HANDBOOK oF THE RUSSIAN ARMY SIXTH EDITION. GENERAL STAFF, WAR OFFICE. 1914. (Corrections published in Russian Army Orders up to the end of 1913, are included in this Edition.) ‘THE IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM Department of Printed Books In Association With THE BATTERY PRESS ‘Nashville and ARTICLES OF WAR, LTD SkokieOriginally released 1914 Published jointly by ‘The Imperial War Museum, London artment of Printed Books ISBN: 1-870423-67-4 and The Battery Press, Inc. P.O. Box 198885 Nashville, Tennessee 37219 ‘Twelfth in The Battery Press Reference Series 1996 ISBN: 0-89839-250-0 Printed in the United States of America iti PREFACE Sixce the last edition of this handbook was published in 1908 the Russian army has passed through a stage of re- organization, The so-called “reserve formations,” which ‘were to all intents and purposes first line troops, have been abolished and in their place have been created six new army corps, bringing the total number of army corps up to 37. ‘Various other changes have been introduced to render the higher units homogeneous and thus simplify mobilization. The artillery has been re-armed, a division of howitzer artillery has been added to each army corps, and seven divisions of heavy field artillery created. The infantry and cavalry have been equipped with machine gun detachments. ‘A new law of military service has been published. ‘Other important changes are impending. Russia has decided to form several new army corps, a reorganization of the artillery into 6-gun batteries instead of 8-gun is believed to be in progress, new cavalry regiments are to be raised, and the organization of the air services is being completed. It is also probable that a change will be made in the terms of service, in order to retain the contingent which has com- pleted the present term of service with the colours till the hew contingent has received suficient training to be able to take its place in the ranks. The effect of this last change will be to increase the peace establishment of the Russian army during the winter and spring months by some 400,000—500,000 men. ‘The establishments of the Russian army have not been published since 1910, The figures given in this handbook are based on those published in 1910 and on unofficial sources ; they should be taken as approximately correct only. ( 10626) a2iv CONTENTS. PAGE Cuarrse I—Law of Military Service—Reeruiting.... 7 » IL—The Administration and Organization ofthe Army in Peace... sw 18 » IL—The Organization of the Army in War 24 » TV.—Infantry fae 39 » V—Cavalry 53 » VI—Artillery 62 » VIL—Technieal Troops. eve 7 » VIIL—Special Corps and Departments and Educational Establishments... .... 90 » TXMedical and Veterinary... «+ 100 » X.—Transport, Supply and Intendance ... 111 » XL—Tacties eae nee 185 v APPENDICES. PAGE L.—Peace Distribution of the Field, Cossack and Fortress Troops sw. 145 IL—War formation of Cossack Cavalry... = 199 THL—Index to Army Corps, Divisions, snd In- dependent Brigades... 203 IV.—Alphabetical list of the titles of Russian regiments. vse awe 208 V.—Classified list of fortresses wu. vee vee 17 VI.—Distingaishing marks on field service dress of Russian army u,v nee vee 219. VIL—Military hierarchy and titles... vs 251 VIIL.—Particulars of field and siege guns in Russion QDY ws 854 TX.—Table of entrenching tools carried by unite in the field se 287 X.—Eotoblishments 1. sss tee ones 288 XI.—Morse telegraphic and signalling codes... 294 ‘XIL—Russian alphabet and English equivalents ... 299 XIUL—Glossary of military terms... ss ae B01 XIV.—Conventional signs on military maps in Russia 308 XV.—Money, weights and measures... ve BIL Ispex vee aeeee BIBvi LIST OF PLATES. Diagrams in text. Lines of Communication of an army. To face page 36. ‘Method of Ammunition Supply in the field. 7 face ‘page 71. Organization of Medical work in the field. To face page 104. Plates at end of book. 1, Conventional signs on the military maps of Russia, 2-4, Field uniforms of the Russian army. 5, Badges of rank (ollicers), 6. N.C.0s. badges of rank and badges of specialists, 7. Shoulder-straps and collar-patches on greatcoat, 8, Distinctions worn on uniform of guard units, 9. Shoulder-straps of infantry and cavalry units. 10. Special badges on shonlder-straps of technical and artillery units. 11. Shoulder-straps of technical and artillery units, 12, Company flags and Cossack banneroles. 13, Flags to denote H.Qs. of units. ‘The illustrations of uniform and shoulder-straps, &e., in Plates 2-13 are reproduced by permission of Moritz Ruhl, publisher, Leipzic. Plate 1 is unavailable for this edition. HANDBOOK ov tHE RUSSIAN ARMY. CHAPTER I. LAW OF MILITARY SERVICE—RECRUITING. Tax land forces of the Russian Empire consist of the Standing Army (postoyanniya voiska) and the Opolchenie or Imperial Milita. Mhe Standing Army comprises— () The regular army and its reserve (zapas), forming the regular troops (ragulyarniya voiska) ; }) The Cossack troops ; (iii) The Alien troops (inorodtsi).* Liability to service.--Military service in. the Russian Empire is based on the decree (waz) of Lith January, 1874, which, as amended by decrees of later date,t enforces universal liability to personal military service throughout the whole of the Russian Empire, with the following exeep- tions :— (a) The inhabitants of the Grand Duchy of Finland pay an annual “contribution to the Imperial Treasury “* Therware the Daghestan horse regiment and the Oset and Tarkoman. horse divisions.” ‘The Oset, horse ‘division consists of conscripts, the Daghestan regiment and Turkoman division of volunteers (ce pages) The laws of 27.688, 1.2.95, and 67-12.8 in liew of personal service,” which, from a sum of £400,000 in 1909, increases annually by £40,000 {ill the maximum of £800,000 is reached in 1919.* (®) The Cossacks, who occupy Crown lands in return for military service, serve under special regulations (see pages 10-11). (€) Mohammedans of the native population of Trans- Caucasia and of the Kuban and Terek provinces pay a military tax instead of serving personally, except such as volunteer and enlist in the Oset an Daghestan cavalry or local militia. (The Christian natives of these populations serve under the same conditions as the Russian population of the Empire.) (@) The Samoyedes in the Government of Archangel, the native population of Turkistan, and of five small coastal districts in Eastern Siberia, and certain foreign tribes in the Governments of Astrakhan, Orenburg, and Stavropol, aro exempted altogether from liability to personal military service. Liability to service begins with the 21st and ends with the 43rd year of a man’s age. Service in the Standing Army.—Service with the colours lasts for 3 years in the infantry and artillery (except horse artillery) and for 4 years in all other arma and services. Colour’ service counts from the 14th January following the date when the annual contingent joins (between October and November).+ The period of service in the Reserve fapas) is 19 years for those who have served! 3 years with the colours, and 13 years for those who have served 4 years. ‘The Reserve is divided into two classes, as follows :—Those who have served 3 years with the colours serve 7 years in the Ist class reserve’and 8 in the 2nd class; the reinainder serve 7 years in the Istclass and Gin the 2nd class. ‘The + In fatore Finland i to be required to pay an adaitional contribution to the Russlan Government towards the cost of quartering Ttusslan troope in ‘the Grand Duchy. he annual ammount of this eontesbution, which wl be paid dieequa netitmentaon the ih May and the Seth Noweber ie Axed w the years 1014-29 st 2.904740 Punish tarks (about £118 730 "} Tt ie proposed to inerease. the period of colour service by 3 months, snd fo retain the men till April by which ime the last joined contingent ‘ll be it to take their place In the Yank, 2nd class is upon mobilization utilized chiefly for the forma tion of second line units and other services upon the lines of ‘communication. Reservists are Liable to two trainings of not more than 6 weeks each during their period of service in the Ist class of the reserve. Volunteers.—Persons who fulfil certain conditions as regards education may enlist as “short-term volunteers” (voinoopredyelyayyushchresya). This is the class on whom ‘the Russian army mainly relies for the supply of reserve officers on mobilization. They join between the 28th June and 1ith July in each year, and serve 18 years—2_ years with the colours and 16 in the reserve. “The period of colour service may be reduced to 18 months* in the case of individuals who pass an examination for’ promotion to ensign (praporshchik) at the end of their first year’s service. Short- term volunteers are allowed to go to the reserve after 15 months’ service, and return for 3 months’ service in the following training season, or to complete their 18 months’ colour service without a break. They are permitted to ‘choose the arm and, as far as possible, the unit in which they wish to serve. ther “ volunteers” (okhotaiki) consist of three classes— (1) Men of 18 years of age and over, who wish to join before they reach the conscription age ; — (2) Men who have been previously excused service (if under 30 years of age) ; (3) Men who have been permitted to postpone their service on account of family reasons. ‘They are permitted to choose the arm in which they wish toserve. Unless they have educational qualifications, they serve the full period of colour service.t “The only units in the Russian army recruited on a volun- tary basis are the Daghestan horse regiment and the ‘Turkoman Horse Division, ‘The men of the former reeeive * See page 15 as regards short-term volunteers of medieal or veterinary ‘education. +The provision permitting men to volunteer before reaching the con- setiption age wat Only introduced in 1912. It is expected that in future ‘any men Will avail themselves of the new regulation, and thus reduce the average age of men serving ia the ranks.10 25 roubles and of the latter 30 roubles a month. They bring their own horses ou juiniug aud provide (heir own food and forage. Government supplies only a rifle and ammunition. Exemptions.—Men granted exemptions for family reasons are divided into four classes, Class I being exeused service in the standing army altogether, except in the case of Jews. The other threo classes are taken successively if required to complete the annual contingent—Class IV being first taken, then Class IIT, and lastly Class IT. If only a portion of a class is required, recourse is had to lot drawing. ‘Those of Classes IT to IV’ not taken for the annual contingent are enrolled in the Ist Category of the Opolehenie. Exemptions of Class are enrolled in the 2nd Category. Service in the Opolchenie.—The Opolchenie, which is liable to be called out only in time of war by Imperial Decree, comprises all men not serving in the Standing Army fit to bear arms from the 2ist to the end of their 43rd yeat, and is divided into two categories. The Ist Category may ‘be used to strengthen or complete the standing army, or to form special militia units, and includes all men up to thelr 43rd year who have served in the standing army, and all those’men who have not been taken for the annual con- tingent but who are fit for active military service, except ex- emptions of Class I. The four youngest classes of the category last mentioned are kept under military control on special ‘lists, and are liable to two trainings of six weeks each, if required. ‘The 2nd Category comprises persons dis- charged from active units or from the reserve owing to unfitness for service as combatants, but who are still eapable of bearing arms, and also men’ granted exemptions for family reasons in Class I. ‘To facilitate the formation of militia units, small cadres of NCOs, detached from the active army, are attached to the staffs of circle commanders. Conditions of service of Cossacks. Cossacks serve under special regulations. They provide their own clothing, arms (except rifle and lance), equipment, and horse. Service begins on the completion of the 20th year, and lasts for 18 years, divided into three periods. In the preparatory u class (prigotovitelni razryad) the men remain one year,* and are trained in their stanicsas or settlements. In the “field class ” (stroevot rasryad) the Cossacks remain 12 years, daring the first four of which they serve with the Ist Category regiments, battalions, or batteries of their Voisko or army. For the next 4 years they belong to the 2nd Category regiment, &c,, and are on furlough (na lgoiye) in their homes, but must’ keep their equipment and horses ready for service. For the last 4 years they belong to the 3rd Category regiment, &,, and are only bound to keep their equipment ready. Men of the 2nd Category are called out during their second and fourth years in that éategory, for a period of four weeks’ training. ‘Those of the 3rd Category are called out for training only by special order of the War Minister. Finally, the last five years of a Cossack’s sale = in the “reserve class” (zapasni rasryad), which is only drawn. upon in wart In addition, all Cossacks fit to bear arms, ‘up to any age, may be called upon to serve in the levée en masse. The various Cossack Vouska have large funds for the equipment of their troops, which they administer themselves. ‘The Ural Cossacks serve under slightly different rules. Recrvrrixe, (1) Men.—The interior of the Empire, i, that portion of it, which has an almost entirely Russian’ population, is divided into 208 “principal recruiting districts” (uyecd#), each of which is again subdivided into sever ig subdivisions (prizioniye uchastht). These recruiting districts correspond in number to the 208 infantry regiments of the active army, but, the system of recruiting is only partially territorial.}’ The one fixed rule is that not more than 25 per cent. of the recruits received by a unit must be of non-Russian origin. ‘The 25 por cent, are reeruited from * xcept Comacks of the Ural Vote, who remain two years. {ithe 18 years service of the Irkutsk and Krasnoyarsk Gomacks is divided as follows 1 year In tho preparatory class, 9 years in the Tine class (of bleh’ are in actual service and’ on frlodgh), and 8 yenrs nthe { Roaghly, units quartered in the interior of the Empire receive about aoiper cent. of recruits from thelr territorial reoraitin cent. from the “subsidiary reoruiting districts,” and ‘ther reerailing distiets Where the population is Russian,12 “subsidiary reeruiting districts,” in which the population is either non-Russian or scanty. The subsidiary recruiting districts embrace the Baltic Provinces, Poland and the Western frontier region generally, certain regions in the ‘Volga basin, and Caucasia. The four principal recruiting districts of an infantry division are grouped together, and to them is affiliated its artillery. Jewish recruits axe dis- tributed, and none are sent to the Guard. Rifles, cavalry, horse artillery, engineers, and the Guard and Gronadier are recruited from the whole Empire. "he number of men required to complete the army and navy is fixed by the legislature each year on the recom mendation of the Ministers of War and Marine, and is pro- mulgated by an Imperial Decree. Contingents consist of those men who have completed 20 years by the preceding 14th January, so that the ordi- ary conseript is between 21 and 22 years of age when he joins the colours. ‘The annual conscription takes place each ar between the 1dth October and the 14th November ; rut, to suit local conditions in certain districts, it may commence us early as the 28th September, and in others may end as late as the 28th November. In time of war the annual contingent may be called out earlier by Imperial Decree. Service is reckoned to begin from the 14th January. Recruiting is carried out by recruiting committees, which are of two kinds—the district (uyezdns) committee and the government (gubernski) committee. The law of 1912 in- creased the proportion of military officers on these commit- tees. The same law, which came into force in 1018, Introduced general ‘conscription throughout, the Empire, instead of conscription by subdivisions (uchasthi). Pre- viously each subdivision was called on to furnish a quota of the annual contingent, and it frequently happened that classes with a claim to exemption for family reasons were called out in one subdivision and not in another. Under ‘the new regulations the Minister of the Interior decides, from the lists furnished to him by the committees, what categories of conscripts it will be necessary to take in each year to complete the annual contingent, zc, only men ‘without claim to exemption, or, if men with such ‘claims are required, what classes or what percentage of a class, in casos where the whole class is not required. 13 A certain proportion of those not taken are inscribed on waiting lists, and should the classes called out prove insuf- ficient to fill the annual contingent, a supplementary con- tingent i called up at the beginning of March, are borne on separate lists, and the place of a Jewish absentee is filled by a co-religionist who would other- ‘wise be exempt. ‘The minimum height is 5 ft. O8 ins. ‘The annual contingent for the army and navy in 1911. was fixed at 455,000 men, of which 10,000 ‘were required for the navy, and 14,500 for the frontier guard, the remaining 430,500 being required for the army. ‘The number of men available for enrolment was 1,296,461, from which total 574,066 were deducted on account of— (1) exemptions for family reasons of Class IT; (2) men considered wholly unfit for the active army and transferred fo the Znd category of the Opolchenie; (@) absentees, ‘The remaining 722,805 were subjected to the usual examination, and only 435,413 were actually enlisted, the shortage being 19,587.* ‘In the same year there were taken in addition 16,500 Cossacks and 100 Oset Mahommedans. ‘A large addition to the annual contingent will probably be made shortly, to provide for the new army corps to be raised (see footnote on p. 21). (2) Non-commissioned officers.—N.C.Os, are selected from the ranks ; hitherto great difficulty has been experienced in inducing a sufficient number uf amen to re-engage on the expiry of their term of colour service, s0 as to provide the required proportion of experienced N.C.0s, Accordingly new regeains ‘were issued in 1911, increasing the pro- portion of re-engaged N.C.Os, and offering greater induce- ments to men to To-engage, 7 By these regulations the existin, des of re-engay N.C.0s. were eermed “Ist class,” Soh the rank of 7 The 1019 contingent was taken under the ow regulations, which ace expected to produce a great improvement, The ‘exemptions is dn revised; and to oped tha the strengtoning of che mlitary tlement on the recruiting comunittees will prevent the waste thet former Soctmea by the ebtment of large naar of men’ wo have 0 be fu Seouently discharged as physically unkt, and that the ineceaved penalties WHT Tedce the dumber of abeekices, "It is expected ‘that the Rew law ‘ll produce over 25,000 more men than tie old lave,wu sub-ensign (podpraporshehik), and a new or 2nd class was introduced. ‘The full complement of the 2nd class is fixed at 24,000, of whom 3,600 were to be enrolled in 1911, and 6,000 each sub- sequent year till the class was complete, The number of the Ist class serving at the end of 1912 was 28,500. ‘When the provisions of the new regulations are completed, the proportion of re-engaged N.C.Os. will be 6 per company, squadron and battery, of which three will be Ist class and three 2nd class. On mobilization a considerable number of the Ist class would be required to perform the duties of officers. ‘The inducements held out to re-engaged men are increased pay and allowances, bounties on completion of a certain number of years’ service, pensions, medals and orders, and the right t6 a post in government employ on transfer to the reserve, ‘The education of N.C.Os. is carried out in the instruc- tional detachment (uckebnaya komanda) formed in units for this purpose. Re-engaged N.C.Os. of the 2nd class before promotion to the Ist class must pass a course in schools, which are formed in each Division, They are then promoted as vacancies occur. the instructional detachment is formed in each unt (eg regiment from the Ist’ March to ath November. It is commanded bya captain, wssistod by a varying number of subalterns as instructors (each instructor should have uot more than 30 men to iastruct), and 45" supervised by a field officer. It takes no part in the ordinary manguvres and training of its unit, except that it may take part in 'SYfen wishing to join ietclve 2 mouths’ preliminary instruction Jn hte companies, and ave then to pas an entanny examination ‘subjects of instruction are musketry, gymnastics, tacties, map~ readlog, religion, reading, writag. and artic * ‘An examination must be passed at tho end of the course. ‘The schools for the instraction of re-engaged N.C.Os. are formed in each division from 14th October to Mth June. ‘The instructors. are appointed by the divisional general, The subjects of instruction ave the various regulations, musketry, tacties, topography, organiza Hoy aed the few metic. An examin regiment ecruiting, fortification, military law, and arith~ jon takes place at the end of the course. ‘Tn addition, N.C.Os, receive special instruction in their units. ‘The various grades of N.C.Os. are given in Appendix VII. (8) Oficiats (chinovniki)—The various officials of the Russian army (voennie Klasenie chinowniki) are civilians. 15 They must have pasced 6 classes of a primary school or qualified in an examination similar to that required for entry to a military school. Appointments "as paymaster (kaznachei), accountant (dyeloproizeoditel po khozaistoennoi chasti), and quarter- master (polkovoi Kvartirmeister), require no further qualif- cation, and these posts are mostly filled, on the nomination of the commanding officer, by men who have completed their obligatory service as clerks. An order of 1913 permits retired officers to become officials of the Intendanee department in peace time. Surgeons are graduates of the Military Academy of Medicine or of the medical school in some provincial university.