SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEBANGSAAN TASEK DAMAI

IPOH,PERAK DARUL RIDZUAN

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 2016

NAME

:HIVAAMALLANY MANIE SEGARAN

CLASS

:5SC/2016

PROJECT NAME

:LOGARITHMS AND EXPONENTS

SUBJECT TEACHER

: MDM.NORASHIKIN BT NORUL AZMAN

SUBMIT DATE

:4TH APRIL 2016

HISTORY ON JOHN NAPIER AND HIS CONTRIBUTIONS ON

DEVELOPING CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS OF
LOGARITHM

John Napier of Merchiston was born in the year 1550. Napier rose to fame as a
mathematician, physicist, astrologer and astronomer. He was also the eighth laird of
Merchiston, son of Sir Archibald Napier of Merchiston and Janet Bothwell. He started his
formal education at the age of 13, as was the common tradition of that time. However, he
soon dropped out of school and travelled to Europe, only to return to Scotland in 1571 at the
age of 21. He got married to Elizabeth Stirling in 1572 and had two children with her. After
the death of his first wife in 1579, Napier married Agnes Chisholm who bore him ten children.

In 1614 Napier published his work Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio which
contained theory and tables of natural logarithms. Napier was the founder of logarithms and
he became so after spending long hours doing lengthy calculations of astronomy. He thought
there should be a better and shorter way to carry out such calculations. He worked on this
idea for almost two decades before the concept of logarithms came into effect. He
comprehended that all large numbers can be articulated using powers that are now known as
the exponential form. This innovation paved way for advances in the fields of dynamics,
astronomy, physics and even in astrology.

CONTENT

PAGE

OBJECTIVE OF THIS PROJECT WORK

ASSIGNMENT 1 : WRITING HISTORY DRAWING POSTER

PART 1 : BRIEF HISTORY

PART 2 : DRAWING A POSTER

3-4

ASSIGNMENT 2 : THE GRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE

PART 1 : GRAPHS OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

5-6

PART 2 : GRAPHS OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

7-8

ASSIGNMENT 3 : LOGARITHMS IS FUN!

PART 1 : MAKING WONDER RULERS BASED ON LOGARITHM

9-12

ASSIGNMENT 4 : LETS GET ACQUAINTED WITH THE NUMBER e

METHOD 1 : USING DEFINITIONS

13

METHOD 2 : USING A SERIES

14

ASSIGNMENT 5 : EXPONENTIAL CHALLENGES

CHALLENGE 1 : THE GREENHOSUE EFFECT

15

CHALLENGE 2 : ESTIMATING WORLD POPULATION

16

ASSIGNMENT 6 : LOGARITHMIC CHALLENGES

CHALLENGE 1 : NATURAL DISASTER-THE EARTHQUAKE

17

CHALLENGE 2 : pH OF LIQUIDS

18

ASSIGNMENT 7 : BACTERIA VS ANTIBIOTIC

GRAPH

19-20

ASSIGNMENT 8 : SPM CHALLENGE-IM READY!

21-25

ASSIGNMENT 9:SPM CHALLENGE-I CAN DO IT!

26-30

ASSIGNMENT 10: MISTAKE,MISTAKE EVERYWHERE

31

ASSIGNMENT 11 : REFLECTION

32

log 10 N

N
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
10

0
0.176
0.301
0.398
0.477
0.544
0.602
0.653
0.699
0.740
0.778
0.813
0.845
0.875
0.903
0.929
0.954
0.978
1.0
TABLE 1

GRAPH OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION :

b) BASED ON MY GRAPH,
i.

THE GRAPHS ARE A REFLECTION IN THE y-AXIS

ii.

FUNCTION OF GRAPH

IS

AS x APPROACHES NEGATIVE INFINITY,

y APPROACHES POSITIVE INFINITY
AS x APPROACHES POSITIVE INFINITY,
y APPROACHES POSITIVE INFINTY
WHEN x = 0, y = 1

FUNCTION OF GRAPH

y=2

y=0.5

IS

AS x APPROACHES NEGATIVE INFINTY,

y APPROACHES POSITIVE INFINITY
AS x APPROACHES POSITIVE INFINTY,
Y APPROACHES 0
WHEN x = 0 , y = 1

GRAPH OF LOGARITHMS FUNCTION :

BASED ON MY GRAPH,
iii.

THE GRAPHS ARE A REFLECTION IN THE x-AXIS

iv.

FUNCTION OF GRAPH

IS

AS x APPROACHES 0,
y APPROACHES NEGATIVE INFINITY
AS x APPROACHES POSITIVE INFINITY,
y APPROACHES POSITIVE INFINTY
WHEN x = 1, y = 0

FUNCTION OF GRAPH

y=log 2 x

y=log 0.5 x

IS

AS x APPROACHES 0,
y APPROACHES NEGATIVE INFINITY
AS x APPROACHES POSITIVE INFINTY,
Y APPROACHES NEGATIVE INFINITY
WHEN x = 1 , y = 0

METHOD 1 :
THE NUMBER e is defined as follows :

e:

METHOD 2 :

1
n

( )

lim 1+

100 000

2.718

200 000

2.718

300 000

2.718

400 000

2.718

500 000

2.718

600 000

2.718

700 000

2.718

800 000

2.718

900 000

2.718

1 000 000

2.718

THE NUMBER e CAN BE WRITTEN IN THE FORM OF A SERIES AS FOLLOWS :

e =1 +

1
1

1
1
1
+
+
1 ( 2 ) 1 ( 2 ) (3) 1 ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 )

+ ......................

