CRITICAL PATH

1983

*
*
*
*
*

DEFENSE SATELLITES

X
C

ULYSSES
(INTERNATIONAL)
MARS
OBSERVER

* METALLIC=M
CARBONACEOUS=C

ELV DEPLOYMENT
POSSIBLITY

ELEMENT
NAME

CHROMIUM
COPPER

STARPROBE
CENTAUR / SDV
DEEP SPACE CAPABILITY

LUNAR OBSERVER

PROPULSION SYSTEMS
AND
INTERPLANETARY
EXPANSION

1998

LUNAR LANDING
SITE RECON
MISSION ?
LUNAR ROVER /
SAMPLE RETURN
MISSIONS ?

SOVIET AND CHINESE

LAUNCH VEHICLES
# TO LEO # TO GEO

ENERGIA 220,000
SHUTTLE
66,000
SL-13
43,000
SL-12
43,000
SL-16
33,000
SL-4
16,500
SL-3
13,900
SL-14
12,100
SL-11
8,800
SL-6
4,600
SL-8
3,800
LONG MARCH 3
LONG MARCH 4

MARS
ROVER / SAMPLE
RETURN MISSIONS

CENTAUR HLV OR MLV

DEEP SPACE MISSIONS

(PROTON)
(PROTON)

SPACE STATION
ENABLES
IN-SPACE
COMMERCIAL
ACTIVITY

MANNED SPACE
TRANSFER VEHICLE

SATURN-TITAN
CASSINI MISSION
(INTERNATIONAL)

* BIOSPHERE RESEARCH
MAN TENDED
GEO

MERCURY
ORBITER

* IN-SPACE COMMERCE
* SOLAR SYSTEM EXPANSION

AEROBRAKE CAPABILITY

5,500
8,800

PHOBOS SAMPLE
RETURN MISSION

SOLAR POWERED
ELECTRIC PROPULSION

2003

MAINBELT ASTEROID
MULTI-ORBITER /
FLYBY

EARTH-MARS INJECTION
CAPABILITY (CHEMICAL)
CYCLER
PROPULSION ELEMENT

GEO CRYOGENIC AND

HYPERGOLIC
PROPELLANT DEPOT

VENUS SAMPLE
RETURN MISSION
NEAR-EARTH
SOLAR SAIL
ASTEROID EXPLORER

MPV AND MLL

TRANSFER ELEMENTS

OUTER PLANETS
FLYBY / PROBES

MARS CREW SORTIE

VEHICLE

BIPLANETARY
CIVILIZATION

LEO ASSEMBLY

EVOLVES TO EXPLOIT

MARTIAN CYCLING
SPACESHIP
ELEMENT INTEGRATION

LLOX TO LLO LUNAR

PROPELLANT TANKER

TRANSFER TO L1

EXTRATERRESTRIAL

LOSF TRANSFER TO L1 ?

LOSF PROPELLANT
STORAGE DEPOT

HEO PROPELLANT DEPOT

INTERPLANETARY SPACEPORT DEPARTURE

BEGINS

2nd EARTH-MARS
CYCLING SPACESHIP /
MARS LANDING GOAL

TRIPLANETARY

FIRST CYCLING SPACESHIP RETURNS TO MARSINITIATE MARTIAN

RESOURCE
EXPLOITATION

FIRST MANNED
MARS
LANDING EXPEDITION

ION-DRIVE
ENGINE
TECHNOLOGY

LEO QUARANTINE

EXTERNAL TANK
DERIVED WORKSHOPS
(WET / DRY)

COMMERCIAL AND
DEFENSE SAT LAUNCHES
LEO EXTERNAL TANK
RESOURCE BASE /
MOMENTUM RESERVOIR

UNMANNED GEO
COMM AND ERT
PLATFORM TENDING

2003

LUNAR ORBIT
STAGING / FACILITY
(LOS/F)

RETURN-TO-MOON
CORE SAMPLE
COLLECTION AND
ANALYSIS

EQUIPMENT EVALUATION
HABITATION AND
RESEARCH MODULES

TAU
1000 A.U.
UNMANNED PROBE

MMW FISSION
POWER GENERATION

SPACE SHUTTLE
PASSENGER MODULE ?