* The veterinary surgeons are graduates of the Military Veterinary Institute. Both these classes serve as short-term volunteers. ‘They join between 28th December and 14th January in each year and, after 4 months’ service in the ranks, may be promoted at’ the discretion of their ‘commanding’ officer to the rank of official in their special department, in which rank they serve 16 months and may then be discharged to the reserve. The armourers (zavyedivayuehchi orujiem) are trained in the technical schools at government arms factories. For the various grades of official, see Appendix VIT. (4) Omcers.—The officers are recruited from the Corps of Pages or military schools, 20 in number.t Previous to 1910-11 these were divided into military” and “ yunker” schools, of which the latter were originally intended for the training of volunteers who wished to become officers, and were inferior in standard and tone to the military schools. ‘They have now been transformed into military schools with the same course and conditions as regards posting on completion of course as the original military schools. ‘The regulations for entry still vary however, and tend to * See page Wi," Handbook of the Medieal Services of Fore Part IV Huseia” (1910, for further details. f 11 for infantry, 2"tor Cossacks, & for cavalry, 9 for artillery, 1 for engineers, “A fourp artillery selool is projected ai Kiev and will be com= ‘menoed in 1014. Hitherto the two existing artillery schools (the third, ah Odessa, was only opened fa the auturan of 1013) have been unable t6 topple suilcignt wlicers Toe the artillery. It ls aleo proposed to establish & sok enjgluger school at St, Petersburg for 40 cadets, “Armies:16 continuo the social cleavage between graduates of the old military schools and the former yunker schools. ‘The ‘military course at infantry, cavalry, and Cossack schools lasts 2 years, but the former yunker schools retain for the present’ a preliminary general educational course of 1 year for those who have not passed the 7 classes of a secondary educational establishment (gimuazia) before join- ing. The military course at engineer and artillery schools lasts 3 years. A large number of officers receive their preliminary education in eadet corps, of which there are 29. ‘The Corps of Pages, entry to which is open only to those of high social rank, combines the funetions and courses both, of a cadet corps and military school. Graduates of the military schools are divided after the final examination into three classes according to their conduct, and general and military educational attainments. The et class, if of the requisite social standing, may join the Guard as sub-lieutenants (podporuchilt) or cornets (korneti, or if posted to the Line, may join with a year’s seniority. ‘The 2nd class join the Line without ante-dating. ‘The 3rd class join the Line to serve as under-officers for 6 months, after which they are promoted to the rank of olficers on recommendation of their C.0s. Reserve officers.—Recerve officers are either officers who have served in the standing army as such, or candidates selected from men of superior education who have served as short-term volunteers (see page 9). ‘The number of reserve officers is at present inadequate, and there is a great deficiency in the number required for a general mobilization. A number of places would have to be filled by re-engaged N.C.Os. of the Ist elass (podpraporshckeiki). Oficering of the Opolchenie.—In_poace time a list of persons suitable for employment as officers in the Militia in case of mobilization is kept. ‘The higher appointments, including the commands of companies, squadrons, and bat= teries, would be filled by retired officers of the army ; the junior offers would be recruited from such former N.C.0s. of the army as are possessed of certain educational attainments. ‘Promotion of officers.—The general system of promotion in the Line is as follows: The average officer obtains his 7 commission at the age of 21. ‘He obtains his first two steps automatically, to lieutenant (poruchik)* after 4 years’ service, to statf captain (shtabs-kapitan)® after 4 years’ service as lieutenant. Four years’ service in this last rank qualifies for yromotion to captain,* but a vacancy as company, squadron, Ee commander must be awaited, ‘Phus a regimental officer who is lucky may become captain in 12 years. ‘Therate of pro- motion varies much in different regiments, in spite of frequent transfers. There is among the staff captains and captains an undue proportion of men who are too old for their work. From captain onwards promotions are partly by seniority, partly by selection. By new regulations introduced in 1912, 56% of promotions from captain to lieut.-colonel will be by seniority, 39% will be accelerated promotions (of which 10% are reserved for graduates of the Imperial Nicolas Academy) and 107 will be. promotions for’ distinguished service. Similar principles govern promotion from lieut.-colonel to colonel. Officers of the Guard have two important privileges. A Guard officer transferring to the Line joins lis new unit in the rank superior to that which he held in the Guard, and, secondly, as the rank of lieut-colonel does not exist in the Guard, officers are promoted direct from captain to colonel. Officers uf the General Staff are borne on a special list and have special rules as regards promotion. They have lately lost their privilege of a step in rank on passing out of the Imperial Nicolas Academy. Retirement of officers.—The following are the ages for retirement for various appointments and ranks :— Army corps commanders 66 ‘Commanders of infantry divisions 62 » wp cavalry gy 60 ; infantry brigades 60 pop cavalry oy 58 7} infantry regiments 11) 58 » cavalry yy ws 56 3p batteries ; 56 Other field officers 2 ON 36 Other officers 55 ‘To be qualified for promotion to next higher rank an officer must not be within 2 years of the retiring age for that rank. * Or corresponding rank, (See Appendix VII.) (@ 10626) B18 CHAPTER II. THE ADMINISTRATION AND ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY IN PEACE, Apammisrraion, ‘The supreme command of the military forces of the Empire is vested in the Emperor, and the principal channel through which his orders are promulgated to the army and carried into elect is the War Office (War Ministry), ‘ho Wa Ofce comprises — ‘Phe Imperial Headquarters (cluding asta chancery, and the Gorsnek bodyguard), Cs" * ‘rhe ailsery Coue ‘The Supreme Miltary Court of Appeal ‘Pho Okancery of the War Mialston ‘The General Seat The Headquarter Staff ho Tatendanee Directorate. | Tho Artillery Directorate, ‘The Military Tootmioal Dircotorato. 10; The Military Blucational Establishments Dieectorate. 11, The Military Judicial Directorate 12 The Miltary Bauitary Divectonte 1s, he Quartering Ditettovave, UL The Army Veterinary Directorate. ‘he Renount Directorate, @ Alexander Committes for the Wounded. j. The Selection Board. ees Athena ef the War Ofc vans the War Mister To fp scoanie e Rept i, he Bf Bs eat ay il ‘lla cowed (Veet Soryl) is tho supreme body for acne, rer Crore Seon) ihe, neta Poly, ee Sc ge hata fe Gat tm Soy en porate wee tart Sadar ae gs ag ra apes They es araly Seneeper 19 The General Staff (Generales shod) deals with altary ope tions anf al untlrsIminoatly aocing thom.” Kt comprises branches — (e) The Branch of the Quartermastor-Gonoral of tho General St whih dots with Imperial doono,ulStary operat milly history, forteason and satelligeuo. ‘The Miltary Communications Branch. 3 dhe Miltary Topographical Branch. (0 The Organization sud Trsining Branch 3 The Mobitaation Branch The Headquarter Staff laent Sab), which deals with matters of a routine ndbure complica 8 “Tho Braoeh of thy Adjutaot-General (Dejuni- General) 2) ‘Pho Pension and General Service Branch, @) The Cossack Branch. The Military Technical Directorate (formerly called the Evgineor Directorate) deals with all technical matters, including Aeronautics and Railways. ‘The duties of the remaining directorates are sufficiently explained by their tte ‘Inspections. ~The Tnspector-Generals and Inspectors aro directly under the War Minister. ‘They are oix in number, viz. — ‘The Inspector-Ceneral of Cavalry. ‘The Inspector-Goneral of Artillery. ‘The Inspector-Goneral of Engineers, ‘The Inspector-General of Military Hducational Establishment. ‘Bhe Inspector of Railway Troops. ‘The Inspector of Musketry. ‘The office of Tnspector-CGeneral of Infantry was abolished in 1909, aud the appointment of an Taspeetor of Musketry created in its place, Infantry 1s inspected by the General Officers Commanding Military Districts, ‘The Military Districts (Voennie okrugi).—The territory of the Empire is divided into 12 military districts and one separate province under general. officers of high rank, These districts are subdivided for recruiting and mobilization purposes into 22 local brigades, which again are subdivided into a number of recruiting districts. “The commanders of these local brigades also command such depot and local troops as are stationed within their territory. ‘The army corps and such units as are not included in army corps are directly under the orders of the Military District Commander. A special staff is provided for each fortress to command all the troops in it. (w 10026) za20 ‘The military distriots and their headquarters are:— it, Eeierabure Deterabrg: Vina. Vina Warsaw. Warvaw. Kivw. Ki. Ores. Oita. Moscow. Moscow, Kouan, aa. Cancasien "Tidis. Torkistan. Tasbicond, Omsk Omi Irkutsk. eka, PriAmur. Khabarovsk ‘The province is— = Don Territory. Novo-Cherkassk. ‘The distribution of the troops in each is given in Appendix T. The general in command of a military district is usually styled “Commander of the troops ”(omanduyushchi oi kami), but in the St. Petersburg military district he is entitled “Commander-in-Chief of the troops of the Guard and the St. Petersburg military district,’ in that of Warsaw he is also Governor-General, in that of the Caucasus he is also Viceroy and Ataman of the Cossacks of the Caucasus, in Turkistan he is also Governor-General of Turkistan and Ataman of the Semiryechie Cossacks, in the Omsk military district he is also Governor of the Steppe Provinces and Ataman of the Siberian Cossacks, in the Irkutsk military district he is also Ataman of the Trans-Baikal Cossacks, in the Pri-Amur military district he is also Ataman of the Amur and Ussuri Cossacks. He has a personal staff and is assisted by a District Military Council, composed of the Assistant to the Commander of ‘the District, the heads of the Departments of the District Staff, and a member nominated by the War Minister. He has civil as well as military powers, and is directly under the War Minister. ‘The District Headquarters comprise the following departments -— perethe District Staff (containing 3 sections, the Quarter- master General's, the Adjutant General's, and that of the Commander of Military Communications). ‘The Intendance Department. Tho Artillery Department. ‘The Quartering Department. ‘The Medical Department. ‘The Veterinary Department. 21 ‘The Inspector of Engineer troops of the district is attached to the Headquarters of the district. ‘The duties of these in peace correspond closely with those of an army in war as described on pp. 25-29. Local brigades—These are commanded by ieutenant-generals oF major-generals, who have a staff comprising 2 oftcers, and usually a Tieutenant-oolonel to assist in the preparation of mobilization. ‘They command, subject to the Military District Commander, all Toval,* Aisefplinary and escort® troops in their territories, and, i time of war, dope battalions. ‘They are assisted by tho commandanis of reoruiting districts or eiteles (upezdi) ‘District commandants (voinskie nachatniki) are colonels or lieutenant colonels, ‘They exercise command over the local troops in the town Sehere their headquarters are, and over the escort. troops in, their Aistriets. ‘They aro_mombers of the Government or District Recruiting Committee. ‘They Keep the registors of reservists and are responsible for mobilization in their districis and for the ‘rovision of the stores, clothing, and equipment necessary for the Repdt battalions to be formed in their distrists, OpGawizaTton. Army Corps.—There are at present 37+ army corps of the active army, viz., Guard, Grenadier, I to XXV, lst to 3rd Caucasian, Ist and 2nd Turkistan, Ist to 5th Siberian. ‘These include all the infantry and cavalry divisions (except the 11th Siberian Rifle Division) with theif attached artillery and all rifle brigades except the 6th Turkistan. With few exceptions the troops take the field in the same order of battle in which they stand in peace, and a separate description of the peace organization is therefore un- necessary. Peace strength and establishments.—On the Ist October, 1913, the Army consisted of —} 1,284 battalions of infantry. ‘511 squadrons of cavalry. 327 sotnias of Cossacks. PES an man wane [EWE ot me eee a fm foe noe a SITES Ee Goa, Yo ot ielaig lol rs, ert ACU TE gnu at not Ieaing ol tes, detachments, and certain Train cadres, * =22 440 batteries of field artillery. 43» mountain 30) horse » TL 3) 3 horse mountain artillery. 39, Cossack artillery. 7 5» howitzer 24 y heavy 89 battalions of sappers. 9 pontoon battalions and 1 pontoon company. 16 Battalions and 1 company of railway troops. 7 wireless telegraph companies. 2 air battalions and 9 air companies. 3 flying companies.* ‘The peace establishments for the various arms may be taken approximately as :— Infantry... .- 811,000 Cavalry 2 133,000 Artillery 209,000 (3904 guns). Engineers 59,000 ‘Auxiliary services 88,000 1,300,000 + Staff and Staff Duties.—Every staff of an infantry or cavalry division or independent rifle brigade and of all units Jarger than a division has at its head a Chief of the Staff, an officer of the General Staff, who superintends generally the work of all departments of that staff. In all cases a body of General Staff officers and adjutants is placed under him in order to carry out the staff duties. ‘The departments which are not directly under the Chief of the Staff are those of the artillery, engineers, intendance, pay, and control, but the working of them is superintended by him. + A fying company will eventually be formed in each military district. {RINE mine ile iweon November ofeach yer and the fll tof Apa the strenget of tue annual contingent Ge Footnote on Tage 8). ja Qeeiutter aad Octaber aia the. peace Srength fe tncreaea ‘Sy tbe Feservists called up fora course oftealolng. In 1914 nearly 600,000 regular Feserviste will be eallea up for training. 23, The staff proper of an army corps is divided broadly into the Quartermaster-General’s. and the Adjutant-General’s departments and, that of an army into these end various other branches, including e department of the General of Communications. ‘The Quartermaster-General’s department is officered entirely from the General Staff, and that of the Adjutant-General from staff-adjutants,¥ while officers of both branches are employed in the Communications’ Department. General Staff officers are recruited exclusively from officers who bave passed the Imperial Nicolas Academy. These, after appointment to the General Staff, form a separate corps, from which they are detached only for periodical training’ with before each step of promotion. Broadly speaking, the duties of General Staff officers are those connected with the movements and operations of the army, intelligence and reconnaissance of the enemy, and reconnaissance of the theatre of war. Staff adjutants, in addition to performing staff duties of an administration and routine nature, are also largely employed as aides-de-camp to general officers, &. Uniformof generat and staff oficers.—Goneral and staf officers wear carnance a ite elrvion Gee as doeribod on page 3, ‘with blue breeches with s red stripe. ‘Tho distinguishing marks of 2 general are his shoulder-straps (fee Plato 9), the broad red. stripes (lampas) on his breeches (see Plate 4) and the ted lining of his great coat Officers of the staff are distinguished by their shoulder-straps ace Plato 6) and by the white cord aiguillettes which they wear. he Wearing of sigullettes ‘on manoouvves and in the field is, how= ever, optional. * Not to be confused with " mnjor adjutants” of tho General Staff,a4 CHAPTER IL THE ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY IN WAR. In war the army comprises the following :— Bield troops (poleviya voiska). genoa ope (recronig cick). Depot troops (zapasniya voiska). ‘orton troops (ryeposiniys soit). Local troops (myesiniya vorska). . ‘The Tmperial Militia (gorudarsteennoe opolchenie) ‘The field troops comprise the units of the standing army, brought up to war strength by calling up the reserves. "The cadres of Reserve” troops maintained in peace were abolished in 1910, but on mobilization reserve divisions will probably be formed from the surplus reservists of the Ist Glass and the youngest of the 2nd class. (See page 34.) “The depot troops are formed on cadres detached from the units of the standing army, and ave filled up by men of the reserve who are not required for the mobilization of the active units, by recruits, or by men of the four youngest classes of the Militia. ‘They serve to keep the units of the standing army up to full strength in time of war. . ‘The fortress and local troops are used in war for garrison work only. . . ; "Phe Militia has already been mentioned ; in time of war it forms independent units for home defence. I. Tue Freup Amer. ‘As in the armies of other great European powers, the army corps is the unit upon which the organization of the Russian field army is based, and practically the whole of ‘the units composing it are included in army corps. A 25 number of army corps grouped together form an army ; where circumstances require it, several of these armies may be grouped together under one command and may then be termed a group of armies. ‘The Commander-in-Chief of the armies in the field is directly responsible to the Emperor alone, from whom he receives general directions for the conduct of the operations. His Chief of the Staff, a general or lieutenant- general, has under him the three branches of the staff, viz., the Quartermaster-General’s Department, the Adjutant- General's Department, and the Railway Department. The duties of the Quartermaster-General and Adjutant-General are practically the same as is described for an army on pp. 27-28. Tho latter has under his orders the Judge- Advocate-General, the Commandant at Headquarters, and a printing office, &c. At the head of the Railway Depart- ment is a general officer, who exercises supreme control of the railways in the theatre of war, distributes rolling stock and railway personnel, orders repairs and new construction, and allots the lines to the armies, In the last-mentioned matter he submits his proposals, through the Quartermaster- General, to the Chief of the Statf. Nothing is laid down as to the number of armies which would be placed under a commander-in-chief. The number pula, however, probably not exceed three or at most. our. ing that there are three armies under the Com- ef, the total strength of the staff ie 68 officers, 27 officials, 308 N.C.Os. and men, 139 horses, 61 carriages. Armies.—The army in the field is divided into a number of armies under commanders of armies.* Directly under the Chief of the Staff of an army are the three departments of the— (a) Quartermaster-General, (6) Adjutant-General, (c) General of Communications, irecion of a Russian army in the fel feat present governed issued in 1800 (Poloente¢palerom upractenn wou). hese regu Intlous were not however stelety followed in the campaign of 1904-5, aid ‘commnlttee has been sitting sinee 1912 with a View to thelr revision,26 And directly under the Commander of the Army are the departments of the— (q@) ntendant. (e) Inspector of Artillery. )) Inspector of Engineers. )) Chief Field Paymaster, and (A) Chief Field Controller. The above eight are the principal departments, but there are also the following secondary departments and officers or official: Under the Chief of the Staff :-— ‘The Chancery of the Staff. Under the Adjutant-General® :-— ‘The Field Hospital Department. ‘The Field Medical Department. ‘The Plenipotentiary of the Red Cross Society. The Judge Advocate-General. ‘Phe Commandant at Headquarters. The Chaplain-General at Headquarters, ‘Under the General of Communications :— ‘The Lines of Communication Department. ‘The Road Department. The Postal and ‘Telegraph Department, The Transport Department. In European Russia the personnel of the staff of an army is fur- nished by the staff of the military district of the Empire in which the army is formed, the Commander, Chief of Staff, Commanders of the “Artillery and Engineers, Obief Tatendant, &c., taking over the same Iunetions in the field army, and their assistants taking their places in the peace districts, - But this does not apply to a remote theatre of ‘war, stich as Manchuria or Turkistan. ‘The Commander of an army has supreme command not only of ‘the troops composing his army but also of such districts and govern- mente of the Empire as may be specially placed under him. He {is directly responsible to the Commander-in-Chief, and receives his orders and directions from the latter throug the Ohief of the Staff. Very extensive powersare given to him in respect to rewards, punish= ments, &. ‘The Chief of the Staff, a Teutenant-general or general, is the chief confidential adviser of the Army Commander, is made acquainted with * But see footnote page 104 with reference to the Director of Medical Services. 