DOUBLE ACTING HACKSAW MACHINE USING SCOTCH YOKE MECHANISM

ABSTRACT :
This project and implimentation is worked under by the scotch yoke mechanism.
The scotch yoke mechanism convert the rotary motion into the reciprocating motion.
The machine has the prime mover at the bottom of the machine
The pulley is attached to the body at the top and the end of the side portion
The pulley is connected with the disc type plate
The pulley and the disc has separate connection with the one small metal rod through the bearing
The motor and pulley is connected with one V-type belt
The clamp is fixed with the disc. The clamp is fixed with the two shaft at the two end
The each shaft is act the reciprocating motion through the each shaft.
The hack saw connected to the each shaft at the end.

PARTS OF THE PROJECT

0.5HP MOTOR
PULLEY
BEARINGS
SHAFT
HACKSAW
V-BELT
O TYPE CLAMP

SCOTCH YOKE MECHANISM

AIM OF THE PROJECT

To design and manufacture a working model of Scotch

yokemechanism.

To get a practical exposure of machine tools and othermanufactur

ing equipments.
PROBLEM STATEMENT

To convert rotary motion into Reciprocatory motion in asimple

harmonic manner.

To build a working model which can be fabricated easily using the

available tools and machinery.
INTRODUCTION
The Scotch yoke is a mechanism for converting the linear
motionof a slider into rotational motion or vice-versa. The piston

orother reciprocating part is directly coupled to a sliding yoke

witha slot that engages a pin on the rotating part. The shape of
themotion of the piston is a pure sine wave over time given
aconstant rotational speed. This mechanism is an inversion of the
double slider crankmechanism.
The inversion is obtained by fixing either the link 1or link 3. In Fig,
link 1 is fixed. In this mechanism, when the link2
(which corresponds to crank) rotates about B as centre, thelink 4
(which corresponds to a frame) reciprocates. The fixed link1
guides the frame.

NTRODUCTION
Multi-operation machine as a research area is motivated by questions that arise
inindustrial manufacturing, production planning, and computer control. Consider a
largeautomotive garage with specialized shops. A car may require the following
work, replaceexhaust system, align wheels, and tune up. These three tasks may be
carried out in any order.However, since the exhaust system, alignment, and tune-up
shops are in different buildings, itis impossible to perform two tasks for a car
simultaneously. When there are many carsrequiring services at the three shops, it is
desirable to construct a service schedule that takesthe least amount of total time.
Scotch Yoke Mechanism
The Scotch yoke is a mechanism for converting the linear motion of a slider
intorotational motion or vice-versa. Thepistonor other reciprocating part is directly
coupled to aslidingyokewith a slot that engages a pin on the rotating part. The
shape of the motion of the piston is a puresine waveover time given a
constantrotational speed
.
Figure 1.1 Sectional view of Scotch yoke mechanism

Figure 1.2 Front view of Scotch Yoke Mechanism

1.2 Construction
The scotch yoke mechanism is constructed with iron bars. Here the crank is
madein some length and the yoke is also made using the same material. It is noted
that theminimum length of the yoke should be double the length of the crank. The
crank and yoke isconnected with a pin. Iron bars are welded to both sides of the
yoke to get the reciprocatingmotion. The yoke with the iron bars is fixed on the
display board with the help of c
clamp. Now the crank is welded to the end of the shaft of the motor. Now the pin o
n the crank isconnected to the yoke. The pin used to connect yoke and crank is a
bolt.
1.3
Working principle
When the power is supplied to the 12v Dc motor, shaft and crank attached to the
shaft startrotating. As the crank rotates the pin slides inside the yoke and also
moves the yoke forward. Whenthe crank rotates through in clockwise direction
the yoke will get a displacement in the forwarddirection. The maximum
displacement will be equal to the length of the crank. When the crank completes
the next of rotation the yoke comes back to its initial position. For the next of
rotation,yoke moves in the backward direction. When the crank completes a
full rotation the yoke moves back
to the initial position. For a complete rotation of crank the yoke moves through a
length equalto double the length of the crank. The displacement of the yoke can be