CELSS

EUROPEAN AUTONOMOUS
SPACE STATION

SURFACE EXPLORATION
OF ANOTHER
PLANETARY BODY

UTILITY FLATBED

2008

ROVER

ASTRONOMICAL AND
LUNAR UNIQUE SCIENCE

MMW FISSION /
SOLAR POWER
FRACTIONAL G BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH LAB

INTERNATIONAL
LUNAR BASE
EXPANDED LUNAR
OUTPOST

VIVARIUM

LEO
INTERNATIONAL
SPACEPORT

INCREASED
LUNAR SURFACE
MOBILITY
* MID-RANGE &
* LONG-RANGE
ENCLOSED ECLS
ATVS / ROVERS

EARTH MOVING, MINING,

AND TUNNELING
OPERATIONS

MAINTENANCE /
SHOP FACILITY

MASS-DRIVER ELECTROMAGNETIC
LAUNCHER

EXPANDED SPACE STATION

2013

AGRA-COMPLEX

THE BRITISH SSTO

HOTOL
AEROSPACE PLANE
EARTH-TO-ORBIT
AEROSPACE PLANE
PTV FLEET OPERATIONS
THE JAPANESE
SSTO
AEROSPACE PLANE

IN-SPACE RESCUE
CAPABILITY

NEAR CLOSED
ECLSS

DUST BRAKING

SELF-SUPPORTING
LUNAR BASE

ORBITAL, L2 OR HIGH LUNAR POLAR ORBIT ?

LUNAR MASS-CATCHER

SPACE
COMMERCE
ACTIVITIES

MARS ROVER
ETELOPERATION

PHOBOS
OUTPOST
ESTABLISHED

LEO HEALTH CARE

MARS LANDINGHUMAN OUTPOST

ESTABLISHED

SPACE COMMERCE

DEIMOS RECON
AND PROSPECTING

VARIABLE G ANIMAL
RESEARCH FACILITIES

REGOLITH
BAGGER

LIBRATION POINT
RESOURCE
INVESTIGATION (L4 & L5)