27 all hig plans, and ingcase of death or Miness takes bis place, even though generals senior to him are cerving in the army. uni the Imperial plonsure ia known, He ban to collec alt the Taforamtion roquired fo arrive alan exast appreciation of the military and amine istrative situation, to leera the ideas of the Army Comtaader as 40 the goneral manner in which alates should to’ conducted, to take the Measures necessary Yor carrying those ideas Into exocation, to fubiivide business among the branshes, and. to ensure its punctual fxecttion, "He also supervises the work of other brandhee not Girectly under him, so Tat matters may go smoothly. ‘The Ohiel of the Stat is present at all offical interviews belween the Commander td the heads of departments. Tho pointa om which he must poses Information are divided into iwo eatogorien Tn the feat, ier th ou which Te must have detailed information, are fnclaed (1) ee fives of men and horses" (2) staions anil movements of waite; @) state ofthe traneports CH) geography of the theatre of ‘war, Shape; (6) strength, postions and movements of the enemy ; (6) post tious ‘and movemests of other armies or allied troopey (7) nutsber of sick; @) position of medical establishments; (@) mesos af transport forthe ky (1 stat of the ling of commusieaton 1) neue of transport on hove lines; and (18) strength of the reeéereo! Horse ‘To the seoond eatogory belonge foformation which need be geuoral only, vig as to the distribution and resources ofthe supply magazines a ring and engine perky the tata of he amg abd ane toa i posewwsiow uf the ttopey ull Che condom aad armament of the fortresses. i ‘Tho Guartermaster-General, a major-general of the General Staff, is the inmodiate assistant of tho ‘Chie! of the Sta in all questions Tolating’ to operations. He takes tho pluco of the lates in cas of death or fines, and ta the immediate eapeciox ofall officers of the Gaon Stat Gr ‘Conpa of Topogranbers employed with he army Sta. ‘Tho department is divided tate 4 sections, samely, operations, fecords, reconnalsaance, and topography, in chaige of exc of which {sa field otear of tho Gonoral Stal, with another offer of the sme as Wis asoatant,” Ta the operations section are worked out all matters onveraing tho operations aud distribution of Whe tropa, the issue of Souatersiga and parole, aud commuilcatious. with co-operating oF Sled armies. ‘Tie eeords section conducts eorrospondenee relatia to the persounel, services, and employment of all the General Sta Oficsra with the army, drawa up reports Upon actions or operations, aud keapa tho stall diary.” ho reconnatatance section gollect. al Information as fo the endmy and the theatre. of war, provides spies aud guides, and gupervioes War oorrespondence. "Te toposrapteal felon colacts Topographical dell deste topographical work, Ai issue mapa to the troopa ‘The Adjutant-General a inajor-general, fs the Smmediate assistant af the Obit of the Stat in all matters concerning tho personnel and Srgunization ofthe army. He is also chief of tho salilary earvice, fui has at his dispose ai the resoureesof the medical estaishmente * Bee pages 10-00828 His stall is divided between the Adjutant-Genoral's offio and the Modieal Ohanoory.. The former is divided into Ssections—inspoction, aliministation and rewards, In the inspection section are worked fut all mattors relating to the personnel of the troops, casual Fraasors and eppointmaest, pay, lire concerning the Command ai Healguartere and. the Chaplaie-Genoral, military police, axmy Srdere. not concerning matters dealt with bythe, Quartermaster General's department, end reports. ‘The administration scotion sends Yo tle supply of material naecs snd smimuiton the disposal of captured materia, and complaints. ‘The rewards Seetion attends to all recommendations for houours and rewards. Tho Commandant at Headquarters, a major-general, assists, the inspector of hospitals. in establishing dressing stations, and in arrbnging for tie transport of the wounded. In other respects bi tice are similar to those of *he Commandant at Headquarters of “the Gensvel of Communications of the Army, a major-gencral, superintends all matters concerning the establisiment and working of the Lines of commtnieation of thearmy. -‘Thestation commandants {nd the lines of communication (roeps ae under him. He alo takes {ip the civil administrations of oxeupied portions of the enemy's territory. He has under him the following Departments :— (2) Tha Tinos of Communication Department; G ‘Tho Road Department, which deals. with the material orginization, construction and repair of those Hines of road, salftiver of aml whieh form Tho eanmniatons of the Erni, It has at its ead a major-genoral, aud is divided into 8 vetlions (working, teobniel and accouats); (6) The Postal and Telegraph Department; The Transport Departinent, with a major-general at its (© soa, whose dutice are to distribute the conveys on the lines Gf communication and to supervise their personnel nd duties. ‘At the head of the Artillery Department isthe Inspector of Artillery of the Army, a eutenant-general, who is the adviser and assistant of the Commander of the Army in all matters concerning his arm, Tn aetion he may be called upon to take command of masses of guns. Ho is enirusted with the supply of ammunition, arms, and artillery material, and has under his orders all artillery depdte and technical establishments. ‘At the head of the Engizeer Department is the Inspector of ‘Bagincers af the Army, leutepant-genoral, whose authority extends over the cugineer troops, stall, ostablishments, and depots placed under the Commander of the Army. He arranges for the supply of engineer stores to the troops and fortresses, and directs all en- trincering operations in the theatre of war. He commands all engineer troops not wetached to army corps, divisions, &. 29 ‘The duties of the Tntendant, the Chet Paymaster, and the Chiet Controller require no explanation. ‘The working of the Held Hospital, Field Medical and Voterinary Departments i explained in Ohapter IX. or the establishment of tho staff of as army see Appendix X. ‘The composition and stvength of an ariay fn sat wet obviously depen spe oral cramatanses, and nothing can bo Il down spon fhe subject, tnt for a campeign against a great. military power & strength of about 8 army eorpe per army, io adition to a proportion of teoops not inaluded ia army eorps and tho necoesary fine of Commbietons top appers fo bo aie. fe Zoliowing may be taken asthe northal composition of an arm in the field: — 7 ¥ 35" Army Comps. 12 Covaiey Corps. 1 Diviedn Heavy Avec tataris) 1 Wireless telegraph comy 1, Squadron Pleld gendarmerie. Patks; Hains hospitals, Romouut depot. Pantoon tuttalions, siege parks, or other speeal technical units may be sided in certain ensss, The organization of the ait servis for Re.anuy is not definitely known. A detachment of aeroplanes and possibly an Ais Company will form pert of su army dn the fold. ‘Avy Corpa.—An army corps is commanded by a general or lieutenant-general, who has 2 aides-de-eamp. The Chief of the Stat is ‘a major-general or colonel, who has under his orders 2 senior adjutants (1 of them 'a General Staff oficer), 1 field and two other officers of the General Staff for special duties, an officer of the corps of topo- graphers, and an officer in charge of the whole baggage of the corps stail, besides 8 clerks and 2 lithographers. {> exact ‘distribution of duties among the various officers of the corps otail is laid down, but the general duties of the Chief of the Salt atv to wotk out the details of (1 portonual of mon and horses @) distribution of all units, issue of orders; (8) supply of ammu- Sidon) numberof days’ ration; (@) sito of She transport; @) topographical dotails and maps; (1) nows of the enemy 8) operations of co-operating bodies of troops (¥) connection. with She thes of communitation; and (10) the numbers of sick, and alse to have general information upon (a) distribution and condition of the modieal establishinents of the corps ; (b) means of transport for Wek and wounded (@ dstbutign nd eontnts of the depts of Supplies tuder tho Varps Intendant; and (d) distribution and fontents of the artillery parks belonging to the corps. Directly under the Ubiet of tho Staff of an army corps aro the Gorpe Bngineer, the Commandant at Headquarters, and! the comps30 ‘The commander of the sapper battalion of the corps should become, when is battalion is broken up into companies upon mobilization, the Corps Engineer, and command all the engineer units attached to the army corps." " He superintends all engineering work and the supply of entrenching tools, and has an enginecr officer at his digjot. ‘Phe Commandant at Headquarters las general charge of all the polite duties of the corps, and under him aro placed tho gendarmerie End the bagusge of the corps staff He sees fo the cleanfiness of tho camps; the posting of guarte for and the billaing of tho corps stall conta stlors and private carviagos, takes precautious against spies, finds guides, and ecleot stragglers. ‘Tha Taare of he “logy of stay corp erteant- oneral e direc © Gotps Commanter tor discipline, Btt'in Yechnieal matters is under the Inspector of Artillery of the Army. ‘Under bie disect orders are al the units of the artillery 201 alicticd to divisions, and ail the arillery parks of the corps. The artillery unite placed under the dort of dlvistonal commanders are Suberdluated 40 him in technfeal matters oaly. In action he takos command of all batteries massed for © specie purpose by order of the Corps Commander, and is af all times respousible for the supply of ammunition. io renders returns to the Uhiot of the Stat as to flo expenditure of ammunition and losses tm artillery personnel and horse, He has staf of two adjutante, : ‘The Corps Antendaut, who is esther 8 military officor or an offical, tag, ingest, charge of the supply to the tofops and departaenis ofthe afmy corps of food, clothing, 2nd cash. aes him a the divisional ntendartn and he supply and tre zines and depots whioh may ‘bo placed at his disposal by ‘Rey Tntendant oe tho Tutondga of Line of Communications ‘Tho duties of tho Corps Surgooa, Corps Veterinary Surgeon, (Corps Controller, and Corps Paymaster require no explanation. ‘To each corps is aftached a permanent court-martial composed of 1 major-genersl or colonel as prosident, 2 field ofcers as temporary tuemberss 1 secretary (olla L officer candidate and 1 clerk. To ihe court is attached a procurdtor's branch, composed of 1 colonel a5 nllitery provurator and 1 offer candidat. : "Tho ebcort of the corps staf consists of half an independent squadron of ‘Don Gossacks of 2nd or Sra Oatagory, numbering 1 oficer, 2 senior and8 junior under oflcors, 1 trumpeter, 1 lance- Corporal, 6 Cossacks and 68 horses. ie transport ineluding the treasury, consists of 16 L-horse carts au Prove vagons ati coking cart with 2 N.GO. and St ‘The telephone stores approved for an army corp staf include the material for 8 stations, aad 1B vorets (10 miles) of wire. ‘They are tntyiod in two 2-horse 2-wheelod cart ‘Tho atten and composition Of an army corps staff is given in Appendix X: Seo page 78. 31 ‘The strength and composition of an army corps varies as shown in Appendix I. Its normal composition is 2 infantry Aivisions (with their artillery), 1 eavalry division, 1 division of howitzers, 1 sapper battalion and the necessary adminis- trative troops. Of the European and Caucasian troops, the Guard, III, VIL, XIE and T and 11 Caucasian corps havo in addition a ville brigade. The XIV comps is compooed of 1 infantry division and 2 rile. brigade fhe XXIL of 8 nile brigades. “Tho XVE and XVIIT corps havo 8 infantry divisions ‘The Guard, XIV, XV, XIX, and IT Caucasian cozps have 2 cavalry divisions cach, The ‘V, XiTt, XX, and XXII have 2 brigade of coralry only. ‘ho VIE XT and XXIV ave varying number of Squadious Toes than a brigade, while tho TV. XVI, AVI, XX, and XXV corps have no cavalry at all beyond the Coatack escorts of corps and divisional stat.” It is probable that certain of the cavalry divisions would be formed into cavalry corps and become independent upon the commencement of operations. Some corps have, in peace, heavy artillery divisions, pontoon battalions, wireless telegraph and air companies. ‘These would form Army troops in war. Asiatic corps have a special composition. ‘The two Turkis- tan corps have 3 and 2 rifle brigades respectively. Siberian corps have 2 rifle divisions. All these corps ate weak in cavalry. ‘Tho Russian army corps formed in the war of 1904-5 varied very considerably in composition, and were frequently split up for some temporary purpose. Lately’ the tendency as regards Buropean corps hes been tore-group them with a view to uniformity. ‘The war establishment of a normal army corps in European Russia is given in Appendix X. It may be taken roughly as 46,000 of all arms, and its fighting strength as 28,000 rifles, 3,500 sabres, and 120 guns, That of ci differing from the normal can be calculated from the estal lishments of the units composing them. Cavalry corps.—Cavalry corps are not maintained in peace, and their strength and composition in war is not laid down. Tt may be assumed to be 2 cavalry divisions with a staff and a cavalry corps supply column.+ cabtisional cavalry may be fornished In war by 2nd Hine category {See pages 15, 281.32 Infantry Divisions.—An infantry division is commanded bya lieutenant-general, who has a staff of 1 colonels chief of the staff, and 2 senior adjutants, one an officer of the General Staff. ‘The remaining officials of the siaff are the Divisional Intendant and his assistant and the Divisional Surgeon. ‘The duties of the staff of the division are parallel to those of the staff of an army corps. ‘To each divisional staff is attached an escort detailed from ‘one of the independent Don Cossack squadrons, of 2nd or ard Category, and consisting of 1 oficer, 2 under-officers, 20 Cossacks, and 22 horses. From this the escort for the baggage column is detailed. ‘The baggage, &, of the divisional staff is carried in 1 two- horsed wagon and 5 one-horsed carts, with 6 drivers and 9 (1 spare) horses. "The telephone stores approved for the staff of a division include 19 versts (123 miles) of wire and 9 stations complete, carried in 2 two-horsed carts, If the division be not included in an army corps, its staff is increased by an engineer officer, a divisional controller, and 5 non-combatants. ‘The staff of a Siberian rifle division differs slightly from tho above. A Veterinary Officer takes the place of the Intendant, there is no Cossack escort, and the transport consists of 11 two-wheeled carts. ‘The war establishment of infantry divisions of the active army is given in Appendix X. It may be taken roughly as 30,000 of all arms'and its fighting strength as 14,000 rifles and 48 guns. Cavalry Divisions.—A cavalry division is commanded by alientenant-general. His taff includes 1 colonel as chief and ‘two senior adjutants, one a General Staff officer, 3 officials (i. divisional intendant and assistant, and divisional sargeon), and a Cossack escort of 1 officer and 22 N.C.Os. and men. ‘The transport consists of 1 uryadnik in charge, 8 (6 in Cossack divisions) drivers, 7 one-horse (6 in Cossack divisions) and 1 two-horse carriages, 10 draught horses (8 in Cossack divisions), and 22 horses of the Cossack escort. If the division be not included in an army corps, its staff is increased by a divisional controller, with "3 non- combatants. 3 The composition of cavalry divisions varies. The com- position and war establishment of tho usual type are given in Appendix X. Ite strength may be taken roughly #2 4500 ofall arms, and ite fighting strength as 3,500 enbres and 12 guns. Infantry Brieades.—An infantry brigade consists of a staff and two regiments. In both peace and war the sphere of action of the brigade commander is limited, and as a rule the divisional commander deals with regiments, &c., direct, In the field, the brigade commander is frequently detailed to command’ a zone of the fighting line, or a detachment, ‘The staff of an infantry brigade consists of a major- general (lioutenantegeneral in, the Guard) commanding, with a war staff of 1 brigade adjutant, 1 driver, and 1 clerk, whose baggage is carried in a one-horse cart and on a pack” horse. In time the brigade commander has no staff. The war establishment of a brigade is about 8,000 of all arms (7,000 rifles). ‘Tho staff ofa rifle brigade consists of 1 major-general commanding, 2 General “Staff officers (a colonel and a captain),* surgeon, and 12 N.C.Os. and men, with 2 two- horse wagons, 2 drivers and 4 horses. For war establish- ment of a rifle brigade, soe Appendix X. Cavalry Brigades.—A cavalry brigade is commanded by a major-general and has a staif of the same strength as that of an infantry brigade+ It consists of two regiments, either both regular, or one regular and one Cossack, or both Cossack. ‘The establishments of brigades of each type are given in Appendix X. Cavalry brigades have practically the same establishment in peace and war. * Rife brigades in war will probably sao include a Brigade adjutant in or ire servicer an Scr fa charge of communion ions "the wat of th indepentent brigade has 1 ofcer ana 8 non-combatants ‘taf! of ah independent brigede Nas fees and $ non-combatan aduitional, as well as'3 shore carta, drivers, and horse (e 10626) e34 35 TI.—Resreve Troors. Vi.—Tae Lerercat, Munna, On mobilization 38 reserve divisions will probably be ‘The Opolchenie, or Militia, forms the third line of defence, formed from surplus reservists as follows :— and it is stated that provision has been made for the forma- a tion of the following units :— 8 in St. Petersburg district, n Kiev district. Field Troops— } Odessa district. Infantry, 640 battalions. > Moscow district. Cavalry, '80 squadrons. Kazan district. Artillery, 80 batteries. > Caucasus district, > Omsk district. Fortress troops— » Irkutsl district, Infantry, 40 battalions. 3 Amur district. Artillery, 10 battalions, Sappers, 5 battalions, wwrnaSwe ‘The composition of these divisions will be similar to that of regular divisions. They would be used for internal ‘The 640 battalions are formed in brigades (not regiments) defence. There is no lack of trained men, but serious of 8 battalions, and divisions of 16 battalions, or 40 divisions Giffically would be experienced in finding a sufficiency of in all. The 80 squadrons form 20 ‘regiments, of officers, non-commissioned officers, and in’ supplying these 4 squadrons, and 1 regiment is attached to each of 20 divi- units with medical and other administrative services. sions. ‘The’80 batteries form 40 regiments of 2 batteries Difficulty will be experienced in the formation of reserve each, or 1 regiment per division. As their designation artillery units. It is doubtful if there are sufficient guns ; implies, the remaining troops will be employed for the ‘there will be no officers available, as active batteries are short defence of fortresses only. of their proper complement ; ali horses will have to be pu There are over 1,000,000 men in the Opolek chased and trained, . received some military training,* but the difficulties attending ‘There would also be some delay in horsing and equipping a general mobilization of th reserve divisions which have the Cossacks of the 3rd Category. . been referred to above apply with increased force to Those regular units, in connection with which reserve the Opolchenie, and although it would no doubt be useful units will be formed on mobilization, have au increased for home defence, nv great inilitary valuy would attach to i establishment of officers and, it is believed, of re-engaged except after a prolonged period of embodiment, N.C.0s,, to assist in their formation, Estimated fully mobilized strength.—The following is an estimate of the total number of trained men’ in Russia — IIL, IV, V.—Der6x, Forresss, avy Locar, Troors, ‘The organization of the DepOt and Fortress troopsis given in Chapters IV to VIL ‘The organization of the Local troops erage “Thase'anet man who fave pasted unronghs ies aceon, abou is described in Chapter IV. resteve, and are d8 0048 years of age. (8 10626) ez26 ee | Hy yy _ ei aE A 3 uf |i _ ‘ | i 3 Ist line—97 army corps 371,607 | 229,918 8 J ‘nd line—38 reserve divisions | 115,976 | 2,202 Other trained men avatlabte 0,0" OrcasizaTiox oF THE Lines of Communication mv Wan. ‘The dutios of the Chief of the Railway Department of the Staff of the Commander-in-Chief have been described on page 25. ‘Under his directions in so far as concerns railway matters only are the Generals of communications (nackalnik voennikh soobshchenit) of the armies, who are dealt with on pages 26-28, 3 Anes onven MiLiTAby GOVERNOR-GENERAL. Cree Tt remains to describe the organization ofthe ings of eommmuntea- tions themselves, ‘Phoy ave divided into stations (etapi). "On road lines these are af most 25 versts (103 miles) apart; ou railway lines, al inportant jotions, fa at encuing atd dtrafaing aio and also 60 that troops travelling may always be supplied. with a hol Ineal evorg 24 hours} ou water lines, st embarkingand disembarking points only. ‘Phoy’are classed as" dniial stations (nachalnd clap) Ferminal stations (golornot etap), collecting stations (shorn etap), ot intermediate stations (promejseickn’efap). Tntial stations are at tho DIAGRAM SHOWING LINES OF COMMUNICATION OF AN ARMY. Anen oF Obenarions, + nclued i thi gg ave TOA of the Ophea, 4 men who have passed Shrough the standing army at fomainder are surplas rereresis, Other men in the pachenie who have fully trained wenerver The ‘firest tote Iot Oategory, and. the nd Category” of the: Opolekens are not included. *37 commencement of a line of communications, torminal stations are the Advanced bases which move forward behind the army, collecting Stadions ave formed to regulate movement on long lines of communica tion, and intermediate stations are points for the rest and supply of ‘troops and convoys. "AY each station {8 a field officer as commandant (etapni komendant). Stalls are’ provided according to the importance of the station, Stations being Jivided into three classes. ‘ines of road are divided into soctfons, each under a Road Commandant (nackalnik etapnaoo uckostia), a’ major-general, wi i the superior officer of the Station Commandants. ‘Governors inay be appointed for the temporary civil administration ‘of occupied hostile tertitory, and are under the Chief of the Lines of Communication Department. ‘Lines of Comatinication troops are furnished by reserve or militia units. Movement of troops by rail:—A Russian troop train consists of about 85 d-wheeled wagons. ‘The following table gives the approximate number of trains required for various units : Infatey rsiment eraly no Fine od tater “Aillary brigade (18 guns) Howitac tieion Se ‘Artillery parks Sutter park brigade Sapper battalion (with seotio Eegtoon company’ we away fatalion : Transport talon ellos compa : Mobite fed hospital 2” Gavaley corpe supply colum wa of Bield park) ‘Thus an Infantry Division would require 48 trains, 28 follows:— Sl ng Z - vision baggage and saniiary division Rrogienta aye ee Artliyrgade » Y pat brigade 8 5 4 9 7 838 A Cavalry Division requires 24 trains :— Staff and transport 4 tepiments (2 squad 2 Hoe Artery batterie Comps Supply Column 8 39 CHAPTER IV. INFANTRY, General organization. —The infantry consists of (a) Guard, Grenadier and Line regiments, (6) Rifle regiments, (¢) Kuban Cossack Plastun battalions, and (d) Local infantry detach- ments, In war there are formed in addition dep6t (capasni) Pattelionsuand battalions of the Opoltenie ot Imperial Militia (@) Guanp, Grenavten axp Line Reorwenrs. ‘There are 236 regiments in all, viz, 12 Guard regiments. 