Input-Output Interface

Input-Output Interface isjhQsy Devices rFkk Computer System dh Memory Unit

ds e/; Information ds vknku&iznku ds fy, ek/;e dk dk;Z djrk gS CPU ds lkFk
Interface ds fy, isjhQsjy Devices dks fo'ks"k izdkj dh Communication Links dh
vko';drk gksrh gSaA bu isjhQsjy Devices dks lapkj laf/k;ksa ls tksM+us dk
eq[; mn~ns'; CPU rFkk Input Output Devices dh dk;Z iz.kkyh ds e/; fuEufyf[kr
vUr gksrs gSa&
(1) Input-Output Devices Electro-Mechanical rFkk buds dk;Z djus dh iz.kkyh
Central Processing Unit rFkk Memory dh dk;Z iz.kkyh ls fHkUu gksrh gS
D;ksafd ;s Electronic Devices gksrh gSaA
(2) Central Processing Unit dh rqyuk esa Input-Output Devices dh Data Transfer dh
nj cgqr /kheh gksrh gSa vr% bu nksuksa dks Synchronize djus dh
vko';drk gksrh gSaA
(3) Input-Output Devices ds Data codes rFkk Formats CPU rFkk Memory Unit ds
Word Format ls fHkUu gksrs gSaA
(4) izR;sd Input-Output Devices dk dk;Z djus dk rjhdk rFkk xfr ,d nwljs ls
fHkUu gksrh gSa rFkk Input-Output Devices dks blh izdkj fu;af=r djus dh
vko';drk gksrh gS ftlls og Central Processing Unit ls tqM+h vU; Input-Output
Devices ds dk;Z dks izHkkfor u djsaA
bUgha vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, rfkk fofHkUurkvksa dks nwj
djus ds fy, Central Processing Unit rFkk Input-Output Devices ds e/; fof'k"V Hardware
Components yxk;s tkrs gSaA blls lHkh Input rFkk Output Devices ds e/; fof'k"V
Hardware Components yxk;s tkrs gSaA blls lHkh Input rFkk Output Devices es e/;
lwpukvksa dk LFkkukUrj.k lqpk: :i ls gksrk gSa bUgha Hardware Components
dks Interface Unit ;k Input-Output Module dgrs gSa D;ksafd ;s Processor Bus rFkk
isjhQsjy Devices ds e/; Interface iznku djrs gSaA blds vfrfjDr izR;sd isjhQsjy
Devices dk viuk Controller Hkh gksrk gSa tks ml isjhQsjy Device dh dk;Z iz.kkyh
dh fu;af=r djrk gSaA
Address Lines
Data Lines

System
Bus

Control Lines

I/O Module

Links to
Peripheral
Devices

Module dk Model

Data Rate
Device
Keyboard
Mouse
Voice Input
Scanner
Voice Output
Line Printer
Laser Printer
Graphics display
CPU to frame buffer
Network-terminal
Network-LAN
Optical disk
Magnetic tape
Magnetic disk

Behaviour

Partner

Input
Human
Input
Human
Input
Human
Input
Human
Output
Human
Output
Human
Output
Human
Output
Human
Output
Human
Input or
Machine
Output
Input or
Machine
Output
Storage
Machine
Storage
Machine
Storage
Machine
Devices dk oxhZdj.k

(K-bytes/sec)
0.01
0.02
0.02
200
0.6
1
100
30,000
200
0.05
200
500
2,000
2,000

Input-Output bus and Module: - Input-Output bus Data Lines, Address Lines, rFkk
Control Lines dk lewg gksrk gSa Computer Processor rFkk fofHkUu izdkj dh
Peripheral Devices ds chp dh lapkj lfU/k;ksa dks fp= esa fn[kk;k x;k gS&
Data
Address
Control

Processor

Interface

Interface

Interface

Interface

Keyboard
and Display
Terminal

Printer

Magnetic
Disk

Magnetic
Type

I/O Device dk I/O Bus ls Connection

vkerkSj ij Keyboard, Printer, Magnetic Tape, Monitor vkfn computer ls tqM+us
okyh Input Output Devices gksrh gSaA izR;sd Peripheral Device Input-Output Bus ds
lkFk Interface Unit }kjk tqM+h jgrh gSaA izR;sd Interface Module Input Output Bus
}kjk izkIr Address rFkk fu;a=.k ladsrksa dks Decode djds laxr Peripheral Device
Controller dks ladsr iznku djrk gSaa Interface Device rFkk Processor ds e/; Data
Communication dks flUksukbt djrk gS rFkk bldh ns[kjs[k Hkh djrk gSaA
izR;sd Peripheral Device dk viuk controller gksrk gS tks ml ElectroMechanical Device dk;Z iz.kkyh dks fu;af=r djrk gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] Printer
Controller Printing Character dk p;u] Print time, dkxt dh xfr vkfn dk fu;a=.k djrk
gSaA controller Peripheral Device ds vUnj ;k ckgj tqM+k gks ldrk gSaA Processor
ls tqM+h Input-Output bus vknku&iznku djus ds fy,] Computer Processor InputOutput Bus dh Address bus dks ml Device dk address nsrk gSaa Input-Output bus ls
tqM+h izR;sd Interface Unit esa Address Decoder gksrk gSa tks address line dks

