® « sine Bie cist aust (i (sr) me) on Srna ae = iw Tira 83 aa one Giiten dite COs es Gia isn tne Gaten mirmste CO ey et ss) tt tum Netw fe sa aur x tsa Nosegen Ef iio team “ees er Mn ci. 380 ‘wn Sez sms Niger Ns is we Sie aml ime ove 8 wea he $5 tam tsi seae Ro ~sm* ~18t Sm ston 3 re a ene prrerenenreie er ene Niet pe Rane on ea pn ta ee SC UD a Table G2 Conversion Factors and Defritians Fundamental Dimmcesa English Unit Exact St Valve Approxiote SIVatue Length 054m = Mase 0453 992 37 kp ast kp Temperature SK = Deitom= ‘Acceicration of gravity, p= 9066 mis” (~ 52.174 5) Ener: ‘Be (British thermal uni) = amount of ener required to rise the emperatre oft Boe of water UF (1 Bta = 7782 £180 Iocalore amount of energy required to raise the temperature of ig of water 1 R(t eal = 41573) Leng 1 ile ~ $28 1 nati mile = 4076 f= 1882 m (exact) Power: Thorepower S800 1805 Presre: bar = 10" Fa Temperature: egtce Fabrenbet. Ty = e+ 32 (mbere Tes degrees Clsan) epics Rankine, T= Fy + 4967 Kelvin. Fr= Te + 27815 (ext) Viscosity: Poise 210. Keim.) Stoke = D1 is Vetame gal = 211 in (1 = 748 gal) ‘Usefi Comversion Factor emg 1A = 03048 m Powsr: hp =7387 W Vin 284 mee Tiebis= 1386 W Mase 1 ten = 0.4536 ig 1 Bye 02081 rca 1 = 0.0729 mt? Force 1 ace = 4067 a? Volume: 1 00? mt Veto 1 gal (US) = 0.08785 mt 1 al (Us)= 3785 Volume flow rots; 1 4s= 0.4852 mis Presure: 1 pel = 6895 BPs 1 ggen = 6300 010" es 1 = a7 Pa Visconity (dymamie) 1 TSG = 4788 N-win? 1am = 1013 KPa 1 pfem-s)=01 8. baum = 147 pst 1 Poise 011 Nos? inHg A386 kPa Viscoity (kinematic) 1 n= 0.0809 ms 1 Stoke © 00001 eis Ener: teal= 41879Specific vty, 80 (eter to water a °C) Fer water at °C, p= 1000 igh? Temperature, 00 g a yas A HI m0 For water at 4°C., 1000 kgim? 1320 20 ° cd oO o o 100 120 Tova Morey Fig. Ax Specific gravity of water and mercury a functions of temperature. (Data from Refer- fence [1}) (The specific gravity of mercury varies linearly with temperature. The variation Is given by 5613.60 = s.oozge F when T is measured in degrees C.) Table At Specific Gravties of Selected Engineering Materials (2) Common Manometer Liquid at 20°C Liquid ELV. Hil blue oil Mesiam red oil Benzene Dibutyl phthalate Mosochloronaphthalene Caron tetrachloride ‘Bromoctbyibenzene (Mriam blue) ‘Tetrabeomoethane Mercury Source: Data from References [ITable At Properties of Air at Atmospheric Pressure (U.S. Customary Units) Dynamic Kinematic ‘Temperature, Density. Viscosity Viscosity. TCR) etstupitt") we (ibt sit") wftt's) 40 ‘onons7 GENT 1ATEO 0 ‘oana2 S69ET, 12k a OD See TE, ——— 2 ai ON «ES ™ ‘ours 380E07 Leakot = oun29 ARSE? Liss *” ‘000235 351607 LEO 100 ‘ouer2i 36EOT LEO 10 ‘ouani7 amEa7 L860 120 000213 407E.07 191E04 130 ‘e009 402E-07 L9TEO 10 ‘00206 4AREO7 mE 190 ‘vena ABET ‘OEM 10 on0199 4286-07 2ISEs 10 9.00196 43307 22M 180 00193 KES? 2Eo 190 0.00190 ANE DEO a0 0.00187 ABE 240E.04 Table Ato Properties of Ait at Atmospheric Pressure (SI Units) ‘Temperature, Density, Viscosity, reo tke’) ON ster) 129 Ines L74E-08 L76E-08 LIVE-0S 131.05 LES 1365.05 LS8E05 191-05 L93E-0s 19SE-08 1 SRE: 200E-0 2ME-08 DOES 208E-0 209E-08 201-05 2ISE-08 2ISE-s 2I7E-08 BRERSLSRSREGERERBR SueTable At Surface Tension of Comman Liquids at 36 ‘Surface Tension, Liquid 2 (eNieny* Comtact Ample. 8 (egress) , sie (a) le contact with air oa * Benrene 2a9 ‘Carton tetrachloride 270 Ethanol 223 Glyecrin a0 Hexane 184 Kerasene 2a Lube off 25-38 Mercury a4 140 Methanol 226 ‘Octane 18 Wi 728 ~0 Source: Data froea References [1.5.8 9 Water {b) In contact with water a Benrene 350 ‘Carton tetrachloride aso Hexane Sh Mereury a8 10 Methanol Bq ‘Octane ms ‘Source: Data froma Referenses [1.5.8.9 “1 mim = 10° Nie, The Physical Nature of Viscosity A.3 ‘Viscosity is a measure of internal fluid friction, mechanism of gas viscosity is reasonably well u developed for liquids. We can gain some