A coke oven is a device used to produce coke, a product that is derived from coal.

The mixing
and heating of bituminous coal at temperatures ranging from around 1832 to 3632F (1000 to
2,000C) within the airless oven yields the coke byproduct. This device is a crucial part of the
coke-making process.
Coke is a solid remainder of combusted carbonaceous material, and it contains a minor quantity
of ash and sulfur. It can be used as a fuel or as a reducing agent in blast furnaces used for the
smelting of iron ore. Coke is generally considered to be one of the three fundamental materials
for producing iron, which is then used to make steel, usually in combination with limestone and
iron ore. The gasses from the oven may also be used as a fuel.
Most coke ovens produce this material by heating coal under controlled circumstances. As the
absence of oxygen is important to yielding the best quality coke, the ovens are designed to be
airless. They may also be arranged in batteries and strategically situated between heating walls.
This can increase coke production and the efficiency of the oven.
In the coke-making process, treated coal is placed in the coke oven. Due to the high temperature
inside, coal gas, coal water, and tar are separated from the coal. The gas and water then fuse
together with carbon and the remainders of ash. The hard residue that remains at the end of this
process is commonly referred to as coke.
The coal used for selection in the coke-making process is often an important part of the
procedure. It may be selected according to factors such as ash and sulfur content, tar, plasticity,
and volatility. The volatility of coal can be important, since it will allow for a greater quantity
and higher quality of coke to be produced. This is because the more volatile the coal is, the more
byproducts it will yield, but too much volatility can be a negative, as the byproducts become too
porous for making quality coke.
Emissions of coke ovens have been shown by some studies to be dangerous to humans; this has
led to the emissions being identified as human carcinogens. These studies have shown a
correlation between the exposure of workers to the ovens and instances of types of cancer,
including those that affect the lungs and intestines. Tests done on the skin of animals, like mice,
also have demonstrated that exposure may produce malignant tumors.

Abstract the coal blend quality and process control of coke making technologies is an
important level to produce quality coke with optimal cost. Apart from impacting cost, this
improves the COx footprint. This is facilitated by proper selection of coal making technologies
and coal/coal blend. Each technology has its own advantage and limitation based on its design
criteria. In Vizag Steel Plant (RINL) they introduced for the first time 7meter tall coke ovens in 4
battery during its construction. It has a 15MW of power produced from heat released during
cooling coke in CDCP. This Project briery described the operational of coke oven and coke
chemical plant to produce desired quality coke at comparatively more cost through operational
excellence. The reduction of imported prime hard coking coal in coal blend up to 30% without
affecting coke quality and understanding the operational processes and nally mastering heat in
coke making technology without wasting any resources.

AhstnctThc optimum stability of coal cake is mcntial for producing good quality of cokc in
stamp
chalwd coke making proccs. A suitablc hinder nam:d as X7' nu identied to improw the stability
ofcoal
cake. ovcn thmughpm. coke quality and mduce specic enemy consumption for stamp charged
coke making
process. Laboratory msultsshtvw that addition of X7' in coal blend up I00. I0-0.50 pcrocntagc.
imprtntd thc
mechanical strength ofooal cake by 3.0-5.0 pemcnuwc. Six hundred kg pilot plant trials show
that addition
ofbindcr in the baa: coal blend impmmcd cokc quality in tcmns ofCSR. Mn and AMS
signicantly Coke plant
trials also show that X7 addition (0.10%) in hm: coal bland improved cok: quality in tenns of
CSR
(L25 point). Mm (0.9 point) and AMS( I .70 mm). Addition ofX7' inctvased Coke End
Tcmpcmtutc up to
14C during plant trials. Ute increased in tcmpcmtunc saved cncrgy ztpptoximately I I 000 Goal
and mdtlcc
CO, cmision by at lust 10000 T/Annum.

AbstractThc production of coke with improved reactivity CRI and post reactive strength CSR
calls for
higher coke-discharge temperatures; that will inevitable be associated with increased emissions
of nitrogen
oxides (N0,). The inuence of the air excess and temperature in the heating channels on the
quantity of

nitrogen oxides in the system is studied experimentally. The inuence of the gas leakage from
the coke ovens
to the heating system and the purity of the coke-oven gas used for heating on the NO, formation
is demonstratcd.

