BASIC PETROLEUM AND ESP

Andi A Wibowo,
SBU Production Supervisor

BASIC PRODUCTION-ESP OPERATION

CONTENTS
HOW HYDROCARBON FORMED?
OIL FIELD RESERVOIR
RESERVOIR DRIVE MECHANISM
RESERVOIR CHARATERISTIC
RESERVOIR PRESSURE PROFILE
TYPICAL COMPLETION TYPE
FORMATION PROBLEM
SCALE
BASIC ESP

HOW HYDROCARBON FORMED?

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DUST
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DEAD
FISH
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+3,000,000 Years

TRANSFORM TO
HYDROCARBON

SALINE

TEMPERATUR
PRESSURE
TEMPERATUR
PRESSURE
E 5000 Ft 21000 FtE

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SEDIMENTATION
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SEDIMENTATION KEEPS OCCURING OVER TIME

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HOW HYDROCARBON FORMED??

Oil formed at 120F- 350 F, in 5,000 21,000 feet depth
about 3,000,000 years ago (minimum).
Gas formed at temperature > 350 F, in 21000 feet depth
in short period of time
Due to smaller density, buoyancy forces and capillarity ,oil
and gas move up through the area this is called fluid
migration
Vertical migration for gas and oil sometimes possible to
surface
Horizontal migration less than 200 miles of distance
Hydrocarbons are trapped and accumulate on the
impermeable rock media which is common called Cap
Rock

HOW HYDROCARBON FORMED??

SURFACE

OIL RESERVOIR
IMPERMEABLE
TRAP
ROCKROCK
UNSEALED
TRAPPED

SALINE

200 MILES

MIGRATIO
N

HYDROCARBO
N

OILFIELD RESERVOIR
A petroleum reservoir must
Permeability
have three things:
- Source Rock for the Hydrocarbons
- Reservoir rock that is porous and
permeable
- An Impermeable seal to trap the
Hydrocarbon

Reservoir rock generally

sedimentary of sand stone or
limestone (carbonate)

Talang Akar formation is a

sandstone and Baturaja formation is
Carbonate

Pore
space

OILFIELD RESERVOIR
Productivity Index (PI) = Q / (SBHP-PBHP)
PI Rate So Bigger PI is better
PI depends on : - drawdown (SBHP PBHP)
- reservoir permeability (k)
- Porosity
How fluid goes to surface?
- Natural flow : if Reservoir pressure still high
- Artificial lift :if reservoir Pres has been depleted
How about CNOOC ? Almost all wells using ESP as
artificial lift

RESERVOIR DRIVE MECHANISM

Water Drive

Solution Gas Drive

Gas- Cap expansion drive

RESERVOIR CHARATERISTIC

Porosity : comparison between pore volume and

bulk volume (space of formation rock)
Permeability. Higher permeability is better reservoir
Fluid Saturation, represent percent of pore volume
that filled by fluid
Formation Volume Factor, represents the shrinkage
of res.fluid volume when it at surface condition

RESERVOIR PRESSURE PROFILE

PI =

Qf

(SBHP-PBHP)

Near wellbore drawdown about 70%

SBHP* and PBHP* read with Surveyor Unit

Fluid
Level

Pressure

E.S.P.
PSI

SBHP *

Qf
PBHP *
Distance

WELL COMPLETION

FORMATION PROBLEMS
Pressure Depleted
The pressure is naturally depleted along with
oil producing, Low reservoir pressure ==
more difficult to lift up == need artificial lift.
Formation problem / Inflow Problem
- Scale Problem
- Sand Problem

SCALE PROBLEM
Scale is a mineral precipitation, It could be a problem
if in a big amount and plugging up reservoir pore
and pump.
Very common oil field scale :
calcite,barite,ironic,anhydrite,gypsum,etc
Why scale build up? The main cause is decreasing
mineral (calcite, barite,etc ) solubility in the water by
changing temperature and pressure.
Generally, The solubility will decreasing when P and
T drop.

SCALE PROBLEM (CONT)

Scale deposit in the impeller,diffuser and tubing

SCALE PROBLEM
Scale could lead to:

- Inflow problem : scale could plugging up the

formation,perforation and pump intake
Indication : BHP rapidly decreasing, Running
ampere drop and BHT increasing due to not enough
fluid cooling down the ESP motor

- Pump stuck = Overload = DHP

SCALE PROBLEM

What should be done?

- Stimulation, If scale build up in formation.
Stimulation is the process of injection acid into formation to remove
damage around wellbore.

- Pump clean up,If scale build up in pump.

Stimulation Process

Basic ESP
Basically ESP is a centrifugal pump with electric power
from surface.
ESP part : surveyor+ motor+ Protector+ Intake+ Pump
ESP develops extra head (pressure) to lift fluid to surface.
The pump sizing and design depends on PI,free gas ,sand
tendencies,depth,viscosity,etc
Each type of ESP has optimum operating range and
efficiency.
ESP isnt efficient for high free gas well gas lock
problem
ESP manufacture :
REDA,Centrilift,ESP,ODI,Daqing,Shangli,etc

Basic ESP Components

Cable
MLE and Power Cable

Centrifugal Pump

Intake or Gas Separator

Protector

System Components of
Typical Installation
The pump is seated above the
perforations in such a way that
the well fluid moves upward
around the motor housing,
cooling the motor by dissipating
the heat generated.
All the components are
connected together and hang
from the tubing.

Basic ESP Engineering

Wellhead

Wellhead
Pressure

Flow

Ground Level

Net Vertical Lift

Total Friction Loss

Producing Fluid Level

Pump Set Depth

Flow

Flow

Schlumberger Private

Pump Operating Range

Efficiency
Pump Range

Head
HP per Stage

ESP Problems
How to identify problem? Simple.LOOK AMCHART.

Every single line tell us something.

What is am chart?.
- Electrical drive pump.
- Power consumed by motor depends on operating point ==>
pump curves
- Power consumed = f(running amps)
- Running Amps ==> diagnose parameter

Commons Problem : Underload,Overload,Gas lock,Pump

Off, lost flow .

Underload Problem
Why it happen?

Not enough fluid

level, shaft broken
1

Reduce frequency
Try to raise up fluid
level by bleed off
casing pressure

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Troubleshooting:
Choke back

6 AM

60
50
40
30
20
10

Undercurrent
Load

Overload Problem
Common causes:
5

Increased fluid gravity

Sand production

DO NOT restart the

pump before check
cable and cleared
problem

60
50
40
30
20
10

Overload
M
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Electrical problem

Scale build up
Increasing viscosity
(emulsion)

6 AM

Gas Lock
8

Why? A big free gas in pump.

What we can do:

6 AM

Choke back and raise up

fluid level at annulus.
2

Reduce frequency using VSD

60
50
40
30
20
10

Gas
Locking

11

Install down hole gas

separator (VGSA + AGH)

M
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Deepening the pump

Pump has
gas locked