Monitor djrk gSaA tc Interface Unit Address Line ij viuk Address Detect djrh gSa rc
og Bus Line rFkk Device ds chp ds iFk dks lf; djrh gSaA vU; lHkh Peripheral
Devices ftUgsa viuk laxr Address izkIr ugha gksrk gSa oks Interface Unit }kjk
fuf"; dj nh tkrh gSaA
Address Line dks address nsus ds lkFk gh computer processor Control Line dks
function code dks izkIr dj blds vuqlkj Perpheral Device ls dk;Z djkrh gSaA function
code ,d izdkj dh Input-Output Command ;k Processor }kjk fn;k x;k funsZ'k gksrk
gSa ftls Inteface Unit rFkk mlls tqM+h Peripheral Device dks iwjk djuk gksrk gSa
4 izdkj dh Command gksrh gS ftUgsa Interface Module izkIr dj ldrk gSaA ;s
command fuEu gSa&
Control Code: - ;g Command Peripheral Device dks lf; djus rFkk dk;Z funsZ'k fn;s
tkus ds fy;s iz;ksx dh tkrh gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, fdlh Magnetic Tape Unit dks
Forward Direction esa 'kq: djus ds fy, Tape dks Rewind djus ds fy, ;k Tape dks ,d
Record ihNs djus ds fy, Processor }kjk funsZf'kr fd;k tk ldrk gSaA
Status Commands: - bl Command dk iz;ksx Inteface Unit rFkk Peripheral Device dh
fofHkUu Status Condition ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, Processor Peripheral
Device ls Data Transfer ls igys mldh fLFkfr dh tkp dj ldrk gSaA
Data Output Commands: - ;g Command Interface Unit dks Bus ls Data dks vius buffer
Register esa laxzfgr djus dk funsZ'k nsrh gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn ge computer
ls Data Tape Unit esa laxzfgr djuk pkgrs gSa rks Processor Magnetic Tape Unit
dks ?kqekus ds fy, Control Command nsrk gS fQj Processor Status Command nsdj
tape unit ds Status dks Monitor djrk gSaA tc Tape Unit lgh fLFkfr esa vk tkrh gSa
rc Processor Data Output command nsrk gSaA bu commands ls Interface Unit izfrf;k
djds Data Line ls lwpuk vius buffer register esa Transfer dj ysrh gSaA rc Interface
Unit Tape Unit Controller ds lkFk Communicate djds Data dks Tape esa laxzfgr djus
ds fy, Hkst nsrk gSaA
Data Input Command: - bl Command dk iz;ksx Peripheral Device ls izkIr Data dks
Processor dks iznku djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSaA bl ifjfLFkfr esa Interface Unit
Peripheral Device ls vius Buffer Register esa Data izkIr djrh gSaA Processor Status
Command ds }kjk Interface Unit ls Data miyC/k gksus dh tkap djrk gSa rFkk Data
Input Command Hkstrk gSaA fQj Interface Unit Line vius Buffer Register ls Data iznku
djrs gSa tks Processor }kjk izkIr dj fy;k tkrk gSaA
Interface to
System Bus

Interface to
External Device

Data Register
Data Lines
Status/Control Register

Address Lines
Control Lines

I/O
Logic

External
Device
Interface
Logic

Data
Status
Control

External
Device
Interface
Logic

Data
Status
Control

I/O Module
Input-Output rFkk Memory bus: - Input-Output Devices ds Communication djus ds
vfrfjDr Computer Processor dks Memory Unit ds lkFk Hkh Communicate djuk gksrk
gSaA blfy, Input-Output bus dh rjg gh Memory Bus dh vko';drk gksrh gSaA
Memory Bus esa Input-Ouput bus dh Data Line Address Line rFkk Read/Write Control
Lines Processor }kjk Memory rFkk Input-Output Devices ls laidZ djus ds rhu izdkj
gks ldrs gSaA
(1) Memory Unit rFkk Input-Output Devices ds fy, vyx&vyx clksa dk iz;ksx
djukA
(2) Memory Unit rFkk Input-Output Devices ds fy, ,d gh Common bus dk iz;ksx
djuk ftlesa nksuksa ds fy, vyx&vyx Control Line gksA
(3) Memory Unit rFkk Input-Output Devices ds fy, ,d gh Bus dk iz;ksx djuk
ftlesa Control Line Hkh nksuksa ds fy, ,d gh gksA
Isolated Versus Memory Mapped I/O): - vusd Computer Memory Unit ;k Input-Output
Device rFkk Central Processign Unit ds e/; lwpukvksa ds vknku iznku ds fy, ,d gh
dkWeu bus dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA Memory Unit }kjk Data Transfer rFkk Input-Output
Device {kjk Data Trnasfer esa vyx & vyx Read rFkk Write Line dk iz;ksx djds Hksn
fd;k tkrk gSaA Processor nks Read ;k Write Lines esa ls ,d dks lf; djds ;g
mYysf[kr djrk gSa fd Address Line }kjk fn;k x;k Address fdlh Memory Word ds fy,
gS vFkok Interface Unit ds fy, gSaA tc Input-Output Device ls lwpukvksa dk
vknku&iznku djuk gksrk gSa rc Input-Output Read rFkk Input-Output Write Control
Line lf; gksrh gSaA bl izdkj dh lajpuk lHkh Input-Output Interface Adresses dks
Memory Adresses ls vyx Isolate djrh gSaA bl izdkj Control bus esa Address Assign
djus dh fof/k dks Isolated Input-Output Method dgrs gSaA Isolated Input-Output
method esa Processor ds vyx&vyx Input rFkk Output funsZ'k gksrs gSa rFkk
izR;sd funsZ'k ds lkFk Interface Register dk Address tqM+k jgrk gSaA tc Processor
Input ;k Instruction ds Operation Code dks Decode djrk gSa rks ;g ml funsZ'k ls
tqM+s gq, Address dks Common Address Line dks iznku djrk gSa rFkk blds lkFk
gh Processor Input ds fy, Input-Output Read ;k Output ds fy, Input-Output write control
line dks lf; djrk gSaA ;g ckg~; rRoksa dks tks Common bus ds lkFk tqM+s
gq;s gSaA mUgsa Inform djrk gSa fd Address Line esa fLFkr address fdlh memory
ls Instruction ;k Data ykuk vFkok Hkstuk gks rks processor Memory Address line dks
nsus ds lkFk&lkFk memory read ;k memory write Control line dks lf; dj nsrk gSaA
tks Computer ds lkFk tqM+s ckg~; rRoksa dks Inform djrk gSa fd Address Line
esa fn;k x;k Address Interface Unit ds fy;s u gksdj ,d Memory 'kCn ds fy, gSaA
Isolated Input-Output fof/k esa Memory Unit rFkk Input-Output Interface Unit ds fy,
vyx&vyx Address Space gksrk gSa rFkk ;g fof/k Memory rFkk Input-Output
Addresses dks vyx&vyx j[krh gSaA ftlls Memory Addresses ds Value Interface Unit
Addresses }kjk izHkkfor gksrs gSaA nwljs izdkj ds Lo:i esa Processor Memory
Work rFkk Interface Unit ds fy, ,d gh Address Space dk iz;ksx djrk gSa bl
ifjfLFkfr esa Processor ds ikl dsoy ,d gh izdkj ds Read rFkk Write Signal gksrs
gSaA bl izdkj dh Addressing fof/k dks Memory Mapped Input-Output dgrs gSaA blls
Processor memory address rFkk Input-Output Address esa dksbZ vUrj ugha djrk
gSaA Processor Interface Register Memory System dk gh fgLlk ekurk gSaA Interface