CONCLUSION
The above describes the main features of the majority of coke oven byproducts plants around the world. Coal properties and plant design and
operation influence the actual quantities.
Blast Furnaces, the mother units of any Steel plant require huge quantities
of strong, hard and porous solid fuel in the form of hard metallurgical coke for
supplying necessary heat for carrying out the reduction and rening reactions
besides actirg as a reducing agent. At VSP there are Four Coke Oven Batteries, 7
Metre tall and having 67 Ovens each. Each oven is having a volume of 41.6 cu.
metre & can hold upto 31.6 Tonnes of dry coal charge. There are 4 Coke Dry
Cooling Plants (CDCP) each having 4 cooling chambers. Nitrogen gas is used as the
Cooling medium. The heat recovery from nitrogen is done by generating steam
and expanding in two back pressure turbines to produce 7.5 MW each.
The Coal chemicals such as Benzole (& its products), Tar (& its products),
Ammonium Sulphate etc. are extracted in Coal Chemical Plant from C.O. Gas.
After recovering the Coal chemicals the gas is used as a by product fuel by mixing
it with gases such as BF Gas, LD Gas etc. A mechanical,
Biological &chemical treatment plant takes care of the effluents.

Abstract-The rcconsiruclion of coke bancry l al Isfahan sieehmrks is considered. The

conslruclion of a
PVR-5| syucm an coke bau I f I
: cry (use u oven capacily 27.3 m". with lower healing-gas supply. is described.
The ziulnmalic lempemlure-monitoring system for coke-bauery healing by coke-men gas is
discussed. The
gas molion in banery healing with imemal fumaocs is considered. A system for temperature
regulalion and
mainienance in lhe upper healing channels is proposed.

VISAKHAPATNAM STEEL PLANT

In order to increase the steel production reasonably high in the nation and
remove the regional imbalances in industrial developments, the government of
India took a great step in setting up the coastal-based steel plant of India is
Visakltapatnam steel plant in Andhra Pmdesh. This plant is located I 6km south
wast of the city limits. A great emphasis has been made on total automation,
seamless integration and efficient up gradiation at Visaklupatnam steel plant.
This has resulted in a great demand for Visakhapatnam steel plant pmduct in
India and abroad wldch are having international stmdards. Visakhapatnom steel
plant is considered to be the rst integrated steel plant in btdia to becane tlly
ISO-9002 cenial company. This certicate covers quality systems of training
and marketing rncons wer four regional marketing tnctions and 22 stock
yards located all over the country. The decision of the government of India to set
up an integmted steel plant at Visalrhapatnam was announced by the Prime
Minister Sm t.Indira Gandhi. The plant was inaugumted formally on 20" January
I 971 by the prime minister.
The project was estimated to the cost of rupees 3,897.28 cmres based on
procas on 4" quarter of I981 but during the implementation of VSP is has been
on served that the project cost as increased substantially over the sanctioned coast
mainly due to this and the approved concept were studied in 1986 the
rationalization has basically been fran the pa'nt of view of obtaining maximum
output [ran the equipmatt already installed panelled for procurement, achieving
the higher level of operation ej]ia'ency and procurement over what was envisagd
earlier under the monalizal concept. 3.0 million tons of liquid steel is to be
produced ir| a year and the pmject is estimated to cost 5,822 crores based on 4"
quarter of I 98 7.

Abstract.
Silica is used forlining of the uppcr parts of glass fumaces and their regenerators and for lining of
the
lids of arc furnaces and for the coke oven batteries construction. Silica bricks represent 60% of
refractory material used for a coke battery construction. Coke ovens are generally the largest
oven
aggregates. where silica material is used. The whole coke oven battery may reach the length up
to 80
m due to the chamber sires. A single coke oven battery contains up to S0.(X)0 tons of refractories
[ 1 I.
From the material science point of view. the durability of silica bricks depends on numerous
parameters including first of all porosity and mineral composition. Microstructure of silica bricks

changes during their application due to the heat load. repeated heating and cooling. and direct
contact
with the oven atmosphere.
The paperdiscusses the possibility of reducing the apparent porosity and increasing ofbulk
density of
coke oven silica bricks. lt describes the effects of an iron dust. microsilica and influence of the
compaction pressure on the coke oven silica microstructure. Functional characteristics ofthe
material
prepared according to the new standard recipes are compared with the properties of standard
silica
products.

