Form 2

Science Chapter 4
Saling Bersandaran antara
Organisma Hidup dengan
(Interdependence
Among
Living
Persekitaran
Organisms and the Environment)
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Kandungan
(Content)
4.1

Saling Bersandaran antara Hidupan

(Interdependence Among Living Organisms)

4.2

Interaksi antara Hidupan

(Interaction Between Living Organisms)

4.3

Siratan makanan

(Food Webs)

4.4

Fotosintesis

(Photosynthesis)

4.5

Kepentingan Pemulihan dan Pemeliharaan Hidupan

(The Importance of the Conservation and Preservation of Living

Organisms)

4.6

Peranan Manusia Dalam Mengekalkan Keseimbangan Alam

(Role of Man in Maintaining the Balance in Nature)

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4.1
Saling Bersandaran antara
Hidupan
(Interdependence among Living
Organisms)

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Habitat
Habitat ialah tempat hidup semula jadi bagi

tumbuhan dan haiwan.

(A habitat is the natural living place of plants and
animals.)
Habitat menyediakan udara, makanan, tempat

perlindungan & tempat pembiakan bagi

organisma.
(A habitat provides an organism with air, food,
shelter and a place in which to breed.)

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Spesies
(Species)

Spesies ialah satu

kumpulan organisma
dengan ciri-ciri umum
yang sama.
(A species is a group of
organisms with the same
common characteristics.)
Boleh membiak sesama

mereka.
(Can breed together to produce
offspring.)

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Populasi
(Population)

Populasi ialah satu kumpulan

organisma sama spesies yang hidup

bersama-sama dan membiak dalam
suatu habitat.
(A population is a group of organisms
comprising the same species that live
together and reproduce in a habitat.)

Sebagai contoh,
a) populasi monyet di atas pokok
b) populasi gajah di padang rumput
For example,

A population of monkeys in a tree

d) A population of elephants on a
grassland
c)

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Komuniti
(Community)
Komuniti terdiri daripada

beberapa jenis populasi

haiwan dan tumbuhan
yang hidup bersama dan
saling berinteraksi di
dalam suatu habitat.
(A community consists of
several species of animal
and plant population that
live together and interact
with one another in a
habitat.)
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Ekosistem
(Ecosystem)

Ekosistem terdiri daripada beberapa komuniti yang

saling berinteraksi antara satu sama lain serta dengan

persekitaran fizikal (benda bukan hidup seperti air,
udara, tanah, cahaya dan garam mineral).
(An ecosystem consists of several communities that interact
with one another and with the physical environment (nonliving things such as water, air, soil, light and mineral salts).)
Sebagai contoh,
a) ekosistem kolam
b) ekosistem hutan hujan tropika

For examples,
c) A pond ecosystem
d) A tropical rainforest ecosystem
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4.2
Interaksi antara Hidupan
Interaction Between
Living (Organisms)

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Mangsa-pemangsa
(Prey-predator)

Pemangsa ialah organisma yang memburu dan

memakan organisma lain.

(A predator is an organism that kills and eats another
organism.)
Mangsa ialah organisma yang diburu dan dimakan

oleh organisma lain.

(A prey is the organism that is eaten.)

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Mangsa-pemangsa
(Prey-predator)

Pemangsa biasanya mempunyai ciri2 fizikal khas

spt kuku, gigi taring / paruh yg tajam utk

membunuh mangsa.
(A predator usually has special physical characteristics
such as sharp claws and fangs, or a beak, with which to
kill its prey.)
Mangsa biasanya mempunyai kebolehan melarikan

diri daripada pemangsa.

(A prey usually has the ability to run away from a
predator.)

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Fangs

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Simbiosis
(Symbiosis)

Simbiosis bermaksud tinggal bersama.