16 Grenadier regiments 208 Line (Armeist1) regiments. The 12 regiments of Guards are distinguished by titles only, eg “the Preobrajenski Regiment of Guards.” The Grenadier regiments are numbered from 1 to 16and the Line regiments from 1 to 208, each regiment bearing the name of some city, provinee, oF river of the Empire, and many bearing, in- addition, the name of their honorary colonel, thus, “82nd Daghostanski (Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailo- vvieh’s) Infantry Regiment.” ‘A regiment consists of 4 battalions of 4 companies each anda non-combatant company, 17 companies in all. "The battalions in a rogiment are numbered from 1 to 4, the companies being numbered in regular sequence through the regiment from 1 to 16, ‘The non-combatant company bears no number. The regiments are organized permanently in divisions of two brigades of two regiments, the regiments and divisions being numbered in regular sequence through- out the army. ‘Thus, the 16th Infantry Division comprises40 the 6lst, 62nd, 63rd, and 64th Regiments. Regiments are commanded by colonels, battalions by colonels or lieutenant- colonels, and companies by captains. Company commanders are not mounted. They are, however, encouraged to ride at manceuvres and on service, mounting themselves at their own expense. Peace and war establishments—The approximate peace and war establishments are given in Appendix X. Roughly a company in peace consists of 100 men, and in war of about 240, and has 3 or 4 officers in peace and war. A battalion consists of about 450 men in peace and 1,000 in war. A regiment in peace is about 1,900 strong, and its war strength is 79 officers, 7 officials, and about 4,000 men (3,500 rifles). In peace, however, certain divisions on the German and Austrian frontiers, on the Black Sea coast, on the Turkish Asiatic frontier and in Siberia have an increased effective approximating closely to the war establishment. whe following special detachments form part of each infantry regiment (a) The machine-gun detachment. ') The communication detachment. (e) The scout detachment, Machine-eun detachmont.—Tho detachment is organized asa company and is divided into sections each of 2 guns. Tt has 8 guns in war, but at present only 2 or 4 in peace. ‘Three to six men por company are picked annually from the last joined contingent and specially trained. Oificers and NCOs are trained with an instructional machine-gun detachment. All machine-gun detachments attend annual practice camps which last for 15 days. ‘The detachment is comroanded by a captain with subalterns for two of the 4 sections. ‘The remaining sections are commanded by N.C.Os. Each gun has a detachment of 1 N.C, 7 men and 2 drivers. ‘The war establishment consists of 3 officers, 102 N.C.Os. and men, 70 horses and 24 vehicles (see Appendix X). ‘Armament.—The gun is of Maxim automatic pattern and takes the rifle ammunition. ‘Phe muzzle velocity is 2,854 fs. and the sights are graduated up to 2084 yards. ‘Several types of carriage for the gun are in uso at present, but the typo whioh will probably eventually be used by all units is the aL Sokolov equipment, fa which the gun on a low wheeled platform is ‘ervfod inea cart Urawa by 2 horsos, "he platform has 2 wheels, 424 races in diameter, aud when taken out of the cart can be dragged aloig on these either by a horse or 2 men. Whon preparing to fire, 2 folding logs are unstrapped from the trail and form with the latter a tepodlstad.” he gun can also be fed as it sands, witht using the legs. ‘The gun is provided with a shield, 158 iaches high by 21 inches wide. ‘The welght of the gun without the shield is #7} Ibs, of the Shiold 16 bs. Tt cau be rapidly adapted for pack transport in case the cart is ‘unable to proceed further. ‘The other mountings in use aro the Vickers 1910” which is only slightly different from the Sokolov equipment, and the tripod mount Jng.f 1904 vithout wheel ‘Epuipment-—The men of the machine-gun detachment carry carbines slang on their backs instead of rifles, and a Ainjat (ourved dagger) {instead of a bayonet, One bandolier is worn and 8 infantry axuauni- tion belt-pouches. ‘Tho Zelss range-finder has been adopted for use with machine-gun detachments. ‘Tniform,—Men of machine-gun detachments wear crimson braid on the eu of thet BS: dress (ao Plate 6). fools—See Appendix IX for tools earviod by & machine-gun detachment, ° * ‘Ammunition—The eart on which the machine-gun is carried has at tho rear 2 lockers, each containing a metal cylinder holding 4 belts of 250 rounds each.” These cylinders aro taken out when the gun is taken off the cart and ean, be dragged or rolled along the ground by means’ of ropes attached to handles at each end cf the eylinder. ‘Additional belts can be caried ia the body of the cart. ‘The ammuni= dion oarts carry each 18,000 rounds (40 belts of 460 each). Communication detachment.t—This consists of the mounted orderlies (1 N.C.0. and 12 men), 4 signallers, and 21 telephonists (including 1N.C.O.). It’'is commanded by an officer, who is mounted, and has two 2-horse carts for the material. The telephone equipment consists of 9 instruments, 1 central exchange for 6 lines and 10 versts (6 miles) of wire carried on drums of 1 verst (1,200 yards) each. Tn each company 8 men are trained as signallers. Two men per regiment are trained as cyclists. In war these cyclists are formed into detachments for communication between units and the brigade and divisional staff. © Or Walia of 20 rounds each 1 Bee also pagia EE a eT a Pe ee Ra ga eG en Prk above i often exveeded, the use of telephones being very extended in thi lunsfan ‘army. It may in fact be taken that the actu strength of the communication detachment is usually 60-00 men.42 Soout detachment.—Four mon per company are trained as scouts, and they are usually grouped under command of an officer and used as a separate body for roconnoitring. ‘They are specially selected particulary fr thei physical qualities Tn Manchuria in 1904-5 the scout detachment was employed for any particularly hazardous operation, and several scout detachntents were often grouped. vogether for «particular purpose. Four cyclists are included in the scout detachment. Infantry scouts wear green braid on the cuffs of their F.S. dress (see Plate 6). ‘Rogimental ransport.—Bach company has horse ammunition cart, 1 two-horse wagon, 1_one-horse cart for stores, and (had When Govotkersey” On ‘each ammunition ‘art ane eaered 20 zine boxes, each with 00 rounds ammunition, or 6,000 rounds, ‘The transport of @ battalion staff consists of 1 one-horse cart for oficers! Iaggage, 1 one-horse medical store cart, end 1 four-horse “The transport of an infantry regiment is divided into two lines, and is composed as follows -—* ‘et Line Carriages. Hor ‘Ist echelon of company ammunition earts 8 8 Medical store cartes wee 4 4 Wagon, with stretchers, &e 1 2 Ambulance wagons... : 4 18 Officers’ baggage (I cart por battalion) «4 4 a Gegimenial staf) 1.1 2 Cooking carts (1 per company). wv 84 ‘Telephone earts i me 2 2 Spare horses = 7 ‘Totals an 2 nd Line— Carriages. Horses. 2nd echelon of company ammunition carts 8 8 Eogimmnlal cnmuntin rte 6 Getipeny bopgnge wegona ® cee mae ie fiat Hagenge wagons Fy etenta ee 1 perv borees 3 Boils. a BL Grandtoils = BHD 1m command ofthe transport isan offoor with 1 sergt-aajor and 5.N.C.08. All these are mounted. “Not including the transport of the machine gun detachment, 43 Arms and equipment.— for Ore of lara catry Beary carved smo ag) erclver, ‘The new field series equipment for offers in roduoed 21812) ie similar to our Sam Browne belt: Te consists ofa belt with tivo slings, sword. frog, revolver holster, Seld glass case, case for Mstle Sod haversack all of brown leather.” ‘The revelvet is worn tn the left ado, te Held glasses and bavornack may be worn Tight oF ish a proforsed. (SARs sub-snsigns, sergeant-majors, regimental buglers, mounted orderlies, "and transport whder-oflcare are also armed with swords thd revolvers "The revolver is of $line calibre, with 7 chambers of two pattorns triple action for ollcersy single’ action for rankand fey calioey “SHE inch; weight, Lira ibe. charge of smokeless powder, 12-34 graiaes weight St bullet, 108° grains; muanle velocity, 02 fa, the font ofthe bullet is flattened to produce smashing eed. Tt i worn Tec cather caso on the walstclt, aud is secured by a’ cord. passed Found tho neck: OSicers may use Colt or Borebardt-Liger automatic Dillion og revaer . Six puis of fold glasses per company are carried by non- commision effars, “Mounted crdsrlice cory compasten. Rank and jile—Buglors and bandsmen aro armed with sword- bayonets and revolvers ; non-combatants with hatchets. Combatant non-commixsioved oilioeis aud anon atv armed with the «Bline” rifle, 1891 pattern,* which has been resightedt and adapted for new pointed ammunition. Tt has a quadrangular bayonet which ig always carried fixed, bayonet seabbards being left behind ou ‘The principal data of the rifle are as follows :-— Rife “Weight with bayonet 94 Ibs. ‘Total length with bayonet Bite. 8 ins. without bayonet Aft, 3} ins. Calibre". . 0280 de Number oi grooves «. ms Bwist of grooves | Lin 817 cal. Broech action Straight bolt. Contents of magazine S rounds, * Tpor cent. of the rifles with the troops were renewor in 1913, 18 per ents wiltbe renewed in 1014 ana 20 per cent. in 1915, and subsequent Years She ola rifles thus withdrawn mag! be Atted with mew barrels and become pie rth Ghee . "be resighting i unlikely to be entirely completed in att aistriets unit thle end of 1815, “Ail unite of the standing semy in Buropean Huss, how fren, are armed with the resighted rife,Ammunition— Total weight of cartridge... 36 L gre. Matorial of eartridge case... Solid drawn brass, Powder charge 465 gr, ‘Material of bullet (poiuted) ‘Lead with nickel and ‘copper coating. Weight of bullet 148 gre, Initial velocity : fo 2.826 6 ile sightod up to 2 81000 paces, ‘The rite has no cut-off, but can be used as a single loader when ‘the magazine is empty. ‘Phe amokeless powder used is a pyroxyline preparation in yellowish tablets. ‘Tho supply of ammunition carried is, por regulation, as follows :* Por Rifle. Garried by the man ... 120 rounds.¢ In the regimental 8.4.8, carts a rs Ta the artillery parks =. o ) Inthe local parks =... Ca . a9 ‘Total ‘he personal equipment consists of a waistbat of ul Jeathor upportlog’ pouth for 80 souyds'on cath sie of the clasp and the TieRemanh tbl on iho right sie An's eate, bead downs. tandoler. holding 90 reusde fs cased vor thy let shoulder ter ti oll’ greatat, anda fesersepouchy® holding. 30 rounds, is tuspeed Gpettedp over dhe Fehe hott and Tasted oe Wwaltbelt on tbe ett atte Suspended over the right shoulder, and hanging in rear of the left butiode is a walarproet canvas Hling, sonteing (wa suis ons Tals drcwers;Uwo'peirs fot cots: one towel ose alt ites aye! Provisions ab sho on page ify materia for Giesulug th rile, Tinh for ropeiry gmp. heaowife and dniing ea Hho Guards fie Mice SP HEE a Prapenck St Sider fale.) One ett portion of esbelier tent of eroy-gresn weterpetat camvas i ered Wie t aide of the kitbags Whe luminsourwaterbottog witheap, andthe oval bronse meetin ave algo suspend over the night Route, tod He'gu the top of dhe Alfa Fike grenade worn Fell ct bundowtie over tbo left shouidar, «mpc pet of boots "See also page 71. {In the wat of 904-05 this number was increased to from 165 to 210 ronda when gohng Into sotion in cieumstanoes admitting of replenishment, ‘Bnd up 10210 rourds when replenishment was dificult.” The extra rounds ‘Were carriod in bandoller, pockets and kitts iE T rouncs if the N.€.O', sles be included, Not carried by N.C.0s. 0 rounds isi full capacity, Weight empty, 10 ozs. 45 in a bag being strapped on to it, and the hood rolled up init. ‘The tots welght cob ad tho Infoattysclaor in marching crdet fs abot 563 Ibe, including 120 rounds. ‘The shelter tent consists of 6 shests, 3 poles'in two pieces exch, i ropes and 8 pega. ‘The shoets aro about 8 feet square, andthe’ wholo equipment’ is divided among six sch regiment has a colour, which is carried cased by tho Ist Battalion. It is about 60 inches square, in black, white and orange, and bears tho St. George's Cross with the Imperial eypher, aud the Goublo eagle. Bach regiment also has a camp colour, 50 inches x Bb inches, of the rogimontal eolour (according to its ‘umber ini division) and with the regimental number in black. To facilitate direction, dressing, fc, each battalion and each company har a flag. ‘Those of battalions have three horizontal stripes of black, oratge, and -whito, with the number of the battalion Gn the central stripe. ‘Thoso of companies aro red, biuo, white, and dark green, according. a the regimont is the Ist, 2ad, 3rd, or 4th, of the division, and have a vertieal and a horizontal stripe forming a cross in the coutre. ‘The horizontal stripe is red for the ist, blue for the 2nd, white for the Srd, and dark green for tbe 4th baitalion of cach regiment; the vertical stripe, ro, blue, white, and dark green for the Ist, 2nd, drd, and 4th compeuies of each baitalion respectively. ‘These ‘fags’ are carried ‘on tue bayonets of the matkers. Soo Plate 12. For extrenshing tools carried, see Apponiix IX.1 Its Intonded to issue searchlight projectors to all infantry regi- monts. It is not yet known what the pattern wil be. Tniform.—See page 50. (6) Rirues. ‘The rifle regiments of the Russian Army consist of— 4 Guard rifle regiments, forming the Guard Rifle Brigade. 20 rifle regiments (Nos. 1 to 90), forming in regular sequence the 1st to Sth Rifle Brigades of the Line, of 4 regiments each. 12 Finland rifle regiments (Nos, 1 to_12), forming. in regular sequence the Ist to 3rd Finland Rifle Brigades. 8 Caucasian rifle regiments (Nos. 1 to 8), forming in malar sequence the Ist and 2nd Caucasian Rifle Brigades. 22 Turkistan rifle regiments (Nos. 1 to 22), forming in regular sequence the Ist to 4th Turkistan Rifle Brigades, of 4 regiments each, and the 5th and 6th ‘Turkistan Rifle Brigades, of 3 regiments each. (N.B—All the above regiments have 2 battalions each.)46 44 Siberian rifle regiments (Nos. 1 to 44), of 4 battalions each, forming in regula sequence the Ist to 11th Siberian Rifle Divisions Hstablishments—The war establishment of a Siberian rifle regiment is the same as that of an infantry regiment (see Appendix X), with the exception that the system of transport is different, as there are 382 drivers and 437 horses including 43 spare), In the Irkutsk and Pri-Amur istricts “Siberian rifle regiments have mounted scout detachments. ‘The peace establishment is much higher and roximates closely to the war establishment. eace and war establishments of companies in 2-battalion rifle regiments in Europe are the same as those of infantry regiments. Fach regiment has a detachment of 6 mounted orderlies (1 N.C.O. and 5 men). A machine-gun detachment of 8 guns forms part of each regiment. It is believed that riffe regiments have at present only pack equipment for machine guns. Four men per company are trained as scouts.* The communication detachment is similar to that of an infantry regiment but of half the strength. Finland rifle regiments have 6 cyclists per regiment, who are armed with revolvers. "The war establishment of a 2-battalion rifle regiment is, given in Appendix X. ‘Transport.—The following is the transport for a rifle regiment of 2 battalions in Europe:— Carriages. Horses, at Line st cobelon of company ammunition carts Medical store eart : L-horse eart with stretchers Abulanee wagons. ‘Baggage of regimental stai ‘battalion officers. ooking carts Riding horses Spare horses ences Bl euBewenen ‘Totals a *» In Turkisten rifle regiments the eeouts are mounted, and are increased to'b per company. They are formed in a detachment commanded by ait cmticer. a7 2nd Line— Carriages. Horses, 2nd echelon of company ammunitioncarts 4 a Regimental ammanition carts... aw, 4 8 Sotpany tagrage wegen 8 6 jegimental baggage wagons 2 4 Company baggage carts. 9 9 ‘Telephone cart = 1 1 Riding horses a Spare horses. 4 Totals » Grand totals om For a Siberian rifle rogimont and Turkistan rifle regiment. the transport consists of the following 2-wheelod earts, all drawn by Thorse, except the feld kitchens, which have 2 horses ° Siberian uiian Filleregt. rifle tept @ bm Company S.A.A.casts BB “geo Soliton yy LB : Medical acts”. ” 4 2 Ambulance eats an 5 Gare for sanitary rainial > 2 Flcld ktebops nes a 5 Totophone carts i Company bagenge cai at Oticers” ‘ Regimental 6 as for entrdnching tools 4 Company carts 3 Supply carts. Eniform and equipment.—See pages 43, 50-51 and Appendix VI. (©) Cossack Ivpaweny. Organization.—The Kuban Cossack otto furnishes 18 battalions of infantry (termed plastun battalions), numbered from 1 to 18, of which only Nos. 1 to 6 are maintained in peace, Nos. 7 to 12 being of the 2nd, and Nos. 13 to 18 of the 3rd Category. ‘The 6 battalions maintained in peace form the Kuban Plastun Brigade, which belongs to the Ist Caucasian Army Corps.48, ‘Uniform and equipment.—The uniform is the same as for the Kuban cavalry regiments (see page 58), with the battalion number in’ dark blue on the shoulder-straps, and black tops to their sheep-skin caps. ‘The armament’ and equipment are as for other infantry. (@ Looan Ixvawrey, Organization.—The local infantry is, as its 1iame implies, intended for local duties only, such as the guarding of factories and magazines, and in chief towns of recruitin circles, where there is no garrison. It is organized in smal detachments, varying in strength from 48 men to 3 officers and 511 men. There are 107 such detachments of regular and 20 of Cossack troops. They have the same establishinent, in peaco as in war. 1e “escorts” (konvoiniya komandi) are maintained for the guarding and escort of prisoners and convicts. ‘There are in all 530 escorts (503 in Europe, 27 in Asia), with a total strength of 11,738 men. ‘The local infantry and escorts are organized for administration into local brigades, of which there are 22. Uniform and equipment.—As for infantry, but the men have oul ene aeration Fouche Bho fatal leter ct the lsaltyTelowed by SC Gifyesin’ = lal) fs stencilled in yellow on the shoulder-straps (eee Appendix VD) ‘No transport is provided in peace or war. Deror Inrayrey. Formation and oranization.—A depot battalion is formed. on mobilization for each infantry or rifle regiment with the object of preparing drafts to make good the wastage in war of the active units at the front. ‘The battalions are formed at previously designated points, generally in the territorial district of the corresponding active Tegimertt. ‘Those of each army corps are grouped in a brigade, called ‘The Infantry Depot Brigade of the... Army Corps.” A Commander for each brigade is nominated in time of pence and prepares the plans for the formation of his brigade. His staff is formed on the issue of the order to mobilize. ‘The staff consists of two combatant staff officers, a medical officer and 10 non-combatant rank and file. 49 A battalion consists of 4 companies, each 260 strong. In special circumstances the number of companies may be increased up to a maximum of 8. ‘Vacancies created by wastage in a regiment at the front are filled on the requisition of the headquarter staff in the field by the despatch of “ marching companies” (marsheviya roti), 260 strong, from the most conveniently situated depot battalion, but preferably from the depot battalion of the regiment to be reinforced. Establishments.—A battalion consists of a permanent instructional cadre and a varying effective of men called up for training. The establishment of a 4-company battalion is given in Appendix X. ‘The officers and N.C.Os. of the permanent cadre are detailed from the corresponding line regiment. | The oficial and rank and file of the permanent cadre are reservists whose names are enrolled on a special list in peace time. ‘Tho varying effective is obtained from ensigns of the reserve and reservists of the regimental territorial district. Uniform and equipment—As for the corresponding units of the active army. Complete war equipment is held ready in peace. Turerian Minitta Ivrantay (Opolohenit Organization.