Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
October, 2013
Page 1
October, 2013
Page 2
Introduction to LTE
October, 2013
Page 3
EARLY ANALOG
MTS, IMTS
AutoTel
Page 4
1G
EARLY ANALOG
NMT450, NMT900
MTS, IMTS
AutoTel
LMR, SMR
1G: When the first cellular systems launched, even though data
wasn't offered by the carriers, a few hardy users provided their own
(MNP10) modems for haphazard, slow data via dialup access
The internet wasn't a big factor yet!
October, 2011
Page 5
2G
1G
EARLY ANALOG
TDMA: IDEN
NMT450, NMT900
LMR, SMR
MTS, IMTS
AutoTel
2G provided digital data but at low bit rates -- 9600 - 32k bps
Downloading a 2MB file took an hour or more (if it didn't drop in
the middle and require manually re-starting)
Travel agents with telephones were still faster than online res.
October, 2011
Page 6
200+
200+
153
153
2.5 G
2G
1G
EARLY ANALOG
CDMA-2000, 1xRTT
CDMA IS-95, J-Std 008
GPRS, EDGE
TDMA: NADC, IS-136
TDMA: IDEN
NMT450, NMT900
LMR, SMR
MTS, IMTS
AutoTel
Page 7
153
153
3G
2.5 G
2G
1G
EARLY ANALOG
3.1M
1.8M
7M+
3M+
200+
200+
1xEV-DO
CDMA-2000, 1xRTT
CDMA IS-95, J-Std 008
GPRS, EDGE
TDMA: NADC, IS-136
TDMA: IDEN
NMT450, NMT900
LMR, SMR
MTS, IMTS
AutoTel
Page 8
153
153
4G
3G
2.5 G
2G
1G
EARLY ANALOG
44M
22M
HSPA+
3.1M
1.8M
100M
50M
7M+
3M+
200+
200+
WiMAX
LTE
1xEV-DO
CDMA-2000, 1xRTT
CDMA IS-95, J-Std 008
GPRS, EDGE
TDMA: NADC, IS-136
TDMA: IDEN
NMT450, NMT900
LMR, SMR
MTS, IMTS
AutoTel
Page 9
153
153
4G
3G
2.5 G
2G
1G
EARLY ANALOG
44M
22M
HSPA+
3.1M
1.8M
100M
50M
1000M
500M
7M+
3M+
200+
200+
WiMAX
LTE
1xEV-DO
LTE adv.
CDMA-2000, 1xRTT
CDMA IS-95, J-Std 008
GPRS, EDGE
TDMA: NADC, IS-136
TDMA: IDEN
NMT450, NMT900
LMR, SMR
MTS, IMTS
AutoTel
Page 10
4G
3G
2.5 G
2G
1G
EARLY ANALOG
7M+
3M+
200+
200+
WiMAX
VOIP
VOIP?
153
153
3.1M
1.8M
44M
22M
HSPA+
100M
50M
LTE
1xEV-DO
VOIP
100M
50M
1000M
500M
LTE adv.
CDMA-2000, 1xRTT
CDMA IS-95, J-Std 008
GPRS, EDGE
TDMA: NADC, IS-136
TDMA: IDEN
NMT450, NMT900
LMR, SMR
MTS, IMTS
AutoTel
Finally the industry will settle on one or two VOIP standards for
LTE, voice traffic of legacy CDMA and GSM will finally go to LTE
Nearly all WiMax networks will finally convert to LTE
CDMA and LTE voice networks won't die until 2017 or even later!
October, 2011
Page 11
4G
3G
2.5 G
2G
1G
EARLY ANALOG
7M+
3M+
200+
200+
WiMAX
LTE
1xEV-DO
VOIP
VOIP?
153
153
3.1M
1.8M
44M
22M
HSPA+
100M
50M
VOIP
100M
50M
1000M
500M
LTE adv.
CDMA-2000, 1xRTT
CDMA IS-95, J-Std 008
GPRS, EDGE
TDMA: NADC, IS-136
TDMA: IDEN
NMT450, NMT900
LMR, SMR
MTS, IMTS
AutoTel
1G: Users provided their own modems for haphazard, slow data
2G provided digital data but at low bit rates -- 9600 - 32k bps
3G data users finally passed 1 Mb/s in EV-DO and HSPA
4G users finally get10 Mb/s+
Page 12
Scott Baxter
October, 2013
Page 13
LTE
The Evolved Packet System (EPS) is purely IP based. Both real time
services and datacom services are carried by the IP protocol.
The IP address is allocated when the mobile is switched on and
released when switched off.
The new LTE access solution uses OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiple Access) to reach high data rates and data volumes.
High order modulation (up to 64QAM), large bandwidth (up to 20
MHz) and MIMO transmission in the downlink (up to 4x4) is also
available. Up to 170 Mbps on uplink and 300 Mbps on the downlink.
The EPC core network can inter-work with Non-3GPP access such as
WiMAX, WiFi, CDMA and EV-DO.
Non 3GPP access solutions can be treated as trusted or non-trusted
based on operator requirements.
The LTE access network is simply a network of base stations (eNodeBs)
in a flat architecture. There is no centralized intelligent controller, and the
eNBs are normally inter-connected by the X2-interface and towards the
core network by the S1-interface.