Registers fu:fir fd;s tk pqds Address Memory 'kCnks ds fy, iz;ksx ugha fd;s tk
ldrs gSaA ftlls Address Memory dh Range de gks tkrh gSaA Mempry Mapped InputOutput esa memory ls Data Transfer djus ds fy, vyx&vyx Input rFkk Output funsZ'k
ugha gksrs gSaA blesa ftu funsZ'kksa }kjk Interface Registers ls lwpukvksa dk
vknku&iznku djrs gSaA mUgha funsZ'kksa ls Memory Unit ls Read ;k Write djus
okys Load ;k Store funsZ'kksa dks Input-Output Registers ls Data Input ;k Output
djus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSaA Input-Output funsZ'kksa dh rqyuk esa
Computer esa vf/kdrj Memory lEcfU/kr funsZ'k gksrs gSaA ysfdu Memory Mapped
Input-Output esa lHkh Memory lEcfU/kr funsZ'k Input-Output ds fy, miyC/k jgrs
gSaA blesa Address Space dk ,d fgLlk Interface Registers ds fy, jgrk gSa ysfdu
lkekU;r% bUgsa fdlh Hkh Address ij fu:fir fd;k tk ldrk gSaA ;fn og Address igys
ls gh fdlh Memory 'kCn dks fu:fir fd;k x;k gks rksA
Input Output Interface Function
Input Output Interface Unit ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd peripheral devices dks fu;af=r djrh gSa
rFkk Memory ;k CPU vkSj Input-Output Device ds e/; lwpukvksa dk vknku iznku
djrh gSa bl izdkj Interface Unit esa nks izdkj ds Interface gksrs gSaA igyk CPU
rFkk Memory Unit ds lkFk Interface rFkk nwljk Input-Output Device ds lkFk ckg~;
Interface. Interface Unit ds eq[;r% fuEufyf[kr dk;Z gksrs gSa&
Control & Timing: - Computer Programmer dh Input-Output vko';drkvksa ds vuqlkj
CPU fdlh Hkh le; ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd Peripheral Devices ds lkFk fdlh Pattern esa
Information dk vknku iznku dj ldrk gSaA bl izdkj Data Input-Output ds vfrfjDr
vusd dk;Z ds fy, CPU ds Internal Resource tSls memory rFkk system bus dks
le;kuqlkj ckaVdj iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS vr% Input-Output dk;Z ds fy, Control rFkk
Timing dh vko';drk gksrh gSaA ftlls Internal Resource rFkk Peripheral Devices ds e/;
Data lap; dks fu;af=r fd;k tk ldsA
mnkgj.k ds fy, fdlh Peripheral Devices ds CPU ds fy, Data Transfer dks fu;af=r
djus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr pj.k gks ldrs gSa&
1. Processor Interface Unit ls blds lkFk tqM+h Input-Output Device ds Status dh
ekax djsxkA
2. Interface Unit Processor dk Input-Output Device dk Status nsxhA
3. ;fn Input-Output Device Data Transfer ds fy, rS;kj gS rks CPU Input-Output
Interface Unit dks Data Transfer ds fy, Command nsxkA
4. Interface Unit Peripheral Device ls Data Byte izkIr djsxhA
5. Interface Unit ls Data CPU dks LFkkukUrj.k gksxkA
CPU Communication: - CPU rFkk Interface Unit ds e/; Information dk vknku&iznku
System Bus }kjk gksrk gSaA izR;sd Input-Output Interface Unit esa CPU
Communication dh {kerk gksuh vko';d gSaA CPU Communication esa Interface Unit
ds fuEufyf[kr dk;Z gksrs gSaA
Command Decoding: - Input-Output Interface Unit CPU ls Command izkIr djrh gSaA ;s
Command Control Bus esa ladsrksa ds :i esa Hksth tkrh gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,
fdlh Disk Drive ds fy, Interface Unit Read Sector Write Sector Seek Track Number vkfn
izdkj ds Command CPU ls izkIr dj ldrk gSaA
Data: - Data Bus dh lgk;rk ls CPU rFkk Input Output Interface Unit ds e/; lwpukvksa
dk vknku iznku gksrk gSaA

Status Reporting: - Peripheral Devices CPU dh rqyuk esa vR;f/kd /kheh xfr ls dk;Z
djrh gSaa blfy, Input-Output Interface Unit ds Status dks tkapus dh vko';drk gksrh
gSaA ;g tkudkjh CPU ds Status Signal ds }kjk nh tkrh gSa Ready rFkk Busy
lkekU; Status Signal gSaA fofHkUu izdkj dh Error dh tkudkjh nsus ds fy, Hkh
Status Signal gksrs gSaA
Address Recgnition: - ftl izdkj izR;sd Memory 'kCn dk ,d fuf'pr rFkk vf}rh;
Address gksrk gSaA blh izdkj Input-Output Device dk Hkh vf}rh; Address gksrk
gSaA vr% izR;sd Input-Output Interface Unit esa vius ls tqM+h Peripheral Device ds
address dks igpkuus dh {kerk gksuh pkfg,A
Device Communication: - CPU Communication dh rjg gh Interface Unit vius ls tqM+h
Peripheral Device ds lkFk lwpukvksa dk vknku iznku djus ds fy, Hkh l{ke
gksuh pkfg,A Device Communication esa Hkh CPU Communication dh rjg Data,
Command rFkk Status dk vknku iznku gksrk gSa ysfdu ;g lwpukvksa dk vknku
iznku Interface Unit rFkk blls tqM+h Peripheral Device ds e/; gksrk gSa tSlk fd
fuEufyf[kr fp= esa fn[kk;k x;k gSa &
Control From
I/O Module

