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Transmission Factor
Host
Vector
Virus
(WHO, 2011)
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Vector
Mosquito: Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti, Aedes
(Stegomyia) albopictus
Breed in the CLEAN WATER.
GEOGRAPHICAL LIMIT in winter min 10oC.
>1000 m height asl uncommon
MAX FLY DISTANCE : 50 m
Dengue vector is the FEMALE
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1-2 days
4-5 days
Pupae
2-3 days
Larvae
Stagnant water
Eggs
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Transmission
EXTRINSIC INCUBATION
PERIOD
8-12 days
INTRINSIC INCUBATION
PERIOD
5-7 days
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(WHO, 2009)
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(WHO, 2011)
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Expanded Dengue
Unusual manifestations severe organ involvement
such as liver, kidneys, brain or heart associated with
dengue infection
Reported in DHF and DF
May be associated with coinfections, comorbidities
or complications of prolonged shock.
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Clinical Course
Febrile
Critical
Recovery
(day 1-3)
(day 4-6)
(day 7-10)
Dehydration
High fever
seizures in children
Hypervolemia
(iatrogenic fluid overload)
Viraemia
Plt HCt
IgM IgG
(WHO, 2009)
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(WHO, 2009)
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Management of DHF grade I, II (non-shock
cases)
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Management of DHF grade I, II (non-shock cases)
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Management of shock: DHF Grade 3
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Management of prolonged/profound shock: DHF Grade 4
The initial fluid resuscitation in Grade 4 DHF is more vigorous in order to
quickly restore the blood pressure
Even mild hypotension should be treated aggressively
Ten ml/kg of bolus fluid should be given as fast as possible, ideally within
10 to 15 minutes. When the blood pressure is restored, further
intravenous fluid may be given as in Grade 3.
If shock is not reversible after the first 10 ml/kg, a repeat bolus of 10
ml/kg and laboratory results should be pursued and corrected as soonas
possible
Urgent blood transfusion should be considered as the next step (after
reviewing the preresuscitation HCT) and followed up by closer
monitoring, e.g. continuous bladder catheterization, central venous
catheterization or arterial lines.
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Malaria
Definisi: Penyakit infeksi parasit yang disebabkan
oleh Plasmodium yang menyerang eritrosit dan
ditandai dengan ditemukannya bentuk aseksual di
dalam darah.
Transmisi di 103 negara
Melibatkan 1 milyar orang
Menyebabkan 1-3 juta kematian tiap tahun
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P. falciparum
P. vivax
P. ovale
P. malariae
Vector:
Anopheles sp. (betina)
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Malaria
Malaria
Tanpa
Komplikasi
Tx per oral
Berat
Tx
parenteral
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Uncomplicated Malaria
The classic paroxysm
Shivering and chills (1-2 hours) high fever
excessive diaphoresis body temperature drops
Fatigue, Malaise, Shaking chills, Arthralgia, Myalgia
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Severe
Malaria
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Severe
Malaria
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Patogenesis
Cytoadherence
Perlekatan EP
matur pada
endotel
Rosetting
EP matur dikelilingi
10 eritrosit normal
obstruksi aliran
darah
sitoaderensi
Sequestration
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Life Cycle
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Patogen
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Blood Smear
Criterion standard
Giemsa-stained
1x hasil negatif belum
dapat menyingkirkan
malaria
Butuh 3x hasil negatif
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P. vivax
Tropozoit
Gametosit
Schizont
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2nd line
Falciparum
DHP + Primakuin
Kina + Primakuin +
(Doksisiklin/
Tetrasiklin)
Malariae
DHP
Kina + Primakuin +
(Doksisiklin/
Tetrasiklin)
Ovale Vivax
DHP + Primakuin
Kina + Primakuin
- RELAPS
DHP + Primakuin
double dose
Hamil trimester 1
Kina + Klindamisin
Hamil trimester 23
DHP
Dosis
DHP (3 hari)
- BB >60kg: DHP
1x4tab
- anak: artesunat
1x2-4 mg/kg
Klorokuin (3 hari)
- (2x2, 2x2, 1x2)
Kina (7 hari)
- 3x 10mg/kgBB
Primakuin
- Vivax/ovale 1x1
(14hari)
- Falciparum 1x3
(single dose)
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Severe Malaria Treatment: PARENTERAL
ARTESUNATE IV/IM
CDC: 2.4 mg/kg IV x4 doses over 3 days
WHO: 2.4 mg/kg IV/IM at 0, 12 hours, 24 hours,
THEN qDay
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Evaluasi Terapi
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Kemoprofilaksis: Tergantung AREA.