(Symbiosis basically means living together.)
Terdapat 3 jenis simbiosis, iaitu
i.
Komensalisme
ii. Parasitisme
iii. Mutualisme
There are 3 types of symbiotic relationships, namely
iv. Commensalism
v. Parasitism
vi. Mutualism

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a) Komensalisme
(Commensalism)

Dalam komensalisme, 1 spesies

mendapat faedah drpd

organisma lain manakala
organisma yg satu lagi tidak
mengalami sebarang kerugian
dlm hubungan ini.
(In commensalism, one species
benefits from the interaction, as the
other is unaffected.)
Spesies yg tdk mengalami

kerugian itu ialah perumah.

(The unaffected species is the
host.)
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Paku-pakis
tanduk rusa
mendapat
cahaya.
Pokok yg
ditumpang tidak
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mengalami

a) Komensalisme
(Commensalism)

Ikan remora
menumpang
pada badan
ikan yu

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Ikan badut tinggal di

anemon laut utk
mengelakkan diri drpd
pemangsa

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b) Parasitisme
(Parasitism)

Paraitisme ialah interaksi atr

2 organisma.
(Parasitism is another type of
interaction between two
organisms.)
Hanya 1 organisma

mendapat faedah.
(Only one organism benefits.)
Satu organisma lagi

mengalami kerugian.
(The other organism suffers
some disadvantages.)
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b) Parasitisme
(Parasitism)

Parasit ialah organisma yg

hidup pada / dalam

organisma lain.
(A parasite is an organism
that lives on or inside the
other organism.)
Perumah ilaah organisma

yg dijadikan sebagai
tempat tinggal parasit.
(The host is the organism on
or in which the parasite
lives.)
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2 Kumpulan Parasit
(2 Groups of Parasites)

Parasit yang hidup pada perumah.

(Parasites that live outside the host organism)
Sebagai contoh,

nyamuk
ii. Kutu rambut
iii. Kutu haiwan yang menghisap darah perumah
i.

For example,
iv. Mosquitoes
v. Lice
vi. Flea suck blood from their host
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2 Kumpulan Parasit
(2 Groups of Parasites)

Parasit yang hidup di dalam

perumah.
(Parasites that live inside the host
organism.)

Sebagai contoh,

Cacing pita dalam usus

manusia dan haiwan.
For example,
Tapeworms / hookworms inside the
intestines of humans and animals.
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c) Mutualisme
(Mutualism)

Dalam mutualisme, kedua-dua pihak spesies mendapat

faedah.
(In mutualism, the interaction is beneficial to both species.)
Mutualisme bermaksud kerjasama.
(Mutualism is a form of cooperation.)

Mereka mendapat faedah makanan dan tempat tinggal

drpd satu sama lain.

(They get nutrition and shelter from each other.)

Burung makan serpihan

makanan.
(The bird eats the fragments of
food left between the crocodile
teeth.)

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Maka, gigi buaya bersih.

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c) Mutualisme
(Mutualism)

Haiwan mdpt makanan drpd

tumbuhan & membantu
tumbuhan mengagihkan biji
benih & debunga utk
pembiakan.
Kulat menyediakan karbon
dioksida & habitat utk alga.
(The fungi provide carbon
dioxide and a habitat for the
algae.)

(Animals obtain food from plants

and help plants to distribute their
seed and pollens for
reproduction.)

Alga menyediakan makanan

utk kulat.
(The algae provide food for
fungi.)

Mereka bersama
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Persaingan
(Competition )

Persaingan berlaku apabila organisma bersaing

utk mendpt keperluan hidup yg sama.

(Competition occurs when organism compete for the
same basic resources.)
Haiwan bersaing utk mendpt air, makanan,

tempat tinggal & pasangan utk membiak.

(Animals compete to get water, food, living space and
mates for reproduction.)

Food

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space

Mate for reproduction

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Persaingan
(Competition )

Tumbuhan bersaing utk mendpt air, cahaya

matahari, mineral dan ruang utk hidup.

(Plants compete to get water, sunlight, minerals and
living space.)