PHOBOS / DEIMOS
MINING OPERATIONS
COMMENCE

MMW POWER
GENERATOR

INITIAL
MARS BASE
ESTABLISHED

LOX PRODUCTION
UNIT

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY
LEO SPACE STATION

HABITATION AND
RESEARCH MODULES

EXPANDED PHOBOS
FACILITY

MAINBELT ASTEROID
EXPLORATION

GOODS AND SERVICES

FROM SPACE TO EARTH,
MOON AND SPACE

SPACE DRIVES
GLOBAL ECONOMY

INITIATE EARTH-VENUS
CYCLING SPACESHIP
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEM

ANTIMATTER-ENRICHED
PROPELLENT
PROPULSION

HUMANITY

VENUS
EXPLORATION,
ANALYSIS AND
TRANSFORMATION
ACTIVITIES

EARTH-VENUS
SOLAR SAIL CARGO
XPORT SYSTEM

BEGINS

2033

VENUS ORBITING
COMSATS
DEPLOYED

THE TRANSITION
HUMAN OUTER
SOLAR SYSTEM
EXPLORATION BEGINSJUPITER AND ITS
JOVIAN SATELLITES

2038

FROM A
PROPELLANT
DEPOT

SPACE SETTLEMENT
ESTABLISHMENT

GREEN HOUSE /
FOOD PRODUCTION
MEDICAL
FACILITY
2033

INDIGENOUS
RESOURCE
CONSTRUCTION

L4 / L5
INITIATE EARTH-MOON
LIBRATION POINT
HABITAT
CONSTRUCTION

EXPANDING HEO
INDUSTRIAL
CAPABILITY

MULTIPLE
SCIENTIFIC
OUTPOSTS

VENUS ORBITING
SOLAR POWER
STATION

GAIA

SELF-SUPPORTING
MARS
BASE

DIVERSION OF
ASTEROIDAL MATERIAL
TO VENUS

RESOURCE
EXTRACTION
2038

TERRESTRIAL

INTERPLANETARY SPACEPORT DEPARTURE

CARBON
MONOXIDE FUEL
PRODUCTION AND
STORAGE

GLOBAL
TRANSPORTATION
CAPABILITY

VENUS PROXIMITY
IDV

SOLAR
CONCENTRATOR
FACILITY

CLOSED-LOOP
LIFE SUPPORT
LARGE PRESSURIZED
ASSEMBLY VOLUMES

EXTENDED
EXPLORATION

ADVANCED
TECHNOLOGY
VENUS ORBITING
SPACE STATION

MAINBELT ASTEROID
ORBIT CHANGE /
EXPLOITATION

LOX PRODUCTION
AND CRYO
STORAGE FACILITY

POLAR ORBITING
ENVIRONMENTAL
OBSERVATION
PLATFORMS

PROLIFERATES

BALLOONBORNE
ATMOSPHERIC
RESEARCH

METALLIC ASTEROID
RECONFIGURATIONPLANETOID FORMING

* EARTHS BIOSPHERE
IS REPLICATED IN

TO A SOLAR

VENUS ORBITING
ADVANCED COMM
NETWORK

FUSION
PROPULSION

RELOCATE DEIMOS
TO MARS
SYNCHRONOUS
ORBIT

MARTIAN ORBITING
SKYHOOK
COMPLEX

ANTIMATTER PROPULSION

INTERPLANETARY SPACEPORT ARRIVAL

SPECIES

ORBITING
ENVIRONMENTAL
OBSERVATION
PLATFORMS

HUMAN OUTER
SOLAR SYSTEM GRAND
TOUR- URANUS /
NEPTUNE / PLUTO

INITIATE MARTIAN
TERRAFORMING
OPERATIONS

2043

LARGE SCALE
HUMAN OCCUPATION
AND SETTLEMENT
OF SPACE
BEGINS

L4 / L5
INITIATE
ISLAND ONE
LIBRATION POINT
HABITATION

UNMANNED
SCIENTIFIC
SURFACE STATIONS
INTERSTELLAR
PRECURSORS

HUMAN EXPLORATION
OF SATURNIAN
SATELLITES AND RING
SYSTEM

NUCLEAR-PULSED
PROPULSION
(ORION CONCEPT)

DARK SURFACE
SOIL OR GIANT
SOLAR REFLECTOR
EMPLACEMENT

CREATE NEW
MOONS FOR MARS
IF REQUIRED

INITIAL ROTATING
SKYHOOK
EXPERIMENTATION

UNMANNED
SURFACE
ROVERS
INITIATE
ROTATION
PROGRAM

2050

SMALL MARTIAN
SETTLEMENTS
PROLIFERATE

VENUS
TERRAFORMING
OPERATIONS

SSPS
PLANT PRODUCTION

GROWING L4 / L5
INDUSTRIAL
CAPABILITY

L4 / L5
ISLAND TWO

INDEPENDENT
SPACEFARING
HUMAN
COMMUNITIES

EARTH SKYHOOK
PRECURSORS

SDI / SPACE STATION

RADIATION SHIELDING

LARGE SCALE
HUMAN HABITATION
OF MARS

INTERSTELLAR
TRAVERSING
WORLD SHIPS

AD ASTRA

2013

INDEMNIFICATION
FROM INTERNATIONAL

* NDV / SHUTTLE II
* HOTOL DERIVED TRANSPORT
* JAPANESE SSTO DERIVATIVE

2018
POLAR ORBIT
MANNED SPACE STATION
CONSTELLATION

Ad Astra
ALS
AMROC
ATV
AU
AXAF
CDSF
CELSS
Cislunar
CIT
COMM
COMSAT
CRAF
DOD
ECLSS
ECO
ECV
EDO
ELV
EMU
ERT
ESA
ET
ET/ACC
ETO
FTS
G
Gaia
GEO
GPS
GRO
HEDM
HEO
HLC
HLV
HOTOL
IDV
ILV
In-situ
IUS
IUV
L1
L2
DIVERSION OF
L4
ASTEROIDAL MATERIAL
L5
TO POLAR ORBIT
LBS
LCL
LDF
LEO
LLO
LLOX
LOFT
LOSF
LOX
LPL
LPT
LPV
LRB
MCSV
MDRE
POLAR ORBITING
SOLAR CONCENTRATOR Mir
MLL
FACILITY
MLV
MMU
MMW
MOMV
MOTV
MPE
MPR
MPV
NASA
NASDA
NASP
NDV
NSTS
OEXP
OMV
OSC
OTV
OV
PAM
POLAR ORBITING
RADIATION HARDENED POTV
PTV
HABITATS
RECON
RMS
SAT
SDI
SDV
SETI
SIRTF
Skyhook
SL
SLC
SPS
SRB
SSI
SSPS
SSTO
STV
TAU
TBD
TDRS
TOS
TSS
TSTO
US
Vivarium
XFER
XPORT

EXPANSION
EXPANDING L4 / L5
INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

INTO THE
COSMOS

2023

To the Stars (Latin)