Status to I/O
Module

Data (bits) to and from I/O

Module

Buffer

Control Logic

Transducer

Data (Device-unique to and

from Environment)

One External Device

Data Buffering: - Data Buffering Input Unit dk eq[; dk;Z gksrk gSaA Memory Unit
rFkk CPU dh Data Transfer nj cgqr mPp gksrh gSa tcfd Peripheral Input-Output
Interface Unit dh Data Buffering ds fy, l{ke gksuk pkfg,A
Memory Unit ls vius okys Data dks mPp nj ij Interface Unit dks Hkst fn;k
tkrk gSaA Interface Unit esa Data vLFkk;h :i ls laxzfgr djrk gSaA tc Peripheral
Device Data izkIr djus ds fy, rS;kj gks tkrh gSa rks Interface Unit vius Buffer
Register esa laxzfgr Data Peripheral Device dks LFkkukUrfjr dj nsrk gSa blh izdkj
tc Peripheral Device ls Data Memory dks LFkkukUrfjr djuk gks rc Hkh Data dks
igys Interface Unit esa Buffer fd;k tkrk gSaA bl izdkj Interface Unit dks Memory
Unit rFkk Peripheral Device nksuksa ds dk;Z dh xfr ds vuq:i dk;Z djus ds fy,
l{ke gksuk pkfg,A
Error Detection: - Error Detect djuk rFkk budh tkudkjh CPU dks iznku djus dk
dk;Z Hkh Interface Unit dk gksrk gSa ;s =qfV;k fofHkUu izdkj ls gks ldrh gSa]
mnkgj.k ds fy, Peripheral Device esa fdlh izdkj dk Mechanical ;k Electrical Function
dks Bhd ls u gksuk ;k device ls Interface Unit dks Data Transfer djrs le; Data Bit
Pattern esa cnyko vk tkuk vkfnA Data LFkkukUrj.k esa vius okyh =qfV;ksa dks
Detect djus ds fy, Error Detecting Code dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSa mnkgj.k ds fy,]
Data Transfer djus ls igys izR;sd Data Character ds lkFk ,d vfrfjDr Bit tqM+ tkrh
6

gSa ftls isfjVh bit dgrs gSaA bl Bit dks bl izdkj Set fd;k tkrk gSa fd Data Bit
Pattern esa "I" bits dh dqy la[;k le gks vFkok fo"ke gks rFkk blh vk/kkj ij bl
Error Detecting rduhd dks Even Parity Code dgrs gSaA tc Data Byte Interface Unit }
kjk izkIr dh tkrh gSa rks Interface Unit bl isfjVh Bit dks Check djrh gSa rFkk
=qfV;ksa dh tkap djrh gSaA =qfV izkIr gksus ij Interface Unit CPU dks =qfV
ladsr Hkstrh gSaA
Peripheral Devices: oks Input rFkk Output Devices tks Computer ds lkFk lh/ks rkSj ij tqM+h jgrh gS
Peripheral Devices dgykrh gSa vkerkSj ij iz;ksx dh tkus okyh Peripheral Devices
fuEufyf[kr gSa &
1. Keyboard
2. Monitor
3. Mouse
4. Printer
5. Display Units
6. Scanner
7. Magnetic Disks
8. Magnetic Tapes vkfnA
Keyboard, Scanner rFkk Mouse vkfn Input Devices gS tks Computer dks Data
iznku djus dk dk;Z djrh gSa Printer, Monitor rFkk Display Units vkfn Output Devices
gS tks Computer }kjk dh xbZ Processing ls izkIr ifj.kkeksa dks ns[kus ;k dkxt ij
Nkius dk dk;Z djrh gS Magnetic rFkk Magnetic Tape vkfn os Devices gS tks
Computer dks Auxilary Storage iznku djrh gSa rFkk ;s Devices Input rFkk Output
nksuksa izdkj dk dk;Z dj ldrh gSa os Devices tks Computer }kjk iw.kZr;k%
fu;a=.k esa jgrh gSa] mUgsa Online Connected Peripheral Devices dgrs gSaA bu
Devices dks Computer System dk gh fgLlk ekuk tkrk gS bu Peripheral Devices dks
bl izdkj Design fd;k tkrk gSa ftlls ;s CPU }kjk command feyus ij Memory Unit esa
lwpuk;sa Store dj ldsa vFkok memory unit ls lwpuk;sa i<+ ldsa ;k izkIr dj ldsaA
bu Peripheral Devices dh lajpuk Electromechanical ;k Electromagnetic izdkj dh gksrh
gSaA dqN egRoiw.kZ rFkk O;ogkfjd rkSj ij iz;ksx dh tkus okyh Peripheral
Devices dk laf{kIr ifjp; uhps fn;k tk jgk gS&
Keyboard: - Computer dks Data iznku djus dk lcls izpfyr rFkk O;ogkfjd rjhdk
Key-board }kjk Data Entry djkuk gSA Key-Board ,d lk/kkj.k Typewriter dh rjg fn[kus
okyh Device gS ftlls ge Computer dks Alphanumeric lwpuk;sa lh/ks rkSj ij iznku
dj ldrs gSaA Key-Board esa iz;ksx dh tkus okyh Keys dks fuEufyf[kr esa ckVk
tk ldrk gSa &
1. Alphabetic Keys
2. Functional Keys
3. Numeric Keys
4. Cursor Movement Keys
5. Special Purpose Keys
fofHkUu izdkj ds v{kjksa ls fufeZr Data dks Computer esa Input djus ds
fy;s Alphabetic Keys dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA F1, F2, F3,..............F12 Keys dks
Functional Keys dgrs gSa Functional Keys dk iz;ksx commands nsus ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gSa Functional Keys dks Programmable Keys Hkh dgrs gSaA Cursor Movement Keys
dk iz;ksx Computer Screen ij Cursor dks fofHkUu fn'kkvksa esa ys tkus ds dke
vkrk gS Cursor Computer Screen ij fn[kus okyk ,d izdkj dk fpUg gksrk gS tks