Distributing intelligence among eNodeBs speeds up connection set-up
and handovers, especially critical for some types of user traffic.
October, 2013
Page 14
LTE
LTE Advanced
DL: 1 Gbps
UL: 512 Mbps
C-Plane: <50 ms
U-plane: <5 ms always
Multiple Blocks,
up to 100 MHz. +
DL: up to ~30 b/s/hz
UL: up to ~15 b/s/Hz
>300 active in 5 MHz.
without DRX, >600 in 5+
October, 2013
Page 15
CDMA
CDMA
Power
Page 16
October, 2013
OFDM, OFDMA
Frequency
MIMO
MIMO
Multiple Input Multiple Output
An ideal companion to OFDM, MIMO allows
exploitation of multiple antennas at the base station
and the mobile to effectively multiply the throughput
for the base station and users
SMART ANTENNAS
Beam forming for C/I improvement and
interference reduction
Page 17
October, 2013
Progress in
Network Configuration
and Frequency Reuse
to
0.2
104k
0.5
3
1
0.17
0.2
160k
0.8
3
1
0.27
0.2
384k
1.9
3
1
0.63
1.2
1.2
360k 720k
0.3
0.6
1
1
1
1
0.3
0.6
1xEV-DO
EDGE
0.03
28k
0.9
7
1
0.13
1xRTT RC4
GPRS
0.03
9600*
0.3*
7
1
0.04
CDMA
GSM
TDMA (US)
Progress in
Signal
Technology
Analog*
UMTS
HSPA
LTE
1.2
3.1M
2.4
1
1
2.4
3.84
2M
0.5
1
1
0.5
3.84
8M
2.1
1
1
2.1
20
100M
5.5
~3
4
7.3
Progress in
Devices
October, 2013
Page 18
October, 2013
Page 19
Page 20
eNodeB
Downlink
716
730
740
Page 21
Downlink
Uplink
In TDD, uplink and downlink take turns transmitting in a single block
of spectrum.
Operators choice of FDD or TDD operation is usually dictated by the
frequencies assigned by government
In FDD, the capacity of uplink and downlink is determined by the
spectrum allocated to each (usually equal)
In TDD, the relative capacity of uplink and downlink can be adjusted
to most closely match the actual distribution of uplink and downlink
traffic, getting greatest efficiency from available spectrum
The WiMAX standard was first developed in only a TDD version
The LTE technology was first developed in only an FDD version
Today both LTE and WiMAX have FDD and TDD versions
October, 2013
Page 22
Downlink
730
740
1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 or 20 MHz.
Page 23
700 MHz
800
900
PCS
Uplink
PCS
DownLink
1700
1800
1900
Frequency, MegaHertz
2000
AWS
DownLink
2100
Modern wireless began in the 800 MHz. range, when the US FCC
reallocated UHF TV channels 70-83 for wireless use and AT&Ts
proposed analog technology AMPS was chosen.
Nextel bought many existing 800 MHz. Enhanced Specialized Mobile
Radio (ESMR) systems and converted to Motorolas IDEN technology
The FCC allocated 1900 MHz. spectrum for Personal Communications
Services, PCS, auctioning the frequencies for over $20 billion
With the end of Analog TV broadcasting in 2013, the FCC auctioned
former TV channels 52-69 for wireless use, the 700 MHz. band
The FCC also auctioned spectrum near 1700 and 2100 MHz. for
Advanced Wireless Services, AWS.
Technically speaking, any technology can operate in any band. The
choice of technology is largely a business decision by system operators.
October, 2013
Page 24
SAT
AWS
Uplink
AWS?
Proposed AWS-2
SAT
IDEN
CELL DNLNK
700 MHz.
IDEN
CELL UPLINK
2200
In the U.S., the former television channels 52-69 have been re-allocated
to wireless operators and public safety entities.
The Upper C block (striped red) is now used by Verizon Wireless in
virtually the entire U.S. with uplink in 776-787 MHz. and downlink in
746-757 MHz. Verizons partnership with rural operators has given it a
head-start in completing LTE service along virtually all interstate
highways and many surrounding rural areas.
AT&T has obtained the lower B and/or lower C block in many areas.
After considerable delay it is now well along in its national rollout.
Other operators also use lower A, B, and/or C blocks in many areas.
There is controversy over adjacency of lower A to TV channel 51.
October, 2013
Page 25
LTE Band
Classes
The LTE Band Classes
are listed in the ETSI
document 36.101 in the
table shown at left
Blocks 1-26 are for FDD,
Frequency-DivisionDuplex use
Blocks 33-43 are for
TDD Time-DivisionDuplex use
As new frequencies are
purposed for LTE around
the world, new band
classes will be added
VZW US: Bandclass 14
ATT US: Bandclass 17
October, 2013
Page 26
October, 2013
Page 27
QPSK
I
16QAM
64QAM
512 - 28
Modulation
Scheme
BPSK
QPSK *
8PSK
16 QAM *
32 QAM
64 QAM *
256 QAM
Possible
States
2
4
8
16
64
128
256
Efficiency,
Bits/S/Hz
1 b/s/hz
2 b/s/hz
3 b/s/hz
4 b/s/hz
5 b/s/hz
6 b/s/hz
8 b/s/hz
SHANNONS
CAPACITY EQUATION
= B log2
[ 1+
S
N
B = bandwidth in Hertz
C = channel capacity in bits/second
S = signal power
N = noise power
October, 2013
-15
FSC
+15
+30
Page 29
LTE Symbol
LTE Symbol
UE
Radio signals in a mobile environment dont follow just one direct pathway
from transmitter to receiver. The signal travels over every possible path. The
receiver gets a jumble of what was transmitted, blurred in time.
