The Country Notebook

1. Cultural Analysis
A. Introduction- Bangladesh is a small country located in Asia. Almost completely surrounded
by India on both sides, Bangladesh's size is accurately represented. Bangladesh exports many
products ranging from textiles to a variety of frozen foods to many countries, including the U.S..
However, the country itself faces political corruption and extreme levels of poverty, therefore it
is important to keep in mind the amount of purchasing power the average Bangladeshi has,
especially when marketing a certain product. Keeping this in mind, the best product to market in
Bangladesh would be something that the average citizen can afford. Much of the labor force
consists of poor citizens working in large textile manufacturing plants, and although they have
limited money to spend, there is one thing that all workers need, food. It would not be a good
decision to try and market food items, due to the religion and dietary restrictions that many
Bangladeshi's follow, instead it would be profitable to market food containers that many of the
workers use during lunch/snack breaks. The food container would have to be durable, easily
washed, and portable. The best choice is most likely plastic/rubber containers. Rubbermaid, more
specifically Newell Rubbermaid, has been around since 1903 at the founding of the first factory
(4). Rubbermaid specializes in improving technology for every day usage, and marketing at an
affordable price (4). Rubbermaid also distributes plastic food containers with rubber lids, cheap
and affordable, these containers have many good incentives that will consumers to purchase their
products. If marketed in Bangladesh, even the working class citizens would be able to afford this
necessity.
B. History
Bangladesh has only been an independent state for 44 years, after claiming independence in
1971, after the war of independence (2). This makes Bangladesh a relatively new country.
Despite this, the language and culture of the Bengali people have been around for centuries (2).
Also, despite being a Buddhist country in origin, the invasion of the Muslims in the 12th century
brought Islam with it, and today, Islam is the main religion of Bangladesh (2). Since Bangladesh
claimed independence, it has been tormented and riddled with many years of social and political
corruption. Recently converted from democracy to a unitary parliamentary republic (3), it is clear
to see how unstable the country's political structure is.
C. Geographical Setting
1. Location- Southeast Asia, borders the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and India. (3)
2. Tropical Climate, mild Winter, hot/humid Summer, Humid/Warm Rainy Monsoon. (3)
3. Topography- 70% agricultural Land (59% arable land, 6.5% crops, 4.6% pasture)
11% Tropical Rainforest, 19% Alluvial Plains (3)

D. Social Institutions
1.Family
a. The Nuclear Family, or immediate family in Bangladesh is very expansive. Many
families, although large in number, live together in cramped homes. Usually consisting of a
mother/father with many children, and sometimes older generations also live in the same
household (5).
b. The Extended Family of Bangladeshi usually consists of the many aunts and uncles
from a new generations point of view (5). Some families live together in large groups containing
all of the extended family (10).
c. Dynamics of the Family
1) The father is responsible for making money and supporting the large family,
while the mother stays at home performs household chores, and takes care of children (5).
2) A traditional wedding is usually arranged by matchmakers called Ghotoks (5).
Most of the marriages in Bangladesh are planned and the groom and bride usually have little
choice of who they marry. No courting is performed, and couples usually marry relatively
quickly after a match has been made (5).
d. Male and Female roles have been static, and so far there is no sign of change. Males
focus on providing money for the family, while the women do daily chores (5).
2. Education
a. Role of Education
1) Primary education, for children ages 1-5, Is ran by the DPE (Directorate of Primary
Education) (6). Primary education is well provided for, and at no cost to the children's families. It
acts as a place to watch over children as parents either work, or perform chores at home (6).
Coupled with civil examinations for attending Secondary Education, the Primary education
system is well established (6).
2) Secondary education is also very well established. In the Bangladesh Constitution, it
states that all children between the ages of 6-18 years receive secondary education free of charge
to the families (6). The education system also has many public examinations for the children, and
if they do well, obviously they can be accepted to better schools (6).
3) Tertiary Education, in essence, colleges and universities are somewhat established.
With over 15 state universities funded by the government, the availability of universities is