Sensitifklorokuin
Resisten
klorokuin
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Leptospirosis
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lepto
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Terapi dan Kemoprofilaksis Leptospirosis
Ringan
Doksisiklin 2 x 100mg
Ampisilin 4 x 500-750 mg
Amoksisilin 4 x 500 mg
Sedang/berat
Penisilin G 1,5 juta unit/ 6 jam IV
Ampisilin 1 gr/ 6 jam IV
Amoksisilin 1 gr/ 6 jam IV
Kemoprofilaksis
Doksisiklin 200 mg/ minggu
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Step Ladder Pattern
1st
2nd
3rd
Demam
Demam terus
menerus
Komplikasi:
Nyeri kepala
Batuk kering
Bradikardia relatif
Nyeri perut
Rose spot
Nyeri perut
Splenomegaly
Hepatomegaly
(50%)
Perdarahan usus
Perforasi usus
Meningitis tifosa
Hepatitis tifosa
Cholecystitis, etc
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Patofisiologi Tifoid
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Penunjang
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Isolasi organisme
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Pemberian antimikroba
Kloramfenikol
Masih merupakan obat pilihan utama di Indonesia (PAPDI)
KI: hamil trimester 3 (Grey Baby Syndrome)
Tiamfenikol
komplikasi hematologi lebih rendah daripada kloramfenikol
Tiamfenikol 4 x 500mg
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Pemberian antimikrobacontd
Sefalosporin generasi ketiga
Seftriakson 3-4 gram dalam dekstrosa 100 cc diberi selama
jam IV sekali sehari, 3-5 hari.
Fluorokuinolon
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Opportunistic Infection:
Mucocutaneous Manifestation
Oral Candidiasis
Tx Oral Candidiasis:
Gentian violet 1% (dibuat segar/baru) atau larutan nistatin 100.000 200.000 IU/ml
yang dioleskan 2 3 kali sehari selama 3 hari
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PROTOZOA
HELMINTH
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Giardia lamblia
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Entamoeba histolytica
is 1-4.
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Balantidium coli
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Helminths
Trematoda
HELMINTH
Nematoda
Cestoda
Trematoda
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Schistosoma
Blood flukes
Triple S:
Schistosoma
Spina
terminalis
Serkaria
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Fasciolopsis buski
Intestinal flukes
Oper-Bus jalur
12:
Operculum
F. Buski
B12
Duodenum
Metaserkaria
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Nematoda
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Nematoda
Prutitus ani
Bentuk
huruf D
(ingat
dubur)
Scotch
tape test
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Nematoda
Prutitus ani
Bentuk
huruf D
(ingat
dubur)
Scotch
tape test
3 T:
Trichuris
Tempayan
(bentuk)
Turun
(prolapsus
recti)
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Nematoda
Prutitus ani
Bentuk
huruf D
(ingat
dubur)
Scotch
tape test
3 T:
Trichuris
Tempayan
(bentuk)
Turun
(prolapsus
recti)
Telur bulat-oval
dinding berlapis
Keluar cacing
Obstruktif
Loeffler
syndrome
(sesak nafas)
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Nematoda
Prutitus ani
Bentuk
huruf D
(ingat
dubur)
Scotch
tape test
3 T:
Trichuris
Tempayan
(bentuk)
Turun
(prolapsus
recti)
Telur bulat-oval
dinding berlapis
Keluar cacing
Obstruktif
Loeffler
syndrome
(sesak nafas)
Ancylostoma
duodenale &
Necator
americanus
Segmented ovum
Anemia
Harada mori test
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Cestoda
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Hymenolepis nana
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Taenia
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Taenia
T. SAGINATA
Proglottid
vs
Segmen gravid
5-10 cabang
uterus
Segmen gravid
15-30 cabang
uterus
Proglottid
Scolex
T. SOLIUM
Rostellum (+)
Rostellum (-)
Scolex
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Neurosistiserkosis
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Nematoda
Enterobius
Pyrantel pamoate
Mebendazole
Ascaris
Mebendazole
Pyrantel pamoate
Trichuris
Mebendazole
Albendazole
Ancylostoma
Mebendazole
Pyrantel pamoate
Albendazole
Albendazole
Cestoda
Albendazole: DOC for potentially fatal cestode infections
(cysticercosisT solium)
Praziquantel: DOC for hymenolepiasis
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Filariasis
Agent: Wuchereria bancrofti,
Brugia malayi, Brugia timori
Vector: culex, anopheles, etc
Acute (limfedenitis, limfangitis, fever)
Chronic (elephantiasis): obstruction of
lymphatic vessels by adult worms
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Wuchereria bancrofti
Edema skrotum
Chyluria
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Filariasis
Diagnostik
Mikrofilaria dalam darah pada
malam hari (22.00-02.00)
Giemsa stain (MDT)
Terapi
DEC 3 x 6mg/kgBB per hari (12 hari)
Profilaksis
DEC 6mg/kgBB + Albendazol 400mg per tahun (5 tahun)
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TETANUS
Clostridium
tetani (basil
Gram (+)
anaerob
berspora)
Toksin
tetanolisin,
tetanospasmin
Port d entree
Luka tusuk
dalam, luka
bakar, kotor
Otitis media,
karies gigi,
luka kronik.
