Solutions to I.E. Irodov’s Problems in General Physics Volume II Waves . Optics . Modern Physics Second Edition ABHAY KUMAR SINGH Director Abhay’s I\.T. Physics Teaching Centre Patna-6 AS CBS PUBLISHERS & DISTRIBUTORS 4596/1A, 11 DARYAGANY, NEW DELHI - 110 002 (INDIA)ISBN : 81-239-0486-X First Edition : 1996 Reprint: 1997 Second Edition : 1998 Reprint : 2000 Reprint : 2002 Reprint : 2004 Copyright © Author & Publisher Ail rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording. or any information storage and retrieval system without permission, in writing, from the publisher. Published by S.K. Jain for CBS Publishers & Distributors, 4596/1A, 11 Darya Ganj, New Delhi - 110 002 (India). Printed at : 4S. Offset Printers, Delhi - 110 051In the memory of Late Shri Arvind Kumar (Ex-Director, The Premier Institute, Patna) The man who taught me how to teach.FOREWORD Science, in general, and physics, in particular, have evolved out of man’s quest to know beyond unknowns. Matter, radiation and their mutual interactions are basically studied in physics. Essentially, this is an experimental science. By observing appropriate phenomena in nature one arrives at a set of rules which goes to establish some basic fundamental concepts. Entire physics rests on them. Mere knowledge of them is however not enough. Ability to apply them to real day-to-day problems is required. Prof. Irodov’s book contains one such set of numerical exercises spread over a wide spectrum of physical disciplines. Some of the problems of the book long appeared to be notorious to pose serious challenges to students as well as to their teachers. This book by Prof. Singh on the solutions of problems of Irodgv’s book, at the outset, seems to remove the sense of awe which at one time prevailed. Traditionally a difficult exercise to solve continues to draw the attention of concerned persons over a sufficiently long time. Once a logical solution for it becomes available, the difficulties associated with its solutions are forgotten very soon. This statement is not only valid for the solutions of simple physical problems but also to various physical phenomena. Nevertheless, Prof. Singh’s attempt to write a book of this magnitude deserves an all out praise. His ways of solving problems are elegant, straight forward, simple and direct. By writing this book he has definitely contributed to the cause of physics education. A word of advice to its users is however necessary. The solution to a particular problem as given in this book is never to be consulted unless an all out effort in solving it independently has been already made. Only by such judicious uses of this book one would be able to reap better benefits out of it. As a teacher who has taught physics and who has been in touch with physics curricula at LLLT., Delhi for over thirty years, I earnestly feel that this book will certainly be of benefit to younger students in their formative years. Dr. Dilip Kumar Roy Professor of Physics Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi New Delhi-110016.FOREWORD A proper understanding of the physical laws and principles that govern nature require solutions of related problems which exemplify the principle in question and leads to a better grasp of the principles involved. It is only through experiments or through solutions of multifarious problem-oriented questions can a student master the intricacies and fall outs of a physical law. According to Ira M. Freeman, professor of physics of the state university of new Jersy at Rutgers and author of “‘physic--principles and Insights” -- “In certain situations mathematical formulation actually promotes intuitive understand- ing....... Sometimes a mathematical formulation is not feasible, so that ordinary language must take the place of mathematics in both roles. However, Mathematics is far more rigorous and its concepts more precise than those of language. Any science that is able to make extensive use of mathematical symbolism and procedures is justly called an exact science”. LE. Irodov’s problems in General Physics fulfills such a need. This book originally published in Russia contains about 1900 problems on mechanics, thermody- namics, molecular physics, electrodynamics, waves and oscillations, optics, atomic and nuclear physics. The book has survived the test of class room for many years as is evident from its number of reprint editions, which have appeared since the first English edition of 1981, including an Indian Edition at affordable price for Indian students. Abhay Kumar Singh’s present book containing solutions to Dr. I.E. Irodov’s Problems in General Physics is a welcome attempt to develop a student’s problem solving skills. The book should be very useful for the students studying a general course in physics and also in developing their skills to answer questions normally encountered in national level entrance examinations conducted each year by various bodies for admissions to profes- sional colleges in science and technology. BP. PAL Professor of Physics LLT,, DelhiPreface to the Second Edition Perhaps nothing could be more gratifying for an author than seeing his ‘brainchild’ attain wide acclaim. Fortunately, it happes so with ‘Solutions to I. E. Irodov’s Problems in General Physics (Volume-II) authored by me. Since inception, it showed signs of excellence amidst its ‘peer-group’, so much so that it fell victim to Piracy-syndrome. The reported on rush of spurious copies of this volume in the market accelerated the pace of our contemplation for this second edition. Taking advantage of this occassion the book has almost been comptelely vetted to cater to the needs of aspiring students. My heart felt thanks are due to all those who have directly or indirectly engineered the cause of its existing status in the book-world. Paina June 1997 Abhay Kumar SinghPreface This is the second volume of my “Solutions to LE. Irodov’s Problems in General Physics.” It contains solutions to the last three chapters of the problem book ‘‘Problems in General Physics’’. As in the first volume, in this second one also only standard methods have been used to solve the problems, befitting the standard of the problems solved. Nothing succeeds like success, they say. From the way my earlier books have been received by physics loving people all over the country, I can only hope that my present attempt too will be appreciated and made use of at a large scale by the physics fraternity. My special thanks are due to my teacher Dr. (Prof.) J. Thakur, Department of Physics, Patna University, who has been my source of energy and inspiration throughout the preparation of this book. I am also thankful to computer operator Mr. S. Shahab Ahmad and artist Rajeshwar Prasad of my institute (Abhay’s LLT. Physics Teaching Centre, Mahendru, Patna-6) for their pains-taking efforts. Iam also thankful to all my well-wishers, friends and family members for their emotional support. Abhay Kumar Singh Patna July, 1996CONTENTS Preface ee ee vii 4.1 4.2 43 44 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 PART FOUR OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES Mechanical Oscillations Electric Oscillations . . : Elastic Waves. Acoustics ...... Electromagnetic Waves. Radiation . PART FIVE OPTICS Photometry and Geometrical Optics Interference of Light Diffraction of Light . 505 Polarization of Light ........ Dispersion and Absorption of Light Optics of Moving Sources... 2.2.2... Thermal Radiation. Quantum Nature of Light . . PART SIX ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS Scattering of Particles. Rutherford-Bohr Atom ........ Wave Properties of Particles. Schrddinger Equation Properties of Atoms. Spectra Molecules and Crystals... . . Radioactivity... 2... ... 06 Nuclear Reactions . Elementary ParticlesPART FOUR OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES 4.1 MECHANICAL OSCILLATIONS 41 (a) © 42 (@) Given, x = cos (e-4) x 2 x 4 =~ aa" cos} wt- 7 () On-the basis of obtained expressions plots x(t), vy(#) and w,(t) can be drawn as shown in the answersheet, (of the problem book ). From Eqn (1) v= ~aosin(or-3) So, = Fats? (or F) Q) So, vy, =x = -aowsin| of- and w, = But from the law x = acos(wt-7/4), so, x” = a®cos*(wt-1/4) or, cos? (wt-2/4) = 2/a? or si (or-a/4) = 1-8, @) Using (3) in (2), f= 2ut(1-5) or vi = w*(a?-x7) (4) Again from Eqn (4),w, = -@07 cos (wt-1/4) = - 0x [=(ee-d) a_ a4 x a. a. o, x-5 ~foue(201-5) = -Fsin2@r = FsinQwr+n) From the motion law of the particle x = asin’ (wt-n/4) = . ala. ie. x-5 = Fsin(2or+n). @ Now compairing this equation with the general equation of harmonic oscillations : X = Asin (atta) Amplitude, A = Gand angular frequency, @ = 20. Thus the period of one full oscillation, T= 2% = = © @43 44 45 (b) Differentiating Eqn (1) w.rt. time vy = aw cos (21+) or ver @ a? cos? Qu t+) =a? u?[1 - sin? (201+ 2)] Q) a 7 a 2 From Eqn (1) (=-$] = Fsin’(2ot+n) or, aGti- in? (2wt+m) oF nse @oreaa Tt (2) @) From Eqns (2) and (3), v,=a? ort . ‘| =40*x(a-x) Plot of v, (x) is as shown in the answersheet. Let the general equation of S.H.M. be x = acos(wt+a) 0) So, vy = -awsin(wf+a) @ Let us assume that at f= 0, x= xy and vy, = vy. Thus from Eqns (1) and (2) fort = 0, x = acosa, and v,, = - aosina v v Therefore tna=-—* and a + ) = 35.35 cm @Xx> © Under our assumption Eqns (1) and (2) give the sought x and v, if =2 -V 2 = tan? {— = 2 t=2=240s,a + (%/®) and @ = tan ( a] 7 Putting all the given numerical values, we get : x= - 29cm and v, =~ 8lom/s From the Eqn, v2= w*(a?-x*) (see Eqn. 4 of 4.1) vi= w(a?=x2) and v3 = w*(a?-33) Solving these Eqns simultaneously, we get @ = V 4-9) / 03-4). a= V On d-vit)/(i-v) (a) When a particle starts from an extreme position, it is useful to write the motion law as x = acoswt (1) (However x is the displacement from the equlibrium position) It 4, be the time to cover the distence a/2 then from (1) a a 1 x a5 =F aeos@r or coswr = 5 = cos ¥ (as 4 = "tanfs SF 00s Peds = SP = m/s 46 (a) Asx = asinot S80, Vv, = awcoswt 3 at Ja@cos(2x/T)tdt 0 2V2ao(. 2x Thus =fv,dt/fdt= a “a (wine 7 = =) 8 (b) In accordance with the problem v= vi so, |< vd] =|| 2V2a0|_ 2V2a0 3x “3x Hence, using part (a), || = | (6) We have got, v, = awcos wt So, v = |v,] = awcoswt, for ts T/4 =-awcoswt, for T/4sts ar1m 318 J amcoswrdt+f -awcoswtdr i fT Svae lence, = aa _ Using w = 2/T, and on evaluating the integral we get 4.7 From the motion law, x = acos wt, it is obvious that the time taken to cover the distance equal to the amplitude (a), starting from extreme position equals T/4. Now one can write so at n = 1,3,5 ... or for odd 1 values it passes through the mean positon’ and for even numbers of 7 it comes to an extreme position (if f = 0). te nist, where ty <% and n=0,1,2,. As the particle moves according to the law, x = acos wt, Case (1) when n is an odd number : In this case, from the equation x = = asin 4, if the t is counted from 7/4 and the distance covered in the time interval : : Tr : nx to becomes,s; = asin fo = asinw/t—n7| = asin{ or — Thus the sought distance covered for odd n is nn nx S= nats, = natasin{ wt-—| = al n+sin| wr-> Case (2), when 7 is even, In this case from the equation X = acos @t, the distance covered (s>) in the interval fo, is given by T x a5, = G008 Wty = acosw] tn | = acos| wr-n> 2 or, 8. = a| 1-cos{ or-—— 5 2 2 Hence the sought distance for n is even ax na snaps > naral tea (os-B8)]~[ne1-oxe( 01-48) In general n ‘ a[rs1-es{or-82)) 9 oa x gs nx)\] a|n+sin wt) | a odd4.8 Obviously the motion law is of the from, x = asinwt. and vy = aos wt. Comparing v, = @acos@t with v, = 35 cos xt, we get o=n,a= 7) ,thus T= 2% = 2 and 7/4 = 055 ™ o Now we can write Tr r t= 28s=5x7+03 ‘where 47 OSs As n = 5 is odd, like (4-7), we have to basically find the distance covered by the particle starting from the extreme position in the time interval 0:3 s. Thus from the Eqn. xe aceat= 3 cos x(08) 35 35 35 gat Fz 00s (03) or sy = = [1-c0s 03 x} Hence the sought distance 5 = 5x 2435 (1 ~ 008030} x x - 22 (6 - cos 03 a} = 32..7(6 - cos 54°) 60cm 4.9. As the motion is periodic the particle repeatedly passes through any given region in the range -as xs a, The probability that it lies in the range (x,x+d.x) is defined as the fraction at (as t» 00) where Ais the time that the particle lies in the range (x, x +x) out of the total time ¢. Because of periodicity this is dP dt 2dx dP a TNT where the factor 2 is needed to take account of the fact that the particle is in the range (x, x+dx) during both up and down phases of its motion. Now in a harmonic oscillator. vei=wacsot=oVa-x Thus since @ T = 2x (T is the time period) We get ap = 4? 4,4 2 bd Vee Note that aP dx=l dx so is properly normalized.6 4.10 411 (2) We take a graph paper and choose an axis (X - axis) and an origin. Draw a vector of magnitude 3 inclined at an angle 5 with the X-axis. Draw another vector Als \ of magnitude 8 inclined at an angle -F (Since sin (w t+ x/6) = cos (wt x/3)) with the X= axis. The magnitude of the resultant of both these vectors (drawn from the origin) obtained using paral- lelogram law is the resultant, amplitude. < Clearly R32 + 87+ 238-005 2% 9+64-48x 4 = 73-24 = 49 Thus R = 7 units (b) One can follow the same graphical method here but the result can be obtained more quickly by breaking into sines and cosines and adding : Resultant += (30 Fpleare(6- Fe] mes = Acos (wt+a) sy sy Th A? = [3+] +{6-7— - ( #) ( 7) = 70-152 = 70-212 So, A = 6985 = 7 units Note- In using graphical method convert all oscillations to either sines or cosines but do not use both. Given, x; = acosw@t and x7 = acos2wt so, the net displacement, X =X, 4+2x) = a{coswt+cos2wt} = a{coswt+2cos*wt-1} and vy =k = a{-osin@t-4wcoswtsinot} For x to be maximum, ¥ = aa cos@t- 4407 cos’ wt+4ae'sin’ot = 0 or, 8 cos? wt + cos @t-4 = 0, which is a quadratic equation for cos wt. Solving for acceptable value cos wt = 0-644 thus sin wt = 0-765 | = +a [0-765 + 4 x 0-765 x 0-644] = +273 aw and4.12 We write : acos 2-1 tcos50-0t = 5 (008 52-1 1+ cos 4790} Thus the angular frequencies of constituent oscillations are 52187) and 47-9s"* To get the beat period note that the variable amplitude acos 2-11 becomes maximum (positive or negative), when 21t=anx Thus the interval between two maxima is re = 15s nearly. 4.13 If the frequency of A with respect to K’ is vp and K’ oscillates with frequency ¥ with respect to K, the beat frequency of the point A in the K-frame will be v when Ve votv In the present case V = 20 or 24. This means vo = 22. &v=2 Thus beats of 2v = 4 will be heard when V = 26 or 18. 414 (a) () From the Eqn: x = asinot 2 sin?