BRIEF/SPECIFICATION DETAILS OF BY PRODUCTS PRODUCED BY RINL

1. Ammonium Sulphate
Ammonium Sulphate is generated as a By-Product from Coke Oven gas produced in the process
of conversion of Coking Coal in to Coke.
Ammonium Sulphate is sold under the brand name of PUSHKALA as a Fertilizer. It is used
for Industrial applications also. This is generally used as a fertilizer for crops like Tobacco,
Sugarcane, Paddy and Maize etc.
Specification:
Nitrogen by weight % min 20.6 Moisture by weight % max 1.0 Free acidity
% max 0.04
RINL is having license to sell Ammonium Sulphate as a fertilizer for the Agricultural Dealers
located in the States of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Bihar and Odhisha.
Ammonium Sulphate can be sold to only those Customers having valid license as a Fertilizer
dealer / Industrial user.
2. Coke Fractions:
(A) Nut coke,
This is a coke fraction generated in Coke oven battery while converting Coking Coal in to B F
Grade Coke( B F Coke is a major raw material for making Pig Iron in Blast Furnace)
Specification:
(i) Size
: 10 mm to 25 mm (ii) Fixed Carbon in
dry basis
: 82 % min (iii) Total Moisture
: 5% max (iv) Volatile Matter in dry
Basis
: 1.5% Max (v) Ash
: 16% Max (vi) Sulphur
: 0.6 %
max
Areas of Use
: Ferro Alloy Industries and Others

(B) Coke Dust:

It is also one of the coke fractions generated in Coke Oven ovens and delivered from the bunkers
(i) Size. 10 mm (ii) Fixed Carbon: 80% approx (indicative only)
Used in Briquetting Industries, Mini steel plants, Power Plants and as alternate fuel in Furnaces
etc.
(C) Coke Sludge: It is a similar product like dust but contains high moisture.
(3) Tar Products:
(A) Crude coal tar:
Specification:
(i) Specific gravity at 200C : 1.16 to 1.20 (ii) Moisture %
: max 6.00 (iii)
Viscosity (E deg) at 930C : 1.70 5.0 (iv) Residue on distillation
(above 360 degrees C)
: Min 53 (v) Toluene insoluble
: Max 14 (vi) Quinolene insoluble
: Max 8
Used for manufacturing Coal Tar Pitch (CTP) , used in Aluminum Industries (Smelters) for
making Anodes in the process of Aluminum Extraction from Raw Material. It is also used in
Carbon Black Industries. :
(B) Medium Hard Pitch:
It is produced by the process of Distillation of crude coal tar. It is in solid form supplied in
bags (each 50 Kgs by weight).
( C) Liquid Pitch : It is in the liquid form generated by distillation of coal tar.
(C ) Hot Pressed Napthalene :
(i) Colour : White or light brown (ii) Crystallization point: 78.5 degrees C (iii) Ash (by
weight) max: 0.20 (iv) Toluene insoluble % max: 0.20 (v) Moisture % max : 0.50
Common use of H P Napthalene is as follows:
Dye Intermediates Insecticides Dispersing agents Tanning Agents Raw material
for Beta Naphthalene, Refined Naphthalene
(D) Drained Napthalene Oil (DNO)
It is Oil generated in the distillation process. DNO is used for extraction of Napthalene and after
distillation; the residue shall be used as an alternate fuel for firing purposes etc.
Specification:
Specific gravity at 20 deg C (max) : 1.02 Moisture % max : 4.00 Naphthalene % (min) :
35
(E) Phenol fractions:
This is also a product of partial distillation of crude coal tar. After extraction of Napthalene and
Phenol contents, left out oil can be used as a alternate fuel.
Specification:
Specific gravity at 20 deg C: 0.99 to 1.00 Phenol %
: 20-30 Naphthalene % max
:
30 Moisture % max
: 4
(F) Still Bottom Oil (SBO):