Input fd;s tkus okys v{kj dh fLFkfr dks iznf'kZr djrk gSaA Cursor Movement Keys
dk rhj dk fpUg cuk gqvk gksrk gSa tks ;g iznf'kZr djrk gSa fd ;g Cursor
Movement Key dks Right, Left, Up & Down ;k uhps fdl fn'kk esa ys tk,xhA Numeric
Key Maths x.kukvksa ds fy;s la[;kvksa dks Input djus ds fy, iz;ksx dh tkrh
gSaA Computer Keyboard esa dqN special ijit Key Hkh gksrh gSa tSls & Ctrl
(Control), Del (Delete), Alt (Alternat), Ins (Insert), Shift, Enter rFkk Numlock vkfn
Keyboard }kjk lwpuk;sa ,d&,d v{kj Keyboard ls djds Input dh tkrh gS blfy, bls
Single Character Mode Input Hkh dgrs gSaA Data Entry djrs le; tSls gh ge fdlh Key
dks nckrs gSa rks Keyboard bl key ds laxr ,d Binary Coded Character Computer dks
Hkstrk gSaA Computer esa Information Input djus dh xfr dsoy Computer User dh
Typing Speed ij fuHkZj djrh gSa D;ksafd Central Processing Unit (CPU) vR;f/kd
mPpxfr {kerk okyh Device gksrh gS tks vR;f/kd rhozrk ls Operation dks Perform
djrh gSA tc Keyboard }kjk /kheh xfr ls Information Input dh tkrh gS rks CPU
vf/kdrj fuf"; voLFkk esa jgrk gS rFkk Information dks izkIr djus dk bartkj djrh
gSA Processing Unit dk lnqi;ksx djus ds fy, ge cgqr vf/kd ek=k esa Programs
rFkk Information dks igys ls gh fdlh Storage Device tSls Magnetic Tape ;k Disk esa
Store djds j[krs gSa ftlls fd vko';drk iM+us ij Information rFkk Programs dks rhoz
xfr ls Computer esa Input fd;k tk ldsA
Mouse: - Mouse ,d Input Device gS tks Cursor dks Computer Screen ij fdlh Hkh fLFkfr
vkSj fn'kk esa ys tkus ds fy, iz;ksx dh tkrh gSaA Mouse dks Desktop ij ftl fn'kk
esa ?kqek;k tkrk gSa Computer Screen ij Cursor mlh fn'kk esa igqap tkrk gSaA
Computer esa fdlh Menu dks pquus ds fy, ;k dksbZ Command nsus ds fy, igys
Mouse }kjk cursor dks ml txg igqapk;k tkrk gS fQj Mouse ij fLFkr Button dks ,d
ckj ;k nks ckj nck;k tkrk gSaA Mouse ds lkFk Keyboard dk iz;ksx Hkh vko';d
gksrk gSaA
Monitor: - Computer esa Input dh tkus okyh lwpukvksa rFkk Computer dh
Processing }kjk izkIr ifj.kkeksa dks ns[kus ds fy, Monitor dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSaA Video Monitor lokZf/kd yksdfiz; rFkk O;kogkfjd Output Device gSA Computer
Screen ;k Display Unit ;k Monitor dh eq[; fo'ks"krk Cursor gksrk gS tks computer }
kjk Input fd;s tkus okys v{kj dks Computer Screen ij fLFkfr dks iznf'kZr djrk
gSaA Cursor dks Monitor ij fdlh Hkh txg igqapk;k tk ldrk gSa tSls fdlh Line dh
'kq:vkr esa fdlh Line ds chp esa fdlh 'kcn dh 'kq:vkr esa fdlh v{kj ls igys
vkfnA cursor dh fLFkfr ds vuqlkj fdlh v{kj dks feVk;k ;k chp esa Insert Hkh
fd;k tk ldrk gSaA Key-Board }kjk tc ge fdlh lwpuk dks Computer esa Input djkrs
gSa rks tSls gh ge fdlh Information dks Key dks nckrs gSa rks mlds laxr v{kj
gS vkSj mls ge Bhd dj ldrs gSaA Computer ds lkFk fofHkUu izdkj ds video
Monitor iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSa ysfdu ,d Electron Gun gksrh gS tks Electronic Beam
mRiUu djrh gSaA ;g Electro Gun ,d Tube ds vUnj jgrh gS rFkk bl Tube ds lkeus
Phosphorescent Screen j[kh tkrh gS dSFkksM+ js Tube Monitor esa Electro Gun
Electron Beam mRiUu djrh gSA ;g Electro Gun ,d Tube ds vUnj gjrh gSa rFkk bl
Tube ds lkeus Phosphorescent Screen j[kh tkrh gSa dSFkksM+ js Tube Monitor esa
Electron Gun Electron Beam dks bl Phosphorescent Screen ij Hkstrh gSaA ;g Electronic
Beam Horizontal ;k Vertical fdlh Hkh vksj fopfyr gks ldrh gSaA Screen ij dksbZ
Pattern mRiUu djus ds fy, dSFkksM js Tube ds vUnj fLFkr Grid ifjorhZ Variable
Voltage izkIr djrh gSaA ftlds dkj.k electron Beam Screen ls Vdjkrh gs rFkk bu
Selected fcUnqvksa dks pedkrh gS Computer Screen ftu Picture Elements ls feydj
curh gS Pixel dgrs gSaA Screen ij ,d v{kj dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy, ,d ls vf/kd