relatively high for such a poverty-stricken country (6). The quality of education is extremely
good, with only the top students being qualified to attend these universities, most of them usually
pursue engineering, or even attend further education to receive masters or doctorate degrees (6).
However, further education is usually not funded by the government, meaning only privileged
families have a chance of sending their children to pursue further educational studies (6).
b. Literacy Rates are low. Only 61.5% of their population can read and write, 64% for males,
and 58% for females (3).
3. Political System
a. Bangladesh is Unitary Parliamentary Democracy. (3)
b. Political Parties include the following; Awami League, Communist Party of
Bangladesh, Bangladesh Nationalist Front, Bangladesh Nationalist Party, Bikalpa Dhara
Bangladesh, Islami Oikya Jote, Jatiya Party, Liberal Democratic Party, National Socialist Party,
Tarikat Foundation, and the Workers Party. (3)
c. Political Corruption in Bangladesh is a real threat to the system and the government
(2). While many of its citizens are living in poverty, the government officials are exploiting the
citizens, and taking advantage of their situation (2). This makes the government very unstable,
with many stories about political confrontations.
d. There are no Special Taxes in Bangladesh, only usual ones such as Income and
corporate income taxes (3).
e. The Role of Government is not as imposing as it is in the United States. While the
government is supposed to provide for the citizens, no significant laws or changes have been
made to improve the lives of Bangladesh's citizens (7).
4. Legal System
a. The Judicial Branch Supreme Court is organized into the Appellate Division with 7
Justices and the High Court with 99 Justices. Justices are appointed by the president , and serve
until age 67.
b. Bangladesh has a mixed legal system composed of mostly English common law and
Islamic Law (3).
c. Bangladesh manages and participates in copyrights and patent mostly. Under the
Copyright Act 2000, and the Patent and Designs Act 1911 respectively. (8)

5. Social Organizations
a. Collectively, most of the social organizations have one focus in mind, to improve the
working conditions and worker rights of the working class citizens (8).
b. Social Classes in Bangladesh are very defined. The Lower class, Working Class,
Middle Class, and the Upper Class (9).
c. As mentioned before, most clubs and organizations are for the improvement of
working/living conditions (8). Organizations such as Odikhar (human rights group) and BRAC
(Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee) are present (3).
6. Not many Bangladeshi's are involved in Business, however business is very high-context (3).
Customs and Practices are usually determined by religion, which will be explained in the
Religion section of the notebook.

E. Religion and Aesthetics

1. Religion and other belief systems
a. Bangladesh is heavily influenced by Islam, therefore the Koran is often viewed as an
orthodox doctrine, however, due to separation to the middle east where most of Islam's structures
are, there are no orthodox structures in Bangladesh (3).
b. The people of Bangladesh are heavily influenced by religion and enforce its
restrictions and requirements very strictly (8).
c/d. Bangladesh's religions are as follows; 89.5% Muslim, 9.6% Hindu, and 0.9% other
(Christianity, Buddhism) (3).
e. There are many prominent sects in Bangladesh, which includes sects such as Sunni sect
of Islam and Sufi Groups. Many Terrorist organizations are prominent, such as Jamat-e-Islami,
one of Bangladesh's most well-known terrorist organizations (8).
2. Aesthetics
a. Visual Arts include textile arts and crafts, terracotta, pottery, painting, and literature are
all very prominent in Bangladesh (5).
b. Styles of music include classic, folk, and modern (5). The most popular music in
Bangladesh is known as Baul (5). Modern Music is also practiced in Bangladesh (5).

c. The Drama, Ballet, and other performing arts are not heavily stressed in Bangladesh,
and various forms of entertainment are practiced. Sports such as Soccer, Cricket, Badminton, and
field hockey are practiced by many Bangladeshi's for entertainment (5).
d. Folklore is not a prominent part of Bangladesh's system, however they do celebrate
Bangladesh's rich agricultural heritage, "Nabonno" (5).
F. Living Conditions
1. Diet and Nutrition
a. Due to Religions such as Islam and Hinduism, Pork (Islam) and all meats (Hindu) are
prohibited in Bangladeshi's diet. Meaning that meat consumption rates is really low. Vegetables,
on the other hand are widely consumed, which explains the rich agricultural heritage (5).
b. Typical Meals in Bangladesh usually consists boiled/fried vegetables and fish (5).
Since fish can be eaten by all Bangladeshi's under all religions, it is widely consumed (5). Foods
such as Korma, are eaten by many Bangladeshi's (5).
c. Bangladesh is the ranked 5th on the most malnourished population of the world (3).
over 35.1% of its population is under a healthy weight (3).
d. Bangladesh has many kinds of foods available, the only noticeable difference is the
amount of meat, specifically pork available. Although still around, Pork, uneaten by more than
98% of the population is rare, and hard to find (5)(3). Vegetables are abundant, Chicken and Fish
meat are also very abundant.
2. Housing
a. There are many forms of housing available such as private homes and apartments,
however homes are usually very cramped and about 28% of homes were made with mud brick
walls, and almost 79% were made with bamboo or wood (10).
b. Most people who can afford housing rent, homelessness and poverty is a huge issue in
Bangladesh (10).
c. According to a census done in 1991, which although isn't current, can accurately depict
living conditions since the economic position of Bangladesh hasn't changed much, a typical
household holds around 5.5 people (10). Usually containing immediate family, and sometimes
even with other families as well (10).
3. Clothing