@t = 2/a* or cos?wt = 1-5 a ‘And from the equation : y = beoswt cos? wt = y°/b™ 2 From Eqns (1) and (2), we get : 2.4 gy Zea, or aa be eb which is the standard equation of the ellipse shown in the figure. we observe that, at t=0,x=0 and y=b d = nd and at te oat +a and y= Thus we observe that at ¢ = 0, the point is at point 1 (Fig.) and at the following moments, the co-ordinate y diminishes and x becomes positive. Consequently the motion is clock- wise. Asx =asinwt and y = bcoswmet So we may write 7°= asinot T+ bcoswt j~ Thus r= Wa- 07”4.15 (a) From the Eqn. : x = asin? , we have 4.16 cost = V1 - (27/a?) and from the Eqn. :y = asin2wt 2 y = 2asinwt cosmt= 2xV1-(2/a?) or y? = 4x? (1-3) a (®) From the Eqn. : x = asinos sin’ wt = 2/0 Fromy = acos2wt 2 y = a(1-2sin?or) = «(1-25] a For the plots see the plots of answersheet of the problem book. As U(x) = Up(1-cosax) So, = -Upasinax qd) or, F, = ~ Uyaax (because for small angle of oscillations sin ax = ax) or, F, = - Uja'x qa) But we know F, = - mopx, for small oscillation 2 Ua” Ve Thus = OF Oy = a Hence the sought time period ra2t 28 R o2 VF @ then the equilibrium position is x = x9 when U' (x) = 0 or 288 oy = 28 0% ob Now write : xaxty ab 1 2 Then U(x) = H- + (4-2) U (my) +5 (4-29) U" ( (4) 2% (4-29) U' (xa) +5 (4-20 U" (20) But U" (x) = 94-28 « (2a/by? (36-26) = BVBA? x XD \ 1(_b*) > So finally : U(x) = U4) +5 | 55 |? + a4.18 419 2 ‘We neglect remaining terms for small oscillations and compare with the P.E. for a harmonic, oscillator : A etye b(t Be pnot 5 =|, 0 «= 8a Veen v8 3 Thus _ 2a Note : Equilibrium position is generally a minimum of the potential energy. Then U' (xp) = 0, U" (xo) >0. The equilibrium position can in principle be a maximum but then U" (x9) Hence the sought time period T=2xVn(1-n)m/« = 0-138 Similar to the Soln of 4.23, the net unbalanced force on the block m when it is at a small horizontal distance x from the equilibrium position becomes (Kk; + K2) x. From F, = mw, for the block : = (Ky +Ky)x = mx : Kit, Thus # -- (S52). m Hence the sought time period T = 2. mith Alternate : Let us set the block m in motion to perform small oscillation. Let us locate the block when it is at a distance x from its equilibrium position. As the spring force is restoring conservative force and deformation of both the springs are same, so from the conservation of mechanical energy of oscillation of the spring-block system :4.25 4.27 13 2 1n{#).t toe 2”(Z) tye +p we Constant Differentiating with respect to time ieee 1 : Zm2zE +5 (Ki tKy)2xk = 0 (41 +2) =o m Hence th ti iod T = m lence the sought time peri any ae During the vertical oscillation let us locate the block at a vertical down distance x from its equilibrium position. At this moment if x, and x2 are the additional or further clongation of the upper & lower springs relative to the equilibrium position, then the net unbalanced force on the block will be Kz x, directed in upward direction. Hence = Kpxy = mi @ We also have x= +x Q) As the springs are massless and initially the net force on the spring is also zero so for the spring or, Kitz = K2x @) Solving the Eqns (1), (2) and (3) simultaneously, we get Ki K2 x= mx Ky + Ky (1 2/1 + Ko) ee woleeseieae m Thus (x1 ko) Hence the sought time period T = 2x Ky Ka The force F, acting on the weight deflected from the position of equilibrium is 2 7p sin 0. Since the angle @ is small, the net restoring force, F = 2 To7 2% o, Fes kx, where k= = <——_ 2 —___—> So, by using the formula, w= VE, w+ V2 To If the mercury rises an the left arm by x it must fall by a slanting length equal to x in the other arm. Total pressure difference in the two arms will then be pex+pgxcos® = pgx(1+cos 0) This will give rise to a restoring force = pgSx(1+cos0) This must equal mass times acceleration which can be obtained from work energy principle.14 4.28 The KE. of the mercury in the tube is clearly : imi ‘So mass times acceleration must be : mx" Hence mx +pgS(1+cos0)x =.0 This is S.H.M. with a time period T= 2"V oe5(1 +0080) In the equilibrium position the C.M. of the rod lies nid way between the two rotating wheels. Let us displace the rod horizontally by some small distance and then release it. Let us depict the forces acting on the rod when its CM, is at distance x from its equilibrium position (Fig,). Since there is no net vertical force acting on the rod, Newton’s second law gives : Loe—-lyp— Cc N,+Nz = mg (i) For the translational motion of the rod from the Eqn. : F, = m Wey KN,-KNy = mx @ As the rod experiences no net torque about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the Fig. through the C.M. of the rod. (8) (52) 0 Solving Eqns. (1), (2) and (3) simultaneously we et ve eBy Hence the sought time period aft af 2t T-22V 5p -*V gg 715s4.29 (a) The only force acting on the ball is the gravi ©) (©) 15 ional force F, of magnitude y tx pmr, where y is the gravitational constant p, the density of the Earth and r is the distance of the body from the centre of the Earth. But, g=y a pR, so the expression for F can be written as, F = ~ mg, bere R is the radius of the Earth and the equation of motion in projection form has the form, or, mi' +x = 0 The equation, obtained above has the form of an equation of S.H.M. having the time eriod, Ta2x¥V 2 g& Hence the body will reach the other end of the shaft in the time, ee 8 2 From the conditions of S.H.M., the speed of the body at the centre of the Earth will be maximum, having the magnitude, v= Rw =RVg/R = VgR = 7-9km/s. 4.30 In the frame of point of suspension the mathematical pendulum of mass m (say) will oscillate. In this frame, the body m will experience the inertial force m (~ w) in addition to the real forces during its oscillations. Therefore in equil ium position m is deviated by some angle say a. In equilibrium position Tycosa = mg+mweos(x-B) and Tosina = mwsin(x-B) So, from these two Eqns tan a = SWB wein B mW s a +(mg-mweoos mg —mwoos B and cos a=16 43 Let us displace the bob m from its equilibrium position by some small angle and then release it. Now locate the ball at an angular position («1 + @) from vertical as shown in the figure. From the Eqn. : Ne = IB, - mg sin (a + 0) - mw cos (x - B) I sin (a + 0) + mwsin (x - B) cos (a +0) =m1760 o1,~ g (sin «cos 0 + cos a sin 8) - w cos (x B) (sin a cos @ + cos asin 6) + wsin B (cos a: cos 0 - sin a. sin 8) =16 But for small @, sin@ #0 cos@ = 1 So, ~ g (sin «+ cos «1 8) - w cos (x - B) (sin a + cos « 0) + w sin B (cos a - sina. 8) =18 . Le or, (tan a +0) (woos B-g)+wsinB(1-tana0) = ——6 2 Solving Eqns (1) and (2) simultaneously we get ~(g°-ZwecosB+w)O= 1V g?+w?-2wecosp O Thus 6 - -leaWl6 . ; 2n 7 Hence the sought time period T= <= = 20 VW w= @ lg-] Obviously the sleeve performs small oscillations in the frame of rotating rod. In the rod’s frame let us depict the forces acting on the sleeve along the length of the rod while the sleeve is at a small distance x towards right from its equilibrium position. The free body diagram of block does not contain Coriolis force, because it is perpendicualr to the length of the rod. From F, = mw, for the sleeve in the frame of rod -Kxtmo'x = mx 7 x, o, (kee =} a A Kiog™ nw, Thus the sought time period T= 22-075 m It is obvious from Eqn (1) that the sleeve will not perform small oscillations if ozV * 1010d/s. m When the bar is about to start sliding along the plank, it experiences the maximum restoring force which is being provided by the limiting friction, Thus kN = maga or, kmg = magaLue 2 2 or, kw MOS (28) Lys § s\T 4.33 The natural angular frequency of a mathematical pendulum equals wp = V g/1 (@) We have the solution of S.H.M. equation in angular form : © = 0,,cos (w+ a) If at the initial moment ie. att = 0, 6 = 0, than a Thus the above equation takes the form © = 0,, COS Wp 1 58 = 8, cos nee Thus @ = 3° cos 35 ¢ (b) The S.H.M. equation in angular form : © = 0,,sin(wyt+a) If at the initial moment = 0, 6 = 0, then a = 0.Then the above equation takes the form 6 = 6,,sin Wot Let v be the velocity of the lower end of pendulam at 0 = 0, then from conserved of mechanical energy of oscillaton Emean = Eexreme OF Tmean = Uccirem ae Fmvj = mgl(1~c0s O,) Thus Bee eo ree (fp 022 el eae ” “2gl 2x9-8x0-8| ‘Tuus the sought equation becomes @ = 0,,sin aot = 45° sin35¢ (©) Let 0p and vo be the angular deviation and linear velocity at t = 0. ‘As the mechanical energy of oscillation of the mathematical pendulum is conservation 4 mvj mgi (1 — £08 0) = mg! (1-008 0) ¥% or, J = 81 (C05 8 C05 Oy) “1 2 (022 | oa. cos {oo3* 3 Sohe18 Then from @ = 5.4° sin (3.5 + a), we see that sin a. = a and cos a < 0 because the velovity is directed towards the centre. Thus a = i + 1.0 radians and we get the answer. 4.34 While the body A is at its upper extreme position, the spring is obviously elongated by the amount a m8 K If we indicate y-axis in vertically downward direction, Newton’s second law of motion in projection form ic. F, = mw, for body A gives : mare(e-ME) mate ope(a- ME) « miuta-s) ® (Because at any extreme position the magnitude of acceleration of an oscillating body equals 7a and is restoring in nature.) I£N be the normal force exerted by the floor on the body B, while the body A is at its upper extreme position, from Newton’s second law for body B Wee(e- TE) «me fF mg 2 + or, N= mg-x(a-— =| = mg-m,(w?a—g) ( using Eqn. 1) HenceN = (m, +m) g- moa When the body A is at its lower extreme position, the spring is compresed by the distance (e mE From Newton’s second law in projeciton forin ic. F, = mw, for body A at this state: mana(er TE = m(~ 07a) ot, «| ay 8 =m (grata) @) In this case if N second law be the normal force exerted by the floor on the body B, From Newton’s for body B we get: N’ = (a+ mE) ome = m,(g+0%a) + mg ( using Eqn. 3 ) Hence N' = (m+ m)g+mo7a From Newton’s third law the magnitude of sought forces are N' and N, respectively. 4.35 (a) For the block from Newton’s second law in projection form Fy = mw, N-mg=my @) But from y = a(1-coswt)0) 4:36 (2) 19 We get ¥ =o acsot 2 From Eqns (1) and (2) 2 Ne=mg 1+ 24 cosor @) From Newtons’s third law the force by which the body m exerts on the block is directed 2 vertically downward and equls_N = mg ( 1+ os o ‘) When the body m starts, falling behind the plank of loosing contact, N = 0, (because the normal reaction is the contact force). Thus from Eqn. (3) 2 ms(1+5 ex or] = 0 for some ¢. Hence Oxyn = B/0" « Sem. We observe that the motion takes place about the mean position y = a. At the initial instant y = 0. As shown in (b) the normal reaction vanishes at a height ( g/w”) above the position of equilibrium and the body flies off as a free body. The speed of the body at a distance (g/w*) from the equilibrium position is w V a”-(g/w’)*, so that the condition of the problem gives [oVa?~(e/" YP g 28 o Hence solving the resulting quadratic equation and taking the positive roof, 2hE 20cm. oo tah Let y(#) = displacement of the body from the end of the unstreched position of the spring (not the equilibrium position). Then my = -Ky+mg This equation has the solution of the form y = A+Bcos(mt+a) if -mw’*Bcos(wt+a) = -K[A+Bcos(wt+a))+mg Then wo =~ and A= 78 m « we have y=0 and y=0 at ¢=0.S0 -o@Bsina = 0 A+Boosa = 0 Since B>0 and A> 0 we must have a = © BwA~7E «20 and y= "£(1-coswr) (b) Tension in the spring is T = xy = mg(1-coswt) so Trax = 28, Tain = 0 4.37 In accordance with the problem. Fe-amr So, m(2TR SP) = - am(xi yp) Thus ¥ = -ax and y= -ay Hence the solution of the differential equation X= -ax becomes x = acos(mt+5), where wp = a So, X= - aapsin(wtta) From the initial conditions of the problem, v, = 0 and x = 79 at t= 0 So from Eqn. (2) @ = 0, and Eqn takes the form X = ToCOSWyt $0, COS Wot = X/To One of the solution of the other differential Eqn y' = - ay, becomes y = a'sin(m t+8'), where w = 0 From the initial condition, y = 0 at t= 0, so 8’ = 0 and Eqn (4) becomes : y = a’ sin @ (5) Differentiating w.r.t. time we get Y = a’ Wy COs Wot But from the initial condition of the problem, ¥ = vo at = 0, So, from Eqn (6) Vo = a'm) OF, a! = Vp/t Using it in Eqn (5), we get vi y= 2sinayt or sinaot = 2% % Yo Squaring and adding Eqns (3) and (7) we get : > 2 2 wy 2 sin’ t+ COS @gt = —j-+ > beater 2, Q(z) xz =-1 =o = (5) +4(z) u(as a, = a) @ Q) @G) @ © M 4.38 (a) As the elevator car is a translating non-inertial frame, therefore the body m will experience an inertial force mw directed downward in addition to the real forces in the elevator’s frame. From the Newton’s second law in projection form F, = mw, for the body in the frame of elevator car: =o REvy)+meemn = mi A)@) 21 ( Because the initial elongation in the spring is m g/x ) a ( m 50, my =-Ky+mw = -K{ y- or, alr) 7 @ Egn. (1) shows that the motion of the body m is S.H.M. and its solution becomes y= asa VE esa] (2) Differentiating Eqn (2) wart. time VE om( VE ve] a Using the initial condition y(0) = 0 in Eqn (2), we get : 0 mw asina = -—~ y and using the other initial condition (0) = 0 in Eqn (3) we get aV = cosa=0 Thus a= -0/2 and a= ™™ Hence using these values in Eqn (2), we get mls cos VE a « 1- cos m 5 Proceed up to Eqn.(1). The solution of this differential Eqn be of the form : mW snl VE ae asia E143] or, Bt wasa(VE 19) y »" /m m on, y- fe asin (aot +8) (vse o=V =| (4) @ From the initial condition that atr= 0, y(0)= 0,800 =asind or 5=0 Thus Eqn.(4) takes the from :y- 74 = asin wot 6) 9 Differentiating Eqn. (5) we get: y-y = awpcos wt ©) 022 4.39 4.40 But from the other initial condition (0) = 0 at ¢ = 0. So, from Eqn.(6) ~S = a0 of a=-a/p 0 Putting the value ofa in Eqn. (5), we get the sought y(t). ie. a. a , = -—Zsin@ot or y = —7(Wpt-sin wot) o = a 9 There is an important difference between a rubber cord or steel coire and a spring. A spring can be pulled or compressed and in both cases, obey’s Hooke’s law. But a rubber cord becomes lodse when one tries to compress it and does not then obey Hooke’s law. Thus if we suspend a*body by a rubber cord it stretches by a distance mg/x in reaching the equilibrium configuration. If we further strech it by a distance Ah it will execute harmonic oscillations when released if Ah s mg/x because only in this case will the cord remain taut and obey Hooke’s law. Thus A Pax =m 8/K ‘The energy of oscillation in this case is 2 2 FEM haa P= 5 As the pan is of negligible mass, there is no loss of kinetic energy even though the collision is inelastic. The mechanical energy of the body m in the field generated by the joint action of both the gravity force and the elastic force is conserved ic. AE = 0. During the motion of the body m from the initial to the final (position of maximum compression of the spring) position AT = 0, and therefore AU = AU,,+AU,, = 0 a =mg(hex)+ine = 0 On solving the quadratic equation : or K ‘As minus sign is not acceptable +-ME VME, 2mah : If the body m were at rest on the spring, the corresponding position of m will be its equilibrium position and at this position the resultant force on the body m will be zero. Therefore the equilibrium compression A x (say) due to the body m will be given by KAx = mg or Ax = mg/x Therefore seperation between the equilibrium position and one of the extreme position i.e. the sought amplitude44) 23 The mechanical energy of oscillation which is conserved equals E = Ucureme because at the extreme position kinetic energy becomes zero. Although the weight of body m is a conservative force , it is not restoring in this problem, hence Ucireme is only concerned with the spring force. Therefore mee 2 P= mgh+ E = Unome * gra Unlike the previous (4.40) problem the kinetic energy of body m decreases due to the perfectly inelastic collision with the pan.Obviously the body m comes to strike the pan with velocity vo = V2gh If v be the common velocity of the " body m+ pan " system due to the collision then from the conservation of linear momentum. mvy = (M+m)v mvy__ mV2gh (M+m) ~ (M+m) At the moment the body m strikes the pan, the spring is compressed due to the weight af “he pan by the amount M g/« . If! be the further compression of the spring due to the \ cwcity acquired by the "pan - body m " system, then from the conservation of mechanical energy of the said system in the ficld generatad by the joint action of both the gravity and spring forces or ve 1) 2 Somemy? +(Mam)gl= dx a -$r Mey aad K a _ m2gh Mey 3 : an : ot, 5 (M+ m) TE + (M+) = 5 (o +hePomgt-Zn (48) Using») Pen or, saPe mgl- aa eras mas V mig? s SEEM Thus le = K As minus sign is not acceptable - mel 2,2, 2Km>gh beet m8 + (Mem) If the oscillating “pan + body m” system were at rest it correspond to their equilbrjum position i.e. the spring were compressed by Creme therefore the amplitude of oscillation mg mgy/,, 2h KOK ms a=l-24 4.42 The mechanical energy of oscillation which is only conserved with the restoring forces becomes E = U, = dca? (Because spring force is the only restoring force not the jearene = > weight of the body) Altemately E = Tpean = (M+) 07 0? 1 af_« thus E zee (a) We have F = a( jit ij’) m(ETE SD) = aia) So, me eve ce From the initial condition,at ¢ = 0, x = 0 and y = 0 So, integrating Eqnynx' = ay we get viosay or i=fy Using Eqn (2) in the Eqn m! = -ai, we get a ee ay Dl =\y one of the solution of differential Eqn (3) is y =A sin(@ot+a), where W = a/m. As att = 0, y = 0, so the solution takes the form y = A sin wt On differenti ing wart. time y = A W9Cos Wot From the initial condition of the problem, at ¢ =.0, y = vo So, Vo = A@. or A = Vo/W Thus ¥ = (Vo/a@o ) sin Wo t Thus from (2) X = Vo sin wot so integrating Yo x= B-— coswot @o ; Yo On using x=Oatt=0,B=— ® Yo Hence finally x =U, (1=c08 wor) Hence from Eqns (4) and (6) we get [= (vo/09) P + 9? = (vo/@9)? a) Q) (4) 6) (6) which is the equation of a circle of radius (vo/wo) with the centre at the point X= Vo/@o, Yo = 04.43 444 zo If water has frozen, the system consisting of the light rod and the frozen water in the hollow sphere constitute a compound (physical) pendulum to a very good approximation because we can take the whole system to be rigid. For such systems the time period is given by [_ =22V 7 1+ 7 where k? = 2R? is the radius of gyration of the sphere. The situation is different when water is unfrozen. When dissipative forces (viscosity) are neglected, we are dealing with ideal fluids. Such fluids instantaneously respond to (unbalanced) internal stresses. Suppose the sphere with liquid water actually executes small rigid oscillations. Then the portion of the fluid above the centre of the sphere will have a greater acceleration than the portion below the centre because the linear acceleration of any element is in this case, equal to angular acceleration of the element multiplied by the distance of the element from the centre of suspension (Recall that we are considering small oscillations). Then, as is obvious in a frame moving with the centre of mass, there will appear an unbalanced couple (not negated by any pseudoforces) which will cause the fluid to move rotationally so as to destroy differences in acceleration. Thus for this case of ideal {uids the pendulum must move in.such a way that the elements of the fluid all undergo the same acceleration. This implies that we have a simple (mathematical) pendulum with the time period : ail To = 20 a ° 8 Thus T= Vi ) (One expects that a liquid with very small viscosity will have a time period close Ty while one with high viscosity will have a time period closer to T;.) Let us locate the rod at the position when it makes an angle @ from the vertical. In this problem both, the gravity and spring forces are restoring conservative forces, thus from the conservation of mechanical energy of oscillation of the oscillating system : oale mE (OP +mes(1-cos0)+ Fx (10)? = constant Differentiating w.rt. time, we get : im? 266 +E ind 3 $x200 =0 Thus for very small @ Hence,26 4.45 (a) Let us locate the system when the threads are deviated through an angle a’ =< cos? w t> = 1/2. Thus = BaP Grime? GR (where @? = 3 2/2),28 4.48 4.49 Let | = distance between the C.G. (C) of the pendulum and. its point of suspension O Originally the pendulum is in inverted position and its C.G. is above O. When it falls to thi normal (stable) position of equilibrium its C.G. has fallen by a distance 2 J. In the equilibriun position the total energy is equal to KE. = dro? and we have from energy conservation : 4mel sng! fo? = mg2l or Te 2 o Angular frequency of oscillation for a physical pendulum is given by @@ = mg I/I 2 Thus Te2aV 1, wan V Smale _ ae mgl mgl Let, moment of inertia of the pendulum, about the axis, concemed is J, then writing N, = Ip for the pendulum, -mgxsina®=16 or, 6=- 8% 9 (For small 6 ) which is the required equation for S.H.M. So, the frequency of oscillation, Mgx tI yor T xg VO qd) Now, when the mass m is attached to the pendulum, at a distance / below the oscillating axis, @, = or, 2g! -Mgxsin0!