controlled by varyingthe length of the crank

Development
of Multi Purpose
Machine
With Scotch
Yoke
Mechanism
Department of Mechanical Engineering, AMCEC,
Bengaluru.
Page 4
from rechargeable batteries, providing the motive power for the first electric
vehicles. TodayDC motors are still found in applications as small as toys and disk
drives, or in large sizes tooperate steel rolling mills and paper machines.
2.2 Principles of Operation of DC Motor

In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A currentcarrying conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an
externalmagnetic field, it will experience a force proportional to the current in the
conductor, and tothe strength of the external magnetic field. As you are well aware
of from playing withmagnets as a kid, opposite (North and South) polarities attract,
while like polarities (Northand North, South and South) repel. The internal
configuration of a DC motor is designed toharness the magnetic interaction
between a current-carrying conductor and an externalmagnetic field to generate
rotational motion.Let's start by looking at a simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here
red represents amagnet or winding with a "North" polarization, while green
represents a magnet or windingwith a "South" polarization).
Figure 2.1 Sectional view of DC Motor
Every DC motor has six basic parts: axle, rotor (a.k.a., armature), stator,
commutator,field magnet(s), and brushes. In most common DC motors (and all that
Beamers will see), theexternal magnetic field is produced by high-strength
permanent magnets. The stator is thestationary part of the motor, this includes the
motor casing, as well as two or more permanentmagnet pole pieces. The rotors
(together with the axle and attached commutator) rotate withrespect to the stator.
The rotor consists of windings (generally on a core), the windings beingelectrically
connected to the commutator. The above diagram shows a common motor
layoutwith the rotor inside the stator (field) magnets.

Development of Multi Purpose Machine With Scotch Yoke

Mechanism
Department of Mechanical Engineering, AMCEC,
Bengaluru.
Page 5
The geometry of the brushes, commutator contacts, and rotor windings are such
thatwhen power is applied, the polarities of the energized winding and the stator
magnet(s) aremisaligned, and the rotor will rotate until it is almost aligned with the

stator's field magnets.As the rotor reaches alignment, the brushes move to the next
commutator contacts, andenergize the next winding. Given our example two-pole
motor, the rotation reverses thedirection of current through the rotor winding,
leading to a "flip" of the rotor's magnetic field,driving it to continue rotating.The
DC Motor or Direct Current Motor to give it its full title, is the most
commonlyused actuator for producing continuous movement and whose speed of
rotation can easily becontrolled, making them ideal for use in applications were
speed control, servo type control,and/or positioning is required. A DC motor
consists of two parts, a "Stator" which is thestationary part and a "Rotor" which is
the rotating part. The result is that there are basicallythree types of DC Motor
available.
i.
Brushed Motor
- This type of motor produces a magnetic field in a wound rotor
(the part that rotates) by passing an electrical current through a commutator and car
bon brush assembly, hence the term "Brushed". The stators (the stationary part)
magneticfield is produced by using either a wound stator field winding or by
permanentmagnets. Generally brushed DC motors are cheap, small and easily
controlled.
ii.
Brushless Motor
- This type of motor produce a magnetic field in the rotor by
using permanent magnets attached to it and commutation is achieved electronically
. Theyare generally smaller but more expensive than conventional brushed type
DC
motors because they use "Hall effect" switches in the stator to produce the required
stator field rotational sequence but they have better torque/speed characteristics,
are moreefficient and have a longer operating life than equivalent brushed types.
iii.
Servo Motor
- This type of motor is basically a brushed DC motor with some form
of positional feedback control connected to the rotor shaft. They are connected to
andcontrolled by a PWM type controller and are mainly used in positional
controlsystems and radio controlled
models. Normal DC motors have almost linear characteristics with their speed of r
otation beingdetermined by the applied DC voltage and their output torque being
determined by the