On arrival, the boundary between one symbol and the next is fuzzy. A
symbol is sometimes interfered with by overlapping remnants of the symbol
sent just before of it. This is called intersymbol interference, ISI.
LTE exploits Discrete Fourier Transforms to overcome ISI. Each symbol
begins with a preview of its end value, called a cyclic prefix.
If the CP length is longer than the time-blurring of the radio channel, the
Discrete Fourier Transform can eliminate the intersymbol interference.
LTE systems have a normal CP length which nicely fits most situations. The
CP length can also be extended to get good performance in very reflective
areas such as big cities and mountain canyons, and in Multicast transmission.
October, 2013
Page 30
October, 2013
Page 31
October, 2013
Page 32
Page 33
October, 2013
1.4
1.6
3.2
10
15
20
15
16
25
50
75
100
The 1.4 MHz. bandwidth is used only for initial addition of LTE to
cleared spectrum of an existing FDD system which is converting
from another technology to LTE FDD.
The 1.6 MHz. bandwidth is used only for initial addition of LTE to
cleared spectrum of an existing TDD system which is converting
from another technology to LTE TDD.
The other bandwidths match frequency blocks authorized by
various countries governments for wireless operation.
October, 2013
Page 34
Page 35
October, 2013
Page 36
October, 2013
Page 37
Page 38
Page 39
LTE uses a high spectral efficiency multicarrier multiple access approach, OFDM
Downlink: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)
Uplink: SC-FDMA (Single Carrier - Frequency Division Multiple Access), also
called DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) spread OFDMA.
OFDM fills the available bandwidth with many mutually orthogonal narrowband
subcarriers, shared by multiple users.
OFDMA is spectrum-efficient, but needs fast processors to make and decode
The OFDMA signal has a high peak-to-average power ratio, needing powerhungry linear amplifiers. Its no problem for eNBs, but makes handsets costly.
A near-cousin to OFDMA, SC-FDMA, is used on the uplink because it has the
same multi-carrier structure but a low peak-to-average power ratio.
October, 2013
Page 40
MIMO
Multiple Input Multiple Output
October, 2013
Page 41
Page 42
October, 2013
Page 43
LTE Channels
October, 2013
Page 44
Frequency
Time
October, 2013
Frequency
Time
Page 46
October, 2013
Control
Traffic
Control
Traffic
Control
Traffic
Control
Control
Paging
Overhead
Shared
Random
Access
MultiMedia
Shared
Paging
Broadcast
Overhead
Shared
Control
Random Access
MultiMedia
Control
Format
HARQ
Paging
Broadcast
Overhead
Page 47
Course 512 v1.0 (c)2013 Scott Baxter
October, 2013
Individual
User
Public
MultiMedia
Individual
User
Public
Page 48
Pilot used for DL channel estimation. Derived from cell ID (one of 3x168=504 PN Sequences)
Shared channel for user data, radio/core network, System information (BCH), paging messages.
October, 2013
Page 49
Page 50
PBCH
Page 51
PCFICH symbols
Page 52
PDCCH symbols
Page 53
PHICH symbols
October, 2013
Page 54
October, 2013
Page 55
October, 2013
Page 56
Page 57
October, 2013
Page 58
October, 2013
Page 59
October, 2013
Page 60
October, 2013
Page 61
http://paul.wad.homepage.dk/LTE/lte_resource_grid.html
cc
October, 2013
Page 62
For the overall LTE signal structure, both uplink and downlink, a
Physical Resource Block (PRB) is the main allocated chunk of
signal.
However, control channels are mapped into smaller units called
Resource Element Groups (REG). Because control channel
information is usually very compact in size, an REG easily fits
inside a PRB.
An REG is just one symbol long, and it takes up either 4 or 6
subcarriers depending on whether pilot subcarriers are included.
Several REG may be grouped into a Control Channel Element
(CCE).
October, 2013
Page 63
October, 2013
Page 64
Page 65
October, 2013
October, 2013
Page 66
October, 2013
Page 67
Page 68
PDCCH Mapping
October, 2013
Page 69
Whats a DCI?
The Downlink Control Indicator (DCI) carries the information a UE
needs to know
Which resource blocks carry your data?
What modulation scheme is used for your data?
Whats the starting resource block for your data?