Pixels dks Illuminate gksuk iM+rk gSaA Computer Monitor dh Screen ,d Television
dh Screen dh rjg gksrh gSaA blesa 25 Vertical Line gksrh gSaA ftUgsa ,d lkFk
ns[kk tk ldrk gS rFkk ,d Vertical Line esa 80 v{kj gksrs gSaA bu nksuksa ds
xq.kuQy ls gesa Screen ij fn[kk;h nsus okys dqy Character Box dh la[;k izkIr
gksrh gSaA ,d Character Box og {ks= gksrk gSa tgka Electronic Beam ds Vdjkus
dh laHkkouk gksrh gSaA ,d character box esa Pixels dh la[;k ftruh vf/kd gksxh
buls izkIr Pattern dh Li"Vrk mruh gh vf/kd gksxh ;k Pattern dk Resolution vPNk
gksxkA
Printer: - Computer }kjk izkIr ifj.kkeksa rFkk Output Data dks dkxt ij Nkius ds fy,
Printer dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA bl rjg izkIr Output dks Hard Copy Output Hkh dgrs
gSaA Printer ,d On Line Output Device gksrh gSaA Printer ls ge vlhfer Output Data
,d lkFk ns[k ldrs gSa tcfd Computer Screen ij dsoy lhfer Data dks gh ,d lkFk ns[k
tk ldrk gSaA Printer ls izkIr Hard Copy Output dks fdlh Hkh LFkku ij fcuk fdlh
Device dh lgk;rk ds izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSaA tcfd Computer Screen ls izkIr Soft
Copy Output dks igys fdlh Storage Device esa laxzghr djuk iM+sxk rRi'pkr~ fdlh
LFkku ij mlds izLrqrhdj.k ds fy, Computer System dh Hkh vko';drk gksxhA
Printers dks fofHkUu vk/kkjksa ij oxhZd`r fd;k tk ldrk gSa Printer ds dk;Z
djus dh xfr ds vk/kkj ij nks izdkj ds Printer gksrs gSa &
Low Speed Printer: - bl izdkj ds printers ,d ckj esa dsoy ,d v{kj dks gh Nkirs
gSa blfy, bu Printers dh Nkius dh xfr fuEu gksrh gSaA bu Printers dh xfr
character izfr lsds.M esa ekih tkrh gSaA
High Speed Printer: - bl izdkj ds Printers ,d ckj esa Output Data dh iwjh ,d Line ;k
iwjk ,d Page Nki ldrs gSaA blfy;s bu Printers dh Nkius dh xfr mPp gksrh gS
rFkk bu Printers dks Line Printer Hkh dgrs gSaA bu Printers dh xfr Lines izfr feuV
esa ekih tkrh gSaA
fizfUVax dh rduhd ds vk/kkj ij nks izdkj ds Printers gksrs gSaA
Impact Printer: - Printing dh bl rduhd esa Printed dkxt ds lkFk Contact esa jgrk gS
bl izdkj ds Printer esa /kkrq ls fufeZr Hammer ;k Print Head L;kgh okys fjfcu rFkk
dkxt ls Vdjkrk gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i 'kCn dkxt ij Ni tkrk gS ;g Printing rduhd Type
Writer dh Printing rduhd ds leku gksrh gSaA fofHkUu izdkj ds Impact Printer
fuEufyf[kr gSa &
Daisy Wheel Printer: - bls Character Printer Hkh dgrs gSaA D;ksafd ;g ,d ckj
esa ,d v{kj dks dkxt ij Nkirk gSa bl izdkj ds Printer dks Letter Quality Printer
Hkh dgrs gSaA ftlls Output Image dh xq.kokk c<+ tkrh gSaA bl Printer esa ,d
Impact }kjk ,d v{kj Nirk gSaA Daisy Wheel Printer dh Nkius dh xfr 60 v{kj izfr
lSd.M rd gksrh gS ftldh izR;sd Spoke ds fljs ij ,d Character dk Bksl Font mHkjk
jgrk gSaA
tc fdlh Character dks Nkiuk gksrk gSa rks ;g Wheel rc rd ?kwerk gS tc rd
fd ml character ds laxr spoke hammer ds lkFk Print Position esa ugha vk tkrh gS rc
rd Hammer Spoke Ribbon rFkk dkxt ij ,d lkFk Vdjkrk gS rFkk ftlls character dkxt ij
Ni tkrk gSaA bl izdkj ds Printer dk ,d eq[; ykHk ;g gS fd bl Printer esa dkxt ds
lkFk Carbon Paper yxkdj ,d gh Printing Output ds lkFk dbZ Carbon Copies izkIr dh
tk ldrh gSaA