-mglsin Um e t 2 or, S Gein = Sa (For small 0) +m t which is again the equation of S.H.M., So, the new frequency, oy = V gee m)) Q) (+m?) Solving Eqns. (1) and (2), o V e(i/e)ui+m!) (+ml’) 7 op = eitmel , T+ml or, I(w3- oi) = mgl-mo3l? and hence, 1 = ml? (3-8/1) [(@}- 03) = 0-8g-m?450 451 29 When the two pendulums are joined rigidly and set to oscillate, cach exert wrques on the other, these torques are equal and opposite. We write the law of motion for the two pendulums as 1,6 = -03f0+G 16 =~-0he-G where #G is the torque of mutual interactions. We have written the restoring forces on each pendulum in the absence of the other as - w7/, 0 and - Jy @ respectively. Then ~ hor+hos o-oo 2 2 afhol + het Hence o- Tae h -o'0 Let us locate the rod when it is at small angular position 0 rclative to its equilibrium position. If a be the sought distance, then from the conservation of mechanical energy of oscillation mga(1-cos0)+ 4 00: (0)? = constant Differentiating w.tts time we get : mgasin0 0+ $ foo 266 =0 2 But Toc mee ma? and for small 0, sinO = 0, we get Dt a? 12 Hence the time period of one full osscillation becomes a 2,40 (2 T=2n pice et ethereal ag , a(v For Tn , obviously alia «| =0 e 1 So, - +1=0 o ae 12a? v3 Hence Ton = 2230 4.52 Consider ihe moment of inertia of the triangular plate about AB. I= fftdm = ffepdxdy A on oe A B oe 2 2p =f e pdx. af Pe La-xdx freee Ls 2 20 (wo) pit _ mi de -2(5-4)-26 “o~ 2 On using the area of the triangle AABC = a and m = pA. a imk Thus KE. 57 @ h 1 e PE. = mgz (1-cos8) = mghy Here 0 is the angle that the instantaneous plane of the plate makes with the equilibrium position which is vertical. (The plate rotates as a rigid body) Thus geine #i Behe 2 2_ 2g. mgh/ mk Hence o? = 3 § / A So Ta2a VR -aV 24. and — Ipeducatd = h/2. Let us go to the rotating frame, in which the disc is stationary. In this frame the rod is subjected to coriolis and centrifugal forces, Fea and Fy, where Fea = f 2dm(v'x %) and Fey = f dmode, where r is the position of an elemental mass of the rod (Fig.) with respect to point O (disc’s centre) and vet dt As r= OP = OA+AP So, ea a) av (as OA is constant) As the rod is vibrating transversely, so v’ is directed perpendicular to the length of the rod. Hence 2d { v’ x @) for each elemental mass of the rod is directed along PA. Therefore the net torque of coriolis about A becomes zero. The not torque of centrifulgal force about point A: Now, Zyuy = [ APx dmodr = { APx (7%) dsa3(OA+AP) FA) T31 - farx ( Ta) BOA = f Basogsasino(-k) ' = Fobesina (Wf sas = moda sin0(-K) So, Tere = Ty) "k= -m oad sind According to the equation of rotational dynamics : 4,2) = or, -mabatsino = ME a or, (le 3.88 ino Thus, for small @, Ga eo / 2 This implies that the frequency wp of oscillation is wy = V2 ST 4.54 The physical system consists with a pulley and the block. Choosing an intertial frame, let us direct the x-axis as shown in the figure. KAL ™m} x Initially the system 1s in equilibrium position. Now from the condition of translation equilibrium for the block Ty= mg @ Similarly for the rotational equilibrium of the pulley KA/R= TR or. To= x Al (2)32 4.55 from Eqns. (1) and (2) Al= e @) Now let us disturb the equilibrium of the system no matter in which way to analyse its motion. At an arbitrary position shown in the figure, from Newton’s second law of motion for the block F,= mw, mg-T= mw= mi @ Similarly for the pulley N= 1B, TR-«(Al+x)R= 10 () But w=BR or, i= RO © from (5) and (6) TR-x(Al+2)R= Li oy Solving (4) and (7) using the initial condition of the problem I\.- nears (me) or, ¥ = -(— |x 2 I ard 2 Hence the sought time period, T= z. anV meu Note : we may solve this problem by using the conservation of mechanical energy also At the equilbrium position, N,, = 0 (Net torque about 0) So, mgR-mgRsina =0 or m= msina (a) From the equation of rotational dynamics of a solid body about the stationary axis (say z-axis) of rotation ie. from N, = 1B, when the pulley is rotated by the small angular displacement 0 in clockwise sense relative to the equilibrium position (Fig.), we get : mgR-mgRsin(a+0) a [= + mR7+ ma? ee Using Eqn. (1) mgsina.-mg(sinacos @+ cos asin @) . {wee amCiesne lA | § 2 Alt33 But for small 8, we may write cos ® = 1 and sin® = 6 Thus we have mgsina- mg (sina +cosa0) = : 6 _ 2mgcosa 0 [MR+ 2m(1+ sina)R] Hence the sought angular frequency w» = PES eearoy Let us locate solid cylinder when it is displaced from its stable equilibrium position by the small angle @ during its oscillations (Fig). If'v, be the instantaneous speed of the CM. (C) of the solid cylinder which is in pure rolling, then its angular velocity about its own centre C is @ =V,/r @ Since C moves in a circle of radius (R - r), the speed of C at the same moment can be written as Hence, 6 = v, = 0(R-r) 2 Thus from Eqns (1) and (2) ae glk) 8) As the mechanical energy of oscillation of the solid cylinder is conserved, ic. E = T+U = constant 1 nvie tno? So, 5mve+5J.w?+mg(R-r) (1-cos 0) = constant (Where m is the mass of solid cylinder and J, is the moment of inertia of the solid cylinder about an axis passing through its C.M. (C) and perpendicular to the plane of Fig. of solid cylinder) 2 G jm ot +L BE uP mg (Rr) (1 ~ cos 0) = constant (using Eqn (1) and a) . -ryp 3g p hoy +g(R—r)(1~cos 8) = constant, (using Eqn. 3) r Differentiating w.rt. time 3(R-r)266 +gsin06 = 0 22 3(R-r Thus o = V —28— 3(R-r) So, 6 = 5 & (because fer small 0, sin = 8 )34 457 4.58 Hence the sought time period Te 22 agV HRD) @ 28 Let x, and xz be the spring constant of left and right sides springs. As the rolling of th solid cylinder is pure its lowest point becomes the instantencous centre of rotation. If 0 be the small angular displacement of its upper most point relative to its equilibrium position, the deformation of each spring becomes (2.R @). Since the mechanical energy of oscillation of the solid cylinder is conserved, E = T+U = constant ie. £1, (6)'+2n,(2R0)? +3x2(2R0)? = constant Differentianting w.rt. time Linge d toga 51,208 +5 (1 +m2)4R7200 = 0 ( or, i smn’) e4nteo -0 2 (Because Ip = I¢+mR? = mR + mR?) Hence 6 ~-8%o 3m Thus w = $* ana sought time period 2% n3z fin Teo 7 2V ax 7 *V 2x An the C.M. frame (which is rigidly attached with the centre of mass of the two cubes) the cubes oscillates. We know that the kinetic energy of two body system equals seve , where 1 is the reduced mass and vjq is the modulus of velocity of any one body particle relative to other. From the conservation of mechanical energy of oscillation : 2 1 1 fd Bee +s B goes) = constant Here /y is the natural length of the spring. Differenting the above equation w.r.t time, we get : : La ne . dxarieburix = 0 comes SCG =] Thust’ = ae (wie pe m ) m, +m, my Mm, mim, Hence the natural frequency of oscillation : wp = / “ where u =35 459 Suppose the balls 1 & 2 are displaced by x,,x, from their initial position. Then the energy is:Eo imi + mt + dete -xye dmvi Also total momentum.is : m,%; + mz%2 = mV, myx, + myx Define Xo MAM, yoy ie, m+ ™ Then neX+—@_5, ye x-—™, my, + m m +m, 1mm 2 12 E Fm + myx + TEE 2 6 3 Li Hence mii m, +m 22 1mm 1yeel -LmaM Jl mm 2 ' tm ta kal = mvt 2 m, +m, 2m, +m" (a) From the above equation ke 3x 2A 1 mm _ 2 We see @ vi V4 6a, when p= = 5 ke (&) The energy of oscillation is tm v = £2 x 127 = 48 x 104 = 48 my We have x = asin (mt + a) Initially x=0att=050 0-0 Then x =a sin wf, Also x =v, at t= 0. So was yy and hence a= b= Bao 4.60 Suppose the disc 1 rotates by angle 0, and the disc 2 by angle 8, in the opposite sense. Then total torsion of the rod = @ +0, 1 and torsional PE. = ~« (0, +6 sional zK( 2)? a a The KE. of the system (neglecting the moment of inertia of the rod) is 1, gil zhO+s he So total energy of the rod 1, 2,1, a2 1 Ea shi ty hey (Q +e) We can put the total angular momentum of the rod equal to zero since the frequency associated with the rigid rotation of the whole system must be zero (and is known).461 6, or Ow oe, fit bs a Nhe © Tr 7” Wii, . ho. : - ho. So b= ey tb) and = FI (4h) hh and pei th (846) F +3 (0, +0)) 2h+h The angular oscillation, frequency corresponding to this is Lt, vz hh; w= «/ 7 se = w/t and T= 20 ywhere I= 7 In In the first mode the carbon atom remains fixed and the oxygen atoms move in equal & opposite steps. Then total energy is ® 0 c 0 Dosswsssm -ooTsvorY Eye mae a Z2mox +5 2Kx where x is the displacement of one of the 0 atom (say left one). Thus Of = K/mm. @ 0 c 0 —_— —_ x . In this mode the oxygen atoms move in equal steps in the same direction but the carbon atom moves in such a way as to keep the centre of mass fixed. 2 Thus 2mox+m.y = 0 ony = -—ex m, 1, 2.1 (2m. 2m « 1 2 mg) « KEx 32m +3m( i) J 2 my +h 52m = y2mol 1+ Ey . 2 2 2 x +4 f1+2% 2 mda (142%) 2 me 2 mm 2 m 2m 2 mo Thus B= Ef 14 =) and wm = 0, V 1+ 3 ml me | and en = 0 V 147 32 Mi Hence, ao = 0, V 1+ -o,VF ~ 1910,37 462 Let, us displace the piston through small distance x, towards right, then from F, = mw, ' hs tT 1 t bs tex. or, (p,-P,)S =~ mx @ But, the process is adiabatic, so from PV" = const. PoVs d PoVs Py —sxyt OP (Vyasxyt as the new volumes of the left and the right parts are now (Vo + Sx) and (Vo — S x) respectively. So, the Eqn (1) becomes. PVs 1 1 ag bd (Vo-Sx)' (Vo+Sx)" PoVss ess S : or, 7 (Vg -S?x?)" or, 22 Neglecting the term ¥5_*~ in the denominator, as it is very small, we get, ; va i ye 2 PoS* yx mVy which is the equation for S.H.M. and hence the oscillating frequency. 2 oop = WV 2PO¥ mVo 4.63 In the absence of the charge, the oscillation period of the ball T=2xVi/g when we impart the charge q to the ball, it will be influenced by the induced charges on the conducting plane. From the electric image method the electric force on the ball by the plane 2 equals ——4_, and is directed downward. Thus in this case the effective acceleration 4 ne (2h) of the ball4.64 465 2 , q =g+——*_, : : ar and the corresponding time period Tr’ w22VE a2 2 — se ion From the conditon of the problem T=ynT' So, Ta n?T? ot en? a 2 16 x9 mh’ Thus on solving q=4hV megme(n?- 1) = 2nC In a magnetic field of induction B the couple on the magnet is - MB sin 0 = - MB 0 equating this to 18 we get 10 +MBO=0 2_ MB on or of = or T=2x MB Given T= Ty or B= WB, The induction of the field increased n° times. We have in the circuit at a certain instant of time (¢ ), from Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction : di a& 7 La Ba or Ldi= Bld As at t=0,x=0, so Li= Blx or i= Shay For the rod from the second law of motion F, = mw, -ilB = mx 2B 2 Using Eqn. (1), we get : #-(E J+ -abe (2) where oy = 1B/VinE The solution of-the above differential equation is of the form4.66 4.67 x = asin(wot+ a) From the initial condition, att = 0,x=0,s0oa=0 Hence, X= asinwyt @) Differentiating wart. time, % = @ Wy COS Wot But from the initial condition of the problem at ¢ = 0, x = vo Thus Vo = GM oF a = Vo/ig (4) Putting the value of a from Eqn. (4) into Eqn. (3), we obtained x = 2% sineogt { where o 7 @ °° Vii As the connector moves, an emf is set up in the circuit and a current flows, since the emf is = -B15, we must have : -B1x+L 24 = 0 8 5 a so, J = Blx/L provided x is measured from the initial position. We then have Bix mx = -=.B.l+mg for by Lenz’s law the induced current will oppose downward sliding. Finally ¢ BU r+rene on puttin; = aes OO" VmE rate ee A solution of this equation is x= 85+ cos (wpt+a) Bo But x= 0 and x = 0 at ¢ = 0. This gives x = © (1-cos wot). @ We are given x = aye~*' sinwt (a) The velocity of the point at t = 0 is obtained from Vo = (20 = Way The term "oscillation amplitude at the moment ¢ = 0" is meaningless. Probably the im- 1 B plication is the amplitude for ¢ <<. Then x » ap sin t and amplitude is ao (b) X= (-Bapsinwt+wagcoswr)e*' = 04.68 4.69 when the displacement is an extremum. Then o tan@r = > B or ote tan Senn, m= 0,1,2 0 Given 9 = goe **coswt we have © = -Bp-aqe*'sinwt @ = - BHE+tPagoe sinwt-w2 ge"! coswt = P+ 2Poqe *sinwt-w'@ so (8) (@)o = ~ Bo, (# Jo = (B°- 07) % (©) @ = -qoe7*!( Pos wt+wsin wt) becomes maximum (or minimum) when @ = Go(B?- 07 )eP coswt+2Poque *'sinwt = 0 2 2 or not = SB 2pe 1 107- 2 and i = —| tan7 DM ,n=0,1,2,.. 7 @ 2po We write x = age~*' cos(wt+a). I @) x(0)=02a"% x 2 =x =F age sinwt £(0) = (i).9 = ¥ Wag Since ao is + ve, we must choose the upper sign if ¢(@) <0 and the lower sign if X(0)>0. Thus ay = ECOL and a = [+2 if (0) <0 ry 2 -F if x(0)>0 (b) we write x = Re A e“FIt#®! 4 ow aye! Then k= vy = Re (-B+io)Ae Pirin! From v,(0) = 0 we get Re (-B+ia)A =0 This implies A = » i(8+iw)B where B is real and positive. Also xy = ReA = ¥ oB Xe Thus Be Lol wim + signin if xp <04.70 471 41 - signinA if xy>0 So Aw 2 PEO gl (Fis = Pcl © o Finall; = B nally a (3) Ixol mao af, a= mn(2) ois in the 4 quadrant (-30 and ois in the 2 quadrant (<< *) if x)<0. x = age ®'cos(wt+a) Then (4), 0 = —Baycosa-wapsina = 0 or tna = - & ® a Also (x)r-0 = aycosa = > seca = n°, tna = -V7?-1 Thus B-oVry-1 (We have taken the amplitude at t = 0 to be ay). We write x = aye~*! cos(wt+a) = Re Ae Pt! 4 ow ag ei® X= Re A(-Btiw)ePrtiot Velocity amplitude as a function of time is defined in the following manner. Put t= fo +t, then x = Re Ae Plat) giolart) m Re Ae P% eit arior, Roa e Poeiot 1 7 fort<< * This means that the displacement amplitude around the time fo is age Bo and we can say that the displacement amplitude at time ¢ is ag e~*', Similarly for the velocity amplitude. Clearly (a) Velocity amplitude at time t = ay VB? +07 e7 F* Since A(-B+io) = age'*(-Bt+io)= aV pte eit where y is anotner constant. 0) x(0)=0=>ReA=0 of A= iay where do is real and positive. Also ¥,(0) = x9 = Re # idy(-B+io) oa "Thus ay = 2! snd we take ~ (+) sign if is negative (positive), Finally the velocity % = y amplitude is obtained as 4.72 The first oscillation decays faster in time. But if one takes the natural time scale, the period T for each oscillation, the second oscillation attenuates faster during that period. 4.73 By definition of the logarithemic decrement (» - ee) we get for the original decrement do do = B22 and finally 2 = —22 "8 Vode Now so Hence For critical damping 4.74 The Eqn of the dead weight is43 mi +2Pmitmogx = mg so axed ot oe &, 2 a Thus 7 Vi1+(3:) Voip 2x xnVSzV (35) = V AX (gn2422) = 0.70 sec. 8 2a 8 4.75 The displacement amplitude decrease 7 times every n oscillations, Thus 2: Leen 7 or 2278 inn or Ba BO o o” 2xn* © an °° O25 7 inn” 4.76 From x = aye~*' cos (wt+&), we get using (x4).0 = 1 = agcosa 0 = (£),20 = ~Baycosa-waysina tS FTC o Tar aie tt and xo Nee ows os mn" $) ate 8 x=0 nea [naege fan Total distancé travelled in the first ee al To get the maximum displacement in the second lap we note that xe [Beas (or—tn16)-cosin( rua") MotB ote o =0 when wt= nn, 2n,3n,... etc.Thus Xmax = —09e77° cosa, = - Le7* for t = n/w so, distance traversed in the 2! lap = 2/e7*F/@ Continuing total distance traversed = 1+21e~*°4216e72*P/4 21e"*he 21 =p x/o lta eve 1-e -1 peeme st | ised? ef _y evt_1 alt Bro where 0 = 2ah is the logarithemic decrement. Substitution gives 2 metres. 