October, 2013
Page 70
DCI
CRC
Attachment
DCI +
16 bit CRC
scrambled with RNTI
DCI
October, 2013
Page 71
October, 2013
Page 72
October, 2013
Page 73
October, 2013
Page 74
October, 2013
Page 75
October, 2013
Page 76
Page 77
October, 2013
Page 78
Page 79
Page 80
EPC Elements
Page 81
EPC
RB Control
Connection Mobility Ctrl
MME
NAS Security
eNB Measurement
Config. & Provision
Dynamic Resource
Allocation (scheduler)
EPS Bearer
Control
RRC
PDCP
S-GW
RLC
MAC
PHY
October, 2013
Mobility
Anchoring
S1
P-GW
UE IP Address
Allocation
Internet
Packet Filtering
Page 82
Page 83
Gb
GERAN
Evolved
RAN: eNB
LTE radio
Networks
S1
Ref Pt.
MME
UPE
S4
Ref Pt.
3GPP
Anchor
S6a
SAE
Anchor
HSS
SGi
Operators
IP Services
IASA
Uu
S2a
1xRTT, CDMA2000,
EV-DO networks
October, 2013
Rx+
S7
S5b
Iu
S5a
UTRAN
PCRF
Non-3GPP
IP access
S2b,c
WLAN 3GPP
IP access
Page 84
Page 85
Page 86
October, 2013
Page 87
October, 2013
Page 88
X2 and S1 Interfaces
Another advantage with the distributed solution is that the MAC
protocol layer, which is responsible for scheduling, is represented
only in the UE and in the base station leading to fast
communication and decisions between the eNB and the UE. In
UMTS the MAC protocol, and scheduling, is located in the
controller and when HSDPA was introduced an additional MAC
sub-layer, responsible for HSPA scheduling was added in the NB.
October, 2013
Page 89
Layer 2
RLC
MAC Layer
(user
Equipment)
October, 2013
NAS
Radio Bearer
Logical Channel
Transport Channel
Physical Layer
UE
Control Plane
(messaging)
Non-Access Stratum
Core<>UE signaling
RRC
PDCP
User Plane
(user data)
RRC
PDCP
Layer 2
User Plane
(user data)
RLC
MAC Layer
Physical Layer
Physical Channel
eNodeB
(base
station)
Page 90
October, 2013
Page 91
Lower layer
Lower layer
PDU
HEADER
SDU
Page 92
October, 2013
Page 93
Control Plane
(messaging)
NAS
RRC
PDCP
RLC
MAC Layer
Physical Layer
UU Air Interface
October, 2013
Page 94
Page 95
Control Plane
(messaging)
NAS
RRC
PDCP
RLC
MAC Layer
Physical Layer
UU Air Interface
October, 2013
Page 96
PDCP
RLC
MAC Layer
In-Sequence
Delivery
RRC
Managing
RLC PDUs
NAS
Control Plane
(messaging)
ARQ Error
Correction
User Plane
(user data)
TM Transparent Mode
For real-time services like voice, video
No retransmission of failed packets
No error statistics maintained
UM Unacknowledged Mode
Physical Layer
UU Air Interface
Yes
AM Acknowledged Mode
Useful for non-real-time high quality
services like web browsing
Retransmission of failed packets
October, 2013
Yes
Page 97
Control Plane
(messaging)
NAS
RRC
PDCP
RLC
MAC Layer
Physical Layer
UU Air Interface
October, 2013
Page 98
October, 2013
Page 99
October, 2013
Page 100
Page 101
Scrambling in LTE
LTE is conceived assuming a
frequency reuse rate of 1, using all
available frequencies in all cells of
the system.
Although LTE does not use
CDMA codes to differentiate
cells, it does perform
information scrambling at the bit
level.
LTE scrambling codes are Pseudorandom sequences defined by a
length-31 Gold code.
Each type of physical channel uses
a different scrambling code. The
scrambling code used in the
downlink is not the same all the
time.
It is determined by UE Identity, and
also related with the channel
type/format associated with service.
The table at right shows the
scrambling methods by channel.
October, 2013
Page 102
October, 2013
Page 103
System Acquisition
Searching In Frequency
Searching In Time
At power-up, the UE notes its LTE band class capabilities and begins
exploring all the possible center frequencies that might be hold the SCH
The UE first looks for the primary synchronization signal (P-SCH) in the
last OFDM symbol of the first time slot of the first subframe (subframe 0)
in each radio frame. It reads symbol timing, and learns which of three cell
identities is being transmitted, and locks its frequencies to the eNB.
The UE next searches for the (S-SCH) secondary synchronization signal,
and learns which of 170 cell identities it carries. From this it decodes the
PCI, physical cell identity, and the frame boundaries
The UE next finds the RS sequence and learns antenna port configuration
Now the UE can decode the P-BCH and apply cell selection and
reselection criteria
October, 2013
Page 104
October, 2013
Page 105
Page 106
October, 2013
Page 107
LTE Downlink
October, 2013
Page 108
October, 2013
Page 109
RB RB RB RB RB RB RB RB RB RB RB RB
Page 110
Page 111
Qrxlevmeas is the UE-measured receive level value for this cell, i.e.
the Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP
Qrxlevmin is the minimum required receive level in this cell, in dBm.
Qrxlevminoffset is an offset to Qrxlevmin that is only taken into
account as a result of a periodic search for a higher priority PLMN
while camped normally in a Visitor PLMN (VPLMN).