Pemotongan
tali pusat
tidak steril
Risus
sardonicus
Lock jaw
Opistotonus
Spasme
larynx & otot
nafas
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Tetanus
Derajat I (tetanus ringan)
Trismus sedang
Kekakuan jelas
Dijumpai kejang rangsang, tidak ada kejang spontan
Takipneu
Disfagia ringan
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Tetanus
Derajat III (tetanus berat)
Trismus berat
Otot spastis, kejang spontan
Takipne, takikardia
Serangan apne (apneic spell)
Disfagia berat
Aktivitas sistem autonom meningkat
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Ablett Classification of Tetanus Severity
Grade 1 (mild): mild trismus, mild rigidity without spasms, no
respiratory embarrassment, no spasms, no dysphagia.
Grade 2 (moderate): moderate trismus, rigidity with short
spasms, mild dysphagia, moderate respiratory involvement
with respiratory rate more than 30 per minute, mild
dysphagia.
Grade 3 (severe): Severe trismus, generalized spasticity with
prolonged spasms, respiratory rate more than 40 per minute
and intercurrent apnoeic spells, severe dysphagia, pulse
above 120.
Grade 4 (very severe): grade 3 with severe autonomic
disturbances involving the cardiovascular system.
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Talaksana umum
Tempatkan di ruang yang tenang (stimulasi minimal), ICU, support ventilasi,
eksplorasi luka, pembersihan dan debridement
Netralisasi toksin
Imunoglobulin tetanus manusia (TIG) / Tetagam,
Antitetanus serum (ATS) 50.000 IU (im) + 50.000 IU (iv) single dose ATAU
20.000 IU/hari selama 5 hari
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Luka Lainnya
TD
TIG
Tidak Tahu/<3
Dosis
YA
Tidak
YA
YA
3 Dosis
Tidak,
Kecuali > 10
tahun sejak
dosis terakhir
Tidak
Tidak, kecuali
> 5 tahun
sejak dosis
terakhir
Tidak
Congenital Toxoplasmosis
Diffuse hydrocephalus
Multiple calcification at
periventricular area & choroid
plexus
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ToxoplasmosisHIV
Nodular lesion >1
Ring enhancement
Cerebral edema
75% at basal ganglia
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Bacterial identification
Lactobacillales
Catalase (-)
Streptococcus bovis
Streptococcus
Enterococcus
Enterococcus faecalis
Staphylococcus
Bacillales
Catalase (+) Bacillus
Listeria
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Streptococcus
Lisis sempurna,
bening:
S. pyogenes
S. agalactiae
Lisis sebagian,
coklat-hijau:
S. pneumoniae
S. viridans
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SIRS (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome)
Sepsis
SIRS + infection
Severe Sepsis
Sepsis + hypoperfusion
Septic shock
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MODS
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MODS
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Terima Kasih
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Paling umum buat bedain staph sm strep.
Uji katalase: tetes H2O2 3%, katalase (+): gelembung (+),
krn bakteri menghasilkan enzim katalase, merubah H2O2
H2O+O2. Contoh: S. aureus.
STREPTOCOCCUS
Streptococcus, kultur dengan agar darah utk hemolisis
Beta- : lisis sempurna, warna bening
Alfa-: lisis sebagian, warna kehijauan/coklat
Gamma: tidak lisis