0 | PLANIMETERS INSTRUCTION MANUAL KEUFFEL & ESSER CO.COMPENSATING POLAR PLANIMETERS ‘CONTENTS, Pate a Se Sah 1. How the Panimeer Work 5 th, Care eens = 6 I, Operate 6 Make ea 7 ‘The Valu of « Verner Orie 3 resaration for Tracing am Ares ° ‘Trong ag Arse ° ‘Are fo Sale an Indeator Disgraa 2 50 = 2500 9. em, = 025 eq, m. Arn to scale fs 25302 025 = 63255 aq. m sample of Case 3. With the ineranest and drawing of Example 1, (he penne cre shoned the dl moving Bacar abost si dial unis, The eading after taclng was 41.0054, = € — 10000 +W. © — 10000 oy. in, = E91 = Atos 4 = TSESS og in eample of Cave 4. With the same eecup on sale area the dial moved tite over 1 tevoltion heckward The reading wow 9235, A= C~ 2000000. + W. © = 20000 xq. in, = 1691 Wa 9335 A= T0936 4. tn IV. Accuracy ‘A ith cae with ll snntifeisrament, the accmaey of planimeter bservations depends wpon several facto. Four of thet are Gacaned elo: 1. The pression of the instrament. 2 The Conditions aflectig the mensrement, ‘5 The human equation 4A The ser of the Sige mearred, 6 1h nn Te pen ol yo ipa ar ec et Darga a (0) Place tse leo in positon again et ale ad bring inde ine (tte le presi) to the Ke on te paper ns shen fa Fg Sag Stabe el and dil exec a0" page 13) Be sure he trarer ene rn contact eth the test re {) With index finger, move the tetsu clockwise ata moderate tilorm sped around s compte cre tothe starting pot The tracer lene should a8 all ines e in contact wih the test tale daring the complete trace, When the index line on the tes, yale ousht early tothe fae on th paper, the wheel chou the made ate complete revoltion [Oto 0) while the dal has moved rom to. esord the reading (4) Make sie more stculesnd record the veading after each Two Bene a erate yc he race pm A oer ts we hecharacter net of rendings ‘eat A indiates that there war asl ror the ntl sting, snd thatthe readings show the planineter tobe acurate to the mito the operstors ability to end the venir. Ts B shows that there a slight bat deine endeney for the instrament to reat lows the apparent error amounting t about | part in 2500, Bath teste aw thatthe Instrument her x precision of biter than 1000 in searing = 10 oq im ae. (e) Further tests may be made by (a) decreasing or increasing the Alstanee beween the pole abd the test rule, and (b) retersing ‘he ple so that ia the tend of a the vib, Soh ets wil show sight variation i rent varying in ilerent ia ‘ate, The principal vale in deermiting wheter the ata ‘meats in goad general condition and capable of producing eon ‘Sse eeu Iie found tha the instrument tea igh ben ‘he pole i t the right and lw when ie eto the lel or vice ‘eros an equal number of reading ny be taken in each poston tnd everaged, This i the “compensating” feature which ter ‘eae itroment thee noe 2. Conditions of Meosurement Ae important av the ieberet rec ‘Son are the conditions external tothe inarumen. Pechpe the most Sal the sarface upon which the messing wheel ede If the paper Ths been folded torn ox as pinche or ie navy or is uneven ia any wry, accurate sls cannot be expect A diferencia the texture ofthe pape. map or photograph may case the instrument to read consistently ter somenbat higher low. Check {he inarument nthe sap or photograph with the test rule and ny {ovation may be corrected by lengthening o shortening the tesor ar ‘Todo thi losen the two tracer arm at stews on the deride of he carriage: Lenglhen the am ighly ie iaranieat ead igh shorten the arm if reeds low, una reediag with the ts ale ives the exact somber of venir ante yr revelation. Do not teh the two pnt set tees onthe backside af theo renee the Zinger of dropping the instrument om the Boor serious Iau Temperature has some eft nstumeats are ealibratd to seed correty at 70°F. 1 3. The Human Equation Some operators