insight how by discussing these mechanisms briefly, ‘The viscosity of 2 Newtonian fluid is fixed by the state of the material. Thus 4 = W(T, p). Temperature is the more important variable, so let us consider it first. Excellent empirical equations for viscosity as a function of temperature are available. . fesistance to deformation. The Effect of Temperature on Viscosity a. Gases All gas molecules are in continuous random motion. When there is bulk motion duc torflow, the bulk motion is superimposed on the random motions. It is then distributed ‘uhfoughout the fluid by molecular collisions, Analyses based on kinetic theory predictLubricating Oils AF Engine and transmission lubricating oils are classified by viscosity according to stan- dards established by the Society of Automotive Engincers [12]. The allowable viscosity ranges for several grades are given in Table AS. Viscosity mumbers with W (e.g. 20W) are classified by viscosity at O°F, Those without W are classified by viscosity at 210°F. Multigrade oils (e.g., 10W-40) are formulated to minimize viscosity variation with temperature. High polymer “viscosity index improvers” are used in blending these rultigeade oils. Such additives are highly non-Newtonian; they may suffer permaneat viscosity loss caused by shearing. Special charts are available to estimate the viscosity of petroleum products as a function of temperature. The charts were used to develop the data for typical tubei- cating oils plotied in Figs. A2 and A.3, For details, see [15]. Table AS Allowable Viscosity Ranges for Lubricants SAE Max Viscosity Wescosity (cP) Engine Oi! Grade at Temp. (°C) Min Max Mis Max al 4a 70 Ho 13s 240 410 Visconity (eS1) at 100°C Mi Rae BRE “ccobipoine = 1eP = 1 maPa-s = 10"? Pas (= 209% 107 tH») Scenkistoke = 10°* mas (= 1688 % 10 Properties of Common Gases, Air and Water ASTable AL ‘Specific Gravities of Selected Engineering Materials (continued) (b) Common Materials Material Specific Gravity (—) Alumicum 28 Balsa wood od Brass A35 Cast ron 108 Concrete (cured) a ‘Concrete (liguird) as Copper 891 lee (°C) 0917 Lead na ‘Oak on Steel Ta Styrofoam (1 pel") 0160 Styrofoam (3 pet) 0881 ‘Uranium (depleted) 1R7 White pine 043 Source: Data froe Relerence [4 “depending 00 aggregate. “poundh pat cubic foot, Table Az Physical Properties of Common Liquids at 20°C Ligaid Isentropic Bulk Modulus” (GNim*) Specitic Gravity (—) Benzene 148 asn ‘Carbon tetrachloride 136 1398 Castor ofl 2 0.968 ‘Crude oil 02-092 ‘Ethanol - 0.789 Gasoline — a72 Giyeetin 439 136 Hepiane Ose6 re) Kerosene 13 Ox Lubricating oil aa 0x8 Methanol, - 0.796 Mereury 283 1388 ‘Octane 0.965 a7a2 Seawater” 2a2z 102s SAE LOW oil — asz Water 24 0.998 Source: Data {roe References [1.5, 6} “Calculated rom speed of sound. 1 GNi = 10" Nien? (1 Nien! = 148 > 10~* Tein) "Toymamic viscoity of seawater at 20°C is = E08 3 10? N-a/im. (TBs, the Kineenatic visconty of sea ‘water is about 5 percent higher than that of (resrwater.)Table AZ Properties of Water (U.S. Custorsary Units) 2 000519 ORS 2.978 + OF 40 ‘R20E08 ~~ L.ASE-0S 0.00814 0122 30 RTECS LIES a0os9 Ed o os 70 %0 0 190 Table AS (Properties of Water (SI Units) Dynamic Kinematic Surface ‘Temperature, Density, ‘Viscosity. ‘Viscosity, Tension, Pressure, Modulus. ree) (kgm) (Nowe) ed's) (Sm) pe(kPay (GPa) 0 1000 LWE06 007571 2.01 5 1000 1SIE06 = 007490872 0 1000 BOBO = 00723 is 9 LEO = 00738 TL 20 98 Wolke = 00727 2M 2.1 28 a SOEOT 00720 IT » 86 SOOT 00712 4.25 a8 4 73EOT 00m Sa 40 om. SECT 000m 7.8 4S 80 602EO7 00688 0.89 % vss, SEO | SECT 067? 12 229 ss 938 S02E-04 — SOPEO7 —aos7] 188 w 883 SHEO APEC? 00662 19.9 6s 980) 431E.08 480.07 noms 250 7 78. 4016-0 4E07 = oss 2 1s ms RISO SASEQT 063686 » m 3QE0 | MONET | nom27 AT ss 969 331-4 SHIEGT 0061S S78 0 968 AI2E-08 | A23E07 060g T. uz 9s 962 295-06 3068.07 ns 6 190 988, LIVE =—-292E07 —00s89