Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Chapter 1: Biodiversity
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Chapter 2: Ecology
1. Distinguish between the habitat and niches of a species. Why is it difficult to define
the human habitat? [10]
2. Describe the completion. How might two species that compete for the same resource
coexist? [10]
3. Define the biosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere. [10]
4. Characterize a predator and a parasite. [10]
5. Explain how energy is transferred along the food chain in an ecosystem. [10]
6. Define primary producer, consumer, decomposer, and detritivores. [10]
7. Define and describe trophic levels. Which class of organisms is farthest from the
energy input into an ecosystem? [10]
8. Define food chain and food web. How do grazing food web differ from detrital food
webs? [10]
9. Distinguish between biomass pyramid and energy pyramid. What did the weakness
and the advantages have in measurement of an aquatic ecosystem?
10. Define the biogeochemical cycle. By using a suitable example describe the
characteristic of the cycling pools and reservoir pool. [10]
11. Define carbon cycle. What is the different between the carbon fixation and
decarboxylation process? Discuss. [10]
12. Describe the interaction of biotic and abiotic component in the lake zonation. [10]
Chapter 5: Biocatalysts
1. List the properties of enzymes. [8]
2. Describe how increasing the concentration of the substrate affects the rate of an
enzyme-catalysed reaction. [6]
3. Explain how enzyme denaturation affects enzymatic activity and describe the
conditions under which this takes place. [10]
4. Describe the inhibition. [10]
5. Under what conditions does increasing the enzyme concentration not have effect on
the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction? Explain. [6]
6. Discuss the idea that enzymes are highly specific. [4]
7. Why can it be said that the enzymatic action is highly specific? [2]
8. What happens to a denatured enzyme regarding its functionality? How can that result
be explained with the help of the lock and key hypothesis? [4]
9. Concerning enzymatic reactions, how different are the graphic curve of the variation
of the speed of a reaction as function of substrate concentration and the curve of
variation of the speed of a reaction as function of temperature? [6]
10. As the organ and tissues is donate by an organ donor, an immediate cooling
procedures is takes place to ensure the delivered of a well-functioned organs and
tissues to receiver. How is the cooling of organs and tissues for medical transplants
associated with the effect of temperature upon enzymatic reaction? [5]
11. Do enzymes act better under acid or basic pH? [8]
12. Since pepsin is a gastric enzyme does it have an acid or basic optimum pH? What
happens to pepsin when it passes into the duodenum? [4]
13. What are enzyme cofactor? Describe. [10]
14. For the enzymatic reaction what is the effects of a substance with the same spatial
conformation as an enzymatic substrate? How is this type of substance known? [6]
13.
Chapter 7: Photosynthesis
1. Describe the role of water in photosynthesis. [6]
2. Describe the photolysis of water. [5]
3. Describe the basic characteristic of a photosystem and explain how photosystem I
differ from phototsystem II. [
4. Describe the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis. [8]
5. How is cyclic photophosphorylation different from non-cyclic photophosphorylation?
[8]
6. Using a diagram describe the light dependent reaction of carbohydrate synthesis in:
[15]
a. C3 plant
b. C4 plant
7. Give the reasons why shade plants growing on the forest floor are able to survive. [4]
8. What is photorespiration? [8]
9. State the roles of ATP and hydrogen ions used in fix carbon dioxide to makes organic
molecules. [4]
10. On hot and dry days, oxygen from photosynthesis accumulates in leaves. Explain
why, and explain what happens in C3 plants versus C4 plants. [10]
11. How does chlorophyll a differ in function from accessory pigments during the lightdependent reactions? [4]
12. Describe what is photosystem? [5]
13. What is the function of ATP in photosynthesis? What is the function of NADPH? [6]
Chapter 8: Gaseous Exchange and its controls
1. Describe the structure of the haemoglobin. [8]
2. Describe the characteristic of haemoglobin that enable its to become a better
respiratory pigment to transport oxygen compered to myoglobin. [8]
3. Define the respiratory surface. What is the characteristic of the respiratory surface?
[10]
4. Describe the Bohr Effect. [6]
5. Describe the physiological advantage resulting from the altered dissociation curve in
the present of high level of carbon dioxide. [5]
6. Explain how carbon dioxide is transport along the blood vessels. [10]
7. Give suggestion on how the effect of carbon monoxide on the oxygen dissociation
curve which contributes to the toxic effect of the gas. [3]
8. What is meant by the term partial pressure? How can the changes of the partial
pressure in body system affect the gaseous exchange? [10]
9. Explain how the mechanism of breathing is controlled in a human. [10]
10. Explain the mechanism of stomata opening and closing. [10]
11. With the help of a diagram, describe the structure of stomata. [10]
Chapter 9: Transport System
1. Describe the cardiac cycle. [10]
2. Describe the structure of heart muscle and explain how hearthbeat is initiated and
how it is regulated. [10]
3. Explain the meaning of systole, diastole and cardiac cycle. [6]
4. Describe the roles of SA node and AV node. [4]
5. Describe the initiation of heartbeat. [10]
6. Describe how the lymph is formed and return to circulatory system. [10]
7. Discuss the lymphatic system and its component. [10]
8. Describe the movement of fluid between blood and interstitial fluid. [6]
9. Describe the pressure flow hypothesis. [10]
10. Describe the structure of xylem vessels in relation to its function. [7]
11. Describe the method of water passage from one cell to another cell in a flowering
plant. [6]
12. Describe the transport of water from the surrounding soil to the xylem of the roots.
[10]
13. Describe the transpiration pull that happen at leave. [5]
14. Describe how the water enable to enter the root and reach the xylem. [10]
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
What is antigen? How can an antigen stimulate the immune response? [8]
Describe the events by which a macrophage turn into antigen-presenting cell. [4]
Describe the roles of cytotoxic T cells in immune response. [8]
What is antibody? Describe the structure of antibody. [10]
Describe briefly the classification of antibody and roles of each antibody. [10]
How does the antibody react with the antigen? [8]
What is the roles of Helper T cell in immune response? [6]
Explain the concept of self and non-self. [5]
Explain why the transplanted of kidney from a donor may later rejected by the
recipients body. Explain the steps taken to overcome this problem. [10]
11. With the help of diagram describe the cell-mediated immune response.[10]
12. With the help of diagram, describe the humoral immunity. [10]