‘Uaiverity of Psaburgh at Bradford ‘Setence In Motion Biology Lab 006 Blood Typing Introduction: Human biood tells a ict aboat its owner. Doctors examine blood to determine whether or not 2 person has had a heart attack. Police (forcusies) scientists use blood to aid in ideatifying potcatial suspects. Courts sometimes use blood to aid in determining the father of a child in paternity suits Blood is composed of living cells iz a complex liquid called serum. The most abundant type of ol! found in the blood is the red blood cell or erythrocyte. Red blood cells contain icon, which gives blood its characteristic color. The function of ted blued cells is usygeu aud vaibuu divaide wanspurt. ‘Attached to the surfice of the ted tolood cells are proteins called antigens. These proteins are made by the cell under the control of its genes. Strangely, just before a red blood ceil reaches maturity it “spits out” its nucteus containing the cell’s chromosomes. The result is that at maturity, red blocd cells have functional gene products (the antigens). but the genes that were responsible for producing them are no longer present. There is one particular gene for ted blood cell protein that is of special interest. In every person this gene produces cithcr A,B, or no protein. People ae classificd into ABO blead groups comesponding 10 the type of protein antigea they have on the surface of their red alood cells. Those who are type A have A antigens on their ted blood cells; type B have B antigens, type AB bavc bath A and B antigens; and type O produce neither A nor B antigens. Normally people have twenty-three chromosome pairs in their nuclei, One of the chrmmosomes of each pair is originally received from each parent. Each chromosome includes mary genes. A gene is a part of a chromosome containing the genetic information nacessary to produce one protein. The gene for red blood cell protein may contain the geuciic information to produce A protein, B protein, or ne:ther protein. Since every person has 2 pair of genes for blood proteins, one paternal (from father} and one matemal {from mother), a variety of gene combinations are possible. If both chromosomes contain the same allele (type of gene), the individual is said to be homozygous for the trait. For example, if both genes are for the A protein the individual ishomozygous for A. Ifthe alleles are differen. for example, one for the A and one for the B protein, the individual ie said to be heterozygous for the trait. In addition to cel’s, blood contains many other materials, including proteins that fight disease called antibodies. Antibodies are manufactured by specific types of cells and recognize and attach to specific “foreign” materials that enter the bloud stream. When the viruses responsible for muunps enter the blond, the hody reengnizes them as foreign and begins synthesizing antibodies that combine only with specific antigens of the vicus. Antibody-costed viruses are readily “eaten” by white blood cells in the blood. In this way the illness is fought. Should the individual again be exposed to mumps the antibodies are able to prevent a repetition of the illness. In some instances antibody-coated cells and viruses will tend to clamp, a phenomenon called agglutination. Curiously, blood contains antibodics agsins' A or B proteins if they are not present on its sod blood ceils. Thus a person with type B bload has B antigens on its red blood cells and anti-A antibodies inthe biood serum. Type AB blood contains neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies, Type O blood which produces neither A nor B antigens does contain both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in its scram (Table 1),Table 1. ABO Blood Combinations (allele): Parent 2 Child ‘Homozygous type A: has anti-B antibodies Homozygous B: has anti-A antibodies Heterozygous AB: has neither antibodies Heterozygous type A: has anti-B antibodies Heterozygous type B: has anti-A antibodies Homozygous O: has both anti-A. anti-B antibodies JO}O}O} >| a} >| e i JO} co] > |s] vo > Information about a person’s blood type is critical in blood transfusions, If an individual with type A blood receives a transfusion of type B blood, anti-B antibodies in the A blood will attach to the B red blood cells being transfused with resulting agglutination. Agglutination of this kind can be fatal. See Table 2 for a review of blood donor and recipient combinations. Table 2. Blood Type, Donor and Recipient Blood Type | Antigen ‘Antibody Donor for: Recipient for: A A ‘anti-B A, AB AO B B anti-A BAB B,O AB A&B None AB all 0 none anti-A & anti-B all ° Blood is tested for type by mixing a drop of blood to be typed with a drop of blood serum containing