It is a residue in the distillation process generally used as alternate fuel

(4) Benzol Products:
(A) C G Benzene:
It is a By-product of Benzol Plant generated in the process called Hydro Refined & Extractive
Distillation (HRED) in Coke Ovens.
It is used as a raw material for various Drugs, Dye-stuff, Synthetic rubber, Styrene etc.
Specification:
(i) Relative Density 15.6/15.6 deg C: 0.879 0.886 (ii) Distillation range 1-96 %: 0.60 deg C
(including 80.1 deg C) (iii) * Residue on evaporation mg/100 ml (max): 5 (iv) *Total sulphur
ppm max: 2.00 (v) *H2 S & Mercaptans : Negative (vi) *Crystallization point deg C min: 5.30
(vii) * Non aromatics ppm max: 500 (viii) Purity (by GLC method) min %: 99.93
*These parameters will be included in the Test Certificate on agreement with the customers.
(B) N G Toluene:
Toluene is also a product of HRED Applications of Toluene are Raw material for difference
chemicals like solvents, Artificial sweetening, Paint Industries, Rubber Industries etc
(i) Specific gravity at 15 115 Deg C: 0.870 0.874 (ii) Distillation range 1 96 %: 0.60 Deg C
(including 110.6 deg C) (iii) Residue on evaporation mg/100 ml (max): 5.00 (iv) H2S &
mercaptans : Negative (v) Purity (by GLC method) min % : 99.2
(C) Light solvent oil (LSO):
It is also a product of HRED plant.
Specification:
(i) Specific gravity at 15 deg C
*(ii) Distillation rage up to 125% C ml: 0.850 min
Up to 170 deg C ml: 5 max
mg/100 ml: 90 min *(iii) Residue on evaporation: 10 max *(iv) H2 S & mercaptans : Negative
*(These parameters will be included in the Test Certificate on agreement with the customers)
(D) SOL 110 (Non Aromatics)
It is also product of HRED plant of Coke Ovens
Specification:
(i) Specific Gravity at 15 deg C
: 0.84 min (ii) *Distillation range 1- 95 %
: 55 110
deg C
*This parameter will be included in the Test Certificate on agreement with the customers.
LSO & SOL-110 are used as solvents, starting materials for different Dyes, Used in Printing Ink,
used as Thinner, and Manufacturing for rubber compounding.
(E) Heavy Crude Benzol:
It is also one of the products of HRED plant. After extracting the Napthalene residue can be
used as alternate fuel in industries.
Specific gravity : 0.92 1.10 Moisture
: 5% max Naphthalene
: 20 % min
5. Liquid Gases:
(A) Liquid nitrogen:

It is a product from Air Separation Unit supplied in liquid form in the insulated containers. It is
used as cooling agent in the animal semen preservation units etc. Also used in industries as a
coolant for quenching, purging of gas lines etc.
(B) Liquid oxygen:
It is also a product of Air Separation Unit and it is in liquid form supplied in containers. Used
for medical purpose in Hospitals and in industries / fabrication units for the purpose of gas
cutting etc
(C) Liquid Argon:
It is also a product of Air Separation Unit and it is in liquid form supplied in containers used for
industrial applications.
6. Blast Furnace Granulated Slag:
It is generated in the process of iron making in the Blast Furnace.
Specification:
(a) Ca O: 30 to 38 % (b) Si O2: 30 to 40 % (c) Al 2 O3: 15 to 222% (d) Mg O: 8 to 11% (e) Fe
O: 0.49 % (f) Mn O: 2%
Slag is used for manufacturing cement, Ground Granulated Slag(GGBS), in tiles industries etc.
RINL offers BFG slag for Merchant Export also.
Mode of sale: E-auctions/ Annual MOUs/Open Sales
7. Calcined Lime Fines (Bunker):
Generated in the CRMP unit mainly used in the Aluminum industries, paper mills, sugar
factories, brick industries etc.
Specification:
(i) Ca O 85 to 92% (ii) Si O2 1.0 to 1.5 % (iii) Mg O 2 to 5 % (iv) R2 O3 2.0 to 2.5 % (v) Rest
LOI (vi) Size 10 mm
8. Calcined Lime Fines (Open Yard)
This is also lime fractions, delivered from the open yard. Contains less Ca O and mainly used in
bricks industries.
9. L D Slag:
This is a generated product in the process of Steel Making at Steel Melting Shop (SMS)
Used in Cement industries, Civil works for earth filling etc.
10. Fly Ash:
This is generated in Thermal Power Plant (TPP), captive power plant of RINL.
Used in Brick industry, Cement industry (for making PPC)

Table of Contents
What is it and what does it do?
Coke oven / by-product plant interface
Composition of coke oven gas
Duties of the by-product plant
The by-product plant gas train
Primary cooler
Tar precipitators
Exhauster
Ammonia removal
Final cooler
Naphthalene removal
Light oil removal
Coke oven gas desulfurization
Tar and Liquor Plant
Conclusion
WHAT IS IT AND WHAT DOES IT DO?
The coke oven by-product plant is an integral part of the by-product cokemaking process. In the
process of converting coal into coke using the by-product coke oven, the volatile matter in the
coal is vaporized and driven off. This volatile matter leaves the coke oven chambers as hot, raw
coke oven gas. After leaving the coke oven chambers, the raw coke oven gas is cooled which
results in a liquid condensate stream and a gas stream. The functions of the by-product plant are
to take these two streams from the coke ovens, to process them to recover by-product coal
chemicals and to condition the gas so that it can be used as a fuel gas. Historically, the byproduct chemicals were of high value in agriculture and in the chemical industry, and the profits
made from their sale were often of greater importance than the coke produced. Nowadays
however most of these same products can be more economically manufactured using other
technologies such as those of the oil industry. Therefore, with some exceptions depending on
local economics, the main emphasis of a modern coke by-product plant is to treat the coke oven
gas sufficiently so that it can be used as a clean, environmentally friendly fuel.