DOT Matrix Printer: - bl izdkj ds Printer dh Printing xfr cgqr mPp gksrh gSa rFkk
blds }kjk Nkis tkus okys characters esa yphykiu gksrk gS bl Printer ls fofHkUu
vkdkj izdkj vkSj Hkk"kk ds character, graphics vkfn Nki ldrs gSaA d;ksafd bl
Pritner esa iwoZ fufeZr eqnzk Font ugha gksrs gSaA Dot Matrix Printer esa Print
Head }kjk v{kj Nkis tkrs gSaA Print Head esa vusd fiuksa dk ,d Matrix gksrk
gSaA Print Head esa NksVs & NksVs Print Hammers dh J`a[kyk gksrh gS tks
fiuksa ds fljksa dh rjg fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA izR;sd Print Hammer ds Ribbon rFkk
dkxt ds lkFk Impact ;k Vdjkus ls dkxt ij ,d Dot Nirk gSaA bl izdkj vusd Dot
feydj ,d Character dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA Print Head esa 7, 9, 14, 18 ;k 24 fiuksa rd
dk Vertical lewg gks ldrk gSaA Print Head essa ftruh vf/kd fiuksa dk Vertical
lewg gksxk blds }kjk Nkis x;s characters dh xq.kokk mruh gh vf/kd gksxhA
vf/kdrj Dot Matrix Printer nksuksa fn'kkvksa esa cka;h ls nka;h vksj rFkk nka;h
ls cka;h fn'kk esa Print djus dh {kerk j[krs gSaA cka;h ls nka;h vksj xfr djrs
le; Print Head ,d Line dks Print djrk gS rFkk nka;h ls cka;h vksj xfr djrs le; og
nwljh Line dks Print dj ysrk gSaA
Dot Matrix Printer dh xfr Daisy Wheel Printer ls vf/kd gksrh gSaA bl Printer
dh Printing xfr 50 ls 400 Characters Per Second CPS gksrh gSaA Dot Matrix Printer }
kjk jaxhu Nik;h Hkh dh tk ldrh gSa ftlls vko';drk vuqlkj Black and White ;k
Coloured Output izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSaA blds fy, User dks Black Ribbon ds LFkku ij
Coloured Stripped okyk Ribbon yxkuk gksrk gSaA Software Instruction ds vuqlkj
Print Head dh fiusa vyx&vyx Colour Stripes ij Vdjkrh gSa rFkk vko';drk vuqlkj
Colour ds v{kjksa dks dkxt ij Nkirh gSaA Dot Matrix Printer Daisy Wheel Printer }
kjk Nkis x;s Output dh rqyuk esa T;knk gksrh gSa Dot Matrix Printer 2 izdkj dh
xq.kokk okyk Output iznku dj ldrk gSa&
Near Letter Quality Printing: - bl izdkj dh Printing esa Print Head izR;sd Printing Line
dks ,d lsvf/kd ckj esa Over Strike }kjk Nkirk gSa ftlls izR;sd Character xgjk rFkk
Li"V Nirk gSaA ,d Print Line dks ,d ls vf/kd ckj esa Nkius ds dkj.k bl izdkj dh
Printing esa Printing xfr /kheh gksrh gSaA
Draft quality Printing: - bl izdkj dh Printing esa Head izR;sd Line dks dsoy ,d gh
ckj esa Nkirk gSa ftlls fuEu dksfV dh NikbZ okyk Output izkIr gksrk gSa bl
izdkj dh Printing ls Nis gq;s Characters dh Li"Vrk rFkk xq.kokk vPNh ugha
gksrh gSaA
Non Impact Printer: - bl izdkj dh Printing rduhd esa Print Head rFkk dkxt ds e/;
fdlh Hkh izdkj dk laidZ ugha gksrk gS blfy, bls Non Impact Printer dgrs gSaA bl
rduhd esa Print Head Ribbon ds lkFk dkxt ij ugha Vdjkrk gS] ftlds dkj.k bl
Printer esa dkxt ds lkFk Carbon Paper yxkdj Printing Output dh Carbon Copies ugha
izkIr dh tk ldrh gSaA dqN Non Impact Printers ds ckjs esa uhps le>k;k x;k
gSa&
Ink Jet Printer: - ;g Printer Dot Matrix dh rjg gh Output iznku djrk gS vFkkZr~ bl
Printer esa Nius okys character Hkh cgqr lkjs Dots ls feydj cus gksrs gSa ysfdu
Dot Matrix printer esa dots print head dh fiuksa ds Vdjkus ls curs gSa tcfd bl
rduhd esa Dots L;kgh dh lw{e cwanks ls feydj curs gSaA bl Printer ls izkIr
Output vf/kd Li"V gksrk gSa D;ksafd izR;sd Character vusd Dots ls feydj curk
gSaA Ink Jet Printer ds Print Head esa ,d uksty gksrk gSaA bl uksty ls L;kgh dh
lw{e cwanksa dh ckSNkj djds character rFkk fofHkUu izdkj ds fp= Nkis tkrs
gSaA bl izdkj ds Printer esa cgqr mPp vko`fr okys fo|qr Generator ls Piezoelectric
Crystal dks dfEir djds Cartridge ls L;kgh dks lw{e cwanks dh ckSNkj fudkyh
tkrh gS rFkk ;s L;kgh dh lw{e cwans fo|qr bySDVksM ls funsZf'kr gksdj

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dkxt ij bfPnr character Nkirh gSaA Ink Jet Printer vis{kkd`r de 'kksj mRiUu djrs
gSaA bu Printers ds Output dh Print quality 300 Dots Per Inch DPI rd gksrh gSaA
Laser Printer: - bl Printer dh Printer rduhd ;kaf=d :i ls de tfVy gksrh gSaA bldh
Printing rduhd Photocopy Machine dh rduhd dh rjg gksrh gSa ftls Xeography
Technique dgrs gSaA Zeography, Photography Technique dh rjg gksrh gSaA blesa
Film dh txg ,d Photo-Sensitive Drum gksrk gSa ftl ij vkosf'kr inkFkz dk ysiu
gksrk gSaA Laser Printer esa Microprocessor Laser Beam dk fu;a=.k djrk gSa ftlls
Laser fdj.k ,d Second esa gtkjksa ckj niZ.k ls Vdjkdj rFkk funsZf'kr gksdj
/kukRed vkosf'kr Me rd igqaprh gSaA Me ij fLFkr ftu fcUnqvksa ij ystj fdj.k
Vdjkrh gS os Neutralized gks tkrs gSa rFkk mu fcUnqvksa ij ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh
L;kgh ftls Toner dgrs gS] fpid tkrh gS] rRi'pkr~ ;s Toner dkxt ij fp= cuk ysrk
gS rFkk Output dkxt ij Ni tkrk gSaA ;g Output bl voLFkk esa vLFkkbZ gksrk
gSaA bls LFkk;h cukus ds fy, dkxt dks LFkkbZ :i ls Seal dj fn;k tkrk gSaA
blds ckn Drum dks fQj ls vxys p ds fy, /kukRed vkosf'kr dj fn;k tkrk gSaA
Laser Printer ds xq.k fuEufyf[kr gksrs gSa&
(1) vfr mPp Printing xfrA
(2) vfr mPp Output xq.kokk rFkk Li"VrkA
(3) vfr fuEu 'kksj LrjA
(4) fofHkUu izdkj dh Graphics dks Nkius dh {kerkA
(5) fofHkUu vkdkj rFkk izdkj ds characters dks Nkius dh {kerkA
(6) ,d ckj esa iwjk ,d Page Nkius dh {kerkA
Laser Printers dks Page Printer Hkh dgrs gSa D;kafd
Page Nkirs gSaA ;s Printer Plastic dh Sheets ij Hkh Output
iz;ksx NikbZ dh Offset Machine dh Master Print dks Nkius
gSa ftlls Output dh vf/kd la[;k esa izfrfyfi;k Nkih tkrh
dher dkQh vf/kd gksrh gSaA