Advanced Launch System
American Rocket Company
All Terrain Vehicle
Astronomical Unit- 1 AU = 93,000,000 miles
Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility
Commercially Developed Space Facility
Controlled Ecological Life Support System
The space between the Earth and Moon
Circumstellar Imaging Telescope
Communications
Communication Satellite
Comet Rendezvous / Asteroid Flyby
Department of Defense
Environmental Control and Life Support System
Ecological
Electric Cargo Vehicle (OEXP)
Extended Duration Orbiter
Expendable Launch Vehicle
Extravehicular Mobility Units
Earth Resources Technology
European Space Agency
External Tank
External Tank / Aft Cargo Carrier
Earth-To-Orbit
Flight Telerobotic Servicer
Gravity
Earths self-sustaining biosphere
Geosynchronous-Earth-Orbit
Global Positioning Satellite
Gamma Ray Observatory
High Energy-Density Matter
High-Earth-Orbit
Heavy Lift Capability
Heavy Lift Vehicle
Horizontal Take-off and Landing
Interlibrational Derived Vehicle
Industrial Launch Vehicle
In place (Latin)
Inertial Upper Stage
Interlibrational Utility Vehicle
Lagrange Point # 1 35,000 Miles Above Moon
Lagrange Point # 2 40,000 Miles Behind Moon
Lagrange Point # 4 240,000 Mile Earth Orbit
Lagrange Point # 5 240,000 Mile Earth Orbit
Pounds
Lunar Cargo Lander (OEXP)
Large Deployable Reector
Low-Earth-Orbit
Low-Lunar-Orbit
Lunar Liquid Oxygen
Launch Operations Flight Test
Lunar Orbit Staging Facility
Liquid Oxygen
Lunar Personnel Lander (OEXP)
Lunar Propellant Tanker (OEXP)
Lunar Piloted Vehicle (OEXP)
Liquid Rocket Booster
Mars Crew Sortie Vehicle (OEXP)
Mass Driver Reaction Engine
Peace (Russian)
Mars Logistics Lander (OEXP)
Medium Lift Vehicle
Manned Maneuvering Unit
Multi-mega Watt
Manned Orbital Maneuvering Vehicle
Manned Orbital Transfer Vehicle
Mission To Planet Earth
Mars Pressurized Rover
Mars Piloted Vehicle (OEXP)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
National Space Development Agency of Japan
National Aerospace Plane
NASP Derived Vehicle
National Space Transportation System
NASA Ofce of Exploration
Orbital Maneuvering Vehicle
Orbital Sciences Corporation
Orbital Transfer Vehicle
Orbiter Vehicle
Payload Assist Module
Personnel Orbit Transfer Vehicle
Passenger Transport Vehicle
Reconnaissance
Remote Manipulator System
Satellite
Strategic Defense Initiative
Shuttle Derived Vehicle
Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
Space Infrared Telescope Facility
Surface to space elevator transportation system
Space Launch
Space Launch Complex
Solar Power Satellite
Solid Rocket Booster
Space Services Incorporated
Satellite Solar Power Station
Single-Stage-To-Orbit
Space Transfer Vehicle
Thousand Astronomical Unit
To Be Determined
Tracking Data Relay Satellite
Transfer Orbit Stage
Tethered Satellite System
Two-Stage-To-Orbit
United States
Plant and animal research laboratory
Transfer
Transport

2028

2033

2038

2043

2050

2100

TEN BEST CANDIDATE STARS

FOR INTERSTELLAR EXPLORATION

BEGINS

STATIONARY
MARTIAN
SKYHOOK

* IN-SPACE RESCUE
CAPABILITY

HUMAN

PROPULSION
SYSTEM INTEGRATION

2100

AD ASTRA

SETTLEMENTS

EMERGENCE OF HOMO SAPIENS

AS AN INTRAGALACTIC SPECIES

2100

HUMAN
INTERSTELLAR
TRAVEL

VOLUMINOUS SPACE

L4 / L5
MULTIPLE
SETTLEMENT
CONSTRUCTION

GIANT PARASOL
EMPLACEMENT OR
INITIATE ATMOSPHERIC
MICROBIOLOGICAL
ENGINEERING PROCESS

POLAR ORBIT
SPACE STATION
STRUCTURE ASSEMBLY

UNLIMITED
SAFE
SOLAR
ENERGY
FOR
EARTH ?

ENHANCED SSPSEARTH ENVIRONMENTAL

PATHFINDER

ATTACH MDRE

FIRST MANNED
VENUS
FLYBY

ROUTINE
ACCESS TO
SPACE
ACHIEVED

2008

DEFINITIONS,
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

2028

OPERATIONAL
MARS
BASE

JAPANESE POLAR
ORBITING PLATFORM

HUMANITY
COMMANDS UNLIMITED
MATERIAL RESOURCES
FROM THE MOON AND
ASTEROIDS--

MAINTENANCE /
SHOP FACILITY

MAINBELT
ASTEROID
ORBIT CHANGE

MLV-1
TITAN 4
MLV-2
H-2 (NASDA)
SHUTTLE C / SDV
ARIANE 5 (ESA)
ALS

2003

SECOND
GENERATION
REUSABLE SPACECRAFT

EARTH-MOON CYCLING
TRANSPORTATION

NEAR-EARTH-ORBIT
ASTEROID / COMET
EXPLOITATION

GEOPHYSICAL /
METEOROLOGICAL
STATIONS

THE NASA NASP

THE ESA HERMES
THE NASDA HOPE
THE GERMAN SANGER
THE BRITISH HOTOL

LIABILITY CLAIMS

ECONOMIC AND
INDUSTRIAL
ACTIVITY
IN SPACE

MDRE CAPABILITY

ALL TERRAIN MPR

TRANSPORTATION

*
*
*
*
*

DOD EARTHPOLAR ORBITING

MANNED
SPACE STATION

THIN-FOIL SOLAR
CONCENTRATOR PILOT
PLANT (MELT AN ET)

INTERLIBRATIONAL
STV / UTILITY VEHICLE
CAPABILITY

SPACE FACTORIES
IN HEO
2:1 & GEO ?