—It is, stated that provision has been made for the organization of 640 battalions (drujint) of militia infantry, which will not be formed in regiments, bub, in brigades of 8 battalions and divisions of 2 brigades, and that these will be called out in two categories, 320 battalions 20 divisions) in each. Forty battalions of fortress militia infantry, 20 of each category, will also be called out. Nocadres are maintained in time of peace, but from 1 to 3 re- eugaged non-commissioned officors, detached from the active army, are sitaoked to each elrele commandant’s staff to look after the mobilization equipment. ‘Sirengths-—Each drujina is composed of 14 officers, 3 officials, 957 conbetiot sat 30 now combatant non-commissioned ofloare and men, ‘with 82 fraasport horses, 10 horses for men of the battalion to be ‘employed as mounted orderlies, and 16 carriages. (s 10526) D50 Uniform, armament, and equipment.—"Tho uniform will vary in colour according to the Government” in which tho battalions are formed, the only regulation being that all the mon of a battalion must be uniformly clothed, and that red shoulder-straps are tobe worn. ‘The clothing will’ probably be the national long-skirted coat, wile trousers, long boots, end peaked cap with the Militia cross in’ front. It is intonded that the various ranks should be armed asin the regular infantry, but at prosent Berdan rifles and Smith and Wesson revolvers are substituted for the small-bore weapous.* Mounted ‘orderlies have cavalry swords and revolvers. Men armed with rifles carry 84 rounds; with revolvers, 18. Government supplies for each mana cap badge, & waistbelt, 2 pouches for 80 rounds each, arms, aud ammunition, also drums and bugles, and for each battalion 82 shovels, 16 axes, 6 pickazes, 6 mattocks, 820 Linnemann spades, and 80 smnall axes. All'the rest of the clothing and equipment is found by the Transport.—The transport for each battalion consists of 16 2-horse wagons, I for office, &e. 1 for staif baggage, 2 for ammunition, 1 for artificers’, &0., tools, 1 for medical stores, 6 for aupplies, and’ 4 for company baggage. GENERAL NOTE ON UNIFORM. The Russian army adopted in 1913 a universal field service dress of grey-groon or protective (sashchitnaya) colour, which is worn on all oceasions. On ceremonial ocea- sions a coloured plastron (Jaiskan) is added to the F.S, blouse fand coloured stripes to the trouser, and a fur eap is, wom instead of the FS. exp. The Guard, cavalry, Cossack and horse artillery units, however, still retain their separate full dress uniform in addition to’ the F.S. uniform. In this handbook descriptions of uniform will be confined to the field service dress. ‘The principle followed will bo to describe in this chapter those parts of the uniform which are common to all branches of the service and to note any particular differences in the chapter ealing with the arm concerned. ‘The distinctive marks by which the arm and unit to which a man belongs may be recognised are given in Appendix VI. These dis tinetions are:— (2) In the Guard, the coloured piping on the collar, cuffs, and © Ghoution straps. _ © Br all units, “xcopt the Guard, the numerals eyphers and 08 worn on the shoulder-straps (© Imall units, the colour of the coloured sida of the reversible Shoulder-straps and ofthe palehes on the collar of the great= © In cayalry and Cossack units the colour of the stripe on the 7 See footnote, page «8. BI A offcors wone a single-breasted jacket of grey-green sloth wil Gatton of to tote colour ie! of stamped ialbar or af Trt "he asec ee ide aul swe outed bree poke ea Ss Mtb late cneugh to slow of» tek woslen-esitect belo morn meena Heol is if unches Nigh ands Iauened eer aes Otesrs of Guard reghnonts went eolonre ing on eps ike reat pokes and onthe oul Basge’ Fake are worn’ see tieatiee e ‘he rank anf fe ose © Bouse (rata) of sinsler colour. Its pattern is that of the blouse commonly worn by the Russian peasan ween cs ne cre ante ae tf inches taTinighe Tees wee ssa beak th ie eats” Shoulder ste noes eeteatk nit lease novels, ons nde bemng coloured aad ho tt i pane” on ris ano ase On oth es (ete in Gamedwopiments) ae stoned. numbors lire aah BREE cen longs oe Apoonale Oy In Gust eet eee eee ee eee eee id pha with Sout rei he trousor aro of shnilae colour an mateda othe jacket exept ec ene eno aac gad keg et taoitae hac white 2 Sat ear waskine tothe knees ‘ho Torage cap i af rey-gveon cloth wie a pat of te sane colour, “Alfoficsrs and fue rank and ‘lo of mounted units wear a cieeeicap actning eta, Who Sauce enon ee acta og te med ee ay gaan ether te tose of he eae aaa Fee ee ee oe one Oe he Se and oa see ho greta! of th rake and le oof heavy greyishebrowa clot, and soSias tay bette Laos at Sable Te tons with ee ee eee de ered i bee ob sesmtdta Meta Ay Ge yale hones eteh of cloned sel ariel, which turns down; and tho stbldcr-trape eof ihe sat Saunt ot tho Ton he jake ia pease Ts ae cane rie eat haeee tore ue the gbeloat in the Piste. ‘he Hoe ori) i'of camels bate lect Teng end wha canbe rated sate Shc ace a tts Gare wie restate ‘Boris hood ngs onthe man's beau ho ents Are oensod Wrrihe chest andacked undor te welol bot Te caeen rane oct biueeree atte he colours ihe sone pathestg the etentont, in th Snfntry nan canes wie ihe eae eaten at te tghon Tihegul cotndned it cashaleisos, Gate, bee whe date gos aaee ee eee siete taal oe osetk ae Foot slots re wom instead of socks Giants te own a ence helen ate peo ed wth nel eboera bets, (= 10626) v252 Distinetive marks of rank (common to all arms).— Officers (see Plate 5). An officer's rank is indicated by bis shoulder-straps and the Daiges on them. ‘The badges of rank aro :— Sub-lieutenant ss Two stars. Lieutenant Three stars. Btaff-captain Four stars. Captain No stare. For the above the shouldor-straps, which are of cloth of the same colour as the shoulder-straps of the men and stiffened inside, are covered with two strips of gold or silver lace showing, a strip of the loth in the middle and round the edges. On the shoulder-straps are borne the same number and eypher as on the men’s shoulder-straps in aildition to the badges of rauk. Lieutenant-colonel ‘Phree stars. Colonel ae No stars. Yor fleld-officers the shoulder-straps have three strips of gold or silver lace showing two strips of eloth in the middle, Sfajor-General : ‘Two stars, Tiewtenant- Genial ‘Treo stars. Generals No stars. Pietd-Marshal Croased batons, ‘The shouldor-straps of general ofeaes are. of scarlet cloth completely covered, exeopt at the egos, with gol lace, Now commissioned agicers (oe Plate 6). ‘The rani ip indicated by stripes of braid oF tape on the shoulder straps as under Sub-ensigus (podproporshchiti) a stripe of gol lace down the Thilo of the shoulder-srap. Sergeant-majors, 2 broad stripe of dark orange braid aoross the Shoniderestrap. Senior under-ailicers three Tunior under-ofteers,. two ‘Lance: corporsisone Re-engaged N.C.Os. of the 2ad class wear in addition a narrow strip of dark orange braid across the upper ends of the sbouler- straps Short-term voluniedrs (see page 9) wear a twisted cord of the national colours (orange, black, and white) round the edges of the Shoulder-strape. stripes of dark orange tape across the shoulder-straps. 58. CHAPTER V. CAVALRY. Reovnar Cavaey. Organization.—The regular cavalry consists of -—* 4 regiments of Guard cuirassiers, of 4 squadrons each. 1 regiment of horse grenadiers (Guard), of 6 squadrons. 23 regiments of dragoons ; 1 of the Guard, 20 of the Line (Nos. 1 to 20), 1 Littoral (Primorski) Regi- ment, 1 Crimean Regiment ; all of 6 squadrons each. 19 regiments of Ulans ; 2 of the Guard, 17 of the Line (Nos. 1 to 17); all of 6 squadrons each. 20 regiments of hussars ; 2 of the Guard, 18 of the Line (Nos. 1 to 18); all of 6 squadrons each, L regiment of Daghestan horse, of 6 squadtons.t 1 division of Oset horse, of 2 squadrons. 1 division of Turkoman horse, of 2 squadrons. The regiments of the Guard have titles only—thus, “The Guard Hussar Regiment, the Emperor's” ; while those of the Line bave numbers and territorial names, and the majority also the name of their honorary colonel—thus, “Ist Sumski Hussar Regiment (King Frederick VIIE of Denmark's). Regiments are commanded by colonels, half- regiments (divisions) by lieutenant-colonels, and squadrons, which are divided into four troops, by captains. ‘With the exception of the 20th Finland Dragoons and of the Crimean regiment, all the above are “permanently included in cavalry divisions or brigades (see Appendix 1). * Te has been deolded ta raze another 26 regiments of regular cavalry. Tt isreported that 8 of these will be raised in 1044. * * Practically irregulars, reeruitel from Mahommedan v 4 Teroguiars, but included here fr convenience. anteers,4 Establishments.—Tho peaco and war establishments are practically the same. A squadron consists of about 150 men, ‘The war establishment of a 6-squadron regiment may be taken as 1,000 of all ranks, and its fighting Strength as 850 sabres, For details soo Appendix X. + apes In each cavalry regiment there are two groups of specially trained men, One consists of 16 selected tnen (raccyehis, under an officer, who are trained in scouting, reconnaissance, long distance rides, &c. The other is a detachment of two officers and 16 men, specially trained as pioneers in the destruction of railways and telegraphs and in the establish- ment of telegraphic and signalling communication.* The latter detachments have as yet only been formed in the regiments of the Warsaw and’ Vilna Military Districts, but the measure will soon be extended to all regiinents. Cavalry scouts wear a stripe of dark orange braid down the centre of the shoulder-strap. Pioneers wear a special ‘badge on the sleeve (see Plate 6) ‘Machine-gun detachment.—.A machine-gun detachment of 8 guns of similar pattern to those of the infantry forms part of all cavalry divisions. In peace the detachment is attached to one of the regiments in the division, ‘The guns aro in carts similar to those nsed in infantry dotachments, Dut the carts have 4 horses instead of 2. ‘The ammunition is carried on pack animals instead of in earts, and the whole of the detachment is otated, The war establishment is given in Appendix X. ‘Mfen of the detachment will be armed with revolvers. Swords will be carried on the saddle, . | ‘Men of machine-gun detachments wear crimson braid on the euifs of their F.8. dress. Uniform.—See page 51 for a deseription of the F.S. coat and blouse and cap. "Regular cavalry wear grey-blue breeches with narrow stripes of various colours, and high boots with spurs. For distinctive marks on the uniform, see Appen- dix VI. "The Oset division wears the same uniform as ‘Terck Cossacks, with letters Og on the shoulder.straps. * Ryery year 1 offleer and 2 men frum every regular ant Cossack regiment art sent to the nearest railway tattulion Tora t months’ course of nstraction. ‘Upon their return they act as Instructors to a. regimental Clase of 20 pupils, which goes Uhrougi a soarse uf one year 8b The Daghestan Regiment has light brown Clroassian frocks piped with white, and with red shoulder-straps with leters J[p; breeches, wy-blue. " No gitdles are worn. ‘The head-dress ‘isa Cossack aby with cockade and white top. Oflcers als have w ight brown, forage cap with white band and piping. ‘The Twkoman divisim ‘wears red ‘Turkoman gowns, yellow shoulder-straps ith letters Pp, yellow waisteonts, dark trousers and girdles, and black sheepskin ‘Tuikoman caps. Armament and Ammunition—The whole of the Russian regular cavalry is armed with the sword, rifle, bayonet and lance, the last being carried by the front rank only. ‘The sword is curved, and its blade is 344 inches long. I wei 2 Ibs, 43 ozs., and is carried in a leather scabbard. lined ith wood aud weighing 1 Ib. 8f ozs, the rings being on the convex edge, so that the sword is carried edge to the rear. ‘There is a scabbard for the bayonet on the outside of the sword scabbard. The rifle is carried slung across the back, muzzle upwards, the butt being behind the right hip The (3-line) rifle is similar to that of the infantry, and takes the same cartridge. {ts principal data are ;—Lengthy 4 feet 08 inch without, and 6 feet 5°9 inches with, the bayonet ; weight, 8 Ibs. 3°3 ozs, without, 9 Ibs. with, the Bayonet. Otherwise it is identical with the infantry rifle. ‘The lance is 103 feet long, of hollow steel, weight about 6 Ibs, ; it is provided with’a loop at the toe to enable a horse-holder to carry 4 or 5 lances when mounted. Swords and revolvers, of the same pattern as in the infantry, are carried by officers, sergeant-majors, trumpeters, dismounted combatants, transport under-officers, and ali non-combatants, instead of the rifle and bayonet. Every mau armed with a rifle carries 45 rounds on his person, 24 more are carried in regimental transport, and 164 in the local parks, 233 per rifle in all. Men armed’ with revolvers carry 6 rounds, Equipment and Saddlery.—The sword-belt is worn over the right shoulder, and the sword, carried edge to the rear, is suspended to it by two very short slings. ‘The waistbelt, of brown leather, supports two pouches for 20 rounds each, one carried on each side of the buckle. ‘Tho saddlery consists of a bridle with bi Tit and head-rope, saddle with felt pa a head-collar with is, iron arches, and two leather girths, eather nuninah, two wallets on the saddle, and56 ‘ovo sadale-bags curried on the numnah fa rear of the sade. ‘The Gorn ‘nck ie cariied in front of the saddle, with its ends pushed into Si yal sud rer Hi hy lod lak with eo oust a hich the entronching tool is strapped on the if, and a’ picket post Othe nescide, ‘The man's Kit, reserve provisions, shashles, “and Horse shces are packed in’ the two saddl-bage. ‘Tho. bores Jia canvas watersbacket for every. sesond horse, andthe Inan's messctin are carried Sn rear of the saddle “The weight of th offear’s light saddle is from 16 to 18 Ibs, ofthe offcats ordinary sade 2 Ihe, and ofthe sade of the rab and file S74 tbs. ‘Photweight of the cavalzymen's clothing, equipment, arms, and sadilery is 197 Ibs, The horse earries about 30 stone in all ‘Standard.Lovery regiment has a standard, very similar to an infantry’ colours ‘whieh is taken ‘on service and carried. by’ the int Squadron. Tn ‘etch tquadron 18 pairs of fied-glasses sxe carried by noa- commissioned officers and scouts, "All offers, "N.G:Os. and scouts ‘ery compaaces. ‘Ponce detachment and entrenching tols.—Eacls squadron is supptied swith 20 Linnemann spades snd 20 smail axes, which are carried on The sade in leather covers, sd, ia addition, n the squadron bag tre carried bwo largo. axes. Algo 1 axe per squadron is eqrsied io tho eeimental transport” Ta the cavalry regiments stationed i2 tke Wireay ond Vilas Siiitary Districts apectal pioneer detachments lave ben formed of 8 ofers and omen ash, ee are provided vith a proportion of ight tlegreph equipment including 2 telegraph Tistrinnty 2 Telephone 2 Salography, 2 tgoalling’ ny dy tarriodin.a| oneshoree two-whoeled cart, certain stores for demo fife instalag 80 pyroxpin cartridge, toothed and 3 diary crowbars, 14 sledge bamraere, 9 shovels, ow, carried in 2 one-horse arte and on 6 packehorses. his measure will probably be extended "the remainder of the” cavalry, but at present the rogiments Stationed in othor districts have only 1 onechorso cart for engineer Sores, which dchades 20 pyroxyline cartridges, 2 crowbars, and a ow other stores and tool. ‘Supplies--See page 119. Teempords= ho transport of a cavalry regiment of 6 aquadrons in utiles imental baggage, 1st line— @ squadron baggage 8 amununition® 2 medical store I Neterinary store 1 office store 16.078 baggage 8 joking carts, 2-horse. ‘ambulanees, 3-horse. ack-horses with ongineer and veterinary stores, 8 spare horses. * 6,000 rounds in each, oT Del ge nd on Fee a sang Se ee see EES, oe 1 EE Ses rae wo ‘Total for eavalry regiment of 6 squadrons — a al tae of Sms ‘eine eres ee and 6 pack-horses in Ist Line baggage additional, Cossack Cavanry, Onganization.—The following table shows the number of regiments and squadrons furnished in peace and war by the various Cossack armies ; see also Appendix IT. T Pace War Sa] eel ea Sal 22]e army, |22| 22/22 SE | 28 | 84 = 3 | ia|&3 53] Gs | 22) ea £3 | 62/55 £3 | 22) 83/72 2 | 23 | 22 Bel Et | 23/2 as | a ze | 8+ | 52) E HS =| = a i| i a a) ul? 4/3 ai =]r a Ww = Included in the “independent squadrons” given above are tho com- nents of the Guard Combined Comack eglinent, which, coneists cf sr ot be Chae eng, Seat Ragin Tine Sele Saar PURE are domme asin crite the sent alt TP) squadrons at Waren and'2 Guat guna, wi ae ein ot Neer sn Gee oman, ic, eee ec frat erst Gaur cole ca Serie coe yet emit ee prctteos. PEST58 In time of peace only the so-called Ist Line Category Cossack regiments are maintained and, except as mentioned below, they are numbered in each army from 1 upwards, the Guard rogiments ‘bearing no numbers. To each of these corresponds, generally speaking, a regiment of 2nd and another of 3rd Line Category, which are embodied upon mobilization, Except in’ the Don voisko, no Guard regiments of 2nd or 3rd Line Category will be formed. ‘The Qnd Line Category regiments are a3 a rule numbered in sequence to those of the Ist Line Category, the 3rd to those of the 2nd. ‘Thus in the Don voisko the Ist to 17th are Ist Line, 18th to 34th, 2nd Line, and 35th to 5ist, 3rd Line Category regiments, ‘The 52nd is a mixed 2nd and 3rd Line Category regiment of men who have served in the two Guard regiments. The Ist, 18th, and 35th Regiments are reeruited from the samo’ district, and, form a so-called {hain (eveno), and so on in succession, The Kuban, Terek, and Trans-Baikal regiments are not numbered in sequence, dat bear names and the number of the category to which they belong—thus, 1st, 2nd, or 3rd Taman (Kuban) Cossack Regiment, of which the Ist alone is maintained in peace. Yor details of war formations, see Appendix II. “Establishments.—The peace and war esiablishments are generally similar to those of regular cavalry. "For details see Appendix X. ‘Cossack regiments have specially trained scouts, and those in the Vila and Wateaw Military Distrists pioneor detachments, as in, the Yegulae cavalry. Sev page 64 as regards machine-gun detachments. niform. Cossacks, except Oaueasian Cossacks (Le. TTorck and imeuts) wear @ HS, blouse and forage eap* as dosoribed Feousers with broad colour ‘varying in each army (ooo s without spurs are work, Me ny distnatre warks on tho uniform are desorbed ia Appenaiz VI. ‘Caucasian Cossacks wear the long Caucasian frock (cherkesska) ‘open on the breast, reaching below the knees and with four cartridge beets on each Dreast, loose trousers and high Woots. Tho head- Rross is a conical sheepskin cap, A hood (basilik) is worn, and bask felt sleeveless cloak (bur) instead of a yresicoat. Except in Pull dyes, complete freedom a8 to tho colour of tho cherkessba and ipead-dress is allowed, but on service a chenkeseta of dark-grey oF some similar inconspicuous colour would be worn. Tie shoulder straps ou the coat are Hight bine in the ‘Terek, and * xcopt Ural, Amur, and Ussur Cossacks, who wear a shi (pupae), whieli may be of any natural colour except black or white, 59 Arms and ammuntion.—The Cossack sword is of much the same paitern as that "worn by the regular cavalry, and is eartied. in Tho same mauner, but has no guard. It weighs 1 Ib. 15} ozs. and its seabbard 1 Th, 3} ozs, ‘The length of tho blade is 84% inches, a Gf the whole sword 40} inches, “It is suspended to a belt over the Might shoulder, except ia the, ube aud Terek Cossack, whe ‘Wear it on a walstbel, to which is also attached « dagger (inj). “he Goa ie take te sume ammmonition et ofS elas cavalry, but has no bayonet, consequently the bayonet seabbard on the aword scabbard is algo ‘wanting; otherwise the two riles are Practically the same. ‘Tho rifle is carried slung over the right Moulder, Le, tho opposite shoulder to regular cavairs. Every man’ armed. with rill carries 60 rounds, 80 in a bandolier pouch slung over the left shoulder, and 30 in bell pouch, The lance is 9 feet long and weighs about 7 Ibs. ‘Tho stave is painted black, and thero is no ponnon. Cossacks, however, are now ining equipped with the same lauoe a8 regular cavalry. Tt is carrod (on active service as well ag in peace) by the front rank of all Coasacks, except. those of the Ieuban and ‘Ferck. “Epapment ahd saddlery.—The equipment is the same as in the regula eavalry, excepts regards the method of carrying. the ammunition. ‘The saddiory is different to that used in the regular cavalry. ‘The bute utopia the Guard) u's spl ridoon with eagle se ‘Tho saddle is & simple treo with a padded valiso placed over it, tho whole rosting on four felt numnahs with a leather cover over them. ‘Two saddlo-bags avo attached to tho rear arches. Cossacks other than Kuban and Terek carry the volled greatooat and hood strappod in front of tho saddle, ‘The latter carry the folded * burka"” on top of the saddle-bags, ia rear of the saddle. The man's Kit is carried {nthe saddle-bags and in the valise on the saddle. ‘The weight of tho Cossack’s clothing, equipment, arms, and sadalery is 92 Ibs, Tho horse carries about 245 Ibs. ia all Banneroles.