PCompensation is a maximum function. PEMAX is maximum power
allowed for a UE in this cell. PUMAX is maximum for power class
A UE may discover cells from different network operators.
First the UE will look for the strongest cell per carrier,
Then the PLMN identity from the SIB Type 1 to see if suitable,
Then it will compute the S criterion and decide if suitable
October, 2013
Page 112
October, 2013
Page 113
inter
The Master Information Block (MIB) gives the basic signal configuration
and bandwith
System Information Block 1 declares what other information blocks exist,
and the mobile goes about collecting all their contents
The MIB and SIB1 are carried by the BCH channel; all the other SIBS are
carried by the DL-SCH
October, 2013
Page 114
UE (Mobile) Categories
October, 2013
Page 115
LTE UE Categories
Rationale:
The LTE UE categories or UE classes are needed to ensure that
the base station, or eNodeB, eNB can communicate correctly with
the user equipment. By relaying the LTE UE category information
to the base station, it is able to determine the performance of the
UE and communicate with it accordingly.
As the LTE category defines the overall performance and the
capabilities of the UE, it is possible for the eNB to communicate
using capabilities that it knows the UE possesses. Accordingly the
eNB will not communicate beyond the performance of the UE.
October, 2013
Page 116
Page 117
Page 118
Page 119
In active mode, there is dynamic transition between long DRX and short
DRX. Durations for long and short DRX are configured by the RRC. The
transition is determined by the eNodeB (MAC commands) or by the UE
based on an activity timer. The figure shows DRX cycle operation during a
voice over IP example. A lower duty cycle could be used during a pause in
speaking during a voice over IP call; packets are coming at a lower rate,
so the UE can be off for a longer period of time. When speaking resumes,
this results in lower latency. Packets are coming more often, so the DRX
interval is reduced during this period.
October, 2013
Page 120
UE (Mobile) States
October, 2013
Page 121
UE States
October, 2013
Page 122
October, 2013
Page 123
Page 124
More EMM
EPS also includes the concept of TAL, the Tracking Area List.
A uE does not need to initiate a TAU when it enters a new Tracking
Area, if that area is already in its present Tracking Area List
Provisioning different lists to the UEs can avoid signaling peaks when
a large nujmber of Ues cross a TA border, for example on a train or
other public transport
EMM Connection Management Procedures
Service request UE initiates to begin NAS signaling connection
Network-initiated paging on NAS to UE to send service request
Transport of NAS messages for SMS (CS fallback)
Generic transport of NAS messages, various others
October, 2013
Page 125
Page 126
EPS Session Management Protocol establishes and handles user data in the NAS
Two EPS concepts define IP connectivity between UE and packet data network:
PDN connection
EPS bearer
A PDN connection includes a default EPS bearer and possibly additional dedicated
bearers to give specific QoS handling for the traffic data flows
A UE can have multiple simultaneous PDN connections (one for web, one IMS, etc)
EPS procedure Categories:
Network-initiated EPS procedures to activate, deactivate or modify bearers
Transaction-related procedures initiated by the UE for
PDN connection establishment and disconnection
Requests for bearer resource allocation and modification
Release requests
October, 2013
Page 127
Page 128
October, 2013
Page 129
Flow Examples
Random Access
October, 2013
Page 130
Page 131
Page 132
October, 2013
Page 133
Page 134
Page 135
Page 136
Flow Examples
October, 2013
Page 137
Page 138
October, 2013
Page 139
The UE moves away from the LTE network and into the
UTRAN/GERAN service area
October, 2013
Page 140
October, 2013
Page 141
October, 2013
Page 142
October, 2013
Page 143
October, 2013
Page 144
The Gn/Gp SGSN sends a SGSN Context ACK to the Old MME
October, 2013
Page 145
October, 2013
Page 146
October, 2013
Page 147
October, 2013
Page 148
October, 2013
Page 149
>GSM
October, 2013
Page 150
October, 2013
Page 151
October, 2013
Page 152
October, 2013
Page 153
October, 2013
Page 154
Page 155
Page 156
Flow Examples
Initial Attach
October, 2013
Page 157
October, 2013
Page 158
October, 2013
Page 159
October, 2013
Page 160
October, 2013
Page 161
October, 2013
Page 162
October, 2013
Page 163
October, 2013
Page 164
October, 2013
Page 165
October, 2013
Page 166
The eNB sends a RRC DL info Transfer and NAS message to the
UE, containing the Authentication Request
Authentication/Security: Networks request Authentication Vectors
from UE. Once UE provides them, MME compares them with what
HSS has sent. If they match UE is authenticated. Next is security.
After the security all the NAS messages are encrypted using the
security algorithms that were exchanged.
October, 2013
Page 167
October, 2013
Page 168
October, 2013
Page 169
October, 2013
Page 170
October, 2013
Page 171
October, 2013
Page 172
October, 2013
Page 173
October, 2013
Page 174
October, 2013
Page 175
October, 2013
Page 176
Page 177
Page 178
October, 2013
Page 179
October, 2013
Page 180
Page 181
Page 182
Page 183
Page 184
Flow Examples
UE Detach
October, 2013
Page 185
LTE UE Detach
The UE is attached to this network. It decides to detach.