4.77 For an undamped oscillator the mechanical energy E = ini? + mabe is conserved. For a damped oscillator. x = age*'cos(wtt+a), o = V af? and E(t) = hmP+h moh? = 5m dem? [BF 00s? 1+ 0) +28 wcos (atta) x sin (w+) +0" sin? (or + a)] +imadoge _ dm djae ?¥' +} mag pen? cos (2m1+20) +imdBoe - 2B! cos? (wt+a) 2B! sin (2mt+2a) If B<<«, then the average of the last two terms over many oscillations about the time ¢ will vanish and ~2BF mE) imaoge and this is the relevant mechanical energy. In time + this decreases by a factor is wed oe eo BD. n 2 Ing Derr: and 28 —- since wf = & “Voa-p? oer Vimy, ®% re a Hin? y 1 and Q-=_= 485-1 «130 X x 2 un?45 4.78 The restoring couple is 475 3 I =-mgRsing « -mgRq The moment of inertia is K 7s 2 Thus for undamped oscillations 2 ink p+mgRg=0 yy 2. 28 —y $0, @ = 3R Ying Also n= 258 2h _ Vb -B a @ Vv ay Hence sr Voj-p? 2* Vay -8? 7 Hence finally the period. T of small oscillation comes to 2 re reg eve (1(A) } @ 0 V wh - p? 28 2x BR 42432 V 74) 0.90 sec. Let us calculate the moment G;, of all the resistive forces on the disc. When the disc rotates an element (7dr d 60 ) with coordinates (7, @) has a velocity r @, where q is the instantaneous angle of rotation from the equilibrium position and r is measured from the centre. Then 2x OR G, = fd0 f drr-(F,x r) o (8 a 4 = fargPdyx2x = asks 0 2 Also moment of inertia = ™% 2 4 R?.. . Thus "6 +2IF p+ag <0 2 wg aMR? 2 2a o +24 +o gin = 0 on 2_ 2a nyR? Hence op = Se and p= 2) -4.80 and angular frequency sw = mR? Note :- normally by frequency we mean oe 5 From the law of viscosity, force per unit area = n& a& so when the disc executes torsional oscillations the resistive couple on it is R = f n-2nr, T2.p- nak ieee anaes ne (factor 2 for the two sides of the disc; see the figure-in the book) where @ is torsion. The equation of motion is ‘ 19 332 ose =0 Comparing with @ +2B H+ oq = 0 we get B= nxR*/2hI Now the logarithmic decrement } is given by = BT, T = time period Thus nN = 2AAI/nR‘T If p = angle of deviation of the frame from its normal position, then an e.m.f. e= Bap Ae is induced in the frame in the displaced position and a current 4 - age flows in it. ‘A couple Bap, _ Ba’. RB ean Se then acts on the frame in addition to any elastic restoring couple cp. We write the equation of the frame as ‘ 16 +t pse9 =0 Ba Thus B = Bat ere B is defined in the book. Amplitude of oscillation die out according to e~*! so time required for the oscillations to decrease to 4 of its value is 2IR Bat a 847 482 We shall denote the stiffness constant by x. Suppose the spring is stretched by xo . The bar in then subject to two horizontal forces (1) restoring force - x x and (2) friction kmg opposing motion. If ry> EME the bar will come back. x, (if xs A, the bar will stay put.) i The equation of the bar when it is t moving to the left is mx = -Kxtkmg This equation has the solution x = A+(a-A) cos where we have used x = X,£ = 0 at ¢ = 0. This solution is only valid till the bar comes to rest. This happens at k neal YE and at that time x = x, = 2A—x. if xp>2kmg ive. x>3A In this case the solution is . x = -A+(%-3A) cos Since re2A-mand in Oat cen an/Ve The rod will next come to rest at tee 2a/Vt and at that instant x = x» = x»-4 A. However the' rod will stay put unless x >5 A. Thus (@) time period of one full oscillation = 22/7 & (0) There is no oscillation if 0 1 subject to x(0) = x(0) = O where F is constant. The solution of this equation will be sought in the form x= Es Acos(agtta), Ostst x = Boos (w(t-t)+B), >t A and a will be determined from the boundary condition at ¢ = 0. 0 = Fs Acasa 0 = -aAsina ‘Thus: a=Oanda=-£ and x= £(1- coset) Ost is maximum when @ = 0o (for the denominator i$ then minimur Also bi

= ae Taree eee 7 (2 ) « 20g | 453 At displacement resonance w = V we - 2B? ~ fi, Fon 2 4ymo A CE w-2 while

a ~

max W-1 oan y, t 493 The equation of the disc is © +2Bo+apq = Ot Then as before ® = mCos (wt-a) Nn 2po where = tana = ee Tce a TRE aaa om Tago Fao] ww (®) Work performed by frictional forces r = -fN.do where N, = -216@ = ~f 2BIg?d = -22pwlg, ° = - n1gA( (9-07) +4 Bw? |? (0) The quality factor V2 xx Vo-B oVog- Ft (aes a sin @ = - Np Qq Sin XBT" 2B" (@2-o*)tana 2tna | (mw) (we-w) n a XN, ris | Seare since 0) = a? + 7 cos 2 " 2sina NE 1 [40° Poe (2 Ng cosa 2 “seme |e (@ +7 | tioete } 1 [tee ae Tm 2 2 (vez ) | tet eco] - Nm fe ap = | Atm gs, AL oP c05 a+ costa-1| = sina Nn Zsin a54 4.2 ELECTRIC OSCILLATIONS 4.94 4.95 If the electron (charge of each electron = - ) are shifted by a sinau distance x, a net +ve charge density (per unit area) is induced on the surface. This will result in an electric field E = nex/ey in the direction of x and a restoring force on an electron of n ex ae Thus or This gives ©, = as the plasma frequency for the problem. Since there are no sources of emf in the circuit, Ohm’s 1 law reads gence ¢ a where q = change on the capacitor, I = ua = current through the coil. Then #q,2 oa oo ” The solution fo this equation is 7 = Gm C08 (Wot +a) From the problem v, = . Then T = ~@C Vp sin (wot +a) and V = V,, cos (wy t-a) 2 v4 = v2 aC 2 or vette =v. " 1 py a By energy conservation att toc" constant When the PD. across the capacitor takes its maximum value V,, the current J must be zero. Thus "constant" = icv, V? = V2 once again. Hence ne,496 497 5B After the switch was closed, the circuit satisfies maipe! tac or badger gscreum where we have used the fact that when the switch is closed we must have Veda vy, t= Baoan. Thus (a) 1 = 2 CV yc sin og? =-_- ve © sin oot The electrical energy of the capacitor is L. excos? @ot and of the inductor is 2c 31 Pasin® ays. The two are equal when x wot At that instant the emf of the sa inductance is WLS, = Vgcos ont = Vl VZ In the oscillating circuit, let d = Gus Mt be the as on the condenser where oe i and C is the instantaneous capacity of the.condenser (S = area of plates) eS y = distance between the plates. Since the oscillation frequency increases y fold, the quantity a ee or OSL changes 1° fold and so does y i.e. changes from yp initially to 1” yo finally. Now the PD. across the condenser is Im Y Gm Ve Cosa = 5 cos wt and hence the electric field between the plates is Gn E= m5 SOF4.98 Thus, the charge on the plate being q,, cos w f, the force on the plate is Im cog? F eS cos" ot Since this force is always positive and the plate is pulled slowly we can use the average force te F. 5% To t ce 2 oO and work done is A= F(n?yo-m) = OP -1)9ES GnYo Gn But 3555 7 2C_ 7 W the initial stored energy. Thus. A= (1-1). The equations of the L -C circuit are C,V-f[idt C,V-Jihd 14 ene efi av fne CQ 2 Differentiating again = L(+) =- Dh = - ah i C1 27 "apg hag” T-h+h Then h so L(Cy+Cy) 141 = 0 or I = Ipsin(wpt+a) I; Bw G Tit oy where of = yj (Part a) 1 L(C,+C, 2x (Hence T = <= 0.7 ms) At ¢t=0,2=O0soa=0 I= Ipsinagt The peak value of the current is Jp and it is related to the voltage V by the first equation LI=V-flat/C,+C,) : 1 , or +L Wp Ip cos Wot = Y- GG J losin wot at (The PD. across the inductance is V at = 0) 1 hy = V+ Ea a, (eos ut -1) of Gre Hence Tp = (Cy+C,)@V = V 1 2 2 805 A.87 499 Initially q, = CVo and q> = 0. After the switch is closed change flows and we get 1+9=CVo L,u a, Cae Gee qa) Also dy = -q Thus Fi pe c Hence F+u3l= 0 of = 2 +h +4, Rae The soloution of this equation subject to “4, “4 T=Oatt=0 is I= Ipsinagt. . to Integrating gq, = A-— cos Wot @ I m= Bee COS Wo t Finally substituting in (1) A-B 2h =- Eos M0! +L Io Wp C05 wot = 0 CV Thus Ae een CV. bo 2 ee cy, so 41 = "(1 +08 098) CV 42 = "(1 -c0s wt) 4.100 The flux in the coil is @(t)=[@ 1<0 0 £>0 : J Idt dl : ; 7 1 The equation of the current is ae (1) This mean that tc#tireo dt? or with o- L I = Ipsin(wot+ a) Lc58 4.101 4,102 I. Putting in (1) -L Ig Wo cos (wgt+a) = - Faw [08 (pt +a) - cos a] 0 This implies cosa = 0 +. J = * Igcoswot . From Faraday’s law de al Ee or integrating from f= - © to -e where e 0 ® = Lip with + sign in J T= 2 cosugt 80, TL 008 Wot « Given V = V,, e7*' coswt (a) The phrase ‘peak values’ is not clear. The answer is obtained on taking | cos w¢| = 1 ' mn ie te @ (b) For extrema av =0 = Booswr- wsinwt = 0 or tanwt = - B/o ie. ore nee tan? (=): o The equation of the circuit is PQ, pI2, 2. La tka tet where Q = charge on the capacitor, This has the solution 2 =, e7*' sin(wtt+ a) RR ete where B= 57 0= V0 - Bop = 7 G- Now 1-22.20 atr=0 dt so, Q, e*' (- Bsin(wr+ a)+mcos(wt+a)) =0 att=0 Thus wcosa = Bsina or a= unt S Qm Qm Now Vq = Gand Vo = PD.atr=0= [sina v, z Mo sing @ Oe = OVI pe = V1 - FS z ‘m w+ pe 4L59 4.103 We write -2 1 =I, e7* sinaot = Bit ior = gm, & (gm means imaginary part) Then -Br+ ioe oo an Rw enbit ior 2° am In Bw - em In (B+ iw)e Fit int B+ wo -p: Bsinwot+ w coswt B+ ow -prsin(@t+8) 45 @ V p+ 6 =I, =I, ( An arbitrary constant of integration has been put equal to zero.) Thus Qe VE esi C7 mV G oP sin(wrs d) V0) = VE sind = 1, VE SS a C(1+ B/a*) =In 4104 7 = 1, e- * sinwt -Vaoe Boop ie? a I= - 4, q = charge on the capacitor Then ge ty en P SLOH4 8) tang 2. . w+ B Thus Wye ZLB eo 7! sin? at eM snore 8) | Li w, - me sin?(wr+ 8 e-2 sin? (wee 8) 2c w+ Be60 : a d_- Current is maximum when ei Br t=0 a sinw Thus - Bsinwt+ wcoswmt = 0 or tan of = 2 = and 8 ie. or=annt+d Wa. _sin?(wt) sin? 1 We ~ sin?(wt+ 8) sin?28 4cos?d ~-J.Mavs 4B'7a, 4p? LC R? cre (Wy is the magnetic energy of the inductance coil and We is the electric energy of t and hence capacitor. 4.105. Clearly LeLy+1,,R=Ri+R x Xn 4106 O= G5 or BHO Now pr=inn sor= "or 7 xv 4.107 Current decreases ¢ fold in time 1.2L 2L . tage R sec "RT Wrillations 2h ow 2n R = 5 a~LVAL_ B® LLY 42 _ 5 2159 oscittations xR‘ LC az? "2x * R?C @ = 28Q, B-35- Now a= oVis—, ot w- 4Q 100% = 45x 100% = 0.5% 8Q4.109 4110 Q= 77 = 4111 € Rer Att = 0 current through the coil = PD. across the condenser = =~ Rer (@) Ate = 0, energy stored = Wo 2 2 1 et CR) 95 wy 2° (R+ ry “ -1R/L (b) The current and the change stored decrease as e~'"”" so energy decreases as e 2 W= We = 0.10 mi. x av. o Vol Br Bp 2B 28 or oo Vie ag? or B= V1+Q? Now W=We77F Thus energy decreases n times in 7 sec. Vinaot eee eye see Ina leaky condenser LULL 4 = leak current dt ~42-,4 2.1, 4(4,¥ Now v-2--L0 =-L15 (Gee 14a Lb dg dt? RCdt or g+tf2,t 4-0 T*RO at *Le!4 Then d= mee! sin(wt+ a)62 ® @-S-rcVi-— 28 LC” 4R?c? 4CR? L -1 Nie 4.112 Given V = V,e7*' sinwt, @ = @ BT <<1 Energy loss per cycle Power loss = T a hevix 2B (energy decreases as Wo e~ 7** so loss per cycle is Wox 2BT) Thus P>=tcvex® 2

L or R- a a Hence = Q = = ivé =VE z sas = 100 on putting the vales. 4.113. Energy is lost across the resistance and the mean power lass is

= Rel?> = iRie 02 mW. This power should be fed to the circuit to maintain undamped oscillations. RCV, 4.114

= —57™ as in (4.112). We get

= 5 mW. 4115 Given g = q+ % I Title h--dh=-% Lh=Rh= re Thus CL 93+ (41+ @) = 0 RC H+ N+ = 0 Putting gq) = Ae’! gy = Beti! (1- wLC)A+ B=A+(1+ i@RC)B=0 A solution exists only if (1- wLC)(14+ i@RC) =1 or ioRC- @LC-iwLRC? =0 or LRC’@-i@LC-RC =0 OA @-iogo-z¢ 70 © = 5RGt Le~ Gee BH Thus 1 = (A, COS ot + Az sin wot) e~*! etc. Gp is the oscillation frequency. Oscillations are possible only if 9 > 0 ia a.¢ 4k? L 4116 We have . Ly h+ Rh = 1, h+ Rh flat c RyLt T=h+h Then differentiating we have the equations L,CT,4+R, Ch, +(h+h)=0 1,C 1,4 R2Ch + (+h) =0 Look for a solution I, = A, e, b= Ape" Then (1+ oF LC + aR,C) A+ Ap = 0 A, + (14+ 07 L,C+aR,C) A, = 0 This set of simultaneous equations has a nontrivial solution only if (1+ a7L,C+ aR\C)(1+ 07L,C+ aR,C)=1 cy ot Ret LR Aue Zot RRC Rit Ro | Ly Ly Ly L,C Z,1,C This cubic equation has one zeal root which we ignore and two complex conjugate roots. We require the condition that this pair of complex conjugate roots is identical with the roots of the equation or a?LC+aRC+1 =04.117 The general solution of this problem is not easy.We look for special cases. If Ry = Rp = 0, tha LiL, Tyady: Me Ea=L2=0, then R=0 and L= L=0 and R =R,R,/(R,+Rp) These are the quoted solution but they are misleading. We shall give the solution for small Ry ,R . Then we put a = - 6 +i@ when is small We get (1-07L,C-2iBol,C-Bf,C+iaRC) (1-07L,C- 2ipwL,C- Bfc+ i@R,C)=1 (we neglect B* & BR; , BR, ). Then 1, +L. 2 2 2, tit to (1- #1,C)(1-#L,C) =1 > 0 “Ene se ig identical with @? « Lei Lily This is identical with «’ Ie if L lel, also (2BLy~ Ry) (1 0712.0) + (2BL2- Ry) (1- w7L,C) = 0 RL? + Ral? RL? + RL? This gives B= A = tet ali g , Ritat ahi 2L 2L,L2 (11+ Lz) (Ly, + Lo ae aH on GtlG+Rita+ 4 c L Ke ot VL For the critical case R = 2VW = c Thus LC q+ 2VLC q+q~=0 Sy Look for a solution with q a e°! An independent solution is te*' . Thus q= (Ae Br) VE , At t= 0q=CVo thus A= CVy Also at t=0q=1=0 o=B-Ae oa = VE Ohara4118 ‘Thus finally 1-42.,VE el vie 1 Cc - 5 ateleme wV 7 ile NTE FD ‘The current has been defined to increase the charge. Hence the minus sign, The current is maximum when a Yo wit (, _ _t_) a =-_- L € 1- zz) 0 This gives ¢ = VEC and the magnitude of the maximum current is ®VE Maat = BYE. The equation of the circuit is (J is the current) wat at From the theory of differential equations I= Ipte where Jp is a particular integral and Ic is the complementary function (Solution of the differential equation with the RHS = 0 ). Now + RI = V,copwt Te * Teo 7 and for Ip we write Ip = Ip cos (wt-p) Substituting we get v, 5 ,L-——, @ ean Se VR*+ oL? Vn - tL Thus I, = cos (wt- ~)+ Igge R + wl? Now in an inductive circuit [= 0 at t= 0 because a current cannot change suddenly. Thus or) and so Vn —tR/L a [cos (or- @)- cos pe ] VR? + wl?66 4.119 4.120 Here the equation is (Q is charge, on the capacitor) Q,rRI2. ct R dt Vy COSME A solution subject to Q = 0 at t = 0 is of the form (as in the previous problem) @ = 2,,[ 005 (wt- F)- cospen*°] Substituting back 22 606 (at - G)- ORQ,sin(wt- P) = V_ COS Wt = V,,{ cos F cos (wt- HF) - sinGsin(wr- F)} so Qn = CV cos > ORQy = Vqsin® This leads to cy, _ 2, = = —, tn F = ORC V1+(oRC) Hence PS sin(wt- @) + SEL e-wRe 1-2. | sg ine dt ae ig 2,/2 Rs (3 <) The solution given in the book satisfies J = 0 at t= 0. Then Q = 0 att = 0 but this will not satisfy the equation at ¢ = 0. Thus J 0, ( Equation will be satisfied with J = 0 only if Q= 0 at ¢ = 0) With our J, I(t=0 Vm ith our J, t=0)= a The current lags behind the voltage by the phase angle -1 OL eran Now L = wo n? xa7l, 1 = length of the solenoid p2man'l oy - diameter of the wire xb But 2bn=l nq? In Then p= tan7} Ho” 0 pe2nanl ~~ gq? mr _ = tal nn apn67 4121 HereV = V_,cos wt I =1,,cos(wt+ @) where Thus the current is ahead of the voltage by 2 = tn! Vn) _, = 60 c zr 7? 1 @ = tan7 an uv Here V=IR+* or Ris dr V =~ ovpsinor cat Ignoring transients, a solution has the form T = Ipsin(wt- a) ly ORIy cos (@t- a) + % sin(@r- a) = - oY sinwr = - wVo{sin(wr- a)cosa+ cos( wr a) sina} so Rly = - Vosina t “1 Sat oma a= n+ tan'(wRC) I= Ipsin(wt- tan”? oRC-x) = - Ipsin(wr- tan~' oRC) : 1 - Then Q=fl d= Qo+ Geos (wr tan 1 ORC) 0 It satisfies Vo(1+ coswr) = REL, Zif Vo(1+ coswt) = - Ripsin(wt- tan+wRC) Qo, Jo -1 + St Zoom (wre tan RC) Thus Qo = CV i ——_ and a= Wo/Vi+ (oRC? VooRC checks Rh =§ = V14+(@RCP Vo Hence Vi = B ~ ¥y¢ Ha cs (wt) V+ (@RCY Vo @ &- Vis (@RC? or W-1= 0 (RC) or RC«Vy-1/o = 22 ms. as wo 4124 (a) I, = oLl- ae (b) tang = eet, p= - 60° Current lags behind the voltage V by 969 Tn () Vo = Be w 0-65 kV oC Vir = In VR? + wL? = 0-5kV 1 Vin 4125 (a) eS V Rr? a R + (ot- Ze) —_—__—_. _ Vin V(o@RC) + (@LC-1) 2 2 (S- 1} + eters @ V, 2 V(ot_,, 28°) , 46°_ 46! o 3 oo ieee Re This is maximum when = @- 28" = leat Ou oC This is maximum when 2 xer or ots a! Lc- eR? ove cts @ 9 o «3 - oro =70 4.126. 4.127 Vi = In V R24 wl? Vm VR? + wb? V R24 (oz- 2) oc for a given w,L,R, this is maximum when @C VV R*+ wb? R 1 1 —-oLl o C =~ = 282 uF. oL e For thatC, V, = =VV1+(@L/R) = 0.540 kV VoL R ¥, At this C Vou Be = 509 KV c™ oC R o0co°o r-r' ere 0 Poor Condo|—= (07 0 Oo) Te 00009 We use the complex voltage V = V,, e'®'. Then the voltage across the capacitor is yh U-PYie and that across the resistance RI’ and both equal V . Thus 1 aw vm gi! 71 mw CV, ef R , ™ Vow ' jet I= (1+ iaRC)e The actual voltage is obtained by taking the real part. Then Vn 2 In GVi+ (RC) cos(wt+ p) Where tang = oRC Note —> A condenser with poorly conducting material (dielectric of high resistance) be the plates is equvalent to an an ideal condenser with a high resistance joined in p between its plates.7 4128, ah Sha 1,42 tat eo dh ah, L— = -Ly— dt at ¢ from the second equation Inh = -Lyh Lin) Then Li- Tht eno Thus the current oscillates with frequency poo Vo(r,- 12 4.129 Given V = V,, cos wt I = 1,,cos(wt~@) where Now O2\.s = wei4.131 At resonance or or and and = 1 Gok = (WC)"* oF wy = T=, SE tort a) = a = Vows @- 0, = wie R O27 Or 6-0 2Vnr-1 o-V8i1 VG dee 1 - 4 ap 4 (a, - 0,70 . 