ean obtain mach beter ‘aut than thers, Good eyesight steady hand and patience in eae {lly following the otline are imptattet Good ight and com fortable working positon are ala important for surat work Repeated measarements ofthe tame are inereae the steucy of the result and it tse ate wade by ferent operators, their rete ‘ceney cam be judged. ‘Two sts of readings are given blow, both made onthe spe Bure withthe same No, 62 0000 planimeer but by diferent operators Resins eatin, me Destine 1 il be noted thatthe verage deviation fn the fst st is aot ouble tht ofthe second. indicating tha Is he bate operator: Aloe ‘note thatthe Ral rss of the to sts agreed within Lar in 1900, though individual maximum and minima readings inthe fist oct Saredy much as 1-150 sed inthe sod set 1-0, These tes pbs ‘bly repre fair measore ofthe acaracy which can be achieved by rent operators ner favorable cde on tn aten of the ste indies 194, Accuracy and Size of Figure Dissgnndng instrumental errors if Tata ted wi se 01 ute i atl, ara would mensieL12 > LO2 = 104 gin approx. Ia square ‘316 on side were similis messred, the seat would be 10127 instead of 1000; for + 1000 tn mane, 10040 estat 1000. The ereent eror drops frm 496 to 13% to OA succently and for vate figures vara very nertyinveadly ay the mun wv of the ten Thus if he average oceuraey Tors aque fgure of 10 ay. imi 11000, that of slr figure T wp. im would be only 121, while that of «figure of 100 ag. would be 12160. “Th socaracy tobe expected nthe measurement of age areas “ple “large etl Nowe tha the average deities ery low and line [endont of sie. The reared areas ae In exclletapremest wih he ome areas, the ero aparety bring de a mth othe dln. tion diameter mensurements and Uacing a= eto iborent insta Imei rors, sine there i no sstenatiedeprtre fom he mean. Te ‘nao important to note tae there no imgtrment sf scarey ment the meatal tle, as has been sumed all previous planter Table ACTUAL REGIAND MEASUREMENT OF CCL our wmancrcuRe esd cues Yo ales ata So! roar ams mon uaa mos Beg _—~ttatal aiu wle-seat fafheme ou 7s Sy = WC TC TNT TS We are, therefore, jus inthe tatement that with repeat eaefl measurements under fevorableconitons an accuracy of in 1000 ean be secured with KEE Polar Plonimeors, expt whee the ae Jt ‘han 10 ain 2» V. Features Special to No. 620015* “The No. 62015 KAE Compensting Polar Pnimeter hes an adjustable tescer nim and an edjstable pole arm. Ta other respects tle The [No 62000 or Nor 620008 When the tracer arm a sett aot 2030 (the eset sting is tn ine the eae, the planimetr wil read teas “pole outside gue” in square inches (Live OL i), and Il the foveging istrutions segarding No. 620000 wil ppl tothe Seration, Likeree when the tscer am i at to bot 31.50 (exaet ‘ting shown inside the ese) the panimeter measures in square cent ferry (Lvs = OL sg. om) ap'No. 620005, For all “pole ouside ‘Rgwe measurements the Tesh ofthe ple arm i mater Tate fahe iran cea tet rule for 10 cn apd 100 oc Sino the general operation ofall theso Instruments i thoroughly explained in the foregoing txt ti only powmmary to add Bere at ‘xplanation ofthe method of adjuting the ar ad the teats obtained thereby Ajvstoant of Tracer Arm When camp lever L. (Fig. 1) is moved tothe night the erage Di feet slide on the tacer arm EA "et fg refers to the oso ofthe veraier Von he tracer nem sale 8. mete To make a setting, loosen clamp lever Land aide the carriage so tht he venir sero ear the selling desired. Wi thu of ight hand [om the adjsting whee! Pagan the tracer arm, and by rotating the! P gradually move carriage to the exact setting reir. Then TEghten clamp lever L. For example, set the cariage 1 3027, Lowen ‘amp lever Ly slide carriage no thatthe veriee aero ie aout a the cond dvisin tothe le of 20. With than on