known antibodies. The investigator then looks for agglutination. Possible results and interpretations are shown in Table 3. Table 3. Blood Typing Reactions anti-A & TanttB Then the blood type is: + = A * + B = + AB = - oO Kage +. Agglutination occurs (contains the antigen) ~ No agglutination occurs (does not coniain the antigen} NOTE: Alll blood and blood sera in this experiment are simulated and contain no blood or blood products. These materials cannot be used to type actual human blood. If human anti-sera were available, however, these same instructions could be used to type actual human blood.Safety: As with all labs, safety procedures should be followed. Materials: Hema-tag® one microscope slide two toothpicks Procedure: 1. Perform test at room temperature. Lay a microscope slide over the anti-A and anti-B circles on a Hema-tag®. Place | drop of anti-A and anti-B in their respective circles on the microscope slide. 2. Add 1 drop of cells being tested to each drop of antiserum. 3. Mix the simulated cells and the antisera with the appropriate toothpick within their respective circles, scraping the tooth pick firmly against the microscope slide in the process, Continue stirring for two minutes or until agglutination is noted. 4, Read for gross agglutination and record test results. Note that in this simulation precipitations are recorded as agglutinations. 8. Positive: cells are agglutinated within two minutes, b. Negative: cells are not agglutinated within two minutes. Sample Type 1, Jane Smith 2, John Smith 3. David Smith 4, Wiley Smith Question: ‘These four orphans are trying to find their blood brothers or sisters from whom they were separated while very young. John Smith knows that his father was type B. 1. Could John have the same father as Wiley Smith? Explain. 2. Could these four orphans be related? Explain.ABO Bloodtyping Bio 006 Antigen-- Protein found in surface of blood cell. RBC-- Contains iron, carries oxygen and carbon dioxide. A B ‘AA |AB | Codominant: AB Homozygous: AA Dominant: A,B Heterozygous: AO AB |BB | Recessive: O Type A Blood has A antigen on its surface and contains the anti-B antibody. TF A Blood comes in contact with the anti-A antibody, located in the B Blood, it will agglutinate, or clot. So when placing the anti-A serum on the A Blood, agglutination should occur and placing anti-B serum on B-Blood will cause agglutination. Type AB Blood does not contain any antibodies and therefore does not clot with any type of blood. Type O Blood contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies resulting in clotting from both A and B Blood. Blood Type Antigen Antibody | Donor For: | Recipient For: A A Anti-B A, AB 4.0 B B Anti-A B, AB 8.0 AB A&B None. AB All oO None Anti-A and All ° Anti-BBlood Typing: Background Information Experiments with blood transfusions, the transfer of blood or blood components into a person's blood stream, have been carried out for hundreds of years. Many patients have ied and it was not until 1901, when the Austrian Karl Landsteiner discovered human blood groups, that blood transfusions became safer. Mixing blood from two individuals can lead to blood clumping or agglutination. The clumped red cells can crack and cause toxic reactions. This can have fatal consequences. Karl Landsteiner discovered that blood clumping was an immunological reaction which occurs when the receiver of a blood transfusion has antibodies against the donor blood cells. Karl Landsteiner’s work made it possible to determine blood types and thus paved the way for blood transfusions to be carried out safely. For this discovery he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930. ‘What is blood made of? ‘An adult human bas about 4-6 liters of blood circulating in the body. Among other things, blood transports oxygen to various parts of the body. Blood consists of several types of cells floating around in a fluid called redboogean plasma. tie ood et The red blood cells contain hemoglobin, a protein that binds oxygen. Red blood cells transport oxygen to, and remove carbon dioxide from, the body tissues, The white blood cells fight infection. The platelets help the blood to clot, if you get a wound for example. H The plasma contains salts and various kinds of proteins.What are the different blood groups? The differences in human blood are due to the presence or absence of certain protein molecules called antigens and antibodies. The antigens are located on the surface of the red blood cells and the antibodies are in the blood plasma. Individuals have different types and combinations of these molecules. The blood group you belong to depends on what you have inherited from your parents. There are more than 20 