a. National Dress for urban men is western-style, while traditional men wear a lungi and
genji (5). For women, most usually wear a saree which is a long cloth wrapped around a woman
in intricate ways (5).
b. As for what citizens wear to work, more professional jobs require western-style
business formal, while women always wear the saree even at work (5).
4. Recreation, Sports, and other activities
a. The most popular sports, as mentioned before, are Cricket, Badminton, field hockey,
and table tennis (5).
b. Most people do not spend any of their income on such activities, and only play for
recreation (3). As for people who pay to watch games, there is no statistic for each activity,
however assuming that the average GDP per capita is only around $3,000, most citizens most
likely can't afford to spend that kind of money (3).
5. Social Security in Bangladesh is very limited, to qualify, one must be over 65 years old, and be
a low-income citizen (11). Only one member of each family can receive the pension (11).
Therefore, having multiple retired family members does not mean more pension.
6. Bangladesh's healthcare is surprisingly well incorporated, with over 3% of the country's GDP
spent on healthcare alone (12).
G. Language
1. Official Language is Bengali, with over 98.8% of the population speaking Bengali, and 1.2%
of other mixed languages including English. (3)
2. The written language is also Bengali, with almost all of the writing done in Bengali (3).
3. There are no specific dialects for any region of Bangladesh, Bengali is the only form of spoken
language in Bangladesh (3).

II. Economic Analysis

A. Population
1. Total: 168,957,945 (July 2015 Est.) (3)
a. Growth Rate: 1.6% (July 2015 Est.) (3).
b. approximately 3,571,771 Births, (calculated from population and birth rate)
c. 21.14 births/1000 population (July 2015 Est.) (3).
2. Distribution of Population
a. 0-14 years: 31.62% (male 27,115,731/female 26,311,130) (3)
15-24 years: 18.86% (male 14,976,910/female 16,880,807) (3)
25-54 years: 38.27% (male 30,608,224/female 34,053,744) (3)

55-64 years: 6.12% (male 5,196,932/female 5,150,199) (3)

65 years and over: 5.13% (male 4,258,664/female 4,405,404) (2015 est.) (3)

b. 0-14 years: 1.03 male(s)/female (3)

15-24 years: 0.89 male(s)/female (3)

25-54 years: 0.9 male(s)/female (3)

55-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female (3)

65 years and over: 0.97 male(s)/female (3)

total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2015 est.) (3)

c. Urban and Suburban areas account for around 18.8% of the total land in Bangladesh.
Urban areas are heavily populated and very dense, in Dhaka, the capital, resides around 15
million people in an area of just 134 square miles (13) . Boasting the highest population density
in the entire world (3).
d. Nearly 2/3 of emigration is to urban areas, Rural to Rural migration is 10%, and is 24%
for overseas migration. (13).
e. Although only 1.1% of Bangladeshi's belong to an ethnic group other than Bengali,
there are some major ethnic groups that are well known (3). The government recognizes around
75 ethnic groups in Bangladesh (3).
B. Economic Statistics & Activity
1. GDP/GNP
a. GDP: $185.4 billion (2014 est.)(3)
b. GDP Growth Rate: 6.1% (2014 est.)(3)
2. Personal income per capita: $3,400 (2014 est.)(3)
3. Average Family Income: $11,480 (2010)(14)
4. Distribution of Wealth
a/b. Lowest 10% (3.9%), Lowest 20% (8.7%), Second 20% (12%), Third 20% (15.7%),
Fourth 20% (20.8%), Highest 20% (42.8%), Highest 10% (28.6%) (14)
c. The distribution is relatively even along the upper 60% of the population, however it
begins to lower drastically once you hit the bottom 40% of the population. (Inferred based on
above statistics.)
5. Despite its size, Bangladesh has an abundant amount of natural gas, oil, coal, hard rock,
limestone, white clay, and glass sand (14). Other resources include large amounts of arable land,
giving rise to products such as, rice, jute, tea, wheat, sugarcane, potatoes, tobacco, pulses,
oilseeds, and various spices (3). As many know, Bangladesh is sometimes called "the land of
rivers," due to its large quantities of running rivers.
6. Surface Transportation