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Rumusan
(Summary)

Jenis interaksi

Spesies 1

Spesies 2

(Type of
interaction)

(Species 1)

(Species 2)

Persaingan

(-)

(-)

(+)

(-)

(+)

(-)

(+)

(0)

(+)

(+)

(Competition)

Pemangsamangsa
(Predator-prey)

Parasitisme
(Parasitism)

Komensalisme
(Commensalism)

Mutualisme

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Kawalan Biologi
(Biological Control)

Kawalan biologi ialah cara yg menggunakan

pemangsa sebagai musuh semula jadi utk

mengawal bilangan perosak (mangsa) dlm suatu
kawasan.
(Biological control is a method in which a predator, the
natural enemy to a certain pest, is used to control the
adalah perosak kdp
population of the pest in Afid
an area.)
petani sebab merosakkan
(The aphid is a pest to the
tanamannya.
gardeners, damaging his plants.)

Kumbang kura-kura membantu

petani dgn memakan afid
(The ladybirds helps the gardener
by ridding him of these pests)
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Kawalan Biologi
(Biological Control)

Kawalan biologi mempunyai banyak kelebihan

berbanding dgn penggunaan racun perosak.

(Biological control has many advantages as compared with
using pesticides.)
Kelebihannya ialah:
a) tidak mencemarkan alam sekitar.
b) tidak membunuh organisma lain selain perosak.
c) murah dan selamat digunakan.

The advantages are:

d) It does not pollute the environment.
e) It does not kill other organism except the pests.
f) It is cheap and safe to use.
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Kawalan Biologi
(Biological Control)

Burung hantu
ialah pemangsa
yg makan tikus
(mangsa) di
ladang
(Owls iskelapa
a natural
sawit.
predator of rats in
Oil Palm)

Penyengat Ichneumon Memelihara ikan

bertelur dlm badan ulat gapi di kolam utk
karung. Larva menetas memakan jentikdan memakan ulat
jentik nyamuk.
karung.

(When the eggs

hatch, the
ichneumon larvae
feed on the body of
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(Rearing guppies in
a pond to eat
mosquito larvae.)
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4.3
Siratan Makanan
(Food Webs)

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Pengeluar (Producer)
Tumbuhan hijau
membuat makanan
sendiri dgn menjalankan
fotosintesis.
(Green plants that
produce food through
photosynthesis)
Natrium, Kalium &
lain-lain
(Sodium, Potassium &
others)

Mineral (Mineral)
Diserap oleh akar
tumbuhan
(Absorbed by plant
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roots)

Cahaya matahari
(Sunlight)
Tenaga diserap oleh
tumbuhan hijau
(Energy absorbed by
green plants)
Konsumer
(Consumer)
Haiwan yg makan
tumbuhan / haiwan
lain
(Animals that eat
plants / other
animals)
Pengurai
(Decomposer)
Bakteria & kulat
mengurai organisma
mati
(Bacteria and fungi that
decompose dead
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organisms)

Rantai Makanan
(Food Chain)

Rantai makanan ialah suatu aliran tenaga dlm

bentuk makanan yg disalurkan drpd tumbuhan

kpd haiwan.
(A food chain is an energy flow showing how energy in
food is passed from plants (produces) to animals
(consumers).)

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Rantai Makanan
(Food Chain)

Siratan makanan terdiri drpd gabungan beberapa

rantai makanan.
(A food web consists of several food chains that are
interlinked to one another.)

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Piramid nombor
(Pyramid of Numbers)

Piramid nombor

menunjukkan bilangan
organisma dlm setiap
peringkat rantai
makanan.
(A pyramid of numbers
shows the number of
organisms at each stage
of the food chain.)