SOLAR FURNACE
SOIL PROCESSING
FACILITIES

1998

Critical Path / Timeline

* GOVERNMENT

FARSIDE
ASTRONOMICAL /
SETI ARRAY

2018

LUNAR TOURISM
MARKET EMERGES

SOLAR POWER
SATELLITE PILOT PLANT
2:1 ORBIT ?

Trunk line (two or more branches)

*
*
*
*
*
*
*

MASS-CATCHER
LOW-THRUST TUG

MOONPORT
LONG-RANGE
TRAVERSEABILITY
GEOPHYSICAL
STATION NETWORK
AND OUTPOSTS

Communication or data links

INCREASED
WESTERN
HEAVY AND
MEDIUM LIFT ELV CAPABILITY

THE GERMAN TSTO

SANGER
AEROSPACE PLANE

LARGE SCALE

EXPANDED LOSFLOCATION ?

Supporting, evolutionary or
synergistic interrelationship

POLAR ORBIT
EXTERNAL TANK
DEPLOYMENT

THE AMERICAN
SHUTTLE II

SOLAR ELECTRIC
GRID CONSTRUCTION

Plateaus or eras of human

and technical achievement

POLAR ORBITING MPE

ENVIRONMENTAL
OBSERVATION
PLATFORMS (4
PLATFORMS DEPLOYED
1994 THRU 1997)

WESTERN
PROLIFERATION OF MANNED
REUSABLE SPACECRAFT

THE JAPANESE H-II

HOPE
ORBITAL PLANE

SOLAR ENERGY FARM /

AUTOMATED COLLECTOR
MANUFACTURING ?

In-space Transportation Node

MANNED POLAR
ORBITING SPACE
SHUTTLE

THE AMERICAN NDV

SSTO OPERATIONAL
CAPABILITY

COMETARY / ASTEROIDAL
MATERIALS PROSPECTING
ON LUNAR SURFACE

EARTH MOVER

Key Enabling Program

(not on the critical path)

POLAR ORBIT
ACTIITIES

SDI / DOD
LAUNCH PROGRAMS

LDF

DOD LOW INCLINATION

SPACE STATION

MARTIAN
SPACEPORT

ADVANCED
LASER
COMM NETWORK

THE EUROPEAN
HERMES
ORBITAL PLANE

GRAVITY GRADIENT
STABILIZATION

ON-ORBIT
ASTRONOMY

IN-SITU LLOX PILOT

PRODUCTION UNIT

POLAR REGION
EXPLORATION

MARS-MAINBELT
MOBILITY
VEHICLE

SOLAR DYNAMICS

LEGEND
ISP Program Element

DODS ALSNASA / DOD

HEAVY LIFT VEHICLE

MOBILE CRANE

LUNAR OUTPOST
ESTABLISHED

SPACEFARING CIVILIZATION
HEDM
CHEMICAL
PROPULSION

EUROPEAN ARIANE 5
LAUNCH CAPABILITY

TETHERED SYSTEMS

SATELLITE
TETHER XPORT

EMERGENCE OF

CIT

ET DERIVED GAMMA
RAY TELESCOPE

EXTERNAL TANK
DERIVED PLATFORMS
AND FACILITIES

PROPELLANT
DEPOT

EARTH-MARS
SOLAR SAIL
XPORT SYSTEM

2050

DEEP SPACE PLANETARY

MISSIONS DEPLOYMENT

2023

INITIAL
INTERSTELLAR
EXPLORATION

SLC-6 VANDENBERG
UTILIZATION

PARTIALLY CLOSED
COMPONENT CELSS

VARIABLE G
BIO-MEDICAL
RESEARCH FACILITY

C,H,O,N
EXTRACTION &
STORAGE

ENABLES

SIRTF

1993

Attn: Ed Repic, Project Manager

Lunar and Planetary Systems
Mail Code AD21

AMERICAN NASP / X-30

(FIRST FLIGHT LATE 94)

PLANT AND ANIMAL

VIVARIUM LAB

REMOTE TENDED GEO

SURFACE
EXPLORATION

MARTIAN
PROXIMITY
IDV

JAPANESE H-2 HLC

AXAF

FREE FLYING RESEARCH/

MANUFACTURING LABS

1998

(EARTH-MOON-MARS)

