Chemistry

Important rules for Conversions

1

Primary Alcohol

Oxidation

City College

Aldehyde
O

KCrO
HSO

CH - CH - OH + [O]
Ethanol
2

Secondary Alcohol

CH - C H + HO
Ethanal

Oxidation

Ketone
O

KCrO
HSO

CH - CH CH + [O]

CH - C CH + HO

OH 2-Propanol
3

Propanone

Aldehydes Reduction Primary Alcohol

O

H- C H + H Pd,Pt or Ni CH - OH
Formaldehyde
Methanol
Reduction
4

Ketones

Secondary Alcohol

O
CH - C CH + H Pd,Pt or Ni CH - CH CH
Propanone
5

OH

Formaldehyde + G.R

2-Propanol

Primary Alcohol
H

CH-CH -Mg-Br

+
H

Ether

CH-CH

Br

H
H

OMgBr

HO

CH-CH

OH + Mg

1-Propanol

OH

Higher Aldehydes + G.R

Secondary Alcohol
H

CH-CH -Mg-Br

+
CH

Ether

Br

H
CH

OMgBr

HO

CH

OH + Mg

CH-CH

CH-CH

Ketones + G.R

OH

Tertiary Alcohol
CH

CH-CH -Mg-Br
Ether

CH
CH

OMgBr

CH
CH
HO

CH

Br
OH + Mg

CH-CH

CH-CH

CO + G.R

OH

Carboxylic acid

CH-CH -Mg-Br

+ O

Ether

OMgBr

Br
HO

CH

CH

CH

CH

OH + Mg
OH

Epoxide + G.R

Primary Alcohol

CH-CH -Mg-Br

CH

CH

Ether

CH-CH- CH- CH- OMgBr

Br

HO

CH-CH- CH- CH- OH + Mg

OH
10 Alcohol + G.R

Alkane

CH-CH - Mg-Br

Ether

CH-CH- O-H
Br

CH-CH + Mg
OCHCH
11 HO/NH + G.R

Alkane

CH-CH - Mg-Br

+ H - O- H

Ether

Br

CH-CH + Mg

OH
12 Alkyl Halide + KOH(aqueous)
CH - CH - Cl + KOH(aq.)

Alcohol + KX
CH - CH -OH + KCl

13 Alkyl Halide + KOH(alc.)

CH - CH - Cl + KOH(alc.)

Alkene+HO+KX
CH = CH +HO + KCl

14 To increase No. of C atoms;

a- Wurtz synthesis
CH-CH-Cl+2Na+Cl-CH-CH Ether CH-CH-CH-CH+2NaCl
b- Grignard Reagent
Reactions of the rules#5,6,7,8,9 as mentioned on previous pages.
15 To decrease No. of C atoms;
a- Decarboxylation with soda lime;
O
CH - CH - C - ONa + NaOH
b- Ozonolysis;
CH = CH + O

HC - CH + NaCO
O
2 H- C H

Important Points;

Addition reactions of alkenes and alkynes are called

Electrophilic addition reactions.

Substitution reactions of Benzene are called

electrophilic Substitution reactions.

Addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones are called

Nucleophilic addition reactions.
Substitution reactions of alkyl halides are called
nucleophilic substitution reactions.