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Piramid nombor
(Pyramid of Numbers)

Dari tapak piramid ke

puncaknya:
a) bilangan organisma

semakin berkurang.
b) saiz organisma semakin
besar.
c) semakin banyak tenaga
hilang.
From the base of the pyramid
to its peak:
d) The number of organisms
decreases.
e) The size of the organisms
increases.
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4.4
Fotosintesis
(Photosynthesis)

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Fotosintesis ialah proses yg berlaku pd tumbuhan hijau utk

membuat makanan drpd air & karbon dioksida dgn kehadiran

klorofil & cahaya matahari.
(Photosynthesis is a process that occurs in green plants, in which food
is made from water and carbon dioxide in the presence of
chlorophyll and sunlight.)
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Persamaan Fotosintesis
(Photosynthesis Equation)
Karbon
dioksid
a
Carbo
n
dioxid
e

klorofil
Air
Cahaya
matahari

Water

chlorophyI
I
sunlight

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Glokosa
(makanan)

oksigen

Glucose
(food)

oxygen

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Persamaan Fotosintesis
(Photosynthesis Equation)
Glukosa yg terhasil kemudian dibawa ke bhg lain

tumbuhan utk:
a) dioksidakan melalui proses respirasi bagi
membekalkan tenaga.
b) disimpan sebagai kanji sekiranya berlebihan.
The glucose produced is transported to other parts
of the plant to be:
c) Oxidized through the process of respiration to

provide energy.
d) Stored as starch.

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Peranan Fotosintesis
(The Role of Photosynthesis)
Membolehkan tumbuhan hijau membuat makanan

sendiri.
(Enable green plants to make their own food.)

Mengawal dan mengekalkan kandungan karbon

dioksida dalam atmosfera.

(Regulate and maintain carbon dioxide content in the
atmosphere.)

Menambahkan kandungan oksigen dalam

atmosfera.
(Increase oxygen content in the atmosphere.)

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Eksperimen 1
(Experiment 1)

Pecahkan dinding
sel
(Break the cell
wall)

Melembutka
n daun
(Soften the
leaf)

Uji
kehadiran
kanji. Tukar
kpd biru
tua.
(Test for

Menyingkirkan
klorofil
(Remove
chlorophyll)

Kehadiran kanji sebagai hasil fotosintesis

(The
presence
of starch as a product of
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Eksperimen 2
(Experiment 2)
Tujuan: (Aim:)
Menunjukkan tumbuhan memerlukan karbo dioksida utk
fotosintesis.
(To show plant need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.)
Maklumat: larutan natrium hidroksida menyerap karbon
dioksida drpd udara.
(Information: Sodium hydroxide
absorbs carbon dioxide.)
Bell
jar
Gree
n
plant
Flower
pot
with
earth
Glass
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piece

Sodium
hydroxid
e
solution

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Kitar karbon
(The Carbon Cycle)

Kitar karbon adalah edaran karbon dioksida di

bumi.
(The carbon cycle is the circulation of the carbon
element on the Earth.)
Proses ini berlaku secara berterusan.
(These processes take place continuously.)
Kitar karbon mengekalkan kandungan gas karbon

dioksida di dalam udara.

(The carbon cycle maintains the content of carbon
dioxide in the air.)

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Kitar karbon
(The Carbon Cycle)

Proses2 yg menyumbangkan karbon dioksida ke

udara termasuk:
a) respirasi atau pernafasan
b) Pembakaran

Pereputan
The processes that release carbon dioxide into the air
include:
d) Respiration or breathing.
e) Combustion.
f) Decomposition (decay).
c)

Fotosintesis yg berlaku pd tumbuhan hijau

menyingkirkan karbon dioksida drpd udara.

(Photosynthesis, which takes place in green plants,
removes carbon
dioxide
from the air.)
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Kitar Oksigen
(The Oxygen Cycle)

Kitar oksigen adalah edaran oksigen di bumi.

(The oxygen cycle is the circulation of oxygen on the
Earth.)
Proses ini berlaku secara berterusan.
(These processes take place continuously.)
Kitar oksigen mengekalkan gas kandungan

oksigen di dlm udara.

(The oxygen cycle maintains the content of oxygen in
the air.)

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Kitar Oksigen
(The Oxygen Cycle)

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4.5
Kepentingan Pemuliharaan &
Pemeliharaan Hidupan
(The Importance of The
Conservation & Preservation of
Living Organisms)

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Kesan Rumah Hijau

(The Greenhouse Effect)

Kesan rumah hijau terjadi apabila lapisan karbon

dioksida di atmosfera menghalang pembebasan

sebahagian haba dr permukaan bumi ke angkasa
lepas.
(The greenhouse effect occurs because a layer of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere that prevents a portion of heat
from escaping to the outer space.)