INFRASTRUCTURE

ROCKWELL INTERNATIONAL
Space Transportation Systems Division
12214 Lakewood Blvd.
Downey, California 90241

ATLAS 2 (MLV-2)

SOLAR ARRAYS

DOD SPACE STATION

ELEMENT / ACTIVITIES

FUEL FACTORY

2028

2043

SPACE HARBORING /
SERVICING / TENDING &
LEO PROPELLANT DEPOT

STATION CELSS
DEPLOY COMM
NETWORK

PEGASUS / OSC

NASAS SHUTTLE C /
SHUTTLE DERIVED
HEAVY LIFT CAPABILITY

INTERNATIONAL SPACE
STATION MODULES

MISSION FOR
PLANET EARTH

TETHERED SYSTEMS

SECURE FIBER-OPTIC
MULTIBASE
COMM NETWORK

ILV-1 / AMROC

LOGISTICS ELEMENTS

MOMV

AMORPHOUS CELL AND

SUPPORT STRUCTURE
MANUFACTURING

MANNED
INTERPLANETARY
SPACEFLIGHT
BEGINS

SOLAR SYSTEM

WASTE DUMP

GREEN HOUSE / FOOD

PRODUCTION

He3 EXPORT ?

INTO THE INNER

INITIATE EARTH-MARS
CYCLING SPACESHIP
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEM

INTERPLANETARY SPACEPORT ARRIVAL

INTERPLANETARY
ACTIVITIES

STARFIRE / SSI

LIGHTSAT CLASS
PAYLOAD MARKET

STATION STRUCTURE

US /
INTERNATIONAL
SPACE STATION
PROJECT

CREW RETURN VEHICLE

MOONPORT / L1
PROPELLANT DEPOT

FIBER-OPTIC CABLE
MANUFACTURING

HUMAN
EXPANSION

COORBITING LOW
INCLINATION PLATFORMS

LLOX PRODUCTION &

CRYO STORAGE FACILITY

HEMISPHERICAL EARTH
FACING COMM COVERAGE

HEO
INDUSTRIAL / SSPS
PRODUCTION FACILITIES2:1 RESONANT ORBIT ?

MARTIAN CYCLING
SPACESHIP LAUNCH

FTS

INDIGENOUS RESOURCE
HABITAT CONSTRUCTION

RESOURCES

L1 ABSOLUTE
CONTAINMENT FACILITY

EVOLVABLE OTV

ORE EXTRACTION AND

REGOLITH PROCESSING
Al,Ca,Fe,Mg,Si,Ti,(He3,Ni)

LEO HYDROGEN TO
LLO / HEO CAPABILITY

L1
EARTH-MOON
LIBRATION POINT
INTERPLANETARY
ARRIVAL-DEPARTURE
SPACEPORT

2018

ADVANCED LIFE
SUPPORT RESEARCH

INCREASED CAPACITY
POTV

STV SUPPORT

2013

LEO INTERNATIONAL
SPACE UNIVERSITY

VOLUME INTENSIVE
PRESSURIZED HANGER
ASSEMBLY CAPABILITY

COMMERCIAL MANNED
GEO COMMUNICATIONS
PLATFORMS

INTEGRATED MARS
TRANSFER VEHICLE

INDUSTRY / UNIVERSITY
RESEARCH FACILITIES

LEO RECREATIONAL
EXCURSIONS

(EARTH-MOON)

TITAN 4

ADVANCED SECOND
SOURCE SRB / LRB
MISSION TO PLANET
EARTH - ELEMENT
& DATA INTEGRATION

RETURN-TO-MOON
SUBSTANTIAL COMNET
DEPLOYMENT
PAYOFFS FROM
SPACE INVESTMENT
BEGIN TO EMERGE OUTPOST ENABLING

LUNAR LANDING ELEMENTSLUNAR PERSONNEL LANDER

AND LUNAR CARGO LANDER

MARS NETWORK
MISSION

EARTH-MARS ECV

2008

PILOTED LUNAR TRANSFER

CAPABILITYLUNAR PILOTED VEHICLE

COMET SAMPLE
RETURN MISSION

NUCLEAR POWERED
ELECTRIC PROPULSION

STRATEGIC
RESOURCE BASE
IN LEO

MAN TENDED GEO

COMM PLATFORMS

MARS AERONOMY
ORBITER
LUNAR ELECTRIC
CARGO VEHICLE

2023

1993

ENTERPRISE

INDEPENDENT LEO
TRANSPORTATION NODE
AND FUEL DEPOT ?

IN-SPACE
RESEARCH &
DEVELOPMENT

EXTRATERRESTRIAL RESOURCE UTILIZATION

VEHICLE

SPUR FREE

GEO MPE BIOSPHERE

OBSERVATION
PLATFORMS DEPLOYED5 DEPLOYED 1996 - 2000

TITAN 3 / 34D

TETHERED
SYSTEMS / TSS

OV-106
CONTRACT AWARD ?