2.5

2.667

2.708

2.715

2.716

2.716

2.716

10

2.716

DEFINITIONS :
INDICES -

WHEN A REAL NUMBER A IS MULTIPLIED BY ITSELF N TIMES, THE RESULT IS THE NTH POWER OF A.
EXAMPLE:

5 5 5 5 = 54 (5 TO THE POWER OF 4)

IN GENERAL, IF A IS ANY REAL NUMBER AND N IS A POSITIVE INTEGER, THEN

THE INTEGER N IS CALLED THE INDEX OR EXPONENT AND A IS THE BASE.

logarithm is an exponent.To be specific, the logarithm of a number x to a

base b is just the exponent you put onto b to make the result equal x.
LOGARITHMS -

For instance, since 5 = 25, we know that 2 (the power) is the logarithm of 25 to base 5.
Symbolically, log5(25) = 2.

These two statements express that inverse relationship, showing how an

exponential equation is equivalent to a logarithmic equation:

x = by

is the same as

y = logbx

1. a) AN EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION POPULATION GROWTH

The exponential function is used to model growth , generally population

growth in biology.Suppose that a culture initially contains 1000 bacteria and
that this number doubles
each hour.
Thus, after
one hour there are 1000 2 bacteria
two hours there are 1000 2 2 = 1000 22 bacteria
three hours there are 1000 22 2 = 1000 23 bacteria
and so on.
Following the pattern, if there are bacteria after hours then
N = 1000 2t.

b) A LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION - pH VALUES

Logarithms to the base 10 are still used extensively in chemistry. The measure of acidity of a
solution is called its pH value. Acidity is connected to the the molar concentration of dissolved
hydronium ions (H3O+), and the pH of a solution is the negative of the logarithm of this
quantity. The modern definition was introduced in 1924. A pH of 7, corresponding to a molar
concentration of 107, is called neutral and is the pH of water. The closer to 0, the more acidic a
solution is, while a pH closer to 14 tells us that the solution is alkaline.

ASSIGNMENT 11 : REFLECTION
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION ARE SUCH MIGHTY THINGS THAT HAVE
BEEN USED TO SOLVE PROBLEMS RELATED TO OUR DAILY LIVES.THERE ARE SEVERAL APPLICATION IN
OUR REAL LIFE THAT WE MIGHT NOT HAVE EXPECTED TO BE SOLVED BY EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS.

SOMETHING THAT HAVE TOO LARGE NUMBERS AND ARE HARD TO BE CALCULATED MANUALLY
CAN BE SOLVED BY USING EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS.FOR INSTANCE,WORLD POPULATION OVER A
PERIOD OF TIME CAN BE FOUND BY USING EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS.WITH THE FORMULA,WE CAN
CLEARLY ASSUME THE BIRTH RATE OF POPULATION OVER A PERIOD OF TIME IN A COUNTRY.TO FURTHER
ILLUSTRATE ON THIS POINT,THE POPULATION OF BACTERIA CAN ALSO BE ESTIMATED USING THIS
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION.POPULATION OF BACTERIA IS IMPORTANT TO BE KNOWN BECAUSE
MICROBIOLOGISTS CAN DETERMINE BACTERIA POPULATION AND INVENT VACCINE THAT CAN CURE
THE INFECTIOUS DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA.
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION ARE USEFUL FOR US TO FIND THE THINGS THAT WE CANNOT
CALCULATE IT BY OUR OWN.FOR EXAMPLE,WE CAN USE IT TO DETERMINE THE MAGNITUDE OF
EARTHQUAKE.GEOLOGISTS USE THIS FUNCTION TO DETERMINE THE MAGNITUDE OF EARTHQUAKE SO
THAT THEY CAN TAKE FURTHER MEASURES TO PREVENT THE EARTHQUAKE.MOREOVER,pH VALUE OF
CONCENTRATION OF HYDROGEN IONS IN 1 mol cm -3 SOLUTION CAN BE CALCULATED PRECISELY
THROUGH LOGARITHIMIC FUNCTION.HENCEFORTH,LOGARITHIMIC FUNCTION IS VERY SIGNIFICANT TO
US FOR THE SAKE OF IDENTIFYING IF THE SOLUTION IS ACIDIC,ALKALINE OR NEUTRAL AND IN TURN
IMPROVE THE ACCURACY OF EXPERIMENT INVOLVING CHEMISTRY.
THROUGHOUT THIS PROJECT,I REALIZE THAT THERE ARE LOTS OF POTENTIAL HIDDEN BEYOND
THE LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS.HOWEVER,SOME PEOPLE JUST DO NOT NOTICE THE
IMPORTANCES OF THIS CONCEPTS,SIMILAR TO THE PEOPLES DESCRIBED IN POEM BELOW :
YOU CANT SEE THEM
BUT I CAN
THEYRE EVERYWHERE
YOUR FINGERS JUST TRACED EIGHT OF THEM
UNNOTICED BY YOU
BUT NOT ME
I COUNT ON THEM EVERYTIME
EVENTHOUGH
YOU CANT SEE THEM
IN CONCLUSION,I HOPE THAT WE TOGETHER CAN DISCOVER MORE AND MORE
POTENTIAL HIDDEN BEYOND THESE LOGARITHIMIC AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS IN FUTURE AND
HENCE MARK THE BEAUTY OF ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS ON AN EVEN HIGHER PEAK.