Coke oven / by-product plant interface

In a by-product coke oven the evolved coke oven gas leaves the coke oven chambers at high
temperatures approaching 2000()()F. This hot gas is immediately quenched by direct contact
with a spray of aqueous liquor (flushing liquor). The resulting cooled gas is water saturated and
has a temperature of 176() ()F. This gas is collected in the coke oven battery gas collecting main.
From the gas collecting main the raw coke oven gas flows into the suction main. The amount of
flushing liquor sprayed into the hot gas leaving the oven chambers is far more than is required
for cooling, and the remaining unevaporated flushing liquor provides a liquid stream in the gas
collecting main that serves to flush away condensed tar and other compounds. This stream of

flushing liquor flows under gravity into the suction main along with the raw coke oven gas. The
raw coke oven gas and the flushing liquor are separated using a drain pot (the downcomer)
in the suction main. The flushing liquor and the raw coke oven gas then flow separately to the
by-product plant for treatment.
Raw coke oven gas also contains various contaminants, which give coke oven gas
its unique characteristics. These consist of:
l Tar vapors
l Light oil vapors (aromatics), consisting mainly of benzene, toluene and
xylene (BTX)
l Naphthalene vapor
l Ammonia gas
l Hydrogen sulfide gas
l Hydrogen cyanide gas
Duties of the by-product plant
In order to make raw coke oven gas suitable for use as a fuel gas at the coke
oven battery and elsewhere in the steelmaking facility the by-product plant must:
l Cool the coke oven gas to condense out water vapor and contaminants
l Remove tar aerosols to prevent gas line/equipment fouling
l Remove ammonia to prevent gas line corrosion
l Remove naphthalene to prevent gas line fouling by condensation
Other duties may include:
l Remove light oil for recovery and sale of benzene, toluene and xylene
l Remove hydrogen sulfide to meet local emissions regulations governing the
combustion of coke oven gas.
In addition to treating the coke oven gas, the by-product plant must also condition
the flushing liquor that is returned to the coke oven battery, and treat the waste
water that is generated by the coke making process.
The above describes the main features of the majority of coke oven byproducts plants around the
world. The resultant main output streams are shown in the table below. The quantities shown are
intended to be indicative only and relate to a typical facility producing 1 million tons per year of
blast furnace coke. Coal properties and plant design and operation influence the actual quantities.
Coke oven Batteries:
Coke oven plant consists of Coke oven batteries containing number of oven (around 67 ovens in
each battery). The coal is charged to the coke oven through charging holes. The coal is then
carbonized for 17-18 hours, during which volatile matter of coal distills out as coke oven gas and
is sent to the recovery section for recovery of valuable chemicals. The ovens are maintained
under positive pressure by maintaining high hydraulic main pressure of 7 mm water column in

batteries. The coking is complete when the central temperature in the oven is around 9501000oC. At this point the oven is isolated from hydraulic mains and after proper venting of
residual gases, the doors are opened for coke pushing. At the end of coking period the coke mass
has a high volume shrinkage which leads to detachment of mass from the walls ensuring easy
pushing. The coke is then quenched and transferred to coke sorting plant. The control of oven
pressure is quite important because lower pressure leads to air entry while higher pressure leads
to excessive gassing, leakage of doors, stand pipe etc. Proper leveling of coal is important and
care is taken so that free board space above (300 mm) is maintained to avoid choking. Coke oven
plants are integral part of a steel plant to produce coke, which is used as fuel in the blast furnace.
Coke oven plant produces important by product coal chemical tar, ammonia, crude benzoyl
which is fractionated to produce aromatics-benzene toluene, xylem.
Typical Analysis is of Coke
Sr. No.
Parameter
1
Moisture
2
Ash
3
V.M.
4
Sulphur
5
Fixed carbon