ET / ACC

ELV FLEET

2 STAGE LEO-GEO-LEO
STV CAPABILITY

HUBBLE
SPACE TELESCOPE

MID-SIZE PAYLOAD
MARKET

CDSF

HEO AND
CISLUNAR
TRANSPORTATION MATURING
AND
SHUTTLE AND
OPERATIONS

CRAF

ZINC

PV-105
DELIVERY

EDO

* THE SOVIET SPACE STATION MIR

QUARANTINE
ET APPLICATIONS

56,490
2,760
188
3,450
415
466
268
246
200
1,725
690
220
173

SUBORBITAL ET
APPLICATIONS

EVOLVABLE OMV

OTV

RESOURCE LBS/TANK

SPACEHAB

* THE SOVIET SPACE STATION FREEDOM

SOLAR SAIL
DEMONSTRATION

LEO ET RESOURCE BASE

DELTA 2 (MLV-1)

GRO

PERMANENT
HUMAN PRESENCE
IN SPACE

SPACEHAB

GALILEO

OV-105
CONTRACT AWARD

IN-SPACE RESCUE

VOYAGER II
NEPTUNE

LOFT-1 / EPRIME

US MANNED POLAR FLIGHT

C
M
C

1993
Al
C
Cr
Cu
Fe
H
Mg
N
Ni
O
Si
Ti
Zn

X
X

MAGELLAN

SUBORBITAL
PAYLOAD MARKET

HEAVY LIFT CAPABILITY

M
C

X
X

1988

NSTS
RETURN-TO-FLIGHT

US MANNED POLAR FLIGHT

TDRS
CONSTELLATION

SPACE SHUTTLE EVOLUTIONS

EXTENDED
DURATION ORBITER
AND COMMERCIAL SPACE FACILITIES
ARE WESTERN PRECURSORS
TO

GPS
CONSTELLATION

TITAN 2

SMALL PAYLOADS

ELEMENT
NAME
ALUMINUM
CARBON
CALCIUM
IRON
HYDROGEN
HELIUM 3
MAGNESIUM
NITROGEN
NICKEL
OXYGEN
SILICON
TITANIUM
WATER

SATELLITE REFUELING
CAPABILITY

ARIANE 4

INTERNATIONAL SPACEPORT

SOVIET PHOBOS
ENCOUNTER

SPACELAB
(INTERNATIONAL)

ARIANE 3

EUROPEAN SPACE STATION

1988

PLANETARY / SCIENTIFIC
MISSIONS

TETHERED SATELLITE RESEARCH

PRECURSOR
ROBOTIC
EXPLORATION

SOLAR MAX /
SPACE TELESCOPE
MISSION TYPES

MID-SIZE PAYLOADS

SPACE SHUTTLE ENHANCEMENTS,

INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION,
AN INVIGORATED ELV FLEET
AND U.S. NATIONAL POLICY
SPUR SPACE RECOVERY

IDV APPLICATIONS

VOYAGER II
URANUS ENCOUNTER

D/385-210

ABOUT THIS DIAGRAM:

The Rockwell Integrated Space Plan (ISP) is a very long range systematic perspective of Americas and the
Western Worlds space program. Its 100-plus-year vision was created from the integration of numerous NASA
long-range studies including the project Pathnder case studies, recommendations from the National
Commission on Spaces report to the President, the Ride report to the NASA Administrator, and the new
National Space Policy Directive. Special initiatives such as the four Pathnder scenarios or those described in
the Ride Report (i.e., Mission To Planet Earth, Exploration of the Solar System, Outpost on the Moon, and
Humans to Mars) are integral parts of the ISP. These initiatives as well as the agenda described in the National
Commision on Space report, are shown by shading the appropriate boxes involved. These shaded versions are
included separately as attachments to the ISP. The ISP is not meant to be a denitive plan for the development
of space, but rather a compilation of evolutionary opportunities for our near-term and long-range space
activities.
The ISP can be read from top to bottom or left to right. From top to bottom, vertical column elements are
phased in chronologically to support centerline milestones. Reading across the columns from left to right will
yield the total scope of required activity within a given time period in support of the total integrated plan.
The centerline of the ISP is the critical path dened by National Space Policy which closely resembles the
NASA Ofce of Exploration case study 4 scenario Lunar Outpost To Early Mars Evolution. The Space
Shuttle and Space Station are essential initial elements; their value increases through the 1990s as
infrastructure evolves. Arrowed lines between boxes depict evolutionary, supporting, or synergistic
relationships. Double-arrowed lines between boxes are communication / data links. Bold lines are trunk lines
with numerous (2 or more) branches stemming from along their length. Boxes with bold outlines are either
long-range (centerline) objectives or key enabling programs important because their development affects the
development of many other programs. Boxes with double lines are in-space transportation nodes. The ISP is
chronologically portrayed in ve year time intervals because this is a practical segment of time for planning
and implementation of program objectives. Obviously, the dates shown have an uncertainty which increases
with time, but the chronology is intended to be consistent. Finally, the large bubbles represent the synergistic
summation of the individual elements of that period. They are the highest level groups of goals: plateaus of
human achievement attainable through a comprehensive execution of the depicted ISP elements.