—Cossack rogimenta (except those of tie Guard) and tue Taskouisa division fave banserolts to. mark the postin of commanders of regiments and those of squadrons, the former being. fways carried ‘with the regimental ‘comander, the lator on the Hight lank of tho squadron, ‘The former is a square of 83 inches side, the latter swallow-tailed, 22) inches broad, 89 inches to the tips of fhe tals, end 15 iuchos to the head of the fork. ‘The regimental Danneroles are the same colour as the shoulder straps (soarlet for Euban and Siberian, dark bluo for Don, Hight Live for Osenburg and ‘Torek, eriimson for Ural and Semiryechia, yellow for Astrakan aud ‘Traoe-Baikal, and dark green for Amur aud Ussuri Cossacks). ‘The Siverian, Oreuburg, Semirycobia, and ‘Tyaus-Baikal Hogiments have Awhile and the Amur a yellow St. Andrew's oross on the bannerale, fn all have the regimental number in tho: contre. "The upper half Of the squadron Dannerole fs the same colour as that of the regiment, and in tho contre is a white or yellow band if tho regimental banc herole' las tho St. Andrew's cross. ‘The lower tal is—for the60 ‘at Squadron, scarlet 20d, light blue ; 3rd, white ; 4th, darke green: Sih, yellow ; and 6th, brown. (Bee Plato 13) Pioneer dachnens and entrenching tonlt—As_ inthe regular veavalry. ‘Supplice—As in the regular cavalry. ‘Tranaport—Dhe transport of «Cossack regiment of 6 squadrons consista of— ‘st’ Line squadron ond regimental baggage as ine regular regiment; 2nd Lino baggage—6 I-hors: squadron carts; 1 staff officer's baggage I-horse car 4 2-horse wagons 5 arith the same modifications as in the regular eavalry for regiments Gh the Vilna and Warsaw Military Districts. ‘The tranaport of S-squadron rogiments ‘proportionately weaker. Derr Cavaney. Rogular Cavalry Depdte. Organization.—Corresponding to each cavalry regiment there is a cavalry depot squadron which in peace traing remounts for it and in war forms a depét for the regiments in the field. Of these squadrons, 65 in number for Guard and Line, G1 are grouped in depot regiments, and three in the Cancasian Depot Division. The depot squadron of the 20th (Finland) Dragoon Regiment is not ineluded in a line depot regiment. paths Gard Depot Regiment has 10 squadrons, and is not Nhe Line Depot Cavalry Regiments are brigaded as follows :— Let Depbt Cavalry Brigade—Regiments 2, 4,6. 2nd Deptt Cavairy Brigade a etimante 3 7. 3rd Deptt Cavalry Brigade.—Regiments 5 and 8, and the Caucasus Depdt Division. Each of the above depot regiments has six squadrons, excopt the 7th which has nine. Phe Caucasus Depbt Division hhas three squadrons ouly. ‘The Ist Brigade ix under the Moscow military district, the Ind Brigade under the Kazan, the 3rd under the Kiev military district (except the Cancasts Depot. Division which is under the Caucasus district). 61 The Littoral Regiment has « separate depdt formed both in peace and war. ‘The units of depét cavalry are under the Army Remount Department, the chief of which superintends their work and ‘training and inspects them. ‘On mobilization, each Guard and Line Depot squadron forms two marching squadrons and a dismounted detach- nont, The marching equadrous are sent after the regiment as soon as possible. Subsequent drafts of reserve men and horses are sent to join as required. “Extublishnents.—he establishments of the various depot units in peace atid war are given in Appendix X. Taiform, armament ond equipment—Similar to that of regular cavalry. ‘ho depot squadrons formed in war will wear the saine uniform as their regiment. Cossack cavalry depéts. Organization.—For each group or “chain” of three regi- ments of Ist, 2nd, and 3rd Category, there is formed on mobilization « depét squadron, which’ makes good losses in men and horses in all the regiments afiiliated to it, There will be in all 18 Don squadrons (ineluding 1 for ‘the two Guard and the 52nd Regiments), 11 Kuban, 4 Terek, 1 Astrakhan, 6 Orenburg, 3 Ural, 3 Siberian, 1 Semiryechia, 2 Trans-Baikal. Establishments. Fach squadron will be composed of 8 officers combetant and 2 aon-sombatant non-commissionod officurs and inen, 221 in all, and 222 horses. Oniform armament, and equipment—As for the corresponding Cossick regiments. SureriaL Murra Cavanry. Organization, &e—It is stated that, on the Imperial Militia being called out, 80 squadrons will be formed, which will be grouped in 20 regiments of 4 squadrons each.” Each squadron will have 188 men and 108 horses. Uniform.—The F.8, dress will be similar of cavahyy of the line with the militia cross on the front of the forage cap. ‘Armament, equipment, av anmoanition—As in the regular cavalry. with the exodpiion, that ‘Bordan rifles and Smith and. Wesson Tevolvers are substituted for the small-bore weapons." Men armed es carry 86 rounds, those with Tevah 1—The Tmperial Militia cavalry is liable to be called out for training, but in praotice never i 7 See footnote, pageCHAPTER VI. ARTILLERY, ‘The artillery which accompanies the armies in the field consists of -— (a) Field and Mountain Artillery ; (b) Horse and Horse Mountain Artillery ; (Q Field Howitear Artillery 5 (@) Heavy Artillery. (@ Prez axp Mounnaw Arriuery. Organization.*—-Tho field and mountain artillery consists in peace and war of the following units ~ 3 Guard field artillery brigades,t numbered Ist to 3rd. 4 Grenadier field artillery brigades, numbered Ist to 3rd and Caaeasian, 52 Line field artillery brigades, numbered Ist to 52nd. 11 Siberian rife artillery brigades, nombered Ist to uu 1 Guard rifle artillery divisiont of 3 field batterie: 5 Rifle artillery divisions, numbered Ist to 5th, each of 2 field batteries. 3 Finland rifle artillery divisions, numbered 1st to 3rd Finland, each of 2 field and 1 mountain battery. 2 Caucasian rifleartillery divisions, Ist and 2nd Caucasian, each of 3 mountain batteries. Te has beon decided to reorganize the Russian artillery. ‘The’normal brigade, whieh at present contains 48 guns and is organized la twodlvisio of threo Sgun battarles, will probably give place toa brigade of 54 guns organised in three divisions of thres Ggun ‘batteries. It ts stated that Datteries will’ still be commanded by’ eat-colonels, The change was sly commenced ie. 1013, but no details are yet avaiable, {Phe ist Guard Artillery Brigade and the Guard hifle Ariillery Division re horsed with obestnuts, the 2nd Guard Artillery Brigade with trowns ‘and the ara with bleoks. 63 6 Turkistan rifle artillery divisions, Ist to 6th Turkistan, the Ist of 2 field and 1 howitzer battery, the 2nd, Srd and 4th of 2 field and 1 mountain battery, the bth of 2 field batteries, and the 6th of 1 field and 1 mountain battery. 1 independent Siberian mountain battery. ‘The normal brigade consists of 2 divisions, each of 3 field batteries. The 12th and 32nd artillery brigades (Kiev nulitary district) and. the Ist, 2nd, 4th, Oth, sth, xh and 10th Siberian rifle artillery brigades have, in addition, a 3rd division of 2 mountain “batteries. The 3rd Siberian Rifle artillery brigade consists of 1 howitzer division (3 batteries), 1 heavy artillery division (3 batteries) and 1, mountain autillery division (2 batteries). Tho 20th (Kiev), dist and 52nd (Caucasus) artillery brigades have 1 division of 3 field batteries and 1 of 3 mountain batteries. ‘Tho above artillery brigades (normally 48 guns) are allotted to the infantry divisions bearing corresponding numbers, and. the rifle artillery divisions to the corresponding rifle brigades. The independent Siberian mountain battery is allotted to the Ith Siberian rifle division, ‘The artillery of each army corps is, for technical training, placed under the corps inspector of artillery, a lieutenant- general ; in other respects each artillery brigade or rifle division ‘is directly under the commander of the infantry division, or rifle brigade, to which it is allotted. Brigades are commanded by major-generals, divisions by colonels, batteries by lieutenant-colonels. Batteries are divided ‘into half-batteries, and into four numbered sections. In each battery 29 men* are trained as scouts, observers, telephonists, and signallers, and 11 of them are mounted. ‘Artillery scouts wear a strip'of dark orange braid down the centre of the shoulder-strap. Siguallers wear a badge of forked lightoing on the eleeve. Bombardier observers wear a strip of dark orange braid soross shoulder-strap at top and bottom, Bombardier layers wear m Strip of dark orange braid across shouldor-strap at top and down seait of shouldar-sieap. (See pate 6) ‘A fold battery consists of -—" Firing betngS guns, &smuniton wagons, 2 tsaphone cst ("fet ite, 1 reserve siore wagon, 1feld Kitchen ; 2nd Tine, 6 bwo-horse supply and baggage wagons, 1 one-horse * B cooute, 8 observers, 12 telophonists, 8 eignallers.a 64 A. mountain battery consists of & guns (drawn by 6 horses each or carriod on 6 or 7 pack auimals easi) 80 pack eaimals with ammvoition, Sone-horse ambulance earts,1 eld kiteheny and) 128 pack auinals ‘wilh guage aud supplies. Puabietaentee AT Reid battery at war strength may be tsken roughly as @ollcers and %0 rank and file, mountain batory a8 Trofkedsand S00 rankand fle, "Bor detail soe Appendix X. Gn'peace only f guns are maintained, bat the majorly of the fica Hhiterics hear the western frontien*’aad all Chose in Asia, have in peaco # guns, the umber of horses maintained in some belug as aly 0 Le Tn most of te batteries Tn Asia the momber of ten Inaidtatned ia peace 1s tho same aa tho war footing, and a Af, or Feserve, section of 46 men fe maintained in yeaoe and War. Silla, the’ mountain” butters io "Asia havo” in peace "au increasod tlumber of pack horses for bos guns abd aromunition bones-—e:y, the ‘Tarkiston batters have ‘cack 152, horus with, guns, "and ISammuniion boxes, injform ho FS, blouse, forage exp, bots and great coat aro at described on page GL. Field arilory wear dark green trousers and son Slory Bex fete Brescie ante Devers went rkled spurs. ‘Por distinctive marks on the uaiform, see Appendix VI. “fomaments “Field batterie are armed witha QE. gun of Si, ‘Mouitain batteries have a2-95-in.Q.F. gun(1909 model) of Schneider Danglis pattern, ‘The gun is intonded primarily for draught by 6 horses, but is also adapted for pack transport by 6 or 7 horses (accord 3g to whether the shield iss separate Londo not) tails of the above guns are given in Appendix VIII, Ammunition} —The ammunition carried for the field gun is as follows :— Per gun With, the battory—8 limbors with 36 rounds ‘ach, 8 wagons af 88 rounds each= 992... 124 With ist line wagons—8 wagons ab88.... 88, With Ist perks of artillery park brigade—3i wagons 2b 92 — 8128 wee ne ene OB With 3nd and Srd park of “artillery park ‘brigade —68 wagons at 82 = 6256. 130 407 * Of Buropesn unit, he ira Guard, 204, 4, ot, sth, 11th to 18th, 16th to sen, 25¢h to 26ihy 0th to 3and) BBKh, skh, ded ‘and sist artiers ‘the ist to sth Rise Artillery Division, and the Caucasian, brigade ‘Arfillery Divisions ave ® guns in peace. See also pages 71-72, 6 A. mountain battery bas 80 pack animals carrying 12 rounds each zion da por han tn the. aay acalery pak 18 pack SSimals arty 18 rounds aplooe = 1,88 ar 98 por gu ‘Armsnent” and epuipment, of” porsonnel—Serjant-majors, senioe underoffloere and tcuunpoterscaréy swords and fevolvers; scouts and ttansport drivers carry curced daggers sud carbinos other Tanks turval daggers and revolvers. Mou with carbines wea” ove aiamuai= ion bleguec The hs of mounted men re aed ie ele J thate of dismounted men in eatvas keapaacks on the carriages. ‘hs freatenat, tess tit, waterbotile Imvereagk, and’ tont loth are Gerriol by dismouuted tien as inthe infantry, by mounted men at fa Shocavaliy. Telephon: equipment.—6 instruments and 12 verste (8 miles) of wire fn ea batters Entrenching too See Appendix IX. (® Horse axp Hons Mounraiy Anriuuzny. Regular Horse Artillery. Organiation.—The regular horse artillery consists of :— 1 Guard horse artillery brigade of 5 batteries.t 23 line horse artillery batteries, numbered 1 to 23. 3 horse mountain divisions, ist, 2nd, and Caucasian, each of 2 batteries. 1 Turkistan horse mountain battery. The Ist and 2nd divisions of the Guard HA. brigade are attached to the Ist and 2nd Guard Cavalry Divisions. ‘The 3rd battery of the Guard H.A. brigade is attached to tho Independent Guard Cavalry Brigade (XXIII A.C,, Warsaw). The 23 line HA. batteries are organized in 12 divisious, numbered 1 to 12, each division consisting of 2line batteries, excopt the 8th, which has one line and one Don Cossack battery. ‘The divisions are attached to cavalry divisions, and usually bear the same numbers as the cavairy divisions to which they are attached. A division is commanded by a colonel ; it has a staff as for independent field artillery divisions (see Appendix X.) Batteries are commanded by lieutenant-colonels and are divided into 3 numbered sections, * According some authorities there are 100 rounds per gun with the eile and ae ‘battery, the Don Cossack battery of the Guard, alao forms part of this brigade. v Pa 2 See p. bt for Cossack batteries (e 10626) g66 ‘The 1st Horse Mountain Division is attached to the Ussuri Cavalry Brigade (Ist Siberian A.C.), the 2nd forms part of the IX A.C. (Kiev), and the Caucasian Division is seached to the Caucasian Cavalry Division (IT Caucasian Eatablishments.—Dhe war establishment of s horse battery may be taken roughly as 6 oflcers and 920 rane and file of a horse souttatn Tttery as 5 oflenrs and 250rauk and fle. Six "guns and’ ammunk. on wagons are maintained in peace ‘A horse artillery battery consists of Firing betiery—6 guns, 6 smamunition wagons, one telephone east Firat line wagou—0 smmanition Wagons ” at line, 1 resorve store’ wagon, 1 ambulance wagon, "*Pmodial cart i ld kivcheny Sot a, 6 twochorse Wagniy and bageage wagons, 2 one-borse ears. A horse mountain battery consists of — Firing bettory—6 gana, 6 amunition wagons, 1 pack animal with Taephoneeqalpmen. Firat fine wagont 6 ammunition wagons. Transport pack animals, 1 Held kichen, Thiform—BS. Vlouse, forage exp, and greatooat are as described on v.51.” Hove arillory wear blus-gvey biceches and boots wt spare as in the cavalry. Horse mountain artillery wear black leather breeches. For distinctive marks on the uniform, see Appendix VL Armament.— Horse artillery batteries are araet with the same gun as fled batteries, but the equipment is somewhat lighter sat feos Younds are carricd. or detsils, see Appendis Vit Horse mountain batteries have the sane gun as mountain batteries Armament and equipment of personae. Scouts ani transport drivers cain amore ai Cabincd all obhce he coeds nak eee {GOs and men carry the sword on the saddle. Entrenchng tool —See Appendix 1X. ‘Supplien—As ta the cavalry Tephone egtpment6 ostcaments and 12 eras (8 ies of wie in each battery. Ammesnition— : per gua ‘With the battery... 6 limbers at 24, ammunition wagons at 96 ‘With battery reserve 6 y » 2 No special provision of ammunition is made in the parks for horse batteries. “Horse mountain artillery have @ park shnilar to that of ‘mountain artillery. 67 Cossack Horse Artillery. Organization. —Horse artillery batteries are furnished by the various Cossack armies as follows :— Army. Pesce. War, on (Guard) {3 3 Bou (hin oT a Rata 3 5 Tok 2 Oretbure 3 ‘Trans-Baikal 2 at ‘Total 20 39 The Line batteries are numbered in each army from 1 upwards ; those of the higher numbers, formed in war only, ate batteries of the 2nd and 3rd Categories. The batteries existing in peace are formed in divisions of 2 batteries each and attached to cavalry divisions in the same way as the regular batteries. is Aan a ROE i tng, al ere ie og ele ns na pacts, Om cet eT tc oe rma Ae Ie Ae argu brn, * Nos, 8 to 14 are of 2nd, 15 to 21 of Srl Category. Noa. 4 to 6 are of 2nd Category. 4} Nos. 8 and 4 aro of 2nd Category (@ 10626) Ea68 (¢) Fiexp Howirzen Anriuusny. ‘There are 35 howitzer (mortimnie) divisions of 2 batteries each, viz.y Guard, Grenadier, Nos. 1-25, Ist to 3rd Caucasian, Ist to 5th Siberian. They are attached to the Army Corps sormesponding to thei mumber, There is also 1 independent howitzer battery attached to the 11th Siberian Rifle Division. ‘There are thus 75 howitzer batteries in all, including the hovitaor division of the ard Siberian Rie Artllory Brigade and the howitzer battery of the Ist Turkistan Rifle Artillery Division (see p. 63). Each division consists of a staff and two batteries and is commanded by a colonel. Batteries are commanded by Jieutenant-colonels, are numbered in each division, and are divided into 3 numbered sections. Six men per battery are trained as scouts, observers, and signallers and are mounted. ‘There are in addition 12 telephonists per battery. ‘A howitzer battery consists of :— Firing battery—6 guns, 6 ammunition wagons, 2 telephone earts. Firat fine wagons—12 ammunition wagons Transport—ist line, | four-horse reserve store wagon, 3 section ‘one-horse earts, 1 field Kitohen ; 2nd line, 6 two-horse supply ‘and baggage wagons, 28 one-horse carts. Establishnents—Tho war establishment of a howitzer battery may bbo taken roughly as 6 officers and 240 rank and file. Wor details, soo Appendix iform.—As in tho field artillery, with the number of the division and Mp.'on the shoulder-strop ; Siberian batteries have the number of the division and O6. Mp, and Caucasian batteries have miimber and K. Mp. (see Appendix VI). ‘The wniform of the uard Hovvitzer Artillery Division is similar to that of the Guard Rifle Artillery Division, but with light ine pining nied of red (soe Appendix rmament. A. 48-tn0h {P. fed howitret (1909) of Krupp pattora was recently adopted, It is improbable that all the batteries are yet armed with this howitzer and a 48inch QF. Schneider howitzer is Known to be ia use, and possibly other patterns also. Details of the Krupp and Schneider howltzers are given in Appendix VIIL. Ammunition. — Per howitzer. ( limbers at 14 ‘With the battery .. Sammunitioa wagons ati} 48 With battory reserve 2 y 68 16 In addition 360 rounds per gun is carvied in the park, About 30 per cent. of the ammunition carried fs shrapnel, ‘Armament and equipment of personne dnd tlphone epiipment.—As ia the field artillery. 1 mu 6 (@) Heavy Anmivusey. Organization.—There are 7 divisions of Heavy Artillery, viz, Ist to 5th and Ist and 2nd Siberian. They are attached to Army Corps as follows :— Ist division to XX_ A.C. (Vilna district), ond, toXIX ,, (Warsaw , ard, to XVIL ,, (Moscow ,, 4th ” toXXI ) (Kiev 7) ), ath) woXIIT ) (Moscow) ), Ist Siberian division to TI Siberian A.C, (Irkutak district), and » ly y (PreAmur 4, ) Though attached to army corps in peace the heavy artillery divisions are intended to form part of the army {roops in war.* Each division consists of 3 batteries of 4 guns each. ‘There aro thus 24 batteries of heavy artilley in all, including the heavy artillery division of the 3rd Siberian Rifle Artillery Brigade (see page 63). Establiehmente No establishments have yet been officially published. ‘Arreliable German soureo gives the osiablishment of & battery as 4 officers and about 200 rank and file (see Appendix X)- ‘A heavy battery consists of :— . Firiog battery —4 heavy guns or howitzers, 4 ammunition ‘wagons, 2 telephone carts. First line wagons.—8 ammunition wagous. ‘rangport—Ist line, 1 four-horse resorve store cart, 1 field kitchen ; 2nd line, 6 two-horse supply and baggase wagons. Armamnent,—The 1st and 2nd batteries of each division are armed with G-inch howitzers and the Srd battery with 42-inch guns. ‘The weapons adopted are kuowi as the © 6-inch howitzer (1910),” and the "42-line gun” respectively. All the batteries have hot yet reeeived tho new weapons, and some have old 6-inch siege howitzers and 42-inch siege guns of 1877 pattern. With these old guns the platform is carried separately and takes over an hour to erect. ‘They are not, in fact, fleld guns at all. Details of the above are given ih ‘Appendix VITI. + Tt is reported that it has been decided to equip each army oorps with heavy aivieion which wil form an integral part o the corps in pence and war.” he army troopa will then contaln no artery.70 Per Pee gun ° howitzer ‘With battery—4 ammunition wagons at 20 ... 20 20 ‘With battery reserve—8 ammunition wagous at 20 ss 49 With park —“Howiizors, 38 wagons at i 40 Guns, 10 wagons at 7 = 200 Uniform, equipment, fe.——As for other artillery. ‘The number of the division followed by Tax, (Tax, CO, for Siberian divisions) is worn on the shoulder straps (seo Appendix VI.) Fisup Aumeyirioy Parks. Artillery parks in peace are no longer maintained, with the following exceptions : (q) Field artillery parks in the Ist, 2nd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 9th and 10th Siberian Rifle Artillery Brigades. Only the first 3 of these are horsed in peace. (®) Field howitzer parks in the 1st, Znd, 4th, and oth Siberian Howitzer Divisions, and in the howitzer division of the 3rd Siberian Rifle Artillery Brigade. Only the fet of thee is horsed in peace (©) Mountain artillery parks in the Ist, 9nd, 3rd, 4th, 6th, Oth, and 10th Siberian Rifle Artillery Brigades, Only those of the Ist, 2nd, and 4th are horsed in (@) Six horse-mountain artillery parks, 2 for each of the horse-mountain artillery divisions (e) Heavy artillery parks in the 2nd Siberian Heavy Artillery Division, aud the heavy artillery division of the 3rd Siberian Ritle Artillery Brigade. Only the former is horsed in peace, On mobilization, an artillery park brigade of 3 parks is formed for each artillery brigade and a park for each indepen dent artillery division, A park division of 2 parks is formed for the howitzer divisions. ‘The local artillery parks, of which one is formed for each army corps, form the second line of supply. They are fedTo face page 71. METHOD OF AMMUNITION SUPPLY IN THE FIELO. agen. noone 1" AGTION. ey as a supply by SAA. carts with regiments & by 8 Oe Tels vekere ao. 128 § x a 66 4e of grfilleny ° fob g © 23 65 Yecneccenea 3 3 = 7 46 130 2 é s 7 b Supplies brovaht up by rail by g Peles oreteNe PP ncpack “ Local park, 4 ? 2? Y- Note When the nearest local park is more than 4 marches distant, the parks are divided into 3 echelons instead of 2 (see page 7) . 7 from the Army Artillery Reserve Park or direct from field ammunition depots (see page 72). Eutablishments.—See Appendix X. Parks which odery mized ammunition are divided into 5 sections, of which tho first caries rifle and the other two artillery ammunition, ‘The howitzer and mountal parks which earry only gin ammunition aredivided into two sections. Uniform. —As for other artillery. See also Appendix VI. Armament.