Value in percentage
3.5-6%
15.5-17.0%
<1.00
0.65%
79-81%

History
China
Historical sources dating to the 4th century describe the production of coke in ancient China.The
Chinese first used coke for heating and cooking no later than the ninth century.[citation needed]
By the first decades of the eleventh century, Chinese ironworkers in the Yellow River valley
began to fuel their furnaces with coke, solving their fuel problem in that tree-sparse region.
Great Britain
In 1589 a patent was granted to Thomas Proctor and William Peterson for making iron and steel
and melting lead with "earth-coal, sea-coal, turf, and peat". The patent contains a distinct allusion
to the preparation of coal by "cooking". In 1590 a patent was granted to the Dean of York to
"purify pit-coal and free it from its offensive smell". In 1620 a patent was granted to a company
composed of William St. John and other knights, mentioning the use of coke in smelting ores and
manufacturing metals. In 1627 a patent was granted to Sir John Hacket and Octavius de Strada
for a method of rendering sea-coal and pit-coal as useful as charcoal for burning in houses,
without offense by smell or smoke.
In 1603 Hugh Plat suggested that coal might be charred in a manner analogous to the way
charcoal is produced from wood. This process was not put into practice until 1642, when coke
was used for roasting malt in Derbyshire; previously, brewers had used wood, as uncoked coal
cannot be used in brewing because its sulfurous fumes would impart a foul taste to the beer. It
was considered an improvement in quality, and brought about an "alteration which all England
admired"the coke process allowed for a lighter roast of the malt, leading to the creation of
what by the end of the 17th century was called pale ale.
In 1709 Abraham Darby I established a coke-fired blast furnace to produce cast iron. Coke's
superior crushing strength allowed blast furnaces to become taller and larger. The ensuing
availability of inexpensive iron was one of the factors leading to the Industrial Revolution.
Before this time, iron-making used large quantities of charcoal, produced by burning wood. As
the coppicing of forests became unable to meet the demand, the substitution of coke for charcoal
became common in Great Britain, and the coke was manufactured by burning coal in heaps on
the ground in such a way that only the outer layer burned, leaving the interior of the pile in a
carbonized state. In the late 18th century, brick beehive ovens were developed, which allowed
more control over the burning process.
In 1768 John Wilkinson built a more practical oven for converting coal into coke. Wilkinson
improved the process by building the coal heaps around a low central chimney built of loose
bricks and with openings for the combustion gases to enter, resulting in a higher yield of better
coke. With greater skill in the firing, covering and quenching of the heaps, yields were increased
from about 33 per cent to 65 per cent by the middle of the 19th century. The Scottish iron
industry expanded very rapidly in the second quarter of the 19th century, through the adoption of
the hot-blast process in its coalfields.
In 1802 a battery of beehives was set up near Sheffield, to coke the Silkstone seam for use in
crucible steel melting. By 1870, there were 14,000 beehive ovens in operation on the West

Durham coalfields, capable of producing 4.2 million tons of coke. As a measure of the extent of
the expansion of coke-making, it has been estimated that the requirements of the iron industry
were about one million tons a year in the early 1850s, whereas by 1880 the figure had risen to
seven millions, of which about 5 millions were produced in Durham county, one million tons in
the South Wales coalfield, and 1 million tons in Yorkshire and Derbyshire.
In the first years of steam railway locomotives, coke was the normal fuel. This resulted from an
early piece of environmental legislation; any proposed locomotive had to "consume its own
smoke". This was not technically possible to achieve until the firebox arch came into use, but
burning coke, with its low smoke emissions, was considered to meet the requirement. However,
this rule was quietly dropped and cheaper coal became the normal fuel, as railways gained
acceptance among the general public.
United States
Illustration of coal mining and coke burning from 1879.
Coal coking ovens at Cokedale, west of Trinidad, Colorado, supplied steel mills in Pueblo,
Colorado.
In the United States, the first use of coke in an iron furnace occurred around 1817 at Isaac
Meason's Plumsock puddling furnace and rolling mill in Fayette County. In the late 19th century,
the coalfields of western Pennsylvania provided a rich source of raw material for coking. In
1885, the Rochester and Pittsburgh Coal and Iron Company constructed the world's longest
string of coke ovens in Walston, Pennsylvania, with 475 ovens over a length of 2 km (1.25
miles). Their output reached 22,000 tons per month. The Minersville Coke Ovens in Huntingdon
County, Pennsylvania, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.
Between 1870 and 1905, the number of beehive ovens in the United States skyrocketed from
about 200 to almost 31,000, which produced nearly 18 million tons of coke in the Pittsburgh area
alone. One observer boasted that if loaded into a train, the year's production would make up a
train so long that the engine in front of it would go to San Francisco and come back to
Connellsville before the caboose had gotten started out of the Connellsville yards! The number
of beehive ovens in Pittsburgh peaked in 1910 at almost 48,000.
Although it made a top-quality fuel, coking poisoned the surrounding landscape. After 1900, the
serious environmental damage of beehive coking attracted national notice, even though the
damage had plagued the district for decades. The smoke and gas from some ovens destroy all
vegetation around the small mining communities, noted W. J. Lauck of the U.S. Immigration
Commission in 1911. Passing through the region on train, University of Wisconsin president
Charles van Hise saw long rows of beehive ovens from which flame is bursting and dense
clouds of smoke issuing, making the sky dark. By night the scene is rendered indescribably vivid
by these numerous burning pits. The beehive ovens make the entire region of coke manufacture
one of dulled sky: cheerless and unhealthful."