Development of Multi Purpose Machine With Scotch Yoke

Mechanism

Department of Mechanical Engineering, AMCEC,

Bengaluru.
Page 6
current flowing through the motor windings. The speed of rotation of any DC
motor can bevaried from a few revolutions per minute (rpm) to many thousands of
revolutions per minutemaking them suitable for electronic, automotive or robotic
applications. By connecting themto gearboxes or gear-trains their output speed can
be decreased while at the same timeincreasing the torque output of the motor at a
high speed

Development of Multi Purpose Machine With Scotch Yoke

Mechanism
Department of Mechanical Engineering, AMCEC,
Bengaluru.
Page 4
from rechargeable batteries, providing the motive power for the first electric
vehicles. TodayDC motors are still found in applications as small as toys and disk
drives, or in large sizes tooperate steel rolling mills and paper machines.
2.2 Principles of Operation of DC Motor
In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A currentcarrying conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an
externalmagnetic field, it will experience a force proportional to the current in the

conductor, and tothe strength of the external magnetic field. As you are well aware
of from playing withmagnets as a kid, opposite (North and South) polarities attract,
while like polarities (Northand North, South and South) repel. The internal
configuration of a DC motor is designed toharness the magnetic interaction
between a current-carrying conductor and an externalmagnetic field to generate
rotational motion.Let's start by looking at a simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here
red represents amagnet or winding with a "North" polarization, while green
represents a magnet or windingwith a "South" polarization).
Figure 2.1 Sectional view of DC Motor
Every DC motor has six basic parts: axle, rotor (a.k.a., armature), stator,
commutator,field magnet(s), and brushes. In most common DC motors (and all that
Beamers will see), theexternal magnetic field is produced by high-strength
permanent magnets. The stator is thestationary part of the motor, this includes the
motor casing, as well as two or more permanentmagnet pole pieces. The rotors
(together with the axle and attached commutator) rotate withrespect to the stator.
The rotor consists of windings (generally on a core), the windings beingelectrically
connected to the commutator. The above diagram shows a common motor
layoutwith the rotor inside the stator (field) magnets.

Development of Multi Purpose Machine With Scotch Yoke

Mechanism
Department of Mechanical Engineering, AMCEC,
Bengaluru.
Page 5
The geometry of the brushes, commutator contacts, and rotor windings are such
thatwhen power is applied, the polarities of the energized winding and the stator
magnet(s) aremisaligned, and the rotor will rotate until it is almost aligned with the

stator's field magnets.As the rotor reaches alignment, the brushes move to the next
commutator contacts, andenergize the next winding. Given our example two-pole
motor, the rotation reverses thedirection of current through the rotor winding,
leading to a "flip" of the rotor's magnetic field,driving it to continue rotating.The
DC Motor or Direct Current Motor to give it its full title, is the most
commonlyused actuator for producing continuous movement and whose speed of
rotation can easily becontrolled, making them ideal for use in applications were
speed control, servo type control,and/or positioning is required. A DC motor
consists of two parts, a "Stator" which is thestationary part and a "Rotor" which is
the rotating part. The result is that there are basicallythree types of DC Motor
available.
i.
Brushed Motor
- This type of motor produces a magnetic field in a wound rotor
(the part that rotates) by passing an electrical current through a commutator and car
bon brush assembly, hence the term "Brushed". The stators (the stationary part)
magneticfield is produced by using either a wound stator field winding or by
permanentmagnets. Generally brushed DC motors are cheap, small and easily
controlled.
ii.
Brushless Motor
- This type of motor produce a magnetic field in the rotor by
using permanent magnets attached to it and commutation is achieved electronically
. Theyare generally smaller but more expensive than conventional brushed type
DC
motors because they use "Hall effect" switches in the stator to produce the required
stator field rotational sequence but they have better torque/speed characteristics,
are moreefficient and have a longer operating life than equivalent brushed types.
iii.
Servo Motor
- This type of motor is basically a brushed DC motor with some form
of positional feedback control connected to the rotor shaft. They are connected to
andcontrolled by a PWM type controller and are mainly used in positional
controlsystems and radio controlled
models. Normal DC motors have almost linear characteristics with their speed of r
otation beingdetermined by the applied DC voltage and their output torque being
determined by the