4.132 O- FR ap for low damping. Now 72 aie 1, d ow = =§ |, = current amplitude at resouance v2 Ve een ” ” w+ (ot) a. OR or w- ae tee 28 L Thus @ = a +B s Aw = 26 and Q = > 0 @ = 2B and Q= 50. 4133 At resonance @ = a Im (@9) = Vin Then (1109) = 4.134 The a.c. current must be IT=I V2 sinot Then D.C. component of the rectified current is 1” =F f V2 sinwrdt Tr 0 coe ~ V2 5, fsnoao v2 on Since the charge deposited must be the same Into = V2 , or t= 22 we The answer is incorrect.74 4135 (a) Mt) = ht Ost = I. Now mean square current et [Sand 2h v30 () In this case I = J,|sinwt] r ae so effective current = and I, |sinwet |e Qn 2h J [sin 0|d0 = 4 famosa =o ay 7 eae rip 2 Of in? Then, mean square current = 4T J si @tdt ax wie 4 a wig 7" za) w0d0 = 44.137 4.138 4.139 75 Thus " =Vvn- or 2 vm= v z 1 2 kH of on putting the values. 2aL’" ane : & = VR?+X? or Ry = V2 X? The tan = Vz ox? 2 So cos @ = e Le 1- (2) X, 2 = cos Vy (z) a7 The current lags by @ behind the voltage. y? also P= VI cos = —,V 2? - X; = .160 kW. z 2 pu (R+r) (R+ r+ oF L? This is maximum when R+ r= wL for y? Pe Reve DEY [Vaer- Oe Thus R = wL- r for maximum power and Pray = 2oL’ Substituting the values, we get R = 200 and Pay = .114 KW. V?R R2aY LY R°+ (X,- Xe) Varying the capacitor does not change R so if P increases n times & =VR?+ (X,-Xc)* must decreases Vin times Thus cos p = g increases Vin times % increase in cos @ = (va- 1)x 100 % = 30.4%. Pe=76 4.140 4141 V?R Pe > T Rs (X%- Xe) At resonance X, = Xo => oy = 7 Power gencrated will decrease n times when 2 (X%- Xe = (o- ac] = (n= 1)R? or o- el& te mat Bae Vanni 28. Thus o F 2Vn- 1 Bwo- a =0 (oF Va= TB) = 08+ (n- 1) 6 or Sa Vi + (n= 1) 8/08 # VA=T B/oy (taking only the positive sign in the first term to ensure positive value for = 5 me "(F) Thus = Vie ah a Vet /Vi4 40? ao Now ona Nir (1+ 497) For large Q 1 eer eT 100 0S @ to 20 ‘We have Vj = eR, oy,» VRE V(R+ RP + XP V(R+ Ri) + XP 2 2 VR 20 crentete (Gi) neat (4) vy Y Hence RP+ 2RR = 55 (V7~ WE ) R= 5 (v?- v?- v2 or 1 ae | y- Vi")77 V?R, v2 R? Heat generated in the coil = ———j— = bx R, = > v?-vP- v2 (Rs Raya Xe 7 R?* A RI ys! v~ Va) v?- ve- ve - OR = 30 W Vv z 4142 Here n=» V= effective voltage r 1, = —K VR? + x? R Vine Rye x? V and pe VV CR+ Rt | Vv LiR Re+ XP Ra I e I; Regis the impedance of the coil & the resistance in parallel. : Now Teel Row ORR Cie SORRY . ={2)4 EB Ri+ XP DE)” R?+ x? P-H-1} ~RR iB R'+ XP Now mean power consumed in the coil P-R-B 1 =? P-R-E 1,72 2 pye 7 TA 3 RU?- B= B) = 25 W. 413.1 1, 1 1) io tti@Re Z7R* 4 fe R ioc |Z |= us = 402 Vi+(@RCY 4.144 (a) For the resistance, the voltage and the current are in phase. For the coil the voltage is ahead of the current by less than 90°. The current is obtained by addition because the elements are in parallel. qa axis of Voltage Ir I ®) °78 (0) Ic is ahead of the voltage by 90°. (©) The coil has no resistance so J, is 90° behind the voltage. Te Ir To Ih © 4.145 When the coil and the condenser are in parallel, the equation is al, hat ith, ny, LB = Vp COS cot i T=h+h LR Ih Using complex voltages V=Vim current aime ob ec. elt L* Re Tar 2 lech and 1=(—4—, iwc)y, ef V, ef R+ iol G OQ Thus, taking real parts ay cos (ot - 9) 1 _ [R24 {@C(R?+ wL?)- oL YP] A a Z (@) (R74 0°L) wL- wC(R*+ wL?) and tang = R (@) To get the frequency of resonance we aust define what we mean by resouance. One definition requires the extremum (maximum or minimum) of current amplitude. The other definition requires rapid change of phase with @ passing through zero at resonance. For the series circuit.72 both definitions give o = me at resonance. In the present case the two definitions do not agree (except when R = 0 ). The definition that has been adopted in the answer given in the book is the vanishing of phase. This requires C(R?+ wL?) =L 2 2 1 R 2 3 G OF = TGn TET he One = 316 X 10" rad/s Note that for small R, @ rapidly changes from ~ — Ft +5 as w passes through peg OM < Wyeg 10 > Wye VaR CR "Te 7 eT (b) At resonance In a so I = effective value of total current = V cR = 3.1 mA. v__WWe similarly i= We =V LT = 0.98 A. Ie=oCV=V Note :- The vanishing of phase (its passing through zero) is considered a more basic definition of resonance. 4.146 We use the method of complex voltage Zk Ve Velo ° jer Tc Vor jes Then Ic = “7— = iwC Ve Vv Cc LR Tot Yer LR = Reiol A 7 2.0272). T=Ic+hr =v) Raigk see tot D gies Then taking the real part VoVR?+{wC(R?4+07L?)-oL}? R?+w7L? oL-wC(R2+07L?) R I= cos (wt-@) where tang =80 4.147 From the previous problem R*407L? VR2+ {wO(R?+ w7L?)- wt} R?+ 07k? V (R24 w?L7)(1- 22LC)+ w2C?(R 2+ w2L?)? R74 wl? VR?+ w°L? V (1- 2@7LC)+ w?C?(R7+ w?L?) V (1- w2LC)?+ (WRC)? 4.148 (a) We have Ze de . i =~ Fp = eMosinws = Lit RI Put I = Iqsin(wt-@) . Then Op sinwt = wOo{sin(wt- gp) cos p+ cos(wt-q)sing} LIq@ cos(@t- —)+ RIgsin(@t- p) so RI, = OD cos and LI, = Dosing © % or a VR? +071 (b) Mean mechanical power required to maintain rotation = energy loss per unit time T 262 1 2 1,2 1 @° OR =a fRIPd = oR = > T { 2 2R 407k? and ang = SE. 4.149 We consider the force Fy that a circuit 1 exerts on another closed circuit 2 :- Fh -§ 1dhx By Here B). = magnetic field at the site of the current element d/, due to the current J, flowing in 1. Yo dhx 7p 4x ry where Fh = FE- FP = vector, from current element dj; to the current element di, Now . > di(dh- - (dh: dh) re F,-? © f fan dip x (divx fia), * ff hh (dh: 7n)- (dh: dh)rp re re In the a term, we carry out the integration over ai, first. Then81 aisle te) 7) cp ae fe rf + i dl -fayQ az-v,—-0 Sf PR pai ~-fat§ atv. because § dh Van Sab cud “¢4) _ 2 Thus Fo=-22 [fin ai az ins 2 The integral involved will depend on the vector athat defines the separation of the (suitably chosen )centre of the coils. Let C, and C, be the centres of the two coil suitably defined. Write Fhe B-e B-Bee oe - oe ~ — where p1 (p>) is the distance of di; (d1;) from C, (C;) and a”stands for the vector Cy C, . a 1 - Ve my ™ rot (unef Es) The bracket defines the mutual inductance Li, . Thus noting the definition of x Then aly = 52 chh> where < > denotes time average. Now I, = Incos wt = Real part of Ige!*! | a dh, dl, The current in the coil 2 satisfies RIp+ L2G = - Ly Gy -ioly or 2" Reiol, ° Jye'* (in the complex case ) taking the real part Lik is fy = - PPR (Lycos ot-R sinwt ) = 22 Iycos (wt +9) R+ wld VR*+ @?L? Where tan p = a . Taking time average, we get 2 aly, olph 1 @Lylyl IL. ox a ee = Z4aL3) Ox VR?+ wh 2(R?+0°L2) The repulsive nature of the force is also consistent with Lenz’s law, assuming, of comse, that Ly2 decreases with x. =4.3 ELASTIC WAVES. ACOUSTICS 4.150 4.151 Since the temperature varies linearly we can write the temperature as a function of x, which is, the distance from the point A towards B. -T, 4y, [0 Vv That is the physical meaning of the constant a . 4.155 The given wave equation & = 60 cos (18001- 53x) is of the type & = acos(wt- kx), where a = 60x10-°m @ = 1800 per sec and k = 5:3 permetre 2 2 As ka, oka and also ke%, so v= 2 = 340 m/s (a) Sought ratio = $73 = Sf 2541x1075 (b) Since & = acos(wt-kx) 28 gwsin(wt-kx) ot So velocity oscillation amplitude (32) of Vm = ao = Ol m/s @ 7 and the sought ratio of velocity oscillation amplitude to the wave propagation velocity Vm — O11 = SE 32x107 (©) Relative deformation = a = ak sin(wt-kx) So, relative deformation amplitude - (2) = ak = (60x 107°x5-3)m = 32x 1074 m Q From Eqns (1) and (2) (=e 2 voy ax or In ns Thus (33) -i (3) , where v = 340: m/s is the wave velocity. 4.156 (a) The given equation is, & = acos(wt-kx)4.157 4.158 85 So at t=o, E = acoskx Now, gale ose (ate ea) dt and 28. awsinkx, at t= 0. dt Also, a = +aksin(wt-kx) and at t=0, aE. aksinkx. dx Hence all the graphs are similar having different amplitudes, as shown in the answer— sheet of the problem book. (b) At the points, where & = 0, the velocity direction is positive, i.e., along + ve x - axis in the case of longitudinal and + ve y-axis in the case of transverse waves, where a is positive and vice versa. For sought plots see the answer-sheet of the problem book. In the given wave equation the particle’s displacement amplitude = a e~"* Let two points x; and x, , between which the displacement amplitude differ by ) = 1% So, ae ~ ae = nae or e(1-n) se or In (1-n)- yx, = - yx Cy — a So path difference = - aa and phase differenci? = 2a path difference = - 22-0) , 220 2 93 rad ag MY Let S be the source whose position vector relative to the reference point O is 7° Since intensities are inversely proportional to the square of distances,Intensity at P(1,) Intensi Qh)” & where d, = PS and d = QS. But intensity is proportional to the square of amplitude. ib a & So, >= or ad, = = k (sa ad 1d, = ay d, = k (say) k k g Thus = dj = Sand dp = = s mga an p Let 7 be the unit vector along PQ directed from P to Q. — A kA —, Th PS =d, _——_ > en ham ™% A I ayn ka an = ance a From the triangle law of vector addition. 0 _ rd —> a ka > OP +PS =OS oF ntpner 1 or antkn = ar Q) Similarly renee or ajrp-kn = ay7” (2) 2 Adding (1) and (2), as > 4,7, + a7) = (a,-a2)7 ander Hence ma at 4.159 (a) We know that the equation of a spherical wave in a homogeneous absorbing medium of wave damping coefficient y is : a'ge &- Thus particle’s displacement amplitude equals yr cos (wt-kr) aye" r According to the conditions of the problem, age" at r= 1, ay = @) 70 a ag” and when rer, SB. % Q 7 r87 Thus from Eqns (1) and (2) tron) oy TO e a or, y(r=19) = In(m7)-Inr Inn+Inrp-Inr - on y= ian uae nr _In3+InS-In10 _ gg ,-1 ~To cos (wt-kr) a aoe Si a - 0, y 7 wsin(@t—-kr) a8) _ aoe” ot), r ant a foe". ao But at point A, “7 42% -s so, (28) -%%. ee Ur ar}, 4 1 3 7 4.160 (a) Equation of the resultant wave, Bethe 2acosk| ¥5* cos {or - = a’ cos] wt- {= }. where a’ = 2acosk' Now, the equation of wave pattem is, x+y =k, (@ Const.) For sought plots see the answer-sheet of the problem book. For antinodes, i.e. maximum intensity cos or, 2 (x-y) = 228 enh or, yexenh,n=0,1,2,.. Hence, the particles of the medium at the points, lying on the solid straight lines (y =x 2), oscillate with maximum amplitude. For nodes, i.e. minimum intensity, cos KWW=#) . g k(y-x) | x or, + 2 (2n41)5or, y= x2 (2n+1)N2, and hence the particles at the points, lying on dotted lines do not oscillate. (b) When the waves are longitudinal, For sought plots see the answer-sheet of the problem book. k(y-x) = cox Et cos? 2 or, Be coe{eey-as owt I = 2 cosk(y-x)-sink(y-x) sin (o=*B} a a) z - Boos k(y-x)-sin (yx) V 23 @ from (1), if sink(y-x) = 0 sin(nm) &=& C1" thus, the particles of the medium at the points lying on the straight lines, y = x= ay will oscillate along those lines (even 7), or at right angles to them (odd 7). Also from (1), if cosk(y-x) = = cos (241) 5 2 a = 1-&?/0, a circle. Thus the particles, at the points, where y = x= (n+ 1/4), will oscillate along circles. In general, all other particles will move along ellipses. 4.161 The displacement of oscillations is given by & = acos(wt-kx) Without loss of generality, we confine ourselves to x = 0. Then the displacement maxima occur at wt = mx. Concentrate at wt = 0. Now the energy density is given by w=paa’sin>ot atx = 0 7/6 time later (where T = 28 is the time period) than ¢ = 0. we patadsitS = Soda =m 12.2, 240 Thus .= sp ara = >4.162 4.163 4.164 89 The power output of the source much be 4nP Iy = Q Watt. The required flux of accoustic power is then : Q = 2 \\ Where Q is the solid angle subtended by the disc enclosed by the ring at S. This solid angle is Q = 2n (1 - cosa) o So flux @ = toto (t ~ Forage oP > Substitution gives @ = 211 x 30 (1-——L—)-uw = 1.99 pw. aed 4 Eqn. (1) is a well known result stich is derived as follows; Let SO be the polar axis. Then the required solid angle is the area of that part of the surface a sphere of much radius whose colatitude is < a. a Thus a= f 2xsinode = 2% (1 - cosa). 0 From the result of 4.162 power flowing out through anyone of the opening P A a clea vated VR?+(h/2) WP(; 2| 0 Varta? AS total power output equals P, so the power reaching the lateral surface must be. SL V4R +h? We are given & = acoskxot 80 28. aksinkxcosat and 25 = -awcoskxsinot ax or Thus (8). 0 = acoskx, (§),. 72 = -acoskx ax ox (3 ~ aksinkx, (53) = -aksinkx er(a) The graphs of (&) and (33) are as shown in Fig. (35) of the book (p.332). (b) We can calculate the density as follows : Take a parallelopiped of cross section unity and length dr with its edges at x and x+dx. After the oscillation the edge at x goes to x+§(x) and the edge at x+dx goes to x+dx+8(x+dr) we xedx+8(x)+ Bae, Thus the volume of the clement (originally dx) becomes and hence the density becomes p = : 1495 ax ! On substituting we get for the density p(x) the curves shown in Fig.(35). referred to above. | (©) The velocity v(x) at time ¢ = 7/4 is (33) = -awcoske or t= 1/4 On plotting we get the figure (36). 4.165 Given & = acos kx cos wt (a) The potential energy density (per unit volume) is the energy of longitudinal strain. This is 2 1 ~)_1.(88 ag. aa: : v= (Jomsnsmin) = b2($8), (28 6 we engin! sn Wp = Fea sin? kx cos? ot P 2 wo E 2 oa? But =F ot ER = po EO? ° Thus W, = Fpa? ow? sin? kx cost wt (b) The kinetic energy density is 1 (88) 21 02652 cos? kx sin? 2°(3) ZPa @ cos’ kx sin’ wt.91 On plotting we get Fig. 37 given in the book (p. 332). For example at t = 0 Wom Wyte = Spc? asin? kx and the displacement nodes are at x = +" so we do get the figure. 2 rE 4.166 Let us denote the displacement of the elements of the string by § = asinkx coswt since the string is 120 cm long we must have &120 = nx If x; is the distance at which the displacement amplitude first equals 3-5 mm then asinkx, = 35 = asin(kx,+15k) Then kx 415k = m-kx, or kx, = SBE One can convince ourself that the string has the form shown below 1 It shows that kx1200= 4x, so k= som" Thus we are dealing with the third overtone Also kx, = a so a =35V2mm = 4949 mm. 4167 We haven =A VI ~ 1 V2! Where at = total mass of the wire. When the wire ry m 20 M is stretched, total mass of the wire remains constant. For the first wire the new length = 1+ nil and for the record wire, the length is 1+ ngl. Also 7, = a(n, 1) where ois a constant and T, = a (12/). Substituting in the above formula. 1 Vien) Cem) M “t* 2Canly 1 Vlom) +m) yes Vee 2(l+m!) v2 _ 1ltm4/m 1+m Mo o1tm m 1l+m M2 y mU+m) | ¥ 0:04(1+ 0-02) 14 ML %2(1+ m2) 0-02 (1+ 0-04)92 4.168 4.169 4.170 Let initial length and tension be / and T respectively. aL So, uth Vv = In accordance with the problem, the new length rx and new tension, T’ = T+ Thus the new frequency Hence 2 we 2 Obviously in this case the velocityof sound propagation ve 2v(h-h) where J, and J; are consecutive lengths at which resonance occur In our problem, (1-1) = 1 So v = 2v1 = 2x 2000x 8-5 cm/s = 0-34 km/s. (a) When the tube is closed at one end v = Gane), where 2 =0,1,2, = Beat) = 100(2n+1) Thus for n= 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,.., we get m = 1001H,, m = 3001H,, ns = 5001H,, n, = 7001H,, ns = 9001H,, ng = 11001H,, m7 = 13001 H, Since v should be 50k Hz. Hence the sought number of frequencies between 20 to 50 k Hz equals 4. Let two waves & = acos(w@t-kx) and & = acos(wt+kx), superpose and as a result, we have a standing wave (the resultant wave ) in the string of the form & = 2acosk coswt. According to the problem 2a =4.173 Hence the standing wave excited in the string is & = a,,cos kx cos wt @ ae ar So the kinetic energy confined in the string element of length dr, is given by : or i(ta] or, = -w4, coskx sinwt 2) 2 or oo ar = 3( Fae) ano? cos? kx sin2aot 22 mas os or, aT = MoM sin? ot cos? 22 x de 21 x Hence the kinetic energy confined in the string corresponding to the fundamental tone Qot T= fa-" Sa sin’ pa fn Because, for the fundamental tone, length of the string J = x Integrating we get, t~- im a, sin? wt rye Hence the sought maximum kinetic energy equals, Tax = 2m a2,” , qm om because for Tmax Sin? ot = 1 (ii) Mean kinetic energy averaged over one oscillation period awe jn? fre J sin? ov ae = 1 or, = 0 Ey vat (2) -1) Obviously the maximum frequency will be heard when the source is moving with maximum velocity towards the receiver and minimum frequency will be heard when the source recedes with maximum velocity. As the source swing harmonically its maximum velocity equals a. Hence Hence v and Vmin = Yo ao v+ao Vmax = Yo v So the frequency band width AV = Vmax~ Ymin ™ Yo¥ (=z) vi ao’ or, (Ava?) w+ (2vpva)o- Avv? =0 -2vovas V4vav7a2+ Aviary? So, o-oee eae 2Ava On simplifying (and taking + sign as @ -* 0 if Av > 0) ava Yo It should be noted that the frequency emitted by the source at time ¢ could not be received at the same moment by the receiver, becouse till that time the source will cover the distance hw 1? and the sound wave will take the further time wit to reach the receiver. Therefore the frequency noted by the receiver at time t should be emitted by the source at the time ty0-63 km no sound will be héard. 