;s ,d ckj esa iwjk ,d

Nki ldrs gSaA budk
ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk
gSa Laser Printers dh

Data Transfer ds fofHkUu Mode

fdlh Peripheral Device dks izkIr Binary Information Processing ds fy;s Memory Unit
esa laxzfgr dh tkrh gS rFkk fdlh Peripheral Device dks Processor }kjk
LFkkukUrfjr dh tkus okyh Information Hkh Memory Unit ls gh fudkyh tkrh gSaA
Processor dHkh&dHkh Input-Output Units ls lh/ks rkSj ij Information vknku&iznku
djrk gSaA ysfdu lwpukvksa dk Source rFkk ewy Destination Memory Unit gh
gksrk gSaA Computer rFkk Input-Output Devices ds e/; Data Transfer dks fuEufyf[kr
rhu rjg ds fu;af=r fd;k tk ldrk gSa &
(i)
Program Input-Output
(ii)
Interrupt Driven Input Output
(iii)
Direct Memory Access DMA
Program Input Output: - Program Input Output fof/k esa Input-Output Devices,
Memory ls lh/ks Information dks vknku & iznku ugha dj ldrhA Input Output
Device rFkk Memory ds e/; Data Transfer djus ds fy, Processor dks gh lkjs funsZ'k
nsus gksrs gSaA blesa Processor, Input Device dks Input funsZ'k nsrk gSa ftlls
Input Device ls Processor esa LFkkukUrfjr gksrk gS Processor ls Memory esa Data
Transfer djus ds fy, Processor Store Instruction nsrk gSaA vU; funsZ'kksa dh
vko';drk transfer fd, x;s 'kCnksa dks fxuus ds fy, rFkk Input-Output Device ds
Status dks tkapus ds fy, gksrh gSaa bl izdkj Program, Intput-Output fof/k ds dk;Z
Computer Program esa fy[ks gq;s Input Output funsZ'kksa ds }kjk gksrs gSaA

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program esa fy[ks funsZ'k }kjk gh izR;sd Data Item ds LFkkukUrj.k dh

'kq:vkr gksrh gSaA vkerkSj ij Data transfer Peripheral Device ls processor ds fy, ;k
Processor ls Peripheral Device ds fy, gksrk gSaA vU; funsZ'kksa dh vko';drk CPU
ls Memory Unit ds fy, rFkk Memory Unit ls CPU ds fy, Data Transfer djus gsrq
gksrh gSaA Program fu;U=.k }kjk Information dk vknku iznku djus ds fy,
Processor dks Peripheral Devices dh yxkrkj Monitoring dh vko';drk gksrh gSaA ,d
ckj tc Data Transfer dh 'kq:vkr gksrh gS rks Processor dks nksckjk Data Transfer
gks ldrk gSaA ;g tkuus ds fy, Interface dks Monitor djus dh vko';drk gksrh
gSaA Input-Output Devices rFkk Interface Unit dh Monitoring Processor ls laxzfgr
Programmed Instruction ij fuHkZj djrh gSaA Programmed Input-Output fof/k esa
Processor rc rd Program Loop esa jgrk gSa tc rd dh Input Output Interface Unit mls
vius Data Transfer ds fy, rS;kj gksus dk ladsr ugha nsrhA ;g ,d le; [kir djus
okyh izf;k gS rFkk blesa Processor vuko';d :i ls O;Lr jgrk gSaA fuEufyf[kr fp=
esa] Input-Output Device ls Interface Unit ds }kjk Processor ds fy, Data Transfer dk
mnkgj.k fn[kk;k x;k gS &
Data Bus

Interface

I/O Bus

Data Register
Address Bus

CPU

Data Valid

I/O Read
I/O Write

Status
Register

I/O
Device

Data Accepted

F = Flag bit
Input Output Device ls CPU esa Data Transfer
vkB Binary Bit dk lewg ,d Byte dgykrk gSaA Devices ,d ckj esa Data dh ,d
Byte dks Transfer djrs gSaA tc Data Transfer ds fy, ,d byte miyC/k gksrh gSa rks
Input-Output Device bls Input-Output Bus esa Mky nsrh gSa rFkk Data Valid Line dks
lf; dj nsrh gSaA Interface Unit vius Data Register esa Data Byte dks laxzfgr dj
ysrh gSa rFkk Data Accepted Line dks lf; dj nsrh gSaA Interface Unit vius Status
Register esa ,d bit set dj nsrh gSa ftls Flagbit dgrs gSaA Input-Output Device vc
Data Valid Line dks fuf"; dj nsrh gS ysfdu ;s rc rd nksckjk Data Transfer ugha dj
ldrh tc rd Interface Unit Data Accepted Line fuf"; u dj nsaA Status Register esa Flag
dks Check djus ds fy, Processor esa Program fy[kk gksrk gSaA ;g flag ;g lwfpr
djrk gSa fd Input-Output Device us Interface Unit ds Data Register esa Data Byte Mky
nh gSaA Processor yxkrkj Status Register dks Read djrk gSa] Flagbit ds eku dh
tkap djrk gSa ;fn flag bit ,d gks rks Processor, Data Register ls Data Read djrk gSa
rFkk Flag Bit dks Processor vFkok Interface Unit }kjk Clear vFkkZr~ 'kwU; dj fn;k
tkrk gSaA ,d ckj tc Flag bit dks 'kwU; dj fn;k tkrk gSa rks Interface Unit Data
Accepted Line dks fuf"; dj nsrh gSa rFkk vc Input-Output Device vxyh Data Byte
dks Transfer dj ldrh gSaA Programmed Input-Output fof/k esa Processor ds fy,
vko';d Program dk Flow Chart fn;k x;k gSaA
Read Data Register
Check Flag bit

12