes through the basement are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any change with time. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the center line and no variation in the axial direction. 3 Thermal properties are constant. Properties The thermal conductivity and emissivity of cast iron are given to be k= 52 Wim"C and ¢=0.7. Analysis The individual resistances are R Rug R AnaBL= nOD'mKISm)= 1865 m7. aA ANAM MAM 7 aD, L = {0046 m)(15 m) = 2168 m? 1 1 . ® 4,4, (20 Wim? >a) OC Bhan) 3/2) py pggogecay ee atl 22 Wim C)Sm) The outer surface temperature of the pipe will be somewhat below the water temperature. Assuming the outer surface temperature of the pipe to be 80°C (we will check this assumption later), the radiation heat transfer coefficient is determined to be iggy = 80(T 3? +Toaey MP9 tLe) =(0.7)(5.67#10F Win? K*)@S3K)* + 283 K)?]G5S3 +283) =5.167 Win K Since the swrowding medium and surfaces are at the same temperature, the radiation and convection heat transfer coefficients can be added and the result can be taken as the combined heat transfer coefficient. Then, Iicninct Bpat * Hong = 5.167415 = 20.167 Win? °C = _-___ ___ipons-env Heontinad 4g 20.167 Win? *C)2.168 m?) Roa = Ry + Rye +R, = 0.0044+ 0.00003 +0.0229 = 0.0273 °CW The rate of heat loss from the hot water pipe then becomes For a temperature drop of 3°C, the mass flow rate of water and the average velocity of ‘water must be oO 282TH CAT GIS0TEEOO) co 0.233 kels = 0.233 kes 0.186 mis 090: beim) AOR Discussion The outer surface temperature of the pipe is, 0-7,y°C “Coos = 0.00003) whichis very close tothe value asad for the suficeteaperanue ia the evaluation ofthe radiation resistance. Therefore, there is no need to repeat the calculations. oR ere oT, = 73-78E Steam exiting the turbine of a steam power plant at 100°F is to be condensed ina large condenser by cooling water flowing through copper tubes. For specified heat transfer coefficients, the length of the tube required to condense steam at a rate of 400 Tomv/h is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any change with time. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the center line and no variation in the axial direction. 3 Thermal properties are constant. 4 Heat transfer coefficients are constant and uniform over the surfaces. Properties The thermal conductivity of copper tube is given to be # = 223 Brw/h-ft-F. The heat of vaporization of water at 100°F is given to be 1037 Brvibm. Analysis The individual resistances are 4 =aDL=ai04/12 890.8) =0105.8° Ts AAEM 7 4, = aD, L= 9(06/12 (1 £)= 0157 8? 1 1 = = _________=02721 1b FB & A, G5 Bewht? °FK0.105 87) ih) InG/2) - e bape ag Samy 200029 FB R= 1 1 0.00425 h°F/Bm TA T0BwaE PORTED Rag =B,+ Rye +R, =0271+0,00029-+0,00025 =0.27665 FB The heat transfer rate per ft length of the tube is Tez __(100- 70°F Oo oes Bm 1h The total rate of heat transfer required to condense steam at a rate of 400 Ibmvh and the length of the tube required is determined to be aa) = th, 1g = (120 Tom/h)(1037 Biwlbm) = 124,440 Beh3-81 A 3-m diameter spherical tank filled with liquid nitrogen at 1 atm and -196°C is exposed to convection and radiation with the surrounding air and surfaces. The rate of evaporation of liquid nitrogen in the tank as a result of the heat gain from the surroundings for the cases of no insulation, 5-cm thick fiberglass insulation, and 2-cm thick superinsulation are to be determined, Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since the specified thermal conditions at the boundaries do not change with time. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the midpoint 3 The combined heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform over the entire surface. 4 The temperature of the thin-shelled spherical tank is said to be nearly equal to the temperature of the nitrogen inside, and thus thermal resistance of the tank and the intemal convection resistance are negligible. Properties Thess of caporzation and density of liquid nitrogen at 1 atm are given to be 198 klikg and 810 kg/m’, respectively. The thermal conductivities are given to be & = 0.035 Wim*C for fiberglass insulation and & = 0.00005 W/m-°C for super insulation. Analysis (a) The heat transfer sate and the rate of evaporation of the liquid without insulation are A=aD? = 2G m)*= 2827 m? 1 fgd G5 Wim? C0827 m7) R BS- COTE «208.910 0 PLAN yea 0.00101 °C/W OD _208.910KIs 1tkkg (®) The heat transfer rate and the rate of evaporation of the liquid with a S-em thick layer of fiberglass insulation are =0.00101°CW = LOSS! “=aD? = 7031 m)? = 3019 m? AzaD? = AGL. ° 3019 5 2 RS ——_ + _______ = 0.000846 -crw a WW T=? Td GWa Ooms) i 55-15) m = = —__ = 0.0489°cw Raison Sriry ” SG 055 Winn CM SNES BD Rea) = Ry + Rintaton ~ 0.000946 +0,0489 = 0.0498°CW = vith gg — m=. Orth hy 198Kike (C) The heat transfer rate and the rate of evaporation of the liquid with 2-cm thick layer of superinsulation is A= aD? = £(3.04m)? = 29.03 m* ‘ r » R R J. = 0.000884"CAW 4. -ta Gwelow um) aan Ae nm @2-159m = 222 -___@3 9)" __aas.s6-crw Rota Grier, 44 (0.00005 Wim *C)0 52m)0 5m) Rosa = Ry + Rentaton = 0.000984 +1396 =13.96°CW