genetically determined blood group systems known today, but the ABO and Rh systems are the most important ones used for blood transfusions. Not all blood groups are compatible with each other. Mixing incompatible blood groups leads to blood clumping or agglutination, which is dangerous for individuals. Nobel Laureate Karl Landsteiner was involved in the discovery of both the ABO and Rh blood groups. ABO blood grouping system ease" | According to the ABO blood typing system there are four different kinds of blood types: A, B, AB or 0 (null) We %| Blood group A If you belong to the blood group A, you have A antigens on the surface io; of your red blood cells and B antibodies in your blood plasma. Blood group B If you belong to the blood group B, you have B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and A antibodies in your blood plasma. Se] _ Blood group AB — If you belong to the blood group AB, you have both A and B antigens rt on the surface of your red blood cells and no A or B antibodies at all in A angen your blood plasma. w Blood group 0 @® i yebelons tothe blood group 0 (nul), you have neither A or B ey a sakay antigens on the surface of your red blood cells but you have both A and antibody B antibodies in your blood plasma.Blood transfusions — who can receive blood from whom? Of course you can always give A blood to persons with blood group A. B blood to a person with blood group B and so on, But in some cases you can receive blood with another type of blood group, or donate blood to a person with another kind of blood group. People with blood are called . . — ‘ Niniveratdoson” and ‘The transfusion will work if a person who is going to receive blood has people with blood a blood group that doesn't have any antibodies against the donor {g70up AB are called blood's antigens, But if a person who is going to receive blood has “universal receivers” antibodies matching the donor blood’s antigens, the red blood cells in the donated blood will clump. Blood oO None | AandB ‘Adopted from: hitp:/wivw.nobel.se/medicnefeducationalNandsteiner/teadmore.htm|How are blood types related to the six genotypes? Both A and B alleles are dominant over O. Asa result, individuals who have an AO genotype will have an A phenotype. People who are type O have OO genotypes. In other words, they inherited a recessive O allele from both parents. The A and B alleles are codominant. Therefore, if an A is inherited from one parent and a B from the other, the phenotype will be AB. Agglutination tests will show that these individuals have the characteristics of both type A and type B blood. ‘Adopted from: hutp://arthro.palomar.edu/blood/ABO_system. htm A blood testis used to determine whether the A andlor B characteristics are present in a blood sample. It is not possible to determine the exact genotype from a blood test result of either type A or type B. If somcone has blood type A, they must have at least one copy of the A allele, but they could have two copies. Their genotype is cither AA or AO. Similarly, someone who is blood type B could have a genotype of either BB or BO. Blood type Possible genotypes AA os AO BB B BO ‘A blood test of either type AB or type O is more informative. Someone with blood type AB must have both the A and B alleles, The genotype must be AB. Someone with blood type O has neither the A nor the Ballele. The genotype must be OO. ‘Since there are three different alleles, there are a total of six different genotypes at the human ABO genetic locus. ‘Allele from ‘Allele from Genotype of Blood types of the mother the father offspring offspring A A AA A A B AB* AB A oO AO A B A AB* AB B B BB B B ° BO B ° ° 00 oO Adopted from: hnp:/iwww biology arizona edu/muman_bio/problem_sets/biood_types/intro.htm!Blood type Percent of Americans with this type | Who can receive this type or 37% 0+, At, B+, ABT oO 6 a All blood types At 34 : At, AB AS 6 At. Ac, ABR AB~ {Bie se 10k es BH ABE a 2 E B+, BL, ABr, ABE “ABY 4 AB Ape tages 2 ‘AB+, AB- Did You Know? + Blood type is inherited, just like eye color. + Certain blood types are more common in certain countries. In China, over 99% of the population has Rh* blood. + Different kinds of animals have different kinds of blood. Dogs have 4 blood types; cats have 11; cows have about 800, + Some people think blood type tells about personality, Legend has it that Type A is calm and trustworthy: Type B is creative and excitable; Type AB is thoughtful and emotional; and Type O is a confident leader. + In Japan, the idea of blood type as personality type is so popular that Japanese ask “What's your blood type?” about as often as Americans ask “What's your sign?” ‘Adopted from: hntp:/Awww.factmonster.comipka/A0877658,himl