Development of Multi Purpose Machine With Scotch Yoke

Mechanism

Department of Mechanical Engineering, AMCEC,

Bengaluru.
Page 6
current flowing through the motor windings. The speed of rotation of any DC
motor can bevaried from a few revolutions per minute (rpm) to many thousands of
revolutions per minutemaking them suitable for electronic, automotive or robotic
applications. By connecting themto gearboxes or gear-trains their output speed can
be decreased while at the same timeincreasing the torque output of the motor at a
high speed.
2.3 Brushed DC Motor
A conventional brushed DC Motor consist basically of two parts, the stationary
bodyof the motor called the Stator and the inner part which rotates producing the
movement calledthe Rotor or
"
Armature
"
for DC machines. The motors wound stator is an electromagnetcircuit which
consists of electrical coils connected together in a circular configuration
to produce the required North-pole then a South-pole then a North-pole etc, type st
ationarymagnetic field system for rotation, unlike AC machines whose stator field
continually rotateswith the applied frequency.The current which flows within these
field coils is known as the motor field current.These electromagnetic coils which
form the stator field can be electrically connected inseries, parallel or both together
(compound) with the motors armature. A series wound DCmotor has its stator field
windings connected in series with the armature. Likewise, a shuntwound DC motor
has its stator field windings connected in parallel with the armature asshown

Development of Multi Purpose Machine With Scotch Yoke

Mechanism
Department of Mechanical Engineering, AMCEC,
Bengaluru.
Page 35
Project pictures

Development of Multi Purpose Machine With Scotch Yoke

Mechanism
Department of Mechanical Engineering, AMCEC,
Bengaluru.
Page 29
CHAPTER-3FABRICATION
3.1 Frame Work Figure 3.1 frame
Specifications:Length: 68.5cmBreadth: 18.5cmHeight: 71cm3.2 Scotch Yoke
MechanismFigure 3.2 Scotch Yoke Mechanism
Specifications:Tube length: 85.5cmTube diameter: 2.5cmDisc diameter: 14cm

Development of Multi Purpose Machine With Scotch Yoke

Mechanism
Department of Mechanical Engineering, AMCEC,
Bengaluru.
Page 30
Slider height: 13cmSlider width: 5cmRectangular frame length:
68.5cmRectangular frame height: 36cm3.3 Work TableFigure 3.3 Circular work
table
Specifications
:
Table diameter: 7.5cmSupporting link length: 18cmSupporting link height: 13c
mFigure 3.4 3D view of multipurpose machine

Advantages

Hightorqueoutput with a small cylinder size

Fewer moving parts

Smoother operation

Higher percentage of the time spent attop dead center (dwell)

improving theoreticalengine efficiency of constant
volume combustion cycles though actual gains havenot been
demonstrated.

In an engine application, elimination of joint typically served by a

wrist pin, and near elimination of piston skirt and cylinder
scuffing, as side loading of piston due to sineof connecting rod
angle is eliminated.
4.2 Disadvantages

Rapid wear of the slot in the yoke caused by sliding friction and
high contact pressures.

Increased heat loss during combustion due to extended dwell

attop deadcenter offsets any constant volume combustion
improvements in real engines.

Lesser percentage of the time spent at bottom dead center

reducing blow down timefor two strokeengines, when compared
with a conventional piston and crankshaftmechanism.