In the following pages,
It sends a detach request message to network.
Network deletes the EPS bearers
then the radio bearers are torn down.
Finally RRC connection is released.
October, 2013
Page 186
LTE UE Detach
October, 2013
Page 187
LTE UE Detach
October, 2013
Page 188
LTE UE Detach
The MME sends a Delete Session Request to the SGW using GTP
protocol.
October, 2013
Page 189
LTE UE Detach
The SGW sends the PGW a PMIP Proxy Binding Update, deleting
the EPS bearers.
October, 2013
Page 190
LTE UE Detach
October, 2013
Page 191
LTE UE Detach
October, 2013
Page 192
LTE UE Detach
The MME updates the HSS on the UEs detachment with a Notify
Request
October, 2013
Page 193
LTE UE Detach
October, 2013
Page 194
LTE UE Detach
Now the MME sends the eNB a DL NAS Transport + NAS Detach
Accept
October, 2013
Page 195
LTE UE Detach
October, 2013
Page 196
LTE UE Detach
October, 2013
Page 197
LTE UE Detach
October, 2013
Page 198
LTE UE Detach
Page 199
LTE UE Detach
Page 200
October, 2013
Page 201
October, 2013
Page 202
October, 2013
Page 203
Page 204
Page 205
October, 2013
Page 206
LTE Bearers
Page 207
October, 2013
Page 208
Page 209
October, 2013
Page 210
October, 2013
Page 211
Page 212
Flow Examples
October, 2013
Page 213
Page 214
October, 2013
Page 215
MME has traffic for specific UE. It sends Page message to all
eNBs in UEs current tracking area (TA).
October, 2013
Page 216
October, 2013
Page 217
October, 2013
Page 218
October, 2013
Page 219
October, 2013
Page 220
October, 2013
Page 221
October, 2013
Page 222
October, 2013
Page 223
October, 2013
Page 224
October, 2013
Page 225
October, 2013
Page 226
October, 2013
Page 227
October, 2013
Page 228
October, 2013
Page 229
October, 2013
Page 230
Page 231
Page 232
Page 233
Flow Examples
October, 2013
Page 234
UE is in RRC_Idle mode
UE has data and needs connection to network
UE sends RRC Connection Request to eNB
eNB sends RRC Connection Setup to UE
UE sends RRC Connection Setup Complete and NAS Attach
Request and PDN Connectivity Request to eNB
eNB sends Initial UE Message and NAS Attach Request and PDN
Connectivity Request to MME
MME sends Create Session Request to SGW using GTP
SGW sends PMIP Proxy Binding Update to PGW
PGW sends PMIP Proxy Binding Ack to SGW
SGW sends Create Session Response to MME by GTP
MME sends eNB an Initial Context Setup Request and NAS
Activate Default EPS Bearer Context request and Attach Accept
October, 2013
Page 235
UE is in RRC_Idle mode
UE has data and needs connection to network
October, 2013
Page 236
October, 2013
Page 237
October, 2013
Page 238
October, 2013
Page 239
eNB sends Initial UE Message and NAS Attach Request and PDN
Connectivity Request to MME
October, 2013
Page 240
October, 2013
Page 241
October, 2013
Page 242
October, 2013
Page 243
October, 2013
Page 244
October, 2013
Page 245
October, 2013
Page 246
October, 2013
Page 247
October, 2013
Page 248
October, 2013
Page 249
Page 250
Page 251
Page 252
LTE Scheduling
October, 2013
Page 253
October, 2013
Page 254
LTE Scheduling
The eNodeB allocates physical layer resources for the uplink and
downlink shared channels (UL-SCH and DL-SCH). Resources are
composed of Physical Resource Blocks (PRB) and Modulation
Coding Scheme (MCS). The MCS determines the bit rate, and
thus the capacity, of PRBs. Allocations may be valid for one or
more TTIs; each TTI interval is one subframe (1 ms).
Semi-persistent scheduling reduces control channel signaling. If
every allocation was individually signaled, the overhead would be
unacceptable. In an application such as voice over IP, for example,
a downlink frame occurs every 10 to 20 milliseconds. If each
downlink frame were signaled individually, it would cause a lot of
traffic on the control channel and the control channel would need a
lot more bandwidth than necessary. Semi-persistent scheduling
lets you set up an ongoing allocation that persists until it is
changed. Semi-persistent schedules can be configured for both
uplink and downlink.
October, 2013
Page 255
Page 256
Page 257
Downlink Semi-Persistent
and Dynamic Scheduling
Page 258
October, 2013
Page 259
Page 260
Page 261
This figures shows the ACK/NACK process. The Physical HARQ Indicator Channel
(PHICH) is a special channel for providing feedback from the eNodeB back to the
UE on the uplink HARQ process. It carries ACK/NACK messages for uplink data
transport blocks. HARQ is synchronous, with a fixed time of 4 TTI from uplink to
ACK/NACK on the downlink from the eNodeB. The eNodeB responds back with an
opportunity to retransmit which is then scheduled and retransmitted. Although this
illustration does not show the positive acknowledgement after that, it would occur.