—Sorjeant-majors and serjeants carry swords and revolvers; other ranks curved daggers and carbines Asnroxitiox Sorry. All the artillery parks of an army are under the orders of the Inspector-General of Artillery of the army. When a collision with the eneiny appears probable, one of the parks of the artillery park brigade joins the rear of the fighting column, while thé 2nd and 3rd parks follow at the head of the 2nd line transport column. t the commencement of an action the park brigades are divided into echelons: into two, when the nearest. local artillery park is not more than 4 marches distant, into three when it is at a greater distance ; the firab echelon (one pa:k) is placed two to three miles in rear of the fighting line, the second echelon (consisting in the former case of 2 parks, in the latter case of one) about one march in rear, and the third (if the local park is more than four marches away) half way between the second echelon and the local park. commander of the artillery park brigade remains with the commander of the artillery’ brigade in action, ‘The artillery brigade commander fixes the place for the Ist park and the park brigade commander the place for the 2nd and 3rd parks. Echelons of ammunition supply are linked by orderlies or telephone. Infantry.—The 16 one-horse ammunition carts will accompany their companies as far forward as possible, and will be filled from the 8 two-horso battalion carts, which are under an officer in a central position a short distance in rear. The battalion carts are filled from the Ist park of the artillery park brigade, two to three miles in rear, Avtillery.—An “artillery brigade is fed in action by ammunition from the wagon bodies which are drawn up on the left of the guns. Five or six hundred yards in rear and toa flank of each battery are the 8 gun and'8 wagon limbers.A short distance further in rear the 8 remaining battery wagons are grouped together in two divisional reserves of 24 impty carts and wagons sent back from the fighting line are refilled and sent forward again. In urgent cases full wagons may be sent forward from the Ist park, but no interchange of wagons is allowed between the echelons of the parks, Sections are sent forward from the second echelon to the first, empty their loads and return again to their own parks, “To expedite the issue of ammunition, echelons may form temporary depots by unloading the whole or part of their ammunition at the places where they are place ‘The artillery parks will be fed by the local parks and the latter by the Army Artillery Reserve Park or by the depéts, the ammunition being conveyed in requisitioned transport if no line of rail is available. Rear Seevices of Agrinurey wy THe Pen, No cadres exist for these in peace ; they are formed on mobilization. The Army Artillery Reserve Park formed for each army consists of 192 ammunition wagons and serves to keep up communication between the parks and the field ammunition depots. Tits personnel, &c, comprises 2 officers, 4 officials, 1,448 combatant and 7 non-combaiant non-commissioned officers! and men, 1,268 Torees, and 199 carriage The Field Ammunition Depéts (skladi ognestryelnikh ipasoe).—These are organized in such numbers as the Gommander-in-chief may determine, on the advice of the officer commanding the artillery. They are under the immediate orders of the chief of ‘the artillery parks of the army, and keep the artillery and local parks supplied with made-up ammunition. Each ammunition depot has an cstablisiment of one officer 5 officials, and 40 non-oombatants, The First Artillery Reserce—Every army operating in the theatre of war is provided with a “first artillery reserve ” (peredovoi artilleriski capas) to furnish the troops of that army with artillerymen, artillery horses with their harness 73 complete, guns, artillery wagons, and small arms, but not with ammunition, It Is divided into four sections :—(a) The administrative staff of 1 oficer, 6 officials, 80° non-combatants, and 10 horees; (2) The personnel section with a fixed cadre of 6 officers, 7 combatants, and 2 non-combatants, and a variable establishment equal to 10 per cent. of the personnel and 6 per cent. of the horses forming part of the aril of the army) ‘he axils material section "with 8 por Gent of the guns and amiiuniton wagoie and 10 por cont of the gun carriages, stores, and harness of the artillery of the army's ie Sallie scion wit eerve of suallaraar | © ‘The First Artillery Reserve and the ammunition depots are formed at the main base of operations, and are termed depots of the Ist Line. If, in the course of the campaign, the army advances too far from these, new depots are formed at the intermediate bases. ‘The material required for this purpose is supplied by the district artillery depots (okrujnie artilerishie sad), where supply suficient for thie purpose is maintained in peace. TThe transport of the material from all these depots to the army in the field may be effected either by rail, steamer, or requisitioned or hired wheel transport, in which last case special parks are formed for the artillery. Mobile Laboratories (podvijnaya laboratornaya master- skaya).—Six mobile laboratories are mobilized by the district artillery depots as follows :—No. 1 at St. Petersburg, No. 2 at Brest-Litovsk, No. 3 at Kiev, No. 4 at Kremenchug, No.5 at Bobruisk, and No. 6 at Alexandropol. They are intended to prepare and alter the ammunition required for the field troops or siege train, and are established for this purpose at the ammunition depéts. They have no cadres in peace, the personnel and material being furnished by the district artillery depOts. Additional laboratories are formed as required for an Asiatic theatre of war. ‘The ostablishmont of each is 2 officers, 2 officials, 115 mon, 81 horses, 9 carriages. Mobile Artillery Workshops (podoijaaya artilleriska masterskaya).—These are mobilized at the same points as mobile laboratories. They consist each of an artillery and a small arm section, and are intended to repair the damaged guns and small arms of the army. ‘They are established at points where material and arms requiring repairs accumulate,4 Bho requisite matcril is supplied to them from the depbts at the base of operations, and they execute only those more important repairs which ate beyond the power of the artificers attached to the different corps. ‘They have no cadres in eset, the men and material roquired to form them being furnished by the district artillery workshops. The establishment of etch is ? ofits 4 ofleils, 157 men, 116 horses, 7 carving Depor Arriuumry. ‘The only dep6t artillery unit existing in peace is one depot horse srtlleryaies ion of 2batteries. It is stationed at Orel in the Moscow Military District and is attached to the 2nd Independent Cavalry Brigade (XIII A.C.). On mobilization ‘it is believed that one depot battery would be formed for each active artillery brigade, and cne for each independent artillery division, Inrartan Minera Frei Anriuurry. Organization and Strength.—It has been stated that on the Imperial Militia being called out, 80 batteries will be formed and combined into 40 regiments, each of 2 batteries. One regiment is to be attached to each of the 40 infantry divisions. Each baitery will have 6 officers, 174 combatant and 19 non-com- batant: nos-commissioned officers and ‘mon, 144 horges, 8 guns Sammunition wagons, and 6 other carriages, ‘Tniform—As in the regular field aruilery, with the mihtia cross or balge on the eap, and the number of the regiment on the shoulder strap. Locan Anrinusky Deracuments, Local Artillery Detachments exist at Kremenchug, Moscow, Tiflis, Wyerni, and Omsk. Nothing is known as to their strength, composition, or armament. ‘They aro probably of no military value. Fortress ARriuuery. Organization—The fortress artillery consists of :— ‘The brigades, regiments, battalions, and independent com- panies enumerated below, which are named after the fortress in which they are stationed, and are numbered within that fortress if there are more than one. Battalions are usually of 4 companies each. ‘The units are — 75 | 2) 4a/2 Fortress and Class. 2/2 |2 2|2)3 2/2/68 Kronstadt, 1 wl 1} 2 6 | 24 St. Petersburg | -j- 1 Sveaborg, 2 — > 2) 10 Viborg, 3... = 1 4 Kowno, 1... 6 | 24 ‘Ust-Dvinsk, 3 — 1 5 Libau* .., - 1 2 Osovets, 3 2 8 Lomja = 1 2 Warsaw* " 4 16 Novogeorgievsk, 1 = 6 38 Brest-Litovsk, 1... — 5 | 20 Tvangorod* |, — 3) 12 Sevastopol, 2 *. — 28 Kerch® = j=}. Ochakoy, 8 ~| 1] 3 Bender - = 1 Kars,3 ... * * — 3 12 Mikhailovsk (Batum), 2 7 ‘Alexandropol —-/-/1 Terek-Daghestant -|-— | 4 Turkistan — 3 Kushk, 3 —|1 3 Kerki —|— 1 Termes — 0 Vladivostok, 1 4) 15 | 60 Nikolaevsk, 3 -|[- 2 Total 6 62 | 261 *Tibau, Warsaw, Ivaugorod, and Korch are no longer classed as fortreses: Mikhailovak is saia to have been dismantled, But still retains Satus of fortress. Part of thelr garrisons of fortress troops will be transferred to the fortresses now under construction at Grodno and Revel- Poruala (Fortress of Peter the Great) and’ the remainder will probably be incorporated in the new eld unite now helieved to be in process of formation 'Y Garrisoning the posts of Khovijal Mekhi, Khunzakh, Veen, and Akhti,76 Ealinmen The yon ao war ellison vary onda afoot i (tere Ens ce maine on a wa footing On the “higher peace strength ” are the Novogeorgievsk, Osovets, ia REN pve enh ae the Sooper On Se a a ee nak oie eS emer puee ewig aru sire tcl OR. ee amg cH stn een Le ak a aT oe a he seen fies Sve fo cnt ote okt fx ran cer ta Se A ATI PES iota SDI, be ae naiees te eee ee ee Dee ae re a Sea eam Sg Bent me mip folowing of 1877 pea sto ti in 80 ie folowing BREE a pad (sout 2am rach eof 20 me owe 3 sy Sch ge In does sae to i aes gs eee manta inch fortress howitzer (1909) of Schneider pattern, ‘h heavy mortar (1877). S-inch gun (1877). 57 mm Qi Inch) anti-storm QF. gun Linch inortar. Uniform—As in the field artillery. For badges, &e, on the shoalerstraps ee Appendie VI. “Armament and equipment of personnel.— men have only ane. pouch, and earry As in the infantry, but the yyonet seabbards on active Irena Mnuatia Garrison Anriturey. ‘Ten battalions will be formed in war, each with 24 officers, and 1,308 combatant and 8 non-combatant non-commissioned officers and men. 17 CHAPTER VII. TECHNICAL TROOPS. ‘The technical troops in Russia consist of : sapper bat- talions, which include sapper and telegraph companies ; wireless telegraph companies; pontoon battalions ; air troops ; railway troops and automobile companies ; field and siege engineer parks ; and fortress engineers ‘These will be dealt with under the following headings (a) Field engineers, viz: the sapper companies of sapper battalions, pontoon battalions, and field and siege parks. (@) Contmunication troops, viz: the telegraph companies ‘of sapper battalions and wireless telegraph companies. (¢) Air troops. (@) Railway troops, and automobile companies. (e) Fortress engineers. (a) Frew Exonweens. Organization.—These consist of :—39 sapper_ battalions, ‘ie, one for each corps of the active army, usually bearing the same number as the corps to which they belong, and 2 extra Siberian sapper battalions. mntoon battalions, viz., Ist to 7th and Ist and 2nd Siberian (all of 2 companies) and 1 Turkistan pontoon company. Engineer field parks, formed in war only. 4 engineer siege parks, viz., Ist (XX A.C., Vilna district), end (XXLA.C., Kiev district), Caucasian (I'Cane. A.C.) and Siberian (I Sib. A.C.).78 Sapper battalions have 3 sapper companies, except the Guard sapper battalion, which has4. Each sapper battalion has in addition 1 or 2 telegraph companies, and a searchlight, section. Battalions are commanded by colonels, companies by captains, In war, the sapper battalions are split up. ‘The Ist and 2nd sapper companies, each with a ght bridging train, are allotted to the infantry divisions of the army corps, ‘Headquarters, with the 3rd’ sapper company, one telegraph company, and the searchlight section, Pbecoime army corps troops. ‘The extra. telegraph company, in battalions which have two, is allotted to one of the armies as army troops. Pontoon battalions and siege parks are in peace attached to various army corps. In war they would be allotted to armies as required. No cadres are maintained in peace for engineer field parks ‘Dut the transport is held ready in store* In war they would be formed from reservists, and a section of a field parle would join each army corps. It forms a mobile reserve of all engineer material for the army corps, and is also drawn on when necessary to supplement the entrenching tools carried by the troops. Establishments—See Appendix X Cniform and equipment —As in the infantry ; dismounted men woar ‘the same knapsack as infantry of the Guard, and mounted men wear the same personal equipment as drivers of tho Held artillery. Seppe Yatalions and companies have camp fage similar to those of infantry (See page 45). Tho battalion dags have 8 horizontal strips of white, orange end black. Company flags are brown with a Previous to 1010 emall cadres were towing were the parks in existence - Ist Field Park... St, Petersburg. 4 sections. 2nd Vine on oh Sth en Caucasian ‘Torkiston Omak True ied in peace, and the fol section. Sections, 2 PreAmur 79 eitieal stripe, whlch sro in the Ist company, blue in she 2nd. white in the 3rd, green in the 4th, yellow in thedth. "Battalion and company flags have the samo special badge and lettering on thefa, as on tho shoulder straps (see Appendix VI), exeept the Guard Sapper Battalion, For distinctive marks on uniform, see Appendix VI. Armament-—Dismountod mon carry rifles and bayonets. Wach man carries 90 rounds.* Mounted N.O.0s, bave revolvers and swords, other mounted men swords only. Entrenching toole.—The following tools are carried by the men of sapper companies and pontaon battalions:— a Sapper | Pontoon — company. | bnitalion ut shovels... 100 45 Ufa: 7 3 Gotabined pickao and mattock % & augere * Catpenters ebiscis 7 3 ry "rating tapes, 70 fect 4 Gross-ont sas 4 8 Engineer equipment and transport—Sapper battalion.—Each sapper company has in adition to sho ois credo shu tes, 3 eho ‘Wight and 82 heavy axes, 10 light and 8 heavy combined pickaxe and ‘mattock, 2 crowbars, 2 cross-cut saws, 100 sandbags, sets Of ‘axpenters, wheelers, joiners smiths’ and Blackmiths tools, ropes and ables, Valls and other atores for bridging, 800 detonators, 420 the, pyroniline and other stores {or domofitigns, and numerous other siorea, A company has 4 tolophenes aud 10 versts (04 sulle) twice The iat and 2a companies taro each Hight bridge ark, ute to construc a bridge of 28 yard longth ‘or all rma.t ° ‘The searchlight section of @seppor batalion has a searchlight with a tower earried on a Oshorse wagory 4 generator cartied on a 4-horse agon, and 6 Lchowge carte. The Searchlight is believed to. be To'em, in diameter, No details are known. ‘The folowing is the transport of a sapper Datlalion 4) Headquarters, 3rd Company, and Senrchlght Section —1 officers? Ott Ba cart t Poree stnbulances 4 medical and TSanitary store cart 8 2-horse supply wagons, 1 company * 30 rounds per rile are carried in aldition in the Company S.A.A. carts ‘There suo speci reserve provided in the parks for the sappers, and they Would bave #9 draw on the Infantry reserves ° FiAccerding to one good authority te ded company has also a light bridge park.80 supply cart, 2 field kitchens, 12 engineer store carts, and UL srhorse wagon, 4-horse wagon and Garth for the search igi section. (@) Sapper Company with an Infantry Division:—1 S.A.8.. cart, 4 supply and baggage 2-orse wagons, 1 supply cart, 1 field Kitchen, 12 engineer store carts, 6 4-horse wagons with bridging park. Pontoon battalion. —In aidition to the tools carried by the men, a pontoon battalion earries 20 shovels, 20 heavy axes, 18 combined pickaxe and maitock, 8 crowbars, 44 ond sections and 12 middle Sections of pontoons, 8 trestles, 2 anchor boats and all the necessary tools and stores for bridging, 400 detonators, 200 Ibs, pyroxiline and ‘other tools and material for demolitions ° ‘A pontoon battalion has 4 tolephor ‘The prinefpal dimensions of the Russian pontoons are:— - [ea Beet | Det ent fein ft im. | ft. im. | toe ii oe Middle sections... 5h | 8 2 | 2 5 1 | g.88T and 10 verats (63 miles) of Bnd sections | A. pontoon made up of two end sections will, with a load of 10,040 ibs, be immersed to 2 depth of 19 inches, with one of 11,917 Ibs, toradopth of 20 snchon aud with 18408 Ite. to 27 iuches, Te is Jaid down that the Tait of immersion to. be observed is 20 inches, whet used a8 supports of a bridge, aud 15 laches whon the pontoons are tmployed for fereying purposes, “E pontoon battalion cau construct 238 yards of normal bridge. Tile time oooupied under favourable’ conditions in bridging an ordinary stream by the ‘whole battalion is as follows :—By booming gut, two hours; by bys, our hours and by sinning, half an ‘The teansport of a pontoon battalion couststs of 98 six-horse wagons with bridging material (58 with poutoons, 2 with material fof roadway, 2 with bandos de 4 with totes gad 2 with boats); 6 two-horse wagous (2 with instruments, 2 smithies, 2 Tor reserve material); 1 telephone and 1 explosives cart; 2 B.A. A carts fovrtorse ambiance Wagon medial pdt sania store ar ion and 10 company supply aod baggage to-horse wagons, 8 field kitchens, pany supply = “Betas ofthe technical equipment and transport of the Turkistan pontoon company are uot available, beyoud that telephone stores, 81 explosives for demolitions, reserve entronching, and smiths’ tools are cuvied in 12 one-horse carts, and ammunition, supplies, baggage, &., in 82 one-horse carts, ‘Seoticn of @ fild park—A section of ¢ field park carries 1,200 sopper suovclo'1 $00 Sead Shocla150 ight, 120 heavy, and 90 sel es, 360 smail, 150 light, and 60 heavy combined pick-axe and mattock, ‘Worowbars, 200 sandbags, a resor've of carpenters’ and smiths’ tool of bridging’ material, 800 detonators, 600 primers, 4 telephones 4 holiogtaphs and othor sigualling material. ‘The above is carried in 51 one-horse carts. Siege engineer park. —A section of a sioge park carries 2,500 sapper shovels, 400 heavy axes, 800 light and $00 heavy combined pick-axe ‘and mattock, 100 cross-cut saws, 2,000 sandbags, a large quantity of various toola, stores for mining work, 8,000 primers, 1,600 detonators, £3600 Ibs, of pyroxiline, 25 telephones, and 60 miles of wire. The above are carried in 216 oné-horse carts, G of which are for telephone equipment. ‘Bach section has, ia addition, 72 three-horse wagons. (6) Commusicarion TRoors. Organization.—These consist of — 50 telegraph companies of the 39 sapper battalions* (see page 78). 7 witeless telegraph companies, vis, Ist to 4th Caucasian, Ist and 2nd Siberian.t In peace the telegraph companies form part of sapper battalions, and the wireless telegraph companies are attached to certain army corps. In war one telegraph company is allotted to each army corps, and one or two to each army in the field ; a wireless company would be allotted to each army. Tn war a telegraph company consists of 2 airline and 2 cable sections. A wireless telegraph company consists of 2 sections. Extoblishen See Appondix X. = The Guard, 2nd, th, 6th, 11th, 16th, th, Ist Turkistan, and Ist, dh, and Sth Siberian sapper battalions have’2 telegraph companies each,” The tthers have 1 cach Tis believed that the material for the equipment of another 7 com- patie sel eat (» 10626) e82 ‘Telegraph equipment and transport. Telegraph company—(a) Each Air ine section of telegraph com has 1 Sey of elogtaps lasitumont'S hallograghs Samp 6 tele phones, 5f mils of telephone wire, aud all material uecossary for the brection and snaintenance af 25 versie (10, miles) of airline. ‘The material Ja carried ia) one-horse carts, viz +2 with telegraph Satlooa, 2 for visual aigalling stations, 2 Yor telephone’ stations, 20 for materials and fools and 2 for reserve material (2) Bach cale section of a elegreph company bas the same telegraph, telephone and visual signalling equipment stan atime section and ail matorial necessary to lay out ant maitan 26 vennte (164 miles) of cable. ‘Tho itera ia earsied tn. 29 one-horse.earts, inst with felegraph stations, 2 for visual sigualling stations, I for talophones, 1) erlang ot cin each with roma I vers ach of cable and ‘Tho total transport of a telegraph company is: 30 carts for stations (16 telegraph, 8 visual, 6 tolophone). 74 carts with matesal (Ai for airline sections, 80 Yor cable ection). tart with stores 16 wo-home baggage wagons (4 por vn Atworhorse supply wagons (Ly 4 field kitohens Wireless telegraph companies—A company consists of 2 sections, each with 8 stations, and apparatus for I reserve station. Stations hhave @ range of 150-250 versts (100-150 miles) and require 30-45 minutes to erect. Each station is earried on $ carts, and each section hhas also a spars cart, ‘Phere is no spare cart for the reserve station Each station has 1 eart for petrol aud tools, and there aro 3 with the headquarters, making a total of 13. ‘These carts are all two-lorsed. ‘The total transport of a company is 40 two-horse carts with stations and tools, 28. (per section). 1 medical. sanitary store, 2 officers! se 2 offers! bageaes one-horse carts. Zembulanco (1 por section St bapgageandaupply (Rg eB with iecajeariers nares 2 Geld Elchons Chores), ‘Means and system of communication in the field. The following is a brief recapitulation of the apparatus available in the various units for telephonic and telegraphic communication in the field -— - gi¢ so: 2/2 (4) ]2 Keigretvioniet.. . | 0| al —|— Taitery of airy of s}—}— Staff of infantry division or independent | 9 | 12g] — | — rigede | suf otarmy corps. “ff ef—]— Telegraph company of army corps— | Cable sections ve) BE] Uy] 8 | 8 In addition there are available the 13 mounted orderlies and 2 cyclists of each infantry regiment (see page 41) and the visual signalling equipment carried in units. ‘The general principle is that communication rons from senior to junior. Exception arises in the case of infantry and artillery brigade commanders, who have no telephone equipment at their disposal. ‘Thus regiments keep up communication with their battalions, ‘the brigade commander and the neighbouring units, infantry division H.Q. with regiments, direct or through the brigdde commander, and neighbouring units, army corps H.Q. with their divisions by means of the cable section and with the rear services by means of the air-line companies. * Vinual signalling is comparatively ttle used in the Russian army. (e 10626) Fe84 ‘The telegraph companies of an army* serve to keep uj comnmmuneiog with the various aray corp and th clos telegraph companies to keep up communication with other armies, detached forees, the cavalry, &e, (©) Atm Troors. Organization.