4.3 Applications

This setup is most commonly used in control valveactuatorsin

high pressureoil andgas pipelines

It has been used in various internal combustion engines, such as

theBourke engine, SyTech engine, and manyhot air
enginesandsteam engines.


It is also used in multipurpose machines and I.C engines.
CONCLUSION
The scotch yoke mechanism is made and its advantages and disadvantages
arediscussed. Its motion characteristics are studied. It is concluded that this
mechanism is a goodchoice to convert rotating motion into reciprocating motion
because of fewer moving partsand smoother operation. It can be used in direct
injection engines like diesel engines, hot air engines.In this project report we
provide an overview of the issues concerning differentaspects of multipurpose
machine using scotch yoke mechanism .The project report focus onthe principle of
scotch yoke mechanism, type of tooling and machining parameters
and process performance measure, which include cutting speed, depth of cut,materi
al removalrate with different type of equipments which can be run simultaneously
and fabricate thework piece In multipurpose machine has been presented . the
presented results can help to plan the machining of work piece with
expected tolerance.The following major conclusions may be drawn from the
present project report.

Multipurpose machine is derived from turning lathe which has been a

wellestablished industrial processes offering attractive capabilities for handling wo
rk piece of various length to be used at micro level.

We have presented the development of multipurpose machine in various modes

bywhich it can be actively adopted.

We have explained the various parts and components of multipurpose machine

usingscotch yoke mechanism.

Different types of attachments and tools which can be implemented on

multipurposemachine has been discussed

We have discussed the entire time line and working chart .

Development of Multi Purpose Machine With Scotch Yoke

Mechanism
Department of Mechanical Engineering, AMCEC,
Bengaluru.
Page 33
The vital need for the fabrication of a multipurpose machine is significant in the
muchdelay and time as well as energy wasted in using simple hand tools to carry
out jobs.Moreover, the cost of a lathe machine is too high for an average user. Also,
multipurposemachine will helps to reduce the cost and consequently increase the
rate of production and
craftsmans skill
.
The general purpose for any project is to find solutions on a certain problems. Its
also
gives main idea how the project to be completed. For this project, the problems
that need to be solved are:-1) Any manufacturer wants to reduce cost and time
taken to complete a product but gives better quality products and increases the
outputs.2) Manufacturer tends to upgrade their machines to compete with the new
machine withnew technology.3) Lathe machine cutting tool can easily break and
needs to enhance its tool life.The continuous quest to have the problems of man
and his growing needs solved has ledto the establishment of factories and other
industries, which necessitates an intermediatetechnology. However, simple hand
tools that were in use before are no longer efficient for mass production. Then,
there comes the need for urgent attention to better and usefulmultipurpose
machines.

REFERENCES
[1]Mack. R., Mueller, R., Crotts, J., & Broderick, A. (2000). Perceptions,
correctionsand defections: implications for Scotch yoke mechanism, 10(6), 339346.
[2]Mattila, A.S. (2001). The effectiveness of service recovery in a multi-industry
setting.The Journal of Services Marketing, 15(7), 596-583.
[3]McDougall, G.H.G., & Levesque, T.J. (1999). Waiting for service: the
effectivenessof recovery strategies. International Journal of Contemporary
mechanism 11(1), 6-15.
[4]Michel, S. (2001). Analyzing service failures and recoveries a process
approach.International Journal of kinematic links, 12(1), 20-33
.[5]Miller, J.L., Craighead, C.W., & Karwan, K.R. (2000). Service recovery:
aframework and empirical Investigation. Journal of links Management, 18(4), 387400.
[6]Six types of service scotch-Yoke mechanism and rack and pinion mechanism
(Chaseand Stewart, 1994)
[7]http://ezinearticles.com/?Using-Your- multipurpose machines

Way & id=4352151

Development
of Multi Purpose
Machine
With Scotch
Yoke
Mechanism
Department
of Mechanical E

ngineering,
AMCEC,
Bengaluru.
Page 35

Project
pictures