wheel P nove casings nl the verier neo i Detwecn te second and third division to the Jet of 20) andthe seventh vision to the let of O on the veri i Ale oppante 2 sale division. Tighten clamp lever. To ilestrae,sce wtng in Fg. 14, The mthod of eng the verier ea expleined fn page 7, But ote that inthis case the sale apd verner ave rend from right tlt rather than ftom let ra The tracer arm scale isin hallcemtinters, so that one venir uit represents 5 mm. > 001 = 005 mm. — 0.02 inches approx. The toale ie generally osed in a purely abirary manner, breuse etch instrament not only har ie own pariclar carscteriatie, bat these nay var) slighly with the pusege of tine dae to wear apd minor ‘eeidets. All such vataions are auomatcllycompecnted fr by the proper ofthe tes rl ak explated Below ‘The length af the pole sem wher making “poleoutside gure” measurements aso eflect on the measurement. However, 10 assure ‘imoath operation and maximum area cverafe, the pole arm should be lengthened, meray, so that te teat thre ache longer thas Measurements to Scale (“Pole-ounidedtigure") As already ox Plnoe, if readings are made in equare inches or square centimeter The seating of the tracer arm ise given ise the es With ome of thee stings near cn be rmensved tv any saleby ering an ely ‘imputed Tair, as om te eed arm plaints. Seepage 1 i Sesied to eliminate ths factor, Mean be done by adjucting the length ofthe tracer arm ‘able IV gives the stings forall commonly uscd scales in the English system, Note What te tarer arm seting i approtmate, but the number of werner units for use withthe testing vale ees A falamn ix provided in whith the exact tracer arm setngtnay be put ‘lon for flare reference after thas bon found by et. The provedre Teo set the tracer arm othe approximate sting ven, then note the eatt number of wearer nite for on tevliton of the tes rae Make one sevoltion withthe 10 ints ul, Vaty the trae arse seling with adjusting whoa P until he yu correspon xa to he umber given inthe ble Lengthening the sre daveaer the va. por evoltion and vie era The plainer wll then sive reading othe rang or map, each wa. having the aren valu ive inthe ale Table V ives the setings toate when the mts syste employed Here the wnt of measurement eo. cm. and the 100 em test ale ie ed ar atandard. For very shot tracer som stings thelow 13) The 10 agin te rale mtb aed ad the reading st be ratiied By the factor 1.55, to give the reading that woul renal Hf 100 cr vere wed 2 Toble 1V ‘TRACER ARM SETTINGS FOR SCALE DRAWINGS OR MAPS. No. 620015 8 No, 62 0022-Egii Kegint one ‘eran Doubles 221 Vere gl Falleie = 1a Waltie 12 Quarters 14 laTable V TRACER ARM SETTINGS FOR SCALE DRAWINGS OR MAPS No. 620015 No. 62 0022-Motrie System. ote ota TL ta" 1613" 0.04 29. em. i tw Tle Meus = ub ir oak = fe im tas re motos i ib i tm bos = ts Ke ips tio tm aos Fast which we per of 10 fh aby the me eine, bt change Fe St eT ls Fo at the deawing or map scale i found inthe table, the fet top 5s to find the scale factor ar derided on pge Tic Inthe Enc sy tem the factor the rea of Ln. on the map inthe nite abe wed Tihs factor, ater ultipying I by an integral poner of 10 (hat, by moving it decimal point) isin the range of to B89 » sting of the tact arm can be nade in which ate canbe read diet “The factor (between 365 and 2082) rere the numberof verler units that the messring wheal wll for ane revlon of the esting fue (10 sq.m) hen the rarer arn i ett the proper length Ts Akermne quickly the approsimat seting, use the graph Fis 15, For trample to Bnd the sting fora scale of 12) in inches the fetor 3X39. As 9 10D = 90 sin the speed range flow the ‘ertial ine pambered 90 to ite teraction wih the diagonal marked “equa inches" and crow to reae 226 appro. at elt or ih Set the rater arm snl to 22.6 