October, 2013
Page 262
October, 2013
Page 263
Introduction to Handover
In modern wireless systems, seamless handover is expected by
users as they move between sites and networks.
Handover occurs in the active state; it is controlled by the network
(the eNodeB).The network uses measurements from the UE and
its own knowledge of the network topology to determine when to
handover a UE, and to which eNodeB.
Dont confuse handover with the cell re-selection which occurs
when the UE is in the idle state. Reselection is controlled by the
UE using previously received parameters and does not involve
communication between the UE and eNodeB, unless the UE
enters a new tracking area and must do a tracking area update..
In this chapter we briefly explain the procedures executed by the
user equipment (UE) and the various network elements to provide
the handover services requested by the UE. We cover Intra-LTE
handover and handovers from LTE to/from UMTS.
October, 2013
Page 264
Handover Measurement
In a single-radio architecture, it is challenging to monitor other
networks on other frequencies while the receiver is active. The
radio can only receive on one frequency at a time. The radio needs
to listen to other frequencies to determine if a better base station
(eNodeB) is available.
In the active state, the eNB provides measurement gaps in the
scheduling of the UE where no downlink or uplink scheduling
occurs. Ultimately the network makes the decision, but the gap
provides the UE sufficient time to change frequency, make a
measurement, and switch back to the active channel. This can
normally occur in a few TTIs. This has to be coordinated with DRX,
which also causes the system to shut off the radio for periods of
time to save power.
October, 2013
Page 265
October, 2013
Page 266
October, 2013
Page 267
Handover Types
In 3G and LTE networks, a hybrid approach is used to decide on
the handover.
The UE will assist in the handoff decision by measuring the
neighboring cells and reporting the measurements to the
network
The network decides upon the handoff timing and the target
cell/node.
The parameters to measure and the thresholds for reporting
are decided by the network.
In LTE there are three types of handovers:
Intra-LTE: Handover happens within the current LTE nodes
(intra-MME and Intra-SGW)
Inter-LTE: Handover happens toward the other LTE nodes
(inter-MME and Inter-SGW)
Inter-RAT: Handover between different radio technology
networks, for example GSM/UMTS and UMTS
October, 2013
Page 268
Flow Examples
October, 2013
Page 269
Page 270
The Data call is already established between the UE, S-eNB and
network elements.
Data packets are already flowing to/from the UE on both DL & UL.
October, 2013
Page 271
October, 2013
Page 272
October, 2013
Page 273
October, 2013
Page 274
The S-eNB issues a HANDOVER REQUEST message to the TeNB with UE and RB contexts to prepare handover at the target.
October, 2013
Page 275
October, 2013
Page 276
October, 2013
Page 277
October, 2013
Page 278
The S-eNB starts forwarding the downlink data packets to the TeNB for all the data bearers (which are being established in the TeNB during the HANDOVER REQ message processing).
October, 2013
Page 279
In the meantime, the UE tries to access the T-eNB cell using the
non-contention-based Random Access Procedure.
October, 2013
Page 280
October, 2013
Page 281
October, 2013
Page 282
October, 2013
Page 283
The SGW sends one or more end marker packets on the old path
to the S-eNB and then can release any user plane / TNL resources
toward the S-eNB.
October, 2013
Page 284
15. The MME responds to the T-eNB with a PATH SWITCH REQ
ACK message to notify the completion of the handover.
October, 2013
Page 285
User data packets now flow between the SGW and the UE.
October, 2013
Page 286
Page 287
Flow Examples
October, 2013
Page 288
Page 289
October, 2013
Page 290
The UE is sending and receiving user data on both the uplink and
downlink.
October, 2013
Page 291
October, 2013
Page 292
October, 2013
Page 293
October, 2013
Page 294
October, 2013
Page 295
October, 2013
Page 296
October, 2013
Page 297
October, 2013
Page 298
October, 2013
Page 299
October, 2013
Page 300
October, 2013
Page 301
October, 2013
Page 302
October, 2013
Page 303
October, 2013
Page 304
October, 2013
Page 305
October, 2013
Page 306
October, 2013
Page 307
User data packets now flow between the UE and the SGW.
October, 2013
Page 308
October, 2013
Page 309
Page 310
Flow Examples
October, 2013
Page 311
October, 2013
Page 312
The UE is sending and receiving user data on both the uplink and
downlink.
October, 2013
Page 313
October, 2013
Page 314
October, 2013
Page 315
October, 2013
Page 316
October, 2013
Page 317
October, 2013
Page 318
October, 2013
Page 319
October, 2013
Page 320
October, 2013
Page 321
The Target MME sends an eNB Status Transfer to the Target eNB
October, 2013
Page 322
The Serving eNB sends Forward User data to the SGW by GTP
October, 2013
Page 323
The SGW sends Forward User Data to the Target eNB by GTP
October, 2013
Page 324
October, 2013
Page 325
October, 2013
Page 326
October, 2013
Page 327
October, 2013
Page 328
Page 329
Page 330
Page 331
Page 332
Page 333
Page 334
Flow Examples
October, 2013
Page 335
October, 2013
Page 336
Page 337
The UE is sending and receiving user data on both the uplink and
downlink.