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Kesan Rumah Hijau

(The Greenhouse Effect)

Kesan rumah hijau meningkatkan suhu Bumi.

(The greenhouse effect raises the Earths temperature.)
Ini dikenali sebagai pemanasan global.
(This is known as global warming.)
Fenomena ini menyebabkan mengakibatkan

perubahan cuaca dan iklim dunia.

(This phenomenon causes changes in the worlds weather
and climate.)

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Kesan Pemanasan Global

(Effect of Global Warming)

Paras air laut naik dan ini

menyebabkan kws tepi

laut yr rendah
ditenggelami air.
(The sea level increases and
this results in the flooding of
low-lying coastal areas.)
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Pencairan ais di kedua-

dua kutub bumi.

(The melting of icebergs at
both of the Earths poles.)
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Penipisan Lapisan Ozon

(The Thinning of the Ozone Layer)
Lapisan ozon menyerap sinar ultraungu sebelum

sinar UV sampai ke Bumi.

(The ozone layer absorbs most of the ultraviolet rays
before it reaches the earths surface.)
Bahan kimia klorofluorokarbon (CFC) digunakan dlm

pembuatan bhn spt penyembur aerosol, peti sejuk

& penyaman udara telah menjadi bahan pencemar
yg menguraikan molekul ozon dlm lapisan ozon.
(Chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), used in
the manufacture of aerosol sprays, refrigerators and air
conditioners, are pollutants that break down the ozone
molecules in the ozone layer.)
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Penipisan Lapisan Ozon

(The Thinning of the Ozone Layer)

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Kesan Penipisan Lapisan

Ozon
(Effects of Thinning of the Ozone
Layer)
Sinar ultraungu yg sampai ke Bumi akan

menyebabkan:
a) kanser kulit
b) katarak (selaput mata menebal)
c) sistem pengimunan badan terjejas
Ultraviolet rays that reach the Earth cause:
d) Skin cancer
e) Cataract of the eyes
f) The human immune system to malfunction.

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Hujan Asid
(Acid rain)

Gas spt sulfur

dioksida & nitrogen

dioksida larut dlm
air hujan utk
menghasilkan hujan
asid.
(Gases such as
sulphur dioxide &
nitrogen dioxide
dissolve in rain water
to form acid rain.)
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Kesan Hujan Asid

(Effect of Acid Rain)

Memusnahkan habitat hidupan.

(Destroy the habitat of living things.)
Merendahkan pH tanah dan menjadikannya kurang

sesuai utk tumbuhan.

(Lower the soil pH value and make it unsuitable for
plants.)
Air sungai yg dicemari huajn asid tdk sesuai didiami

oleh organisma akuatik.

(River water that is polluted by acid rain is no longer
suitable for aquatic organisms.)

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4.6
Peranan Manusia Dalam
Mengekalkan Keseimbangan
Alam
(The Role of Humans In Maintaining
The Balance of Nature)

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Pengurusan pencemaran alam sekitar dpt menyelamatkan Bumi.

(Managing environmental pollution can save our Earth.)

Langkah-langkah utk mengurangkan pencemaran alam sekitar:
a) penggunaan petrol tanpa plumbum
b) Mengharamkan ujian nuklear
c) menyediakan tempat khas bagi pembankaran sampah-sarap
d) mengetatkan undang-undang bagi pembuangan bahan toksik dari
kilang.
e) mengadakan kempen utk mengelakkan pencemaran
f) Kitar semula, Guna Semula & Pengurangan Pembaziran bahan
The following are steps that can be taken to reduce environmental
pollution:
g) Use unleaded petrol.
h) Ban nuclear testing.
i) Create special places to burn rubbish.
j) Tighten law regarding the disposal of toxic waste from factories.
k) Hold campaigns to prevent pollution.
l) Recycle, reuse and
reduce materials.
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