a. Bangladesh has over 2,460 km of railways, and over 21,269 km of paved roads (3).
These roads harbor anything from bicycles to cars, although most of the roads are occupied by
bicycles and smaller vehicles (5)(3). Many also fail to consider another very popular way of
transportation, boats. Bangladesh offers the most waterways and ways to travel along rivers than
any other country in the world, and although most people tend to use roads, boats are still a very
common form of transportation (3).
b. Most families can afford to buy bicycles and smaller vehicles such as motorcycles,
however for the most part, cars are reserved for the middle class and up (5).
c. Major Ports include Chittagong located in southeastern Bangladesh, and the river port,
Mongia port (3).
7. Communications systems
a. Telephones, Radio, Television, and Internet are the major types of communication
media.
b/c. The availability of these forms of communications vary. The Telephone system was
deemed inadequate for a modern society, however 65 people out of 100 do own telephones (3).
Radio is the most widely used form of communication, with almost everyone in Bangladesh
having access to some kind of radio (3). Internet, is the least used form of communication in
Bangladesh, with only 6.9% of the population utilizing the internet (3). This comes with good
reason, most Bangladeshi's are too poor and cannot afford internet services much less a
computer, therefore Internet is not a widely used source of communication.
8. Working Conditions
a. Employers in Bangladesh often do not have good relations with their employees, hence
the frequent worker strikes and multitude of social and human rights groups (8).
b. Employee participation varies. Participation in the actual job itself is mandatory, in
order for families to be able to sustain themselves, however participation in workers
benefits/rights groups is optional, even though most Bangladeshi's are actively participating in at
least one group (9).
c. Salaries are very low, especially for low-income workers. With a per capita income of
only $3,400, it is a fact that most Bangladeshi's do not have adequate incomes (3). Workers in the
lower class do not have many benefits, if any. Lunch breaks are usually the only benefit to
working in factories and other low-paying jobs, therefore any further benefits are out of the
question.
9. Principal Industries

a. In the early 2000's almost 90% of Bangladesh's GNP was made up of Jute exports
(15).The largest industry today is the Textile/Garments industry, accounting for 52% of total
exports (15). The third is tied between Steel/iron and Pharmaceuticals both around 20% of GNP
(15).
b. Most organizations are publicly owned, and all major industries, including Textile,
Jute, and Pharmaceutical Export are all publicly owned (15). Bangladesh has a small number of
privately owned companies, much less industries. Examples of publicly owned corporations
include, Beximco Pharmaceuticals Limited, BSRM steels Ltd, and Dhaka Electric Supply
Company (15).
10. Foreign Investment
a. The stock of Foreign Direct Investment in Bangladesh is around $8.625 billion (2014
est.)(3) There aren't many openings for foreign investment due to the fact that most corporations
are publicly owned (15).
b. Despite the above statement, more than half of all FDI can be traced to the textile
industry, which does provide insight on which industry to invest in.
11. International Trade Statistics
a. Major Exports
1) Garments, knitwear, agricultural products, frozen food (fish and seafood), jute and jute
goods, leather, are all major exports in Bangladesh (3). Bangladesh's trade partners are as
follows, US 16.3%, Germany 11.8%, UK 7.8%, France 4.8%, Netherlands 4.8%, Spain 4.4%
(2013 est.)(3).
2) More and more countries are accepting Garments and textiles from Bangladesh, and it
is quickly becoming a lucrative investment.
b. Major Imports
1) cotton, machinery and equipment, chemicals, iron and steel, foodstuffs are all major
imported goods in Bangladesh (3). Bangladesh's import partners are, China 21.9%, India 14%,
Singapore 5.8%, Malaysia 5.3% (2013 est.) (3).
2) As said before, the textile industry is booming in Bangladesh, and in order to make
textiles, cotton is required. This would most likely be the top imported product to Bangladesh,
and as many follow the trend, Bangladesh will have more access to cheaper cotton.
c. Balance-of-payments Situation
1) There is a Deficit of $33.2 billion (30 June 2014 est.) (3).