4.184 We treat the fork as a point source. In the absence of damping the oscillation has the form CONSE os (wt -kr) Because of the damping of the fork the amplitude of oscillation decreases exponentially with the retarded time (i.e. the time at which the wave started from the source.). Thus we write for the wave amplitude. This means that Ae con e-('-5) ser? el) Ta "B P P+dp x axtdr101 TB 1 me Thus 4 op =——4— = 012s? TB Ta-Tas v4 BOA v 4.185 (a) Let us consider the motion of an element of the medium of thickness de and unit area of cross-section. Let § = displacement of the particles of the medium at location x. Then by the equation of motion pdx& = -dp where dp is the pressure increment over the length dr Recalling the wave equation Integrating this equation, we get Ap = surplus pressure = pv, Const. In the absence of a deformation (a wave), the surplus pressure is Ap = 0. So ’Const? = 0 and a Ap = -pv?48, Pm PV oy (b) We have found earlier that W = Wy +W, = total energy density 2 2 2 -1,/28 1, (98) 21 02/28 m= 30( Ge) + 2°(3 2°’ | ax It is easy " see that the space-time average of both densities is the same and the space time average of total energy density is then orc on(i8} > The intensity of the wave is 2 = =o Ape Tavewroa ae > _ AP Yn . 1 Using < (APP > = FAP Ie weget T=102 4.186 4.187 4.188 The intensity of the sound wave is (AP ym | (AP mn 2pv 2pvr Using v = vA, pp is the density of air. Thus the mean energy flow reaching the ball is (AP ym 2pvr aR? being the effective area (area of cross section) of the ball. Substitution gives 10.9 mW. aR*I = xR? fo We have 773 = intensity = “> ea or (AP )m * eek 2ar 1 > 1293 kg/m? x 340 m/s x 0-80W | 4/1293 x 340% 8 (kg kgm?s~? ms")? Qax 15x15 5 Qnx 15x 15m = 49877 (kgm71s"?)= 5Pa. (AP )m P m = 5x1075 (b) We have Ap = -pv28 (AP )n = pVKE, = pv2nv&, (AP \m 5 Bn = 4" De pvv ~ Dex 1293x340 x 600 Ee 3x107% _ 1800 x ~ 3407600 ~ “340 = 34m x107 = 5x 10-6 Express L in bels. (ie. L = 5 bels). Then the intensity at the relevant point (at a distance r from the source) is : Jg:10" Had there been no damping the intensity would have been : €71" Ig-10" Now this must equal the quantity we where P = sonic power of the source. ar P 2yr Thus —— = 2?" Igoe 4aur . or P = 4x7r7e7"" Iy10° = 1.39 W.103 4.4 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES. RADIATION 4.189 4.190 4.191 4.192 The velocity of light in « medium of relative permittivity ¢ is =. Thus the change in @ wavelength of light (from its value in vaccum to its value in the medium) is an = he “3(% So iS v"v\Ve From the data of the problem the relative permittivity of the medium varies as e(x) = ee ae Hence the local velocity of light Thus the required time ¢ Conduction current density = oF > Displacement current density = ap 50 ae = iweeE . ; ie - Ratio of magnitudes = —Oo~ = = = 2, 0n puting the values. cae eee ome a or Vx Em ~ 9, ~~ Yo ay = V cos(wt-K°7F)x Eq = EXEq sin(wt-F°F") At r=0 aw FE, =- sin@t at Ho So integrating (ignoring a constant) and using ¢ = = Fo Ho Em o> RE, FRE, rer a Ve ee cos cke is ek ee104 4.193. As in the previous problem , Fe Fen aa =V 2 £2 cos(kx-at) an En cos (@t-R27} = ee € cos (kx -wt) Thus (a) atr-08= Em @& cos kx Ho (batt = 5, H-V = Eq & cos (kx- 0) 4194 Sn =F E- d= E,,1( cos wt - cos (wo t- kL) eeuOlee ae ol = - 2E,1 sin Qe sin{ 01-52) Putting the values E,, = 50m V/m,'l = i metre 4195 E =} E(t,x) and cui F=f 2£. 98. _ g 2B ax ot t - aE ab eos ay > aE _ 1 aE Also Cun B= cone Se = 23 Se and cut B= - 7 23 go 2B. 4 2E x ax c2 at 4196 E = E,, cos(wt-F7) then as before 7 = RE Ba Ve cos (wt - PF) Ho k4.197 4.198 4.199 105 a s- EXE) 5 eos? (wt E75 cos” (wt - F= 7} pe ™ kh E = E,,cos(2xvt-kx) ©) jae = 22 ~~ 2x 0qvEqsin(or-kx) Thus Gitte ms =< ite >? = V2 meqVvE~ = 0.20 mA/m, () = x = E2 as in (196). Thus = 3.3 p W/m? For the Poynting vector we can derive as in (196) = ; Vv cal E2 along the direction of propagation. Hence in time ¢ (which is much longer than the time period T of the wave), the energy reaching the ball is aR? x 5 EB2xt=5W. Here B= E,, cos kx cos ot ” From div E = 0 we get Ej, =0 so Ey is in the y-z plane. Also = - Vx = - VooskxxE,, cos wt = EKE, sin kx cos wt o>. FRE, > so B- “, En ts Where | Ba| = and By 1 Ey in the yz plane. At t=0,B = 0, E = E,coskx At t= 7/4 E=0, B= Bysinkx4.201 E= E,, coskrot o> REA . He sinkxsinwt (exactly as in 199) Hp ® = oo E,x(RxE, Fe felt XE) 1 oy sin zor Ho ® 4 1 . . 1 Thus S, = Ge cEm sin 2kxsin20¢ (« me} =0 Inside the condenser the peak electrical energy W. = ; cv (d = separation between the plates, 1? = arca of each plate.). V = V,, sino t, V,, is the maximum voltage Changing electric field causes a displacement current ae ap = €9E_ cos wot _ 200m cos @ t This gives rise to a magnetic field B(r) (at a radial distance r from the centre of the plate) B(r)-2mr = ppt? jas = Won? 2 —™ coswt 1 r B = 5 eH 7 Vm cos OF Energy associated with this field is 2 2 R -far i 7 pou Fr 2m f PrarxdxV,2 cos*wt ° a = ExednoE v2 costae Thus the maximum magnetic energy Wy = 8H0 ape yz W, Hence se ejenuat- (ett =5 x 1075 ‘The approximation are valid only if wR < — (for r>R) Thus r sS=— radially outward from the axis art V 2e0 ¥ This is the Poynting vector. Within the solenoid B = ign J and the rate of change of magnetic energy =W, = £ (Jur s?xn?1) = pon? a R27 where R = radius of cross section of the solenoid / = length. Also H = B/uy = nI along the axis within the solenoid. By Faraday’s law, the induced electric field is Ey 2ur= mr? B= xr? pont 1 or Ey= zhonlr4.207 4.208 4.209 109 so at the edge Ey (R) = duo niR (circuital) Then S, = Eo H, (radially inward) and We = Spon FIR x22RI = pon? RIT as before. Given p> 91 The electric field is as shown by the dashed lines (----—>-----). "% The magnetic field is as shown Oo O Oo (©) emerging out of the paper. S”= Ex H is parallel to the wires % and towards right. Hence source must be on the left. The electric field (----—) and the magnetic field (H! —>) are as shown. The electric field by Gauss’s theorem is like A E,=> Integrating g=Aln 2 9 so A= (>) ra In 2 n Then E~¥ nm rin n Magnetic field is He = 55 The Poynting vector S is along the Z axis and non zero between the two wires (n< 7 < 7) . The total power flux is n - fi tere 2eP in ql nh As in the previous problem Vo cos wt Ip cos (wt - = VOCs Ot gy, = cs (@t-o) 2 2nur rinz r, 1 Hence time averaged power flux ( along the z axis ) = 5 Volo cos110 4.210 4.211 4.212 \,213, 1214 On using = $0089 « Let i” be along the z axis. Then Sin = Exe Hiy-E1y Hix and Sty = Eo, Hoy Ey Hox Using the boundary condition E,, = E, , Hy, = Hz, at the boundary (¢ = x or y) we see that Sin ™ San P- a |p? when if But Hence P=0. = p-t_ 2p) 4n&% 3° IP)? = (e02a cos? wt 2g? Tus

= 4 2 (ewtalx b= £9 4 2 51x 10 Ww. AR& 3c 2 12mE9c Here 4 ee -—~4 1 Pia 5,% force = Or amas’ Ae 1 eq Thus P-—+, =: (4x6) (a) ss Most of the radiation occurs when the moving particle is closest to the stationary particle. In that region, we can write R? = b? 4 y72? and apply the previous problem’s formula « 2 1 2 qe? at Thus AW~ — => TT ater eS m (b? +07 #?)? (the integral can be taken between + with little error.)4.215 4.216 111 Now —— . A fos, oe (b?4v72?P VS (b24x? 2vb7" 24 Hence, ee (4me9)° 3c°mv b>” For the semicircular path on the right 2 mV" Bev or v= Bek. R m B7e?R? 2m Thus KE. = T = imv? 7 5 12 fev? Power rained = 32 5 ( 7 ) Hence energy radiated = AW 2 ~ 1 2 (B2e?R) aR | BPe'R? 4n& 3c BeR 6 egmc® AW Be® 18 So == = 2.06 x 10°". T ~ 3 9c°m™ This is the radiated power so ar Bre’ dt 3meqm*c? Integrating, T = Ty e~“* 3neqmc? t Be* + is (1836 )° ~» 10° times less for an electron than for a proton so electrons radiate away their energy much faster in a magnetic field.112 4.217 P is a fixed point at a distance J from the equilibrium position of the particle. Because 4.218 1 > a, to first order in Fike distance between P and the instantancous position of the particle is still 1. For the first case y= 0 so t= 7/4 The corresponding retarded time is ¢’ -74 Now FU) =~ Peemo(§-7) = - asin? For the second case y = a at f = 0 50 at the retarded time ¢’ = ~ 24 Thus V(t!) =- 0 ol cos = ¢ The radiation fluxes in the two cases are proportional to (j' (1'))* so S, zc tn? St = 3.06 on substitution. 2 Note : The radiation received at P at time ¢ depends on the acceleration of the charge at the retarded time. Along the circle x = Rsinot, y = Reoswt where @ = & . If t is the parameter in x(t),y(#) and 1 vv t' is the observer time then lwe> where we have neglected the effect of the y--cordinate which is of second order. The observed cordinate are Us x'(t') = x(t), y(t") = y(t) Then and This is the observed acceleration.4.219 4.220 4.221 4.222 113 () Energy flow density of EM radiation Sis proportional to the square of the y- projection 12 “day (uey | (3) 20 of the observed accéleration of the particle (‘= a): Thus 7 We know that $97) « At other angles $(r,) « sin?@ =z Thus $(7,0) = Sp(r)sin?@ = Spsin®@ oy Average power radiated = Syx4nrtxd = SE sr? (avense of sin? @ over whole sphere is 3) From the previous problem. 7 8nSpyr? 3 or Spero 8nur So 3 Py Thus =114 4.223 4.224 On the other band the mean Poynting flux of the incident radiation is £0 Sine > = Thus "6x For the elastically bound electron 7+ m og r= eE,cos wt This equation has the particular integral (ie. neglecting the party which does not have the frequency of the impressed force) eE, 2 =, Ey cos wt es Eo r= zz so and P = - ws wt m wg - a (03-0) m Hence P = mean radiated power 12 2 @? 12 = dae 315.02 a) | 22° 4m& 3c*\ m(w-w) } 2 The mean incident poynting flux is fo 1 = VE zee 2 P__ ve (e? ot Thus =| -) = hr Let r = radius of the ball R = distance between the ball & the Sun (r< = 5 Eo. (b) The sphere subtends a solid angle 2x (1 -cos a) = 2x|1-—>— at the point source and therefore receives @ total flux of 90-0 ‘The area irradiated is : ane f snoao = 2xR°(1-sina) = 2an(1-4) 0 -V1-(R/1P Thus <> 5 R Substituting we get = 50 lux.117 54 Luminance L is the light energy emitted per unit area of the emitting surface in a given direction per unit solid angle divided by cos 0. Luminosity M is simply energy emitted per unit area. Thus M = fi-coso-da Where the integration must be in the forward hemisphere of the emitting surface (assuming Tight is being emitted in only one direction say outward direction of the surface.) But L = Lycos 8 2 Thus m= f tycos*0-a0 7 2x ff 1,cos*osinoao = Zak 0 5.5 (a) Fora Lambert source L = Const The flux emitted into the cone is ® = LAS cosadQ af) =Lasf 2ncosasinada 0 = LASx(1- cos’ 6) = xL AS sin? (b) The luminosity is obtained from the previous formula for 0 = 90° Me ® oa =aL 5.6 The equivalent luminous intensity in the direction OP is LScos@ and the illuminance at P is LScos0 4 Ls (+h) Rhy LS Ls Teh8 5.7 538 This is maximum when Rah and the maximum illuminance is LS _ 16x10? aga AO x The ilisminance at P is 18) 1() cos? @ Ey = cos @ = WIS © Po eh) Ke since this is constant at all x, we must have 0 1(®) cos’ @ = const = Ip orl (0) = Ip/cos? 0 h The luminous flux reaching the table is 9 to © = nR’x = 314 lumen e we sy x P The illuminated area acts as a Lambert source of luminosity M = x where MS = pES = total reflected light Thus, the luminance Ln ™ The equivalent luminous intensity in the direction making an angle 0 from the vertical is LS cos 0 = PES cose and the dluminance at the point P is PES 05.0 sin 0/R? cosec? 0 = BET cos sin? 0 x This is maximum when FE (cos O sin’ 0) = sin’ 0 +3 sin? cos?0 = 0 or tan? = 3 => tanO = V3 Then the maximum illuminance is 3V3 pES 16% R? This illuminance is obtained at a distance R cot = R/V3 from the ceiling. Substitution gives the value 0-21 ux119 5.9 From the definition of luminance, the energy emitted in the radial direction by an element dS of the surface of the dome is do ~ LasdaQ Here L = constant. The solid angle dQ is given by 4 dA cos dQ= arden where dA is the area of an element on the plane illuminated by the radial light. Then do ~ E4544 ooo R The illuminance at 0 is then 1 c a> Ly aes - - E-= aA Jf Honk sinodoeaeo 2nL lame al 4 5.10 Consider an element of area dS at point P. It emits light of flux d® = LdSdQcos0 dA W sec” 0 Ldsda = 2 =Lds +cos?@ cos* 0 in the direction of the surface element dA at O. The total illuminance at O is then fitfesto E But dS = 2nrdr = 2xhtanOd(htan0) = 2 sec? Otan0.d0 x2 Substitution gives Es auf sin @ cos @d0 = xL 0 wn — Consider an angular element of area 2uxdx = 2 tanOsec’6d0 Light emitted from this ring is d® = LdQ(2 xf’ tan sec” 0d 6) «cos 0120 5.12 dA cos H sec? @ where dA = an clement of area of the table just below the untre of the illuminant. Now dQ-= Then the illuminance at the element dA will be Ona Eo = f rxrsinocesoao e=0 where . Finally using luminosity M = 2 2 in? R Ey = Msin?a = Mo 2 or M = Ey (+3) = 700 1m/1i? t ix = 14 dimensionally } m See the figure below. The light emitted by an element of the illuminant towards the point 0 under consideration is d® = LdSdQcos (a+) The element dS has the area dS = 2nR’sinada The distance OA = [+R -2A Rosa] we also have OA hk RT sina sin(a+p) — sinB From the diagram hcosa-R OA A-Roosa OA If we imagine a small area d= at O then d cos B | =dQ Hence, the illuminance at O is 49 _ fiaarts fe L2nR’sinada cos (a + B) = cos B =121 The limit of a is a = 0 to that value for which a+ = 90°, for then light is emitted tangentially. Thus “ik Cag = 08S. ar ar Thus £ =f c2nnsnada HRewalheosa-2) (i? +R? = 2h cos a) ‘we put y= W+R-2hR cosa So, dy = 2hRsinada eae aR -y) (+R yp 2h 2R 2_dy ~ fro Ro 7 (Ry _ L2nR? fw: Bunge -y) - BRR dy (h-Ry -2 ff @eRE io si | aa if 4h la—ayt -ay = a [@+Ry - ? -R?)- PR?) + (h- RY] Riis ey oe XR Ts [2n+2R-20 +2] = ral + N+ ] z Substitution gives : E = 25-1 lux 5.13 We see from the diagram that because of the law of reflection, the component of the incident unit vector 2” along: 7 changes sign on reflection while the component || to the mirror remains unchanged. Writing °= 2+ er é where @ = nen) a = e-W'er) we see that the reflected unit vector is o = @- ef = e270 en) Sy Xy122 5.14 5.15 5.16 We choose the unit vectors perpendicular to the mirror as the x, y,z axes in space. Then after reflection from the mirror with normal along x axis at ae Sen Uhr ————_ where 1,4, k are the basic unit vectors. After a second reflection from the 2nd mirror say along y axis. a" = a -25 he") = -e, 1-6 hee k Finally after the third reflection yer ek > @ = -e, i-e, j-ek=- @ Let PQ be the surface of water and n be the R.I. of water. Let AO is the shaft of light with incident angle 0; andOB and OC are the reflected and refracted light rays at angles ©, and 0, respectively (Fig.). From the figure @ = 5 ~ 0 From the law of refraction at the interface PQ sin 0, sin 0 net g— 1 sin (x Tal F-0) sin 0, on = ee tan 0, Hence 0; = tan“'n Let two optical mediums of RL. n, and 7p respectively be such that 7, >np . In the case when angle of in N 01, (Fig.), from the law of refraction ny sin 0; = 1 1 1 Sin Oy ey = My @ Ne Q In the case , when the angle of incidence is 0, from the P 7, law of refraction at the interface of mediums 1 and 2. sin 0; = nz sin 0 Ce But in accordance with the problem 0, = (x/2-0;) £0, msin 0, = n, cos ® Q) Dividing Eqn (1) by (2) sinO:, 1 sin®; — cos 0; 1 Vy-1 ——— oo in 0, = —1 3) or, n= o50," %° cos 8, ai and sin 0, fal GB) m _ cos 0. But ose . m ~ sin 0,5.18 123 So, a ,i_a_ (Using 3) Thus ae From the Fig. the sought lateral shift x = OM sin(0-6) =dsec B sin (0 - B) = d sec B (sin 0 cos B - cos 0 sin B) = d(sin 0 - cos 6 tan B) But from the law of refraction sin = msinB or, sing = 222 = cos «Vase si ung « sind " Vn2-sin2@ Thus x = d(sinO - cos OtanB) = d{ sin 0 - cos @ ——24 — ( Vn? -sin?@ 3 ~ asno|1-V 1-828 | n? sin? @ From the Fig. Py eee - MN cosa OM ~ hsec(a+da) As dais very small, so MNoosa | MNoos’a a h seca h a Similarly 7 ao = MNoos?e Q H From Eqns (1) and (2) da h'cos*a , _ heos?® da G0 hee OM" Sa G0 3) From the law of refraction nsina. = sin® (a)124 sina = 88, 59, cosa = ®) Differentiating Eqn.(A) da _ cod neosada = cos0d0 or, % = eo 4 Using (4) in (3), we get 1, Roos? @ We 6) noosa _ 1 hicos® @ 57 [ Using Eqn.(B) } e) 5.19 The figure shows the passage of a monochromatic ray through the given prism, placed in air medium. From the figure, we have 8 = Bit Bo @) anda = (04 +02) ~( By + Br) a = (a, +02)-0 ® From the Snell’s law sino, = *sin By or oy = mB; (for small angles) Q) and sin oy = nsin By or, cz, = By (for small angles) @) From Eqns (1), (2) and (3), we get a =n(Bi+f,)-98 So, a = 1(8)-0 = (n-1)6 [Using Eqn.A] 5.20 (a) In the general case, for the passage of a monochromatic ray through a prism as shown in the figure of the soln. of 5.19, a@ = (a, +0,)-0 @) And from the Snell’s law, sina, = msinB, or o, = sin” '(nsinB,) |e Similarly a2 = sin7! (n sin B,) = sin~* {msin (0 - B,)] (As = B, +B) Using (2) in (1) a= [ sin” (resin By) +sin“? (msin (8 -B,)) ]-85.21 125 For a to be minimum, tn? on noosBi _ ___noos(O-Fi) Vi-n?sin?B, Vi- n?sin?