EARTH-TO-ORBIT
AND IN-SPACE
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

SATELLITE RETRIEVAL
AND SERVICING

* BURAN

MAN TENDED GEO

Al
C
Ca
Fe
H
He3
Mg
N
Ni
O
Si
Ti
H2O

PHOBOS/
ASTEROIDS* COMETS
DEIMOS

MMU

* THE SOVIET SPACE SHUTTLE

ABUNDANT NEAR-EARTH EXTRATERRESTRIAL RESOURCES

RESOURCE MOON

PRODUCED BY RONALD M. JONES

CELSS

FIRST FLIGHT
1984
1988
1996
1986
1992

EMU

GOVERNMENT COMMERCIAL SATELLITE

DEPLOYMENT

ET / ACC APPLICATIONS

COUNTRY
EUROPE
EUROPE
EUROPE
JAPAN
JAPAN

OV-099
OV-102
OV-103
OV-104
OV-105

CHALLENGER
COLUMBIA
DISCOVERY
ATLANTIS
TBD

VERSION 1.1 FEBRUARY, 1989

1983

SPACEHAB APPLICATIONS

# TO LEO # TO GEO
5,690
9,260
14,960
46,000
2,300
9,000

PRIVATE LAUNCH
VEHICLES
(ELVS)

* THE AMERICAN SPACE SHUTTLE

LAUNCH VEHICLES OF EUROPE AND JAPAN

VEHICLE
ARIANE 3
ARIANE 4
ARIANE 5
H-1
H-2

IUS

MODULE APPLICATIONS

VEHICLE
# TO LEO # TO GEO GEO-CIRCULAR FIRST FLIGHT
ALS
200,000
1998
SHUTTLE C 150,000
20,000 (CENTAUR)
1994
SPACE
1981
55,000
5,500 (IUS)
SHUTTLE
6,500 (TOS)
1989
TITAN 4
40,000
10,000 (CENTAUR)
12,500
1965
TITAN 3
33,000
4,200 (IUS)
8,600
ATLAS 2
1991
14,400
2,500
5,200
ATLAS 1
1959
12,300
DELTA 2
11,100
1988
1,350 (PAM-D)
3,190
DELTA
7,800
1960
TITAN 2
5,500
1965
SCOUT
475
1961

RMS
(INTERNATIONAL)

HEAVY LIFT CAPABILITY

UNITED STATES LAUNCH VEHICLE CAPABILITES

INTERNATIONAL
EXPENDABLE LAUNCH
VEHICLE FLEET

UTILIZATION OF EXISTING PRESSURE VESSEL CAPABILITY

FIRST
GENERATION
OF
REUSABLE SPACECRAFT

Space Transportation
Systems Division

INTEGRATED SPACE PLAN

(Preliminary)

AMERICAN
SPACE SHUTTLE
PROGRAM
(NSTS)

Special Thanks to Paul Turner D/299-308

Jonathan V. Post D/282/200 and J. David Ray D/286-201
Very Special Thanks to Robert A. Weaver D/286-001,
William S. Trueman D/286-204, Ernest L. Freddolino D/282-100,
Edward M. Repic D/385-400, Sherry D. Lowrey McDonnell Douglas,
Charles L. Stone D/282-200, Richard A. Robitaille D/286-500,
the entire 286-204 Data Engineering Team,
the entire Lunar and Planetary Missions Analysis Team and
R. Fred Pfost who said Do it.

STAR

DISTANCE
VISUAL
LUMINOSITY SPECTRAL
LIGHT-YEARS MAGNITUDE (SUN=1.0)
TYPE
Tau Ceti
11.8
3.5
.4
G8
82 Eridani
20.3
4.3
.7
G5
Zeta Tucanae
23.3
4.2
.9
G2
107 Piscium
24.3
5.2
.4
K1
Alpha Mensae
28.3
5.1
.6
G5
54 Piscium
34.0
5.9
.4
K0
Zeta 1 Reticuli
37.0
5.5
.7
G2
Zeta 2 Reticuli
37.0
5.2
.9
G2
Gliese 86
37.0
6.1
.4
K0
Gliese 67
38.0
5.0
1.2
G2

REDRAWN BY NICOLAS LEE