Propose the Schedule of

Elements, Sub-Elements of
the building

Copyright Fadzil CPIM UiTM2011

Tutorial 1: Building Elements, SubElements, Trades & Specifications

Email: padzil037@salam.uitm.edu.my

Contents:
1.0 Building Elements
2.0 Building Trades
3.0 Specifications

At the completion of this lecture, students are expected to be

able to:
Identify the building elements and sub-elements of a
building

The trades that are involved in the construction of each

building element and sub-element
Write a brief specification for each building element

Why need specification?

To get contractors to understand and agree upon all requirements of the

project.

What is a Specification?

A type of a standard which is often referenced by a contract or tender

document. It provides the necessary details about the specific
requirements.

What needs to be included in a Specification?

Title and scope of the specification
Importance of the specification and its intended use.
Terminology and definitions - clarify the meanings of the
specification
Materials, labour or workmanship, environmental, safety
requirements and testing (Certification) of materials or equipment
used in the project

Building Elements

Building Components can be systematically broken down

into elements and sub-elements

Purpose to facilitate the development of each detail

design and to specify each of them

Serves to breakdown the typical Building Construction

Cost Components

Format/structure of the breakdown of the building

elements and sub-elements are carried through in the
Bills of Quantities in the Tender Documents and Contract
Documents
6

Building Elements
Building Sub-Elements
Building Trades

Building Works
Elemental Sub-components
A.

Substructure:
Piling
Excavation for Pile Cap/Pad Foundation (Concrete,
Formwork & Reinforcement)
Column Stump (Concrete, Formwork & Reinforcement)
Ground Beam (Concrete, Formwork & Reinforcement)
Ground Floor Slab (Hardcore, Concrete, Formwork &
Reinforcement)

Building Works
Elemental Sub-components
B.

Superstructure:
Ground-1st Floor Columns: Reinforced Concrete
(Concrete, Formwork & Reinforcement), Steel,
1st Floor Beams: Ditto
1st Floor Slab: Reinforced Concrete (Concrete, Formwork
& Reinforcement), Steel Decking Floor
Staircase; Reinforced concrete (Concrete, Formwork &
Reinforcement), Steel, Timber
(Ditto Repeat if more than 2-storey)
OR
Brickwall/reinforced concrete

Building Works
Elemental Sub-components
C. Roof:
Roof Truss (Timber or metal truss)
Roof Coverings (Concrete Tiles, Clay Tiles, Metal Sheet Roof etc.)
Rainwater Goods (Rainwater Gutter/Downpipe, Flashings)

D.

Walls
Monolithic concrete
Brickwork / Blockwork (Bricks/Blocks and mortar)
Panel walls (Timber or metal)

E.

Doors
Door Leaf
Door Frame
Ironmongery

Building Works
Elemental Sub-components
C. Roof:
Roof Truss (Timber or metal truss)
Roof Coverings (Concrete Tiles, Clay Tiles, Metal
Sheet Roof etc.)
Rainwater Goods (Rainwater Gutter/Downpipe,
Flashings)

Building Works
Elemental Sub-components
D.

Windows
Window Leaf (Casement/Louvres/Sash)
Door Frame (Timber/metal)
Ironmongery

Building Works
Elemental Sub-components
E.

Doors
Door Leaf
Door Frame (Timber/metal)
Ironmongery

Building Works
Elemental Sub-components
F.

Finishes
Floor
Wall
Ceiling

Building Works
Elemental Sub-components
I.

Services:
Plumbing & Sanitary
Electrical Works
Air-Conditioning

Building Works
Elemental Sub-components
J.

External Building Works:

Apron
External Finishes

Building Works
Elemental Sub-components
A.

Driveway &
Pavement
Excavation
Base-course
Sub-base/Sub-grade
Premix
Pavement Blocks)

B.

External Drainage
Drains
Culvert
Sump

Building Works
Elemental Sub-components
C.
D.

Fencing & Gate

Landscaping Works
Hard landscape
Soft Landscape

E.

Signages

Building Trades are the classification of works in

construction undertaken by specific construction
worker groups/specialists.

May comprise of teams of workers headed by

Kepala

Can be skilled or semi-skilled or just general

worker

Forms a key terms of reference in the calculation

of Daywork Rates and Schedule of Rates in
construction contracts

Classification of Trades:

Excavator
Bricklayer/Block layer
Mason
Carpenter
Joiner
Ceiling Fixer
Tiler
Electrician
Foreman
Ganger
Groundworker
Labourer
Painter/Decorator
Plasterer
Plumber
Scaffolder
Steel Fixer

Copyright Fadzil CPIM UiTM2011

THANK YOU