(0-6;) or cosBy cos” (8B) , (1-n?sin?B,) — 1-n?sin?(0-6,) or, 0s? By (1-m?sin?(0-B1)) = cos?(O- By) (1—n? sin” By) or, (1 ~ sin? By ) (1 ~n? sin? (0 ~ Bi )) - (4 -sin? (0 - Bi) (1 -»? sin? By) or, 1-n? sin? ( © - B,) - sin? B, + sin” By n7 sin? (0 - 8, ) = 1-1? sin? B, - sin” (0 - B,) + sin” B, n” sin” (© - By) or, sin? (@ - B,)- sin’ (@-B,) = sin?B, (1-77) or, sin? (@-B,)(1—m7) = sin?B,(1-n?) or, 8-Bi=B, or By = 0/2 But Bi+B,=0, so, B= 0/2 =f, which is the case of symmetric passage of ray. In the case of symmetric passage of ray Gy = O = a! (say) and B, = B, = B = 0/2 Thus the total deviation a = (a;+a,)-0 a=2a'-6 of But from the Snell’s law sina = nsin B So, sin 228 2 sin? 2 In this case we have 8. asin 8 (see soln. of 5.20) In our problem a = @ So, sin@ = nsin(@/2) or 2sin (0/2) cos (8/2) = nsin (0/2) Hence cos (8/2) = ai or 0 = 2cos~!(n/2) = 83°, where n = 15126 5.22 5.23 In the case of minimum deviation 1 at «8 sin —— = nsin > So, a = ein {sing }-0 = 37°, for n= 15 Passage of ray for grazing incidence and grazing imergence is the condition for maximum deviation (Fig.). From Fig. a = 1-0 = x-20, (where 0,, is the critical angle) So, a = -2sin(1/n) = 58°, for n = 15 = RI. of glass. The least deflection angle is given by the formula, 8 = 20-0, where a is the angle of incidence at first surface and @ is the prism angle. Also from Snell’s law, m, sina = 1, sin (0/2), as the angle of refraction at first surface is equal to half the angle of prism for least deflection , m 15 ae so, sing = [sin(@/2) = 735 8in 30° = $639 or, a = sin~1(-5639) = 34-3259° Substituting in the above (1), we get, 8 = 8-65° From the Cauchy’s formula, and also experimentally the RIL. of a medium depends upon the wavelength of the mochromatic ray i.e. m = f(%). In the case of least deviation of a monochromatic ray the passage a prism, we have: - a+ 7 o The above equation tales us that we have m = n(c.), so we may Write nsin® » sin 2 dn An = Sa Q From Eqn. (1) dnsin® = 10s 2*8 272089 cos 228 dn 2 or, da” yn @ 2 From Eqns (2) and (3) cos 242 An= < Aa5.25 127 Aca. ( Using Eqn. 1. ) Fermat’s principle : “ The actual path of propagation of light (trajectory of a light ray ) is the path which can be followed by light with in the lest time, in comparison with all other hypothetical paths between the same two points, ” “Above statement is the original wordings of Fermat (A famous French scientist of 17th century)” Deduction of the law of refraction from Fermat’s principle : Let the plane S be the interface between medium 1 and medium 2 with the refractive indices my = c/v; and ny = c/vp Fig. (a). Assume, as usual, that nj <7. Two points are given- one above the plane S (point A ), the other under plane S (point B ). The various distances are : AA, =hy, BB, = hy, A,B, = 1. We must find the path from A to B which can be covered by light faster than it can cover any other hypothetical path. Clearly, this path must consist of two straight lines, viz, AO in medium 1 and OB in medium 2; the point O in the plane S has to be found. First of all, it follows fom Fermat’s priniciple that the point O must lie on the intersection of S and a plane P, which is perpendicular to S and passes through A and B. © Indeed, let us assume that this point does not lie in the plane P; let this be point O, in Fig. (b). Drop the perpendicular O; O from O, onto P. Since AO, 0, s < 0 so we get m_ mmm, y s r 5.30 All rays focusing at a point must have traversed the same optical path. Thus 7 VP egem xP enf or (nf-xP = Pan f-x) or, wP= feet = (nf-xtnf-nx)(nf-x-nf+nx) = x(n-1)(2nf-(n+1)x) = 2n(n-I)fx-(n+ 1) (a-1)? Thus, (n4+1)(n-1)2-2n(n-I fet’? = 0 n(@n-Uf t Vr (n-1P f- WP (n+ 1) (1-1) a aa (n+1)(m~1) ~7f 1+ Vi- eee n-1f? Ray must move forward so x f for small r, so -sign. (Also x > 0 as r > 0) (x >f means ray turning back in the direction of incidence. (see Fig.) [jn Hence xe tL] 1- areal For the maximum value of r, nei? - =0 A) n-1f (A) because the expression under the radical sign must be non-negative, which gives the maximum value of r. Hence from Eqn. (A), Tmx= f V (n-1)/n +1)132 5.31 As the given lense has significant thickness, the thin lense, formula cannote be used. For refraction at the front surface from the formula ao 5 orn fs Oe ee - On simplifying we get, s’ = 30cm. Thus the image J’ produced by the front surface behaves as a virtual source for the rear surface at distance 25 cm from it, because the thickness of the lense is 5 cm. Again from the refraction formula at cerve surface oe ys" R Lis 1:5 s 2 " -5 On simplifying, s’ = + 6-25 cm o. Thus we get a real image J at a distance 6-25 cm beyond the rear surface (Fig.). 5.32 (a) The formation of the image of a source S, placed at a distance u from the pole of the convex surface of plano-convex lens of thickness d is shown in the fig- ure. On applying the formula for refraction through spheri- N cal surface, we get \ 2-1, (here man and 1; = 1) RE Q! nil Tea a@ent 0 R 4 oF IVR on = 5- Soy (2 @-) ' s dR °s ae aed But in this case optical path of the light, corresponding to the distance v in the medium is v/n, so the magnification produced will be, Be ee) Boag Sa a} Sti Substituting the values, we get magnification B = - 0-20. d(n-1) je 1-265 (>) If the transverse area of the object is A (assumed small), the area of the image is B°A. Z) xD " , «4 RD*4 > A. Then light falling on the Jens is : LA “3 ‘We shall assume that133 from the definition of luminance (See Eqn. (5.1c) of the book; here cos 0 = 1 if D? << s? and dQ = 2Bes }). Then the illuminance of the image is A ao | BPA = Ltn Dad 5 Substitution gives 42 1x. 5.33 (a) Optical power of a thin lens of RJ. n in a medium with RI. ng is given by : @ = (n- (i “) @) From Eqn.(A), when the lens is placed in air : = (n- (a m) @ Similarly from Eqn.(A), when the lens is placed in liquid : ® = (n- (ie zm) @ Thus from Eqns (1) and (2) The second focal length, is given by fi= ae where n' is the R.I. of the medium in which it is placed. oe f= BR 5m (0) Optical power of a thin lens of RI. n placed in a medium of RI. np is given by : 1 = (n- moa, “m) “ For a biconvex lens placed in air’medium from Eqn. (A) -y(4- 4). 2nd Dy = (n-1 i(k =R “R) * (1) where R is the radius of each curve surface of the lens Optical power of a spherical refractive surface is given by : n-n P= @®) For the rear surface of the lens which divides air and glass medium % = net (Here n is the RL. (2) of glass)134 5.34 (a) (2) Convex lens (b) Figure 5.5 (a) & (b) with lens Similarly for the front surface which divides watc- -nd glass medium non | n=M% -R R Hence the optical power of the given optical system n- 2n-M-1 1 mao No © = 0+) = 2 z fz = From Eqns (1) and (4) 2n-m-1 2n-m-1 ® n-M% Sob a (28-1) & ~ Zn-1) "—W(n-1) ® Focal length in air, f = $ = 15cm and focal length in water = 72 = 20cm for my = $. @) (4) Clearly the media on the sides are different. The front focus F is the position of the object (virtual or real) for which the image is formated a inity. The rear focus F’ is the position of the image (virtual or real) of the object at infinity, (a) Figures 5.7 (a) & (©). This geometrical construction ensines that the second of the equations (5.1g) is obeyed. (a) Convex lens (b) Concave Jens (P is the object)5.36 135 (c) Figure (5.8) (a) & (b). Clearly, the important case is that when the rays (1) & (2) are not symmetric about the principal axis, otherwise the figure can be completed by reflection in the principal axis. Knowing one path we know the path of all rays connecting the two points. For a different object. We proceed as shown below, we use the fact that a ray incident at a given height above the optic centre suffers a definite deviation. The concave lens can be discussed similarly. Since the image is formed on the screen, it is real, so for a conversing lens object is in the incident side. Lets; and s2 be the magnitudes of the object distance in the first and second case respectively. We have the Jens formula da) In the first case from Eqn. (1) 1 1 1 GD” Ga)” Ff Similarly from Eqn.(1) in the second case 1 1 1 (I-81) my" Ff BO = 26-36 cm. —!f (-Aab-f Thus the sought distance Ax = s)-5, = 0-Smm = Alf?/(I-f?) The distance between the object and the image is 1. Let x = distance between the object and the lens. Then, since the image is real, we have in our convention, u = -x, v = [=x so 1,1 1 x T-x "Ff or x(l-x)=If or? -xl+if=0 Solving we get the roots ra5 [le vP- ay] (We must have J > 4f for real roots.) (a) If the distance between the two positions of the lens is AJ, then clearly Al = x2-x, = difference between roots = VP - 4if P-at so fe pos em.136 5.37 5.38 5.39 b) The two roots are conjugate in the sense that if one gives the object distance the other jugs 8 gives the a image distance (in both cases). Thus the magnifications are + VP = af LA VERA sienini - VFayp Cnleged) and - ae (diminished), The ratio of these magnification being 1 we have t-VP=ap | VP =a v1 1- VP - 4if n L vy +1 ; G 1-4. (@=1) 21-4 hy (1 + Vay a (ee fF Hence aeap We know from the previous problem that the two magnifications are reciprocals of each other (B'B” = 1). If h is the size of the object then h’ = Bp’ h and h' = Bh Hence h= Vik’. Refer to problem 5.32 (b). If A is the area of the object, then provided the angular diameter of the object at the lens is much smaller than other relevant angles like . we calculate the i nD? light falling on the lens as LA 7 where u? is the object distance squared. If B is the transverse magnification (° 7 ;) then the area of the image is BA. Hence the illuminance of the image (also taking account of the light lost in the lens) nD? 1 | (l-a)xD*L 49 PA 4f2 since s’ = f for a distant object. Substitution gives E = 15 1x. = (1 - La (a) If s = object distance, s’ = average distance, L = luminance of the sounce, AS = area of the source as- sumed to be a plane surface held normal to the prin- cipal axis, then we find for the flux A ® incident on the lens A= fLAS cosa = LAS {cos 02nsinOd0= LAS msin® a «tase 05.40 137 Here we are assuming D << s, and ignoring the variation of L since a is small a Then if L’ is the luminance of the image, and AS’ = (5) AS is the area of the image then similarly ye Dee De LAs yaad as Pane Las an oni << or L' = L irrespective of D. i s s (b) In this case the image on the white screen from a Lambert source. Then if its luminance is Lo its luminosity will be the mL and 2 2 s D nly SAS = LAS25x os 4s or Ly « D* since s’ depends on f, s but not on D. Focal length of the converging lens, when it is submerged in water of RI. 7p (Say) : x (e-')(R-3) 2 (m4 - %) ay fi \mq (IR R]? mR Simillarly, the focal length of diverging lens in water. 1 _(m at 2 (t- Mm) 7 Ge) Cana) @ Now, when they are put together in the water, the focal length of the system, Leith fohh 2Gn=m) 2 (-M) | 2-m) mR 1)R 7yR =1R st = 35cm 2(m -m) or, C is the centre of curvature of the silvered surface and O is the effective centre of the equivalent mirror in the sence that an object at O forms a coincident image. From the figure, using the formula for refraction at a spherical surface, we have c 0 Aln-l =k aR * f" FG —D (In our convention f is - ve). Substitution gives f = - 10 cm.138 5.42 (a) Path of a ray, as it passes through the lens system is as shown below. Focal length of all the three lenses, sn = 10 cm, neglecting their signs. Applying lens formula for the first lens, considering a ray coming from infinity, or s'=f-= 10cm, @ cm lee Sem he Som >a Sem A L f and so the position of the image is 5 cm to the right of the second lens, when only the first one is present, but the ray again gets refracted while passing through the second, so, 1i1lilii so Sf -10 or, s' = 10cm, which is now 5 cm left to the third lens so for this lens, 1.3 s”~ 10 or, s” = 10/3 = 333 cm. from the last lens. (b) This means that if the object is x cm to be left of the first lens on the axis OO’ then the image is x on to the right of the 3rd (last) lens. Call the lenses 1,2,3 from the left and let O be the object, O, its image by the first lens, O2 the image of O, by the 2nd lens and O3, the image of O, by the third lens. “| L-7 S O; and O, must be symmetrically located with respect to the lens Lz and since this lens is ON a: concave, O, must be at a distance 2 | f, | to be the right of Lz and O2 must be 2|f,| to be the left of L. One can check that this satisfies lens () equation for the third lens L; u = -(2|f| +5) = -25 cm 7 fy = 10 cm. Hence +s => sox = 16.67 cm. 5.43 (a) Angular magnification for Galilean telescope in normal adjustment is given as. T = f/f. or, 10= ff or f= 10h (a)5.44 5.45 139 The length of the telescope in this case. 1 = f.-f. = 45cm. given, So, using (1), we get, fe = +5 and f, = +50cm. (b) Using lens formula for the objective, From the figure, it is clear that, s', =I" + fo where I’ is the new tube length. or, I = vo-f, = 505-5 = 45:5 cm. So, the displacement of ocular is, Al=! T= 455-45 = 05cm In the Keplerian telescope, in normal adjustment, the distance between the objective and eyepiece is fy + f,. The image of the mounting produced by the eyepiece is formed at a distance v to the right where 1livi F7s"E But s=-G+ fs 1 1 7 fo so ene ar Sf hth oth The linear magnification produced by the eyepiece of the mounting is, in magnitude, fe IB] é s This equals & according to the problem so re£.2 fe a It is clear from the figure that a parallel beam of light, originally of intensity Jp has, on emerging from the telescope, an intensity. 2 fo T=h {2 (i) because it is concentrated over a section whose diameter is f-/fy of the diameter of the cross section of the incident beam.140 5.46 Thus a [2 a So ref om fe tan ww Now Dean wy” Hence W = W'/Vy = 0.6' on substitution. When a glass lens is immersed in water its focal length increases approximately four times. ‘We check this as follows as : 1 1 = (1-1) fr -#) 1 -i\(4- i (e-') (& Now back to the problem. Originally in air fo 1 nm-™ 1 ‘fe ma) fe Papas sol=f+fe=fL +1 In water, f= OD a = % and the focal length of the replaced objective is given by the condition fl tfiel=(C+f or f= +DR-K ne Hence Substitution gives (n = 1.5, m = 1.33), I” = 3.09 If L is the luminance of the object, A is its area, s = distance of the object then light falling on the objective is Lx B a 48° The area of the image formed by the telescope (assuming that the image coincides with the object) is T? A and the area of the final image on the retina is - 6 PA Where f = focal length of the eye lens. Thus the illuminance of the image on the retin (when the object is observed through the telescope) is5.48 141 LxrDA _LxD? 2 ~ 22 apr a () ma do oe L When the object is viewed directly, the illuminance is, similarly, LxD? . Lxd ‘We want 2 apr” af? So, T = 2 = 20 on substitution of the values. 7 Obviously, f,=+1cm and f,=+5cm Now, we know that, magnification of a microscope, r= (22-1)2,, for distinct visi = [=2-1]=, for distinct vision fo) fe so = (= on, “(5 or, vo = ILem. Since distance between objective and ocular has increased by 2 cm, hence it will cause the increase of tube length by 2cm. 50, = s'j+2 = 13 ‘2 _,)D and hence, : r = (=2-1]? = 60 e It is implied in the problem that final image of the object is at infinity (otherwise light coming out of the eyepiece will not have a definite diameter). (a) We see that s’92B = |s9|2c, then Iso Bea Then, from the figure d= 2p 6-20 / 9 But when the final image is at infinity, the magnification I’ in a microscope is given by 2 Fe (I = least distance of distinct vision) So d = 2/a/T Sod = dy when =Ty = Bie = 15 on putting the values. o142 (b) IfT is the magnification produced by the microscope, then the area of the image produced on the retina (when we observe an object through a microscope) is : T? () A Where u = distance of the image produced by the microscope from the eye lens, f = focal length of the eye lens and A = area of the object. If @ = luminous flux reaching the objective from the object and d s dp so that the entire flux is admitted into the eye), then the illuminance of the final image”on the retina ® 1? (/syA But if d = dy then only a fraction (dy | dj’ of light is admitted into the eye and the illuminance becomes ® fal od gat i] . A (5 (lay independent of I’. The condition for this is then dzdy or T's Ty = 15. 