BRIEF/SPECIFICATION DETAILS OF BY PRODUCTS PRODUCED BY RINL

1. Ammonium Sulphate
Ammonium Sulphate is generated as a By-Product from Coke Oven gas
produced in the process of conversion of Coking Coal in to Coke.
Ammonium Sulphate is sold under the brand name of PUSHKALA as a
Fertilizer. It is used for Industrial applications also. This is generally used as a
fertilizer for crops like Tobacco, Sugarcane, Paddy and Maize etc.
Specification:
Nitrogen by weight % min 20.6
Moisture by weight % max 1.0
Free acidity % max 0.04
Mode of Sale : E-Auctions/Annual MOUs/Open Sales
RINL is having license to sell Ammonium Sulphate as a fertilizer for the
Agricultural Dealers located in the States of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil
Nadu, Bihar and Odhisha.
Ammonium Sulphate can be sold to only those Customers having valid license
as a Fertilizer dealer / Industrial user.
2. Coke Fractions:
(A) Nut coke,
This is a coke fraction generated in Coke oven battery while converting Coking
Coal in to B F Grade Coke( B F Coke is a major raw material for making Pig Iron
in Blast Furnace)
Specification:
(i) Size : 10 mm to 25 mm
(ii) Fixed Carbon in
dry basis : 82 % min
(iii) Total Moisture : 5% max
(iv) Volatile Matter in dry
Basis : 1.5% Max
(v) Ash : 16% Max
(vi) Sulphur : 0.6 % max
Areas of Use : Ferro Alloy Industries and Others
Mode of sales: E-auctions/Open sales
(B) Coke Dust:
It is also one of the coke fractions generated in Coke Oven ovens and delivered
from the bunkers
(i) Size. 10 mm
(ii) Fixed Carbon: 80% approx (indicative only)
Used in Briquetting Industries, Mini steel plants, Power Plants and as alternate
fuel in Furnaces etc.
Mode of sales: Open sales, Quarterly Open Tender

(C) Coke Sludge:

It is a similar product like dust but contains high moisture.
Mod of sale for Coke fractions: E-auctions/Open Sales
(3) Tar Products:
(A) Crude coal tar:
Specification:
(i) Specific gravity at 200C : 1.16 to 1.20
(ii) Moisture % : max 6.00
(iii) Viscosity (E deg) at 930C : 1.70 5.0
(iv) Residue on distillation
(above 360 degrees C) : Min 53
(v) Toluene insoluble : Max 14
(vi) Quinolene insoluble : Max 8
Used for manufacturing Coal Tar Pitch (CTP) , used in Aluminum Industries
(Smelters) for making Anodes in the process of Aluminum Extraction from Raw
Material. It is also used in Carbon Black Industries. :
(B) Medium Hard Pitch:
It is produced by the process of Distillation of crude coal tar. It is in solid
form supplied in bags (each 50 Kgs by weight).
( C) Liquid Pitch : It is in the liquid form generated by distillation of coal tar.
Mode of Sale: Open Sales
(C ) Hot Pressed Napthalene :
(i) Colour : White or light brown
(ii) Crystallization point: 78.5 degrees C
(iii) Ash (by weight) max: 0.20
(iv) Toluene insoluble % max: 0.20
(v) Moisture % max : 0.50
Common use of H P Napthalene is as follows:
Dye Intermediates
Insecticides
Dispersing agents
Tanning Agents
Raw material for Beta Naphthalene, Refined Naphthalene
(D) Drained Napthalene Oil (DNO)
It is Oil generated in the distillation process. DNO is used for extraction of
Napthalene and after distillation; the residue shall be used as an alternate fuel
for firing purposes etc.
Specification:
Specific gravity at 20 deg C (max) : 1.02
Moisture % max : 4.00
Naphthalene % (min) : 35

(E) Phenol fractions:

This is also a product of partial distillation of crude coal tar. After extraction of
Napthalene and Phenol contents, left out oil can be used as a alternate fuel.
Specification:
Specific gravity at 20 deg C: 0.99 to 1.00
Phenol % : 20-30
Naphthalene % max : 30
Moisture % max : 4
(F) Still Bottom Oil (SBO):
It is a residue in the distillation process generally used as alternate fuel
(4) Benzol Products:
(A) C G Benzene:
It is a By-product of Benzol Plant generated in the process called Hydro
Refined & Extractive Distillation (HRED) in Coke Ovens.
It is used as a raw material for various Drugs, Dye-stuff, Synthetic rubber,
Styrene etc.
Specification:
(i) Relative Density 15.6/15.6 deg C: 0.879 0.886
(ii) Distillation range 1-96 %: 0.60 deg C (including 80.1 deg C)
(iii) * Residue on evaporation mg/100 ml (max): 5
(iv) *Total sulphur ppm max: 2.00
(v) *H2 S & Mercaptans : Negative
(vi) *Crystallization point deg C min: 5.30
(vii) * Non aromatics ppm max: 500
(viii) Purity (by GLC method) min %: 99.93
*These parameters will be included in the Test Certificate on agreement
with the customers.
(B) N G Toluene:
Toluene is also a product of HRED
Applications of Toluene are Raw material for difference chemicals like solvents,
Artificial sweetening, Paint Industries, Rubber Industries etc
(i) Specific gravity at 15 115 Deg C: 0.870 0.874
(ii) Distillation range 1 96 %: 0.60 Deg C (including 110.6 deg C)
(iii) Residue on evaporation mg/100 ml (max): 5.00
(iv) H2S & mercaptans : Negative
(v) Purity (by GLC method) min % : 99.2
(C) Light solvent oil (LSO):
It is also a product of HRED plant.
Specification:
(i) Specific gravity at 15 deg C
*(ii) Distillation rage up to 125% C ml: 0.850 min

Up to 170 deg C ml: 5 max

mg/100 ml: 90 min
*(iii) Residue on evaporation: 10 max
*(iv) H2 S & mercaptans : Negative
*(These parameters will be included in the Test Certificate on agreement with
the customers)
(D) SOL 110 (Non Aromatics)
It is also product of HRED plant of Coke Ovens
Specification:
(i) Specific Gravity at 15 deg C : 0.84 min
(ii) *Distillation range 1- 95 % : 55 110 deg C
*This parameter will be included in the Test Certificate on agreement with the
customers.
LSO & SOL-110 are used as solvents, starting materials for different Dyes, Used
in Printing Ink, used as Thinner, and Manufacturing for rubber compounding.
(E) Heavy Crude Benzol:
It is also one of the products of HRED plant. After extracting the Napthalene
residue can be used as alternate fuel in industries.
Specific gravity : 0.92 1.10
Moisture : 5% max
Naphthalene : 20 % min
5. Liquid Gases:
(A) Liquid nitrogen:
It is a product from Air Separation Unit supplied in liquid form in the insulated
containers. It is used as cooling agent in the animal semen preservation units
etc. Also used in industries as a coolant for quenching, purging of gas lines etc.
Mode of sale: E-Auction/Open sales.
(B) Liquid oxygen:
It is also a product of Air Separation Unit and it is in liquid form supplied in
containers. Used for medical purpose in Hospitals and in industries /
fabrication units for the purpose of gas cutting etc.
Mode of sale: E-auction/MOU
(C) Liquid Argon:
It is also a product of Air Separation Unit and it is in liquid form supplied in
containers used for industrial applications.
Mode of Sale: Open sale
6. Blast Furnace Granulated Slag:
It is generated in the process of iron making in the Blast Furnace.
Specification:
(a) Ca O: 30 to 38 %
(b) Si O2: 30 to 40 %

(c) Al 2 O3: 15 to 222%

(d) Mg O: 8 to 11%
(e) Fe O: 0.49 %
(f) Mn O: 2%
Slag is used for manufacturing cement, Ground Granulated Slag(GGBS), in tiles
industries etc.
RINL offers BFG slag for Merchant Export also.
Mode of sale: E-auctions/ Annual MOUs/Open Sales
7. Calcined Lime Fines (Bunker):
Generated in the CRMP unit mainly used in the Aluminum industries, paper
mills, sugar factories, brick industries etc.
Specification:
(i) Ca O 85 to 92%
(ii) Si O2 1.0 to 1.5 %
(iii) Mg O 2 to 5 %
(iv) R2 O3 2.0 to 2.5 %
(v) Rest LOI
(vi) Size 10 mm
Mode of sale: E- Auctions/Open Sales
8. Calcined Lime Fines (Open Yard)
This is also lime fractions, delivered from the open yard. Contains less Ca O
and mainly used in bricks industries.
Mode of sales: Open Sales/E-auctions
9. L D Slag:
This is a generated product in the process of Steel Making at Steel Melting Shop
(SMS)
Used in Cement industries, Civil works for earth filling etc.
Mode of sales: Open sales
10. Fly Ash:
This is generated in Thermal Power Plant (TPP), captive power plant of RINL.
Used in Brick industry, Cement industry (for making PPC)