2) Compared to the $28.26 billion (30 June 2013 est.)(3) from last year, it's clear that
Bangladesh's Deficit is indeed increasing, and at an alarming rate.
d. Exchange Rates
1) The currency Bangladeshi's use is Taka (3). A singular exchange rate (3).
2) The current rate is 77.57 (2014 est.)(3)
3) Compared to 2013's 78.103, or 2012's 79.86, it can be seen that the rate of exchange is
stable around an average of 78 (3).
12. Trade Restrictions
a. Although Bangladesh has almost no embargoes throughout their entire history, except
for embargoes on Cricket players. Basically, Bangladesh does not participate in any Embargoes,
however they have been the victim of embargoes (14). Specifically the recent embargoes on Iran
from the United States sanctions, one of Bangladesh's largest jute customers, has almost torn the
fibre business apart. With over 40 million Bangladeshi's relying on Jute for income, this embargo
has not been taken lightly (15).
b. According to an article, Bangladesh has one of the lowest taxes, and least quotas of
any country (16). Bangladesh recently dropped its 18% tax on clothing made in the country,
which has opened up many opportunities for small textile businesses to thrive in the market (16).
Bangladesh has also had the fewest quotas of any country in the world, and of the quotas that are
implemented, they are reasonable, and are rarely exceeded (16).
c/d/f. Import tariffs and duties, however, are another story. Bangladesh utilizes a import
duty and tax system based on the CIF, or the Cost, Insurance, and Freight (16). Basically, instead
of taxing individual units or pallets, Bangladesh taxes the entire transaction total and taxes from
the total amount (16). This drastically increases the total amount taxed on imported goods.
e. Licensing is difficult in Bangladesh. This is mainly due to the amount of corruption
within city councils, where technically, is where one would receive trade licenses from (6). Many
articles claim that getting a license in Bangladesh, is almost impossible without some sort of
Bribery.
13. Extent of economic activity not included in cash income activities.
a. Countertrades
1) Surprisingly, despite the numerous amounts of small markets, countertrade is not
usually practiced within Bangladesh. This is most likely due to their trust in the monetary
system, with little to no change in the purchasing power of the Taka (3), it would be wise to trust
in a more stable entity.

2) This does not mean however, that countertrading is completely absent. Although most
do not participate in countertrading, exceptions may be made in trades between families or
friends, where, out of courtesy, another item is offered for another (5). Not really bartering or
counter-purchasing, this is the only form of countertrading that possibly exists in Bangladesh.
b. Foreign aid is heavily monitored by the Government (11). Bangladeshi officials wish
to keep the amount of nationalism in the country high, however organizations such as UNICEF
and other humanitarian aid groups have been reaching out to Bangladesh for decades (8).
14.Labor Force
a) Boasting one of the largest labor forces in the world, this is where Bangladesh really
stands out. Ranked 7th with around 80.27 million laborers (3) this massive labor force is the key
to Bangladesh's magnificent manufacturing power. Despite almost 80% of the labor participating
in services and agriculture, the 13% in industry have a massive impact on the goods production
of Bangladesh (3).
b) Unemployment rate is 5% estimated in 2014 (3), unchanged from 2013's 5% (3).
However, around 40% of the population is underemployed, with minimal hours and shifts to
support them.
15. Inflation rates: 7% (2014 est.) (3), 7%(2013 est.) (3).
C. Developments in science and technology
1. Although Bangladesh does import many different technologies and machinery, most of
it is strictly restricted by the public sector. Many civilians have no access to internet or
computers (6).
2. Only 5.5% of GDP is invested into government research and activities (3), and there is
no investment to research in the private sector.
3. Skilled labor is extremely limited in Bangladesh. Mentioned before, although
Bangladesh does have a large labor force, only 60% of these people can read and write (3),
meaning skilled labor is out of the question. Even compared to China, where many view as a
labor capital, workers in China are more educated and skilled than in Bangladesh.
D. Channels of Distribution
1.Middlemen
a)Retailers