5.50 The primary and secondary focal length of a thick lens are given as, f = = (n/®) {1 - (d/n') &}} fi = +@"/@)(1-@/n)o}, where ® is the lens power n, n' and n” are the refractive indices of first medium, lens material and the second medium beyond the lens. ©, and ®, are the powers of first and second spherical surface of the lens. Here, n= 1, for lens, n’ = n, for air n! = ng, for water. f=-1/0,),a d=0, () and f = +19/d Now, power of a thin lens, = +0, n= 1 where, o, - Se a, = am ® = (2n-my-1)/R @ From equations (1) and (2), we get, f° Garacy 7 ~ Hem143 mR * @n=m-1) Since the distance between the primary principal point and primary nodal point is given as, x= f {(n" n/n" So, in this case, X= (1o/®) (749 = 1)/rg = (tg - 1)/B and f = +149 cm. Mm 1 =o gr lth -37am. 5.51 See the answersheet of problem book. 5.52 (a) Draw P’X parallel to the axis OO’ and let PF interest it at X. That determines the principal point H. As the medium on both sides of the system is the same, the principal point coincides with the nodal point. Draw- a ray parallel to PH through P’. That determines H’. Draw a ray PX’ parallel to the axis and join P’X’. That gives F’. (b) We let H stand for the principal point (on the axis). Determine H’ by drawing a ray P’ H’ passing through P’ and parallel to PH. One ray (conjugate to SH) can be obtained from this. To get the other ray one needs to know F or F’. This is easy because P and P’ are known. Finally we get S’. (©) From the incident ray we determine Q. A line parallel to OO! through Q determines Q and hence H’: H and Hi’ are then also the nodal points. A ray parallet °, to the incident ray through H will emerge parallel to itself through H’. That determines F’. Similarly a ray parallel to the emergent ray through H determines F. (c) 5.53 Here we do not assume that the media on the two sides of the system are the same.144 5.54 (a) Optical power of the system of combination of two lenses, © = 0,+6,-do,o, on putting the values, @=4D or, fe d-25em Now, the position of primary principal plane with respect to the vertex of converging lens, d®, 2. 10cm ® x Similarly, the distance of secondary principal plane with respect to the vertex of diverging lens. do, x -- - 10cm, ie. 10 cm left to it. (©) The distance between the rear principal focal point F’ and the vertex of converging lens, 1 ® In de(g]caan - 34 1) [bd a 1 and m- (5) ar ea = 1/dd-do = 1/d(®,+,-d&, ®,)-do, = 1/d%,-d° &, 4%, Now, if f/1 is maximum for certain value of d then 1/f will be minimum for the same value of d. And for minimum //f, dW/f/dd= %,-2d%,%,= 0 or, d= 0/20, or, d= 1/2%,=S5cm So, the required maximum ratio of f/1 = 4/3. 5.55 ‘The optical power of first convex surface is, @ = PED. 5p, as Ry = 10cm " and the optical power of second concave surface is, (1-7) d= Be =-10D So, the optical power of the system,145 d ® = 0 4%,-5 4, = -4D Now, the distance of the primary principal plane from the vertex of convex surface is given as, x (2) (fos. teer 1a m= - 3, 75m and the distance of secondary principal plane from the vertex of second concave surface, » (4) (4) dM 4 x --(a)(f}™ -— 5.56 The optical power of the system of two thin lenses placed in air is given as, © = 0,+0,-do,o, or, a = Rt a - Fe , where f is the equivalent focal length 1 _hth-d = 77 hk fih or, I" ppoa q) This equivalent focal length of the’system of two lenses is measured from the primary principal plane. As clear from the figure, the distance of the primary principal plane from the optical centre of the first is O,H= x = +(n/®) (d/n') ®, de, , | =p as nan! al, for air. af oi . (2)\(_fih (i) ere ) - th _ fith-d Now, if we place the equivalent lens at the primary principal plane of the lens system, it will provide the same transverse magnification as the system. So, the distance of equivalent lens from the vertex of the first lens is, xe fh fth-d146 5.57 The plane mirror forms the image of the lens, and water, filled in the space between the two, behind the mirror, as shown in the figure. So, the whole optical system is equivalent to two similar lenses, seperated by a distance 2 and thus, the power of this system, d®, ®. O=0,40,-—1 2 , where D, =) =0'; = optical power of individual lens and my = RL of water. Now, ®' = optical power of first convex surface + eptical power of second concave surface. , nis the refractive index of glass. 2n=No- Grom) w and so, the optical power of whole system, 2de? No & =20'- = 3-0 D, substituting the values. 5.58 (a) A telescope in normal adjustment is a zero power conbination of lenses. Thus we require ©-0-%+ 0-40, But ©, = Power of the convex surface = ®) = Power of the concave surface = - “F- (Gomes Gane Thus, O~ RR + AR) * 1m Ro (Ro + AR) So d = 24% 6 45 om. on putting the values. A Ge he oa (&) Here, @ = -1 = T= 5 + 75 * Tx 05 dx2 5x __5 , 200d 20 ns 3G 3 3* 79 2004 9 -2 or d= (3/100)m = 3 cm. 5.59 (a) The power of the lens is (as in the previous problem) n-1 n-1 d(n-1 n-1 dn - 1) o-R Ce) - Raia147 The principal planes are located on the side of the convex surface at a distance d from each other, with the front principal plane being removed from the convex surface of the lens by a distance R/(n-1). 4 mth, B- Rin - iy Ro n RR (m - 1) ® - Ry) 1 - R, Ry [t+ | Rr = - 2=4(L_ 1) eo -D UR TR Ro Both principal planes pass through the common centre of curvature of the surfaces of the lens. 5.60 Let the optical powers of the first and second surfaces of the ball of radius R, be and 4’, then = (n= 1/R and 4’ =(1-n) / (-R) = SE This ball may be treated as a thick spherical lens of thickness 2 R;. So the optical power of this sphere is, o = a 28 Similarly, the optical power of second ball, ®, = 2(n-1)/nR, If the distance between the centres of these balls be d. Then the optical power of whole = 2(n-N/nRy @ system, © = 0, +)-d%,% = 2-1) , 2-1) Aden 1p mR, nR, Ww R,Ro . 2 2d(n-1 nits 7 (R, +R) - Now, since this system serves as telescope, the optical power of the system must be equal to zero. 2d(n-1) 2-1), (Ry + Ra) 7 8 ORR n(R, +R) or, d= 2(-1) = 9cm. Since the diameter D of the objective is 2R, and that of the eye-piece is d = 2R, So, the magnification, T= = Did = FR Ry R= 5.148 5.61 5.62 5.63 Optical powers of the two surfaces of the lens are n-1 , = (W-1)/R and ®, = (1-n)/-R = So, the power of the lens of thickness d, Ce d(n-1/R? _ n “RR yf and optical power of the combination of these two thick lenses, 2 @ = +a = 2g = 20D R @' = O,4+0,- 2 So, power of this system in air is, by = 2 - 200-1 37D. x R We consider a ray QPR in a medium of gradually varying refractive index n. At P, the gradient of n is a vector with the given direction while is nearly the same at neighbouring points Q, R. The arc length QR is ds. We apply Snell’s formula sin @ = constant where @ is to be measured from the direction Vn. The refractive indices at Q,R whose mid point is P are n= £1 Vn|d0 cos 0 so (n - $1 ¥n|d0 cos 8) (sin ® + 3 cos 0 do) =(+ 3 |'Vn| a0 cos 6) (sin ® - £ cso d0) or ncos@ dd = |Vn|ds cos sin® (we have used here sin (0 440) = sind s 5 cos Pr) Now using the definition of the radius of curvature a -2 DL p79 dn The quantity | Vin]sin@ can be called 57 i.e. the derivative of m along the normal NV to 1 6 the ray. Then a = bn n From the above problem ie 1BWn = pVn = [Val =3x10-m! (since p|| Vn both being vertical ). So p = 33x 107m For the ray of light to propagate all the way round the earth we must have p = R = 6400km = 6-4x10°m Thus |Vn| = 16x107’m7!149 5.2 INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT 5.64 (a) In this case the net vibration is given by X = a1Cos Wt+ ay cos(wt+d) where 5 is the phase difference between the two vibrations which varies rapidly and randomly in the interval (0 , 2 2). (This is what is meant by incoherence.) Then x = (a, +4, 0085) cos wt + a2 sin dsinwt The total energy will be taken to be proportional to the time average of the square of the displacement. Thus E = < (a, +a,cos8)°+a3sin25 > = al+a3 as = O and we have put = = & and has been absorbed in the overall constant of proportionality. In the same units the energies of the two oscillations are a and a3 respectively so the proposition is proved. (b) Here 7= a, coswti+a,cos(wt+8)} and the mean square displacement is «a7 + a} if 6 is fixed but arbitrary. Then as in (a) we see that E = E,+E>. 5.65. It is easier to do it analytically. E, = acoswt, & = 2asinor 3 x ane & = 30m Fass sin$sinwr) Resultant vibration is aa t 2 ¥3 a t § = “feos wr+a| 2-7 |sinw This has an amplitude = 2V 494+(8-3V3)? = 1890 4 5.66 We use the method of complex amplitudes. Then the amplitudes are A, = 4, Ap = ae'®, .. Ay = aeliN-9 and the resultant complex amplitude is A mA, +Ant nn. tAy = a(1Lte Pe % 4 gelN- D8) 1-e%? a “47150 The corresponding ordinary amplitude is ie Al=a ial= a [t= ant es . = [Fee eg sin $ 5.67 (@) With dipole moment 11” to plane there is no variation with @ of individual radiation amplitude. Then the in- P tensity variation is due to interference only. In the direction given by angle 9 the phase difference is 1 2 - F®(deos0)+9 = 2kx for maxima aReN cos 8 Thus dew (t-\x | 7 7 2 EaO,e te ‘We have added @ to 2% eos @ because the extra path that the wave from 2 has to travel in going to P (as compared to 1) makes it lag more than it already is (due to 9). © Maximum for @ = x gives -d= (a) ini = 0 gi =(e-4h Minimum for 0 = 0 gives d = {Kk -~=P +>] is -®,1),. Adding we get (eee atz|*= 0 This can be true only if Km -k pet since O co in the formula for A.x of the last example. ber)a_, A - Are Dar 2a" (A plane wave is like light emitted from a point source at ©), Then d= 2aAx = 064um. 5.73 £6 + 7 ee f (a) We show the upper half ot the lens. The emergent light is at an angle F from the axis. Thus the divergence angle of the two incident light beams is a an5.75 153 When they interfere the fringes produced have a width axe ef. 015mm. 77 The patch on the screen illuminated by both light has a width by and this contains by | ba = hz 7 pip, Hinges = 13 Binges (iE we ignore 1 in comparis on to a (£5.71 @)) (b) We follow the logic of (5.71 c), From one edge of the slit to the other edge the distance 7 ; tet is of magnitude 5 {is 55 +o} a , oe ar ay 8 I we imagine the edge to shift by this distance, the angle 1/2 will increase by “SP = 5 and the light will shift = 6 & F The fringe pattern will therefore shift by @ ing this to S22 LX Le 37. Equating this to S¥ = S% we get Saue = 425 = 375 um. are — l=atb citicnee 4 Se d= 26a n= RI. of glass 2(n-1)0aAx _ 4g, Thus oe 064 um. It will be assumed that the space between the biprism and the glass plate filled with benzene constitutes complementary prisms as shown. Then the two prisms being oppositely placed, the net deviation produced by them is 8 = (n-1)0-(n'-1)0 = (n-n') 0 Hence as in the previous problem d=2ad = 2a0(n-n') = (a+b)r ~ 2a0(n-n')154 For plane incident wave we let a © so au Ax= 20(n=n') = 02mm. 5.76 Extra phase difference introduced by the glass plate is 2 a (m-1)h This will cause a shift equal to my fringe widths ie. by (n- 1h. ~Gapa The fringes move down if the i die is Ss by the plate to compensate for the extra phase shift introduced by the plate. 5.77 No. of fringes shifted = (n’ - nian so n= ne XX «1.000377 . 5.78 (a) Suppose the vector EE”, E” correspond to the incident, reflected and the transmitted @ wave. Due to the continuity of the tangential component of the electric field across the interface, it follows that E,+E, = EB" O) where the subscript v means tangential The energy flux density is Ex = 5”. Since HV iy = EVee HeEV 2 VepenV2E Ho Ho Now S_ nE? and since the light is incident normally mE, = MET +mE,” Q or ny (Ep-E2) = mE,” so ny, (E,-E) = mE," @ " Er 2m FE, ytm Since E,” and E, have the same sign, there is no phase change involved in this case. From (1) & (3) (m+m El +(m-m)E, = 0 mm mem or Ex155 If m,>m, then E,’ & E, have opposite signs. Thus the reflected wave has an abrupt change of phase by x if m2 > m, i.e. on reflection from the interface between two media when light is incident from the rarer to denser medium. 5.79 Path difference between (1) & (2) is 2nd sec 0, ~2d tan sin 0, - 0, 2 3881 = 2¢4—_2_ af mo i-St 7” For bright fringes this must equal (e+ 3)» woere 5 comes from the phase change of x for @). Here Reon Thus 4dV w-sin?@, = (2k+1)2 or d= A420). orgs 2Qum. 4V 1? — sin? 0, 580 Given 2dVn 1/4 = (+5) x 0-64 wm (it fringe) 2dVW-1/4=hx0-40pm (dark fringe) where k, K are integers. Thus 64 keh = 40K or 4(2k+1) = SK This means, for the smallest integer solutions ke2,k a4 4x 0-40 Hence d= —>— = 065ym. 2Vn-1/4 :156 5.81 When the glass surface is coated with a material of RI. n' = Vn (n= RIL. of glass) of appropriate thickness, reflection is zero because of interference between various multiply reflected waves. We show this below. Let a wave of unit amplitude be normally incident from the left. The reflected amplitude is -r where Vat Vatl Its phase is -ve so we write the reflected wave as -r. The transmitted wave has amplitude ¢ r Incident =1 -r<4 et ~ten leva This wave is reflected at the second face and has amplitude -tr <—_ because 22¥% , Vn- res n+¥n Vntl The emergent wave has amplitude - ft?’ r. -r? There is also a reflected part of emplitude We prove below that -1/' = trv’ =—tr?, where r’ is the reflection coefficient for a ray incident from the coating towards air. After reflection from the second face a wave of amplitude +teri=t(1-r?)r? emerges. Let 5 be the phase of the wave after traversing the coating both ways. Then the complete reflected wave is -r-(1-r?)re®4(1-r?)r3e2!? = (1-7?) 5038, i 1 = -r-(1-r?)re®—_+—, : 1+r?e® 2 2) Qid 1 a nrflerrePe(1-r?Je ln ~-y tte” L+rre’ This vanishes if 6 = (2k+1)x. But 5 = 22 aVidso a d= ope (2k)5.82 5.83 We now deduce tf’ = 1-r? and r’= +r. This follows from the principle of reversibility of light path as shown in the figure below. tltrrad -ritrt=0 . tt ear? Yate. (-r is the reflection ratio for the wave entering a denser medium ), ‘We have the condition for maxima 2dV n?-sin? 0, ~(eeg) This must hold for angle 6 + 80 with successive values of k. Thus 2_in?(ox00) - (p24 2aV ors (0+82) = (4-4) V n2—sin?(0-22) = (aot 2d ipa ai? (+3) Thus A= 2a{ n?~ sin? 0 +80 sin 0 cos 0 -Vn?—sin® 0-60 sin 0 cos 0 | q 28sin 6 cos 8 n?—sin?® Ia n° ~sin’ 6% ‘Thus a SS 2am For small angles @ we write for dark fringes _ sin? @ 2dV n’-sin’® = 2a(s 2n ) = (k+0)2 For the first dark fringe © = 0 and 2dn = (ky+0)d For the i dark fringe 2a[n- aint ‘) = (hg-it1)r an? nh. i 6,- 7% (i-1) = or sin? 0, = 2 Ci-1) = oy158 w— be Ee Finally G-8) - SF 40P-) 40?n(i-k) 5.84 We have the usual equation for maxima 2havV w—sin20, = («+3 » Here fy = distance of the fringe from top Ayo = dy = thickness of the film mr ton d so Thus on the screen placed at right angles to the reflected light hk Ax = (Ay-hy_1) cos 0 cos 8, 2aV 72 _ sin? @, 5.85 (a) For normal incidence we have using the above formula Ax = s* x 8° *" Inde = 3/ on putting the values (b) In distance {on the wedge there are N= 72 fringes. If the fringes disappear there, it must be due to the fact that the maxima due to the component of wavelength 4 coincide with the mainima due to the component of wavelength i +A A. Thus : 1 a Ni= (x-z}a+am or Ane AR 1 arom | x 7 2N7 217 30 ‘The answer given in the book is off by a factor 2. so. 0-007.586 587 5.88 5.89 5.90 159 ‘We have rt SEAR So for k differing by 1(Ak = 1) 1 7 2rare= qAakaR - ahr o” ar = AR, The path traveresed in air film of the wave constituting the k™ ring is 2 r 1 qn gee when the lens is moved a distance Ah the ring radius changes to 7’ and the path length becomes re 1 Btbh= Ske Thus r= V?P?-2RAh = 15mm. . . _v-% In this case the path difference is — This must equals (k- 1/2) A (where k = 6 for the six bright ring.) thus r = Vrte( R = 38mm From the formula for Newton’s rings we derive for dark rings 2 for r> ro and zero for rs ro. a? 4; rage AR, ooo kRn jee Ciena 4(a-h)R Substituting the values, 1 = 05pm. so Path difference between waves reflected by the two convex surfaces is 2/11 “(arm) Taking account of the phase change at the 2™ surface we write the condition of bright rings as 2(41,1)_ 2k+1 r nt] Eth k = 4 for the fifth bright ring.160 5.91 5.92 1.1 9. 4 18% Th + = ih = : RR a a 1 1 1 Now da (n-1 teeth Fr OVE Fe ODE 1 iad 18% so sert+1s eer eee FR RTM 2-40D Here n = RI. of glass = 1°5. 2 Here ® = (n- lm -E] = RR; 2(n-1)" As in the previous example, for the dark rings we have 2/4 1), a a (m RB} "21 ~** k = 0 is dark spot; excluding it, we take k = 10 hre. Then re V BAG 1) = 349mm. (b) Path difference in water film will be fl 4 poe | RaeeRe where 7 = new radius of the ring. Thus nor? =r or F=r/Vng = 303mm. Where no = RI. of water = 1-33. 2 The condition for minima are en alk +h LS (There occur phase changes at both surfaces on reflection, hence minima when path difference is half integer multiple of 4). In this case k = 4 for the fifth dark ring (Counting from & = 0 for the first dark ring). Thus, we can write r=V(2K-1)XR/2m, ,K=5 Substituting we get r = 117mm. 5.93 Sharpness of the fringe pattem is the worst when the maxima and minima intermingle :- mae (m-2)%