October, 2013
Page 338
October, 2013
Page 339
October, 2013
Page 340
October, 2013
Page 341
October, 2013
Page 342
October, 2013
Page 343
October, 2013
Page 344
October, 2013
Page 345
October, 2013
Page 346
October, 2013
Page 347
October, 2013
Page 348
October, 2013
Page 349
The Target MME sends an eNB Status Transfer to the Target eNB
October, 2013
Page 350
The Serving eNB sends Forward User Data to the Target eNB
October, 2013
Page 351
October, 2013
Page 352
October, 2013
Page 353
October, 2013
Page 354
October, 2013
Page 355
October, 2013
Page 356
October, 2013
Page 357
Page 358
Page 359
Page 360
Page 361
Page 362
Page 363
October, 2013
Page 364
LTE Security
October, 2013
Page 365
October, 2013
Page 366
October, 2013
Page 367
October, 2013
Page 368
October, 2013
Page 369
Page 370
Page 371
October, 2013
Page 372
Page 373
October, 2013
Page 374
IMS
IP Multimedia Subsystem
October, 2013
Page 375
What is IMS?
IP Multimedia Core Network Subsystem
The IP Multimedia Subsystem or IP Multimedia Core Network
Subsystem, IMS is an architectural framework for delivering
Internet Protocol, IP multimedia services. It enables a variety of
services to be run seamlessly rather than having independent
applications operating concurrently.
IMS, or IP Multimedia Subsystem is having a major impact on the
telecommunications industry, both wired and wireless.
Although IMS was originally created for mobile applications by
3GPP and 3GPP2, its use is more widespread as fixed line
providers are also being forced to find ways of integrating mobile
or mobile associated technologies into their portfolios.
As a result the use of IMS, IP multimedia subsystem is crossing
the frontiers of mobile, wire-less and fixed line technologies.
Indeed there is very little within IMS that is wireless or mobile
specific, and as a result there are no barriers to its use in any
telecommunications environment.
October, 2013
Page 376
IMS Basics
IMS, IP multimedia subsystem is an architecture, not a technology
It uses Internet standards to deliver services on new networks.
It uses Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) for establishing, managing and
terminating sessions on IP networks.
The overall IMS architecture uses several components to enable multimedia
sessions between two or more end devices.
One element is a presence server to handle user status
a key element in Push to talk over Cellular (PoC) where the presence, or
user status is key to enabling one user to be able to talk to another.
Users often need many concurrent simultaneous sessions of different applications
IMS provides a common IP interface for simplified signaling, traffic, and
application development
In addition, under IMS architecture subscribers can connect to a network using
multiple mobile and fixed devices and technologies. With new applications
such as Push to talk over Cellular (PoC), gaming, video and more, it is
seamless integration is necessary for users to get the full benefits.
IMS has advantages for operators too. In addition to maximum services for
maximum revenues, functions like billing, and "access approval" can be unified
across network applications, greatly simplifying deployment and management
October, 2013
Page 377
October, 2013
Page 378
Page 379
LTE Advanced
October, 2013
Page 380
LTE Advanced
The driving force to further develop LTE towards LTEAdvanced,
LTE R-10 is to provide higher bitrates in a cost efficient way, and
at the same time completely fulfil the requirements set by ITU for
IMT Advanced, also referred to as 4G.
In LTE-Advanced focus is on higher capacity:
- increased peak data rate, DL 3 Gbps, UL 1.5 Gbps
- higher spectral efficiency, from a maximum of 16bps/Hz in R8 to
30 bps/Hz in R10
- increased number of simultaneously active subscribers
- improved performance at cell edges, e.g. for DL 2x2 MIMO at
least 2.40 bps/Hz/cell.
The main new functionalities introduced in LTE-Advanced are
Carrier Aggregation (CA), enhanced use of multi-antenna
techniques and support for Relay Nodes (RN).
October, 2013
Page 381
Page 382
Contiguous component carriers in the same operating frequency band are called
intra-band contiguous. This simplest arrangement is not always possible..
Non-contiguous allocation can be intra-band, i.e. the component carriers belong to
the same operating frequency band, but are separated by a gap
Non-contiguous allocation can be inter-band, in which case the component carriers
belong to different operating frequency bands
Each component carrier is present on certain cells. Not all cells have all carriers.
The coverage of serving cells may differ due to different frequencies and powers
RRC connection is handled by one cell, the Primary serving cell, using the Primary
component carrier (DL and UL PCC). The other component carriers are called
Secondary component carriers (DL and UL SCC), on secondary serving cells.
October, 2013
Page 383
Page 384
October, 2013
Page 385
October, 2013
Page 386
Cross-Carrier Scheduling
Regarding scheduling there are two main alternatives for CA, either
resources are scheduled on the same carrier as the grant is received, or
so called cross-carrier scheduling may be used
Figure 5. CA scheduling (FDD). Cross- carrier scheduling is only used to
schedule resources on SCC without PDCCH. The CIF (Carrier Indicator
Field) on PDCCH (represented by the red area) indicates on which carrier
the scheduled resource is located
October, 2013
Page 387
Page 388
LTE SON:
Self Organizing/Optimizing Networks
October, 2013
Page 389
Page 390
Page 391
October, 2013
Page 392