1) There are about 90 clothing retailers in Bangladesh, (15). Clothing is one of the
biggest markets in Bangladesh, therefore it is not likely that any other industry will exceed this
number.
2) Retail outlets are usually either very large, or very small (5). Bangladesh has
many malls and shopping centers built to hold thousands of customers at once, meaning that
retail store must have a large capacity.
3) Customary markup of various classes of goods. This is very prominent in
Bangladesh. Entire malls are catered to specific income levels, and the gap between the malls are
extremely noticeable (5). This also means that higher class malls, obviously have higher prices
and more brand name items (5).
4) In Bangladesh, the citizens have an overwhelmingly sense of trust in their
money, and in many places, cash is the only accepted form of currency (5). Not only do
Bangladeshi's not trust credit, many of them do not have access in the first place.
5) Retailers always operate in large scale operations (15). Every industry that is
based in Bangladesh are always large, and the companies within are large scale as well (15).
6) Chain store and department stores are there to allow people to shop in their
own class. As said before, department stores are usually tailored to a specific income level, and
thus attract accordingly (5).
b. Wholesale Middlemen
1) Wholesale middlemen in Bangladesh are limited in number. This is because
Bangladesh does not receive many wholesale imports, and most wholesale items, such as
agricultural products and food, are produced domestically, and distributed by said companies and
coporations. (15).
2) There is also little markup for classes of goods, since most domestic and
international products are industrial products, usually markup is unnecessary for the increase of
sales (15).
3) Wholesale middlemen usually accept credit as their only form of operation.
Based on common knowledge that cash is difficult to manage and maintain, while credit is easily
manageable.
c. Import/Export Agents- Importing agents are not common in Bangladesh, making it a difficult
market to enter. On the other hand, Exporting agents are abundant, and many corporations have
exporting partners, especially in the textile/clothing industry (15).
d. Warehousing is widely practiced in Bangladesh, and example of a warehousing company is
The consolidate tea & lands Co. (Bangladesh), which has many warehouses located in

Bangladesh's populated cities. This helps control the inventory, and allows corporations to stock
up on on-hand inventory to prepare for large quantity orders or sales trends, such as holiday
seasons.
e. Penetration of Urban and Rural Markets- Bangladesh is not entirely well-known for its rural
markets, as they contribute little to the overall economic health of Bangladesh (5). However
urban markets are booming, and increased levels of urbanization (3), have led to an increase in
penetration of urban markets, however difficult (15).
E. Media
1. Media such as Radio and Television are the most prominent and common forms of
media in Bangladesh (3). However internet and computers are not readily available to most
Bangladeshi's (3).

2. Costs
a. Television sets are relatively cheap, of course these are not the LCD flat-screen T.V's
used by so many, box T.V's or CRT screens are prevalent in Bangladesh (3)(5)(8).
b. Radio is the cheapest form of Media, with almost everyone household in Bangladesh
owning a radio, not only is it cheap entertainment, it's an inexpensive way to keep up with
worlds events. (3)(8).
c. Print- There are 207 newspapers that have been published in Bangladesh, including the
Daily Karatoa, Alokito Bangladesh, and Amar Desh (8). These newspapers are not commonly
read, even though it is the best way for civilians to keep up with world news.
d. Although there are multiple media outlets in Bangladesh, the main ones are still
Televisions, Radios, and newspapers (3). Other forms such as internet and cinema are extremely
limited, and only available to a handful of Bangladeshis (3).
3. Agency Assistance- Each television program and radio channels are assisted by multiple
agencies. One very surprising agency is an international agency, JICA (Japan International
Cooperation Agency). JICA helps with building the right media outlets and other infrastructure to
benefit Bangladesh.
4. Coverage of Various Media- Based on the many articles I have researched, it seems as if in
Bangladesh, world news is heavily disregarded. What is on the news is mainly domestic issues
mainly dealing with corrupt politics and such (2).

5. Percentage of Population reached by each of the Media

Television- Around 65% (8)
Radio- 70% (8)
Newspaper- 15% (8)

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