and, using the tetng rae (10 sq in), ada nel until 1 revolution = 900 upc. Th iturin ow ett tend ates directly to the desired scale Thus wit thi wing $C imeasuted area reads 2756 va he atea represented the desing {5215.6 The vale of one erie anit i ual to the factor tes tho area ofthe tet rl, divided bythe verner ants pr ume revelation tf the tat rae. Inthe above aarp 2x10 dew Lin ‘When the mtro etm ewe the ame prinsipen apy tin hi GRAPH FOR FINDING TRACER ARM SETTINGS FOR SCALE DRAWINGS & MAPS 25case the range of factors is from 875 to 3150. The carve marked nqure centimeters” on Fig. 15 indian the tracer art eng, and 1 100 em et wa ne nih the eet sting nthe cases ware the Tactor camot be brought within the range for tne reading itis posble to dvde the fat by = comvenant umber such a2 § or 4 and then mtipy the plainer reading by ‘he sme number” For example the scale in 1:22 the factor In 22 C22" 44. Maltiply by TOD and divide 4040 by 4to citi 1210, By the above forma Lvs a x 100 TRIO ‘This mehod of manipulating the factor as desired is often useful in lssinnga tracer arm sting which mot convenient that x neat the ier of ar ier endef the arm. Sens near the ent nr the bat fo werage we, while short sets give the most acurate real, Dut with « Timited ‘aren coverage, On the other hand, long settings aver large areas, but romewbat lee acexrately. Th, i the wale of {Be Teawing i Ld, he factor would be 1900 whieh fndcates «tracer ‘somseting of about 103, Ths cing could be used but the meaverable stew would he sia, To obtain a goed average sting, divide 1960 ‘by 2 obtain factor of 90 which pve tracer arm seting of shook 203, and tmukiply the planner readings by 2. 0 were deed to ‘ove nige areas ad sevice accrary somewhat, the factor could be ‘vided by 3 to obtain 658, and mil readings by 8. 4m em Indlcator Diggramse The instrument so constrvted that wD = inthe formula 4 IDN (page Sl). Therefore 4 4a asv 1 the tracer apm is act to the length of the indicator dageam, the verge eight (h) of the diagram wil hen be 4 nade on 4 = asv ‘Ac each square inch is 1000 vt the instrament will hen read the svuage heat the basis of 100 per neh. Square off the diagram with ine pec lines. (See Fig. 11-) So the carriage wo that the pale Tim hole lr cenered over the lower lt corser. Then ade the tarer fro the right corner so that the acer art length, from tracer point to pole arm ole, sequal to that of the diagram Tighten lamp lever {With tis tracer arm ating, Wace the diagram apd read the wheel ‘The MEP. ie then equal to ron in va premure sale = 04k 26 sample, The prema make i 00 i. pe read 355 va 355 Hl 7 The MEP. is 53 3¢ 80 = 710 Ibi [Adlystment of Pole Arm ‘The leg of the pole atm is inmates fon "poleastatde igure” teases Therefore, where space lie itd the pole arm may be shortened ox, where areas are large, a Tong Pole arm will be found Convenor. Tn “polewithinfgure”measrenents, the pole arm length iso vital factor in thereat, a explained inthe tion onthe theory (page 30) “he pole atm sein piven onthe ld ofthe case (about 2.0) i the ‘one whieh produces neural cre aren of 20000 eq io. when the lence arm i vet for reading insane inches (ebout 203), With this seling, the far formulas om page 1 beste (1) 4 = mr + 20000 og, (2) 4 =m } 20000 of in (3) 4 = WF 1000 64 in @4a0 here A i the ac Jn hundreds af eas ‘When the metic stom is ued andthe tracer arm i st for mri rmeasre (about $15) as shown on th Ibe, the aren of the veal ‘le wil be 2000.0 ag rm. the ple aren st as fallow: move the pole arm index 2.94 halfem. above the pole arm sting ive the bos ti For example, ifthe ple am mating onthe box i sien 30,7, the seg for 2000 xp. em. ner ice willbe 65 sauate inchs and isthe planimeter reading som + 204 = With this sting the four formulas on page 18 become: (1) A= + 30000 ag, em. (2) 4 = 5 20000 oo cm (3) 4 = © > 10000 sq, em. w4asr where 4 Tit is desire to measure ete large areas by increasing the length of the pole arm and lence the aren of the neue ciel, the able below wil be found seal The pole arm length x ot with the aid of x ‘curate measuring sale, the lng Deing the datanoe between the ‘enter ofthe ball od the pole need, the aren fn ag. om. and W is the planicer reading in mreat ae weld ete Aboat"B03 257i, 0000 ote won ‘con. * ae we eo About 815 2430 om 5000 ag. em. Tn making metsurements using soy of these settings the formas for the four cases apply, namely Caw 1A = € 4 1000 vn Cae 24 = 6 +0 Gave 8 4 = C — 10000 Gee 4 = 6 — M00 va + Subatitate the known vale of C (ares of neutral cizle in vn.) and Convert vn t te aproprlte unit of area. For example, th pole Sim iret to ILL Imy © — 400 sq. and 10,000 vi. = 100 5 in the formulas booome 400 + 100 4 = 500 in Sh = 400 on 00 — 100 + = + 300 4 = 400 — 200 fw = wf 200 9g Measurements to Scale ("Pole-wihinfigre”) When large ares fre to be measured to wale on tale drawings or map, two option [ocedares are salable: 1Meamare the ares in square inches or squste centimeters and convert tothe sale arn by miplying by a factor as explined fon pages Tl, 12 and TS. ‘Beample: Map sale 1 in. = 200: wanted measured area in acres Refering to Table I, 1 sq ins = 0918 acre. The tracer {im and pole arm wece ao to the constants on the bor id, the {tes wet traced and found to read 20.0 og. in. The ea Ss 2200 SCOb16 = 2020 sere ‘This mathod i recommended because of St simplicity and freedom from peti error. The one compstaton necessary ie tasly performed on the side rae which may be lel et at the factor for repeated eve without vesting 2 Mesuute the are to sal. With hi method the tracer arm may Ine et a indested Table IV or V bat the pole am set sme be determined by computation. using the formula forthe eural cicle (sce theory, pase 30) arzanged to determine the other factors being know htt where po lr i of Ps athe ple arm length in ech orem) (fethenetral ete aren ino (a cm) 1 inthe tracer ar length i inches (rem) ‘i equ to 1199 inches (or 3:05 0m.) fr No 62 0015. Example: Map sale Ln, = 200 ft wanted measured area in sern The trot arm setting (Table TV) in found by test to be 22.16 ball = 4.36 n- Lt the neta cle area = 800 acres Bho 0018 = 327 aq In rious sta eis pe J BEa cae — 2 x 1109 486 = 068 ‘With an accurate sel, mt the ditance a the poe ama between the center ofthe ball andthe ple needle to 8.63 inchos. rest ‘eased with thse stings wll hein se, based on metal ‘lrle area of 300 acres "A check om the exact aoa of the neutal cele for any tracer ‘am and pole arm acing whaterer can be made a follows ‘With t good drawing compass drew a srl of exaly 1294 Inches in dmeter Thiele hs aes of 100.005 In Placing the pele near the center ofthe cle carflly trace the tren several tines and fod the aeragevesding Win og iy foting iso how many complete negate toms ofthe dil were shverved and apply the proper es Case 3, Less than 1 complete tro (Gor 4, Between 1 and 2 complete turns orien a4 S555 »VL General Theory of the Polar Planimeter Although algebraic solutions of the planimeer problem Bave bees ‘worked out, they are very involved, whereas the elton wing ese [e gute simple, and cam be undertood by anyone familiar with the ‘ents ofthat abject In Fig. 16,0 isthe pole, , the halland-scket joint, the tracer point, and the contact pint of the measuring whl; 7 and [ae the [Ength ot pole arm and lance arm repectrely, and = CA (Call 4 the infinite aren OABBHYA'O, swept out by rand Las ‘he tracer arm moved, frst from AB to A patllel to il, and then vung to4'B" around 4” Call 2 AOA” = dg. 2 Ba B= db and he fependcalar distance between 4B and 4°8° — dns then ald Pde tds vol) As the wheel moved. from € to Ct advanced de, since i car be rolling perpendicular AB and then sliding tC From Theres mation was all ling and was ad? Tha 4, the Ya iene teotlon of the wheel Hn, wen a (2) Substituting fn (1) the value of de in (2). BA is LL PAL fool) ‘When the racer poi covers ny area suck asthe solid or dated irregular outlines in Fig. 16 ad rture to the staring pt the ‘motos frm pont to point maybe cnaierod a he saci of sch parallel motions apd yay motions of the Water arm 4B. Thus, A the {otal aren swept out by vad 1 is A= SUaISH Pad fF EF dealt) Jn which Sb the et nar motion of the whe vim, fd ithe wet angular displacement of AB and fap tha of 04 the poe soutide the Sigur traced inthe slid regular ate Fig 16, the net valor of fd# = Oand of Fd reduces to so equation (4) 4=8 To convert § from linear to angular mewn, S=nDN here D isthe wheel diamater and NV isthe number of revolutions Trae ADD Nac (8) Since! and D ate content fr any plaiter sting, the ern toed ‘nelly proportional to the et angular moton of the Mesrrag whee QED. the figure traced goes around the pole (“polewithin gure") — (Fig 16) the met val of fa = 2 and of ‘he dotted icegla are f 6 = 2 and eqn (4) becomes AqInDNE 20d Ae (6 ‘When the bal nd socket otis Icted between the wheel apd the teaser pointy 2 snl demonaration wil ye an equation like ec tion (6) except that the sign ofthe ter 2a will be plas "The lat term in (6) represent the aren of the nestral cele. To prove this set the planner element im position for ling of the Ihc! Cabin Fig 17, Ris the rads ofthe metal citle and FE BC 4 OC = a)? (8 8) =P Dal HF Aro of motel ice = RP = (F—2al 12) ‘Thus for “polewithinsigue the aren measured equals the area of the neateal cise plan or minor the aren measured on the wheal de ving on whether tha aren wes postive or negative. QED. aIn wing planimetere No. 62.0000 and No 62008 the vale of =D sand of are ionmatra as there x never any orasion to as these vale Since Jan yar of fixed length. But om No, 6200151 may be desiree to make computation for 1 andr s0 the fllowing information. fe suppie: 2D = 2500 in 6350 om. 3085 cm, ‘The scale on the wacer atm i inal cetinwters apd mnares the length of the tracer arm E(Fig. 18) atthe versier ind. The scale con the pole arm is in bal centimeters but doos ot ded the trae Tength of the pole sem From these proofs some interoting facts appear sbost planner design and. operation, 1. For *pole-outsidegure” mearements, cers are independent of the lengths rand a 2 No appresable error i itrodued by mnking thy axis of the shoe parle to rather than dietly fw ine parle and Sogsler motion ave not diey ected therby ‘3 From egoation (5), fr «given aren, at | Innes decrees proportionally aed’ vice vera The meant that nore aeeaate Feadings can be made whon 1s shor, since the lint of mans {peat of 3 always I verie une. 4 To determin the area of the stra cic i smo ecenay to lenow the values of & a, andr a i can be menered. Sele Jnown value of , measure, "polewithin igen and read ‘Than the area ‘of the meatal circle ols the kan area mins the area read. Thus if clr of 100 1g, iar (adoe 5.582. Jn) were treed with a No. 62000 plnimeter with ne pole witha ‘he figure and the negative reading was 11671 aq in. the indicated free ofthe realel cele mould Be 100 — (61) = 216.71, Sain 5. Atcurate rsults may be expected only i (2) the whoa ai x preszely paral ols (8) the whee bearings ave scbetantallyfretineas and free from play: {e) these! sembly inertia low (G2) the wheel rim ie Waly concenic and of spray known ameter; (g) the wheel rim srfae an rip the drawing surfs; (1) the wheel and werner gradations are niform and corre. AE, Plnimeters are made wih scrupulous regard to these and ‘ther important factors Zetia te accuraey and long mvice 2