—The air troops in Russia consist of 14 air companies, (eocdukhoplavaielmya roti) viz. :—The Brest Litovsk Air Battalion of 2 companies, the ard to 6th and 9thto 11th air companies, the Ist Caucasian air company, the Siberian Air Battalion of 3 companies, and the 4th Siberian Air Company ; and 8 flying conipanies (aviatsionniya roti), the Ist at St. Petersburg, the 2nd at Sevastopol and the 3rd at Kiev. ‘The air companies are attached to army corps in peace except the Brest-Litovsk battalion (Brest-Litovsk fortress), the 3rd Company (Sveaborg fortress), the 6th (Osovets fortress), the 1th (Novogeorgievsk fortress) and the ‘Cancasian (Kars fortress). ‘The organization of the air services is not yot complete. As aeroplanes become available, a flying company will be formed in each military district to contain flying squadrons (aviatsionnie otryadi), of which one of 12 aeroplanes and 6 lots will be formed for each army corps, and several Aistricts an extra Aying squadron, destined to form part of the army troops in war. "As the flying companies are formed, they will absorb such. air companies as are not required for the fortresses. ‘Thus the 7th Air Company has been already absorbed in the 3rd Flying Company and the sth in the 2nd Flying Company. = Daring the war of 10405 two mounted telegraph unite, styled “telegrapls squadrons,” were formed for service in Manchuria, and ‘the ‘meastve may be adopted In future campaigns, ‘hey are intended rapidly {establish telegraphic, tolephonte, and visual communication between the Goramuuderin-Oiier of group of armies in the Beld and hls several armies, Wwhile on the mareh or in action. A squadron is attached to the staft of the Gommander-in-Chiet or of an army and is placed under the Quartermaster. General concerned, It fe divided into 2 telegraph-telephone sections and {visual Section, and. may have elther wheel or joipment. Tes Detsonel is seicted from ehe cavaley, ether regular or Consack, of the Relive army. “The strength of «telegraph squadron in Manchiirla was Sofheers aid about 100 rank and fle, It could establish 4 telegraph, & lephone and t'isnl statins simultaneous, abd cried 0-9 te 85 ‘Most of the air companies include. flying section equipped abso ae cop panin ince ving retin en ipped dirigibles. Russia was believed to possess about 350 aeroplanes at the end of 1913, chiefly monoplanes of the Nieuport. type and Farman biplanes. It is reported that 1,000 aeroplanes have deen ordered for delivery in the years 1914-16, Triform.—Otivers of air units wear a special badge on the shoulterairays. “1 consists of an gle holling’ a proplior and (@ Ranwar Taoors, Organization, These consist of— Military Bns. Cos. — Distrief. Ist Railway Regimont ... 2 8 St, Peters- burg Ist (2nd, battalion 4 sry {3 : . 4 | Vilna Brigade L6th > 4 4th 3) ; 4° Warsaw sth ° 4 Vilna nd 7th > 4 Baty { Kiev Brigade [sth ,, 1 4 Ist Caucasian battalion 1 4 2nd Caucasian Caucasus battalion 1 4 Ist Siberian battalion. 1 4 Ikutsk 2nd Siberian “Railway battalion - } Trans- (Ist Trans-Amur Railway Amur | Regiment — Railway | 2nd Trans-Amur Railway Brigac | | J iment... 28. 3rd Trans-Amur Railway Regiment. 28 (Frontier Guard)86 ‘The Ist Railway Regiment is under the Palace Com- mandant, the other battalions under the military district commander as regards discipline and for technical training under the Chief of Military Communications of the Head- quarter Staff, who is also Inspector of Railway Troops. The duties of railway troops in war are to supplement the existing railway system by means of normal gauge or hasty field lines ; to tepair and destroy railways and to carry out ‘their technical working in the theatre of war. Railway battalions and field railway parks are allotted to armies as required. In peace they may be employed on construction work as for instance on the Kars—Sarikamish line, or in the working of existing lines; thus the Ist Railway Regiment works the St. Petersburg—Gatchina section, and the Kovel— Viadimir—Volinsk line is used asa. military instructional railway, while the 2nd Siberian Railway Battalion works ‘the Khabarovsk—Alexandrovsk harbour railway. The Trans-Amur Railway Brigade has’ a instructional battalion. ‘An Officers’ Railway School is in course of construction at Kiev. special Establishments —See Appendix X. Tniform ond equipment.—As in sapper battalions, Combatants avo aimed with ‘flee; engine drivers, slokers, and guards carry revolvers, Hallway units Dave battalion and company age as for sapper vattaions, Engineer equipment—A. company as, besides surveying. fustru- renta, artifice tools, ond all stores neveseary for sonstrction mad Uae service, a number of tools, including 298 shovela, 98 picks, 39 leinmers 0 oot, fe aod laren appara fr 8 atone Galvaoie’ blasting, euryoyiag. and bridging sores are carried forthe Sattalon, For the traseport of a. portion of these, 9 two-borsel Sazons per company are Provided, but the bulk of the stores would Inve to bo brought ap by ral ‘Held Railway’ Parke are organized elthor for mechanieal or boree traction. The Park unit cousiats of 66 miles of line with 60 en tnd 220 trucks, or, for horee traction, 1800 trucks and 6200 horses. Sed raay nein sally coments af 10 trnoke and arvien Sb om Stain with Horeo traction of 80 track, and eaves 198 tone. Tele {stimatad that 3 kilometres of line for horse traction ean be Tail day tnd 4‘klometts for mechanial traction. “Animal tneton only was used iu the was of 1904-5, —_— 87 Automobile Companies. ‘There is an Instructional Automobile St. Petersburg, consisting of— (a) Headquarters (4 officers, 2 officials, 17 other ranks). (®) The company (3 officers, 19 N.C.Os. and 21 other ranks as permanent staff, 10 N.C:Os. and 80 other yanks attached for the course). (c) The Officers’ Course, 150 officers. (@) Workshops (1 officer, 25 other ranks). Company in Its duties are to train officers and men from the railway or other troops in service with mechanical transport, to study the use of mechanical transport and carry out experiments, ‘Automobile companies have recently been added to certain of the railway battalions, but no details are known,- 88 (e) Fortress Exaineens, Organization.—The following are the units available :-— 2 2 2 : ho tg po 23 Fortress, g ac 4 : 4 g | 28 &E | & B28 22| & a |2 a (2 | Kronstadt r}af-fa}- Sveaborg.. — rj—|o ~ Viborg - rf/—};-J= Kovno .. -_ _ rio. ‘Ust-Dvinsk vf—j} aj ‘Libau* - - 1 |= Osovets 1 _ — 11 Warsaw*. 1 _ 1 1 Novogeorgievsk... 2] — 1 1 Brest-Litovsk 1 - — 1 1 Tyangorod* 1 ~ 1 1 Sevastopol 1 2 | — 1 1 Kerch* —}1 — _ Ochakov 1 — | — — Kars 1 - - - a Michailovsic* LiSlols ‘Viadivostok at 4t | — 1 1 Coy. Nikolaevsk ae 1 om 1 1 fa | 3 |i | s | and 1 i | eeciniael aie 7 Seodaurea, 89 ‘The Vladivostok fortress engineers are formed into a brigade, the staff of which consists of 3 officers and 5 rank and file, Tn war the above sapper and mining companies are doubled with the exception of those at Ust-Dvinsk and Vindivostok. Extablishmonte—~Tho peace and war ostablishmente of the various we areas af in pou Waits at Viadivostok and Nikoinovsk aro maintained permanently st year strength, Thiform—As in the sapper battalions, For distinctive marks on “Aras and equipment ‘corresponding feld units, Engineer equipment.—This forms part of the engineer equipment of the fortress, and fs not specially laid down, DerOr Exornzers. Organization—Upon mobilization 4 depdt_sapper battalions will be formed. Each dept battalion will consist of 4 sapper companies, 1 submarine mining, and 1 telegraph company. A. dépt engineer technical battalion is formed upon mobilization by the electro-technical company existing in peace.* Tt is mobilized under special arrangements. Strength —The depét sopper battalions have each a permanent cadre of 17 offoors, 2 ofleiasy S48 combatant and 29 nontcoinbatant rate and ‘filo, and’ 12 horses, and a variable effective of 17 officers and 1,650 rank and file. Tniform, equipment, Ge. LAs in active sappor battalions, Iupeeian Mitreta Exoweers, Organization, &.—It is stated that on mobilization 20 militia sapper companies, grouped in five battalions, will be formed. Bach battalion will numbor 20 offcors, 8 officials, 948 combatant. gud (90 non-combalant and non-commissioned ofléers and-men, jorses, and 16 carriages. Tniform—As in the active wnits, with the forage cap. ia eross on the * The electro-technieal company forms part of the Hlectro‘Technical school. ney msCHAPTER VIL. SPECIAL CORPS AND DEPARTMENTS AND EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS. ‘Tue Froxtize Guano. ‘The Frontier Guard forms a portion of the armed strength ‘of the Empire, but in peace is under the Ministry of ‘Finanee. Tt forms a cordon on the land and sea frontiers to prevent smuggling and the passage of the frontier by unauthorised persons. In Manchuria it is employed in guarding the railways. There are 8 Frontier Guard districts, viz, Ist to 6th in Burope, 7th in Central Asia, and the Trans-Amur Frontier district. Each district contains a number of brigades, and iu some vases independent detachments, as under : a1 Rotablishment, — | Bank and Fil | ‘Mounted, Infantry. Lat (St. Peters District. | | | ‘and (Vilna) District. ‘5 brigads (58 to 9th) ean as cates | 8,952 ‘sbrigades (loth to 13th)... as | 2668 | eon th (Rico) District. ‘5 brigades (Ith €0 200R) vu . rm | 205 | 3,880 5th (Odevea) District. Abrigaaes ist to atthyand (ieereh) detach- ai | atm | 2.208 Sth Tigi Deere, ‘brigades (eh Soe) ~ us | gate | san 10h (Tashkent) District 2 brigades (th and Stat) rato | 988 Total ew 082 | 12,890 | 25,005 | and 212 native soca A brigade is divided into 3 or 4 sections ; a section is divided into from 3 to 5 detachments ; a detachment is divided into from 3 to 6 posts. To each of these is allotted pygite,Tasbkent District contains the Trane Caspan and Ann Darya fe Trane-Caspian Brigade watches 1,160 miles of frontier. It is divided into sttion. containing’ in all 30 tachment, and Bde garrisons for Sr poate and 2picquets, Its establishment consists of 87 officers, S65 mounted, sgn et votuytariy elated ualve sacar and 399 ian ‘The Amur Darya ie watches S80 miles of frontier. It i divided into 4 sections, containing im all 1p detachments, and finds garrisons for 31 ‘te establishment consists of $1 officers, 963 mounted men, 8 ‘vol ed native sears, and 44 infantry.ee 92. 4 portion of the frontier or coastline to watch. In the former case the posts are in two lines, one on the frontier, the other about 5 versts (34 miles) from it, the latter servin as a support in the former. In addition to the. posts on ail roads, &c., crossing the frontier, constant patrols along it Xeep_up communication between the posts. An accurate knowledge of the country on both sides of the frontier is one of the first objects for the frontier guards to attain. A brigade stationed upon a land frontier is usually organized in 4 companies and 4 squadrons ; a coast brigade in 5 companies and 1 squadron.* ‘The corps is officered by transfers from the active army. ‘The men are in part recruited, in part transferred from the active army. Tt is stated that in war time each brigade in Europe and the Caucasus will furnish 1 frontier cavalry regiment of 4 squadrons, and 1 frontier infantry battalion of from 2 to 4 companies; and that exch district will furnish 1 frontier ‘The ‘Trans-Amur Frontier Guard is organized in 3 detachments (otryad). ‘There are G infantry regiments (5 companies), 6 cavalry regiments (55 squadrons), 4 or 6 horse mountain batteries and 1 sapper company. ‘Their total strength is about 20,000 men.+ Uniform and equipment.—The Frontior Guard wear a ¥.8. dress as for other arms, With grey-blue trousers, ‘The coloured side of the shoulder-straps is green, with the number in yellow, followed by K for eavalry and I] for infantry. ‘The patch On the collar of the Steat-cost is blue with green piping. ‘The men are armed and equipped as regular infantry, artillery, or cavalry, according. to the branch they belong to. Fiew Gexoanscenr, Jn time of peace 7, cadres of field gendarmerie are main: tained, named Guard and Ist to 6th, which expand to full squadrons on mobilization and are attached for police duties to the armies in the field. "atablishmente.—See Appondix * ‘The coast brigades also possess a number of small armed steamers, + By the treaty of Portsmouth tho number of rallway guards in Mancha ‘was litaited to 15 per kilometre, "As the total lenge of line fe 1,717" kilo, metres, the total number permissible ls 25,760, 93 Triform and. armanent.-F.S. blouse aud Dive-grey trousers. hier lula se orn, or itnetive marks shower straps, sop Appeniix VL.” Serjeantmajore aye armed with sword a fevalver, fhe N-0-O8.and men with carbine and curved dagger Desorusary Users, There are 7 disciplinary battalions, of 2 to 6 companies. each, 3 independent companies and 1 independent detach- ment. They are named after the towns in which they are stationed, ‘Men are sent to serve in them by sentence of a military court. Opxssa Sea (Morsko) Barranion. This corps performs duties in transporting troops by sea, and conducts the instruction during peace of other cor the technical details of the service. Detachments of officers, and men from all upits stationed in the Odessa Military District are sent to go through instruction with the battalion, It is divided into 2 companies, t technical and 1 “rowing.” There is also an instructional detachment and an engineering school. Strength tt officers, 2 ofcials, 272 combatant and 18. non- combatant non-commissioned offoers snd men. Tniform—Rowing company, 08. sailors of the fleet; technical compinye iS. dress with darkgreen trvuserss Shout stape aut patches on greatooat are red with O.Mp. “Armament ond epuipment.—Sfen aro. acmed with cavalry rifles, serjeamt-majors with swords and revolvers Teclnical equipment.—The battalion is in possession of » number of Soa and other tari stores. Awv-Darva Frorinna. The Amu-Darya Flotilla, which js used to maintain com- munication oa the Amu-Darya, is under the Commander of tho Turkistan Military district. It consists of 6 paddle steamers, and a number of barges, &e. ‘The establishment is 13 officers and about 400 rank and file,92 portion of the frontisr or coast-line to watch. In the former case the posts are in two lines, one on the frontier, the other about 5 versts (3} miles) from it, the latter servin, asa support in the former.” In addition to the posts on all roads, &., crossing the frontier, constant patrols along it keep up communication between the posts. An accurate knowledge of the country on both sides of the frontier is one of the first objects for tke frontier guards to attai A brigade. stationed upon a land frontier is usually organized in 4 companies and 4 squadrons ; a coast brigade in 5 companies and 1 squadron.* ‘The corps is officered hy transfers from the active army. ‘The men are in part recruited, in part transferred from the active army. Tt is stated that in wer time each brigade in Europe and the Caucasus will furnish 1 frontier cavalry regiment of 4 squadrons, and 1 frontier infantry battalion of from 2 to 4 companies; and that cach district will furnish 1 frontier vision, ‘The ‘Trans-Amur Frontier Guard is organized in 3 detachments (otryad). There are 6 infantry regiments (55 companies), 6 cavalry regiments (65 squadrons), 4 or 6 horse mountain batteries and 1 sapper company. ‘Their total strength is about 20,000 men.t Uniform and equipment.—The Frontier Guard wear a F.8. dress as for other arms, with grey-blue trousers. ‘The coloured sido of the shoulder-straps is green, with the number in yellow, followed by K for eavalry and I] for infantry. ‘The patch bu the collar of the eat-cont is blue with green piping, The men are armed aad equipped as regular infantry, artillery, or eawalry, according, to the teanek they Delong to * * Fiero Gaypanwenrs, In time of peace 7 cadres of field gendarmerie are main- tained, named Guard and Ist to 6th, which expand to fall squadrons on mobilization and are attached for police duties, to the armies in the field, Fstablishments-—See Appendix X. * ‘The coast brigades also possess a number of small armed steamers, 4 By the treaty of Portsmouth tho number of rallway guards in Manchuvia wae limited to 1 per iilometze. "As the total lengib of line e 1117'S ke ‘metres, the total number permissible ix 25,760, 93 Uniform and armament:—P.S, blouse and blue-grey trousers White cord aiguileter are worn,” Por datinetive marks on shoulder- sirap, seo Appendix VI, Borjeantomajorm ape armed with sword sud revalver, other N.C.Os,and:men with canting and curved dager Discreuivary Usits. There are 7 disciplinary battalions, of 2 to 6 companies each, 3 independent companies and 1 independent detach- ment. They are named after the towns in which they are stationed. Men are sent to serve in them by sentence of a nuilitary court. Opxssa Sea (Morsko’) Barranrox, This corps performs duties in transporting troops by sea, and conducts the instruction during ppace of other corps i the technical details of the service. Detachments of officers and men from all units stationed in the Odessa Military District are sent to go through instruction with the battalion, It is divided into 2 companies, 1 technical and 1 “rowing.” ‘There is also an instructional detachment and an engineering Strength —L officers, 2 oficials, 272 combatant and 13 non- coinbatant non-commissioned officers and men. Thiform—Rowing company, as sailors of the eet; technical company, FS. dress with davkegreen trousers, Shoulder straps and yatches on greateoat are red with O.Mp. Armament ond epuipment.—Men aro armed with cavalry rifles, serjeant-majors with swords and revolvers. Technical equipment.—Tho battalion is in possession of a nusaber of ‘nats and other mariuo stores. » An-Darya Fromma. ‘The Amu-Darya Flotilla, which is used to maintain com- munication oa the Amu-Darya, is under the Commander of the Turkistan Military district. It consists of 6 paddle steamers, and a number of barges, &e. The establishment is 18 officers and about 400 rank and file.4 Caveasiax Native Muaria, This permanently embodied militia is recruited by voluntary enlistment from among the natives, who serve in their own Jocalities only, and for purposes of police duty and suppressing insurrection. ‘The units and strengths are as follows | N.0.0s. and men. sa als Units, e| 2 |e3 ‘ ;2| 34 Hl 3 | : |e 8 | 218 Je, és] eé | Kuban Permanent Militio| | | squadron) 1) afi wl a Dagestan Permanent Miia ‘qunirons) 3 | as | — | ss | ms Kars Permanent in Gsquadrons) 6} aie | — | os | om Balun Permanent von ee | es T equadron 2 = companies) 2 sSoftnmn Fospanent Si (squadron) — | 7 ‘Potal 16 | 1,061 ‘The Terek Permanent Militia was abolished in 1910, and in its place was formed, for a period of 5 years, the Terek Police Guard (obhrannayastraja) of 7 oficers and 510 N.C.Os and men, . ‘The uniform and equipment are most varied. In war large additions to the above might be made, ‘Frexp Post. ‘Tho postal establishments in the field comprise the Central Field. Post Office, the Field and Reserve Field. Post Offices, the Field Telegraph Control Stations, and the Field Posting 95 Stations (or “ Flying Post”). ‘The Central Field Post Office (65 employés) arranges for the sorting and despatch on receipt of correspondence to or from the post, offices or units within its sphere of action. Of the Field Post Offices (20 employés), one is attached to army head-quarters, and one to those of éach army corps, and ono Reserve Field’ Post Office (11 employés) is provided for every two army corps to meet the wants of divisions or detached corps, or to be stationed at important points on the lines of communication. Relay posts (9 employés) are established along lines of road communication at distances of not more than 163 miles apart, and provide horses for the postal relay service, ‘The personnel ig furnished by the Imperial Postal and ‘Telegraph Departinent, the material is kept stored ready n peace, and the horses are furnished by the horse conscription. ‘The’ postinen are armed with dragoon swords and revolvers. Cones or Mitrrary TorocrarHees. This comps which is under the General Staif and which executes all military topographical, survey and cartographic work, is composed of :— (a) Military topographers of the rank of officers and officials who have received a special edueation in the military topographical school. The course at this school lasts 2 years, with a supplementary course of 1 year, which‘is not obligatory. ‘The entrance age i ‘from 17 to 28. (®) Officers who have passed the survey section of the Imperial Nicolas Academy and completed a 2 years’ course in geodesy at the astronomical observatory at Pulkova are transferred to the Corps of Topo- graphers as * geodesists.” In addition, officers of the active army who undergo 1 special course at the military topographical school may be attached to the Corps of Topographers for topographical work. ‘The corps consists of about 150 officers and 150 officials. Ueijorm Miltary topographers wears F.S.usform with ight blue bree” he patch on tho great cnt f back with light bive piping Aiquilleties are worn96 Covatme Cones (Feldyegerski Korpus). The Courier Corps consists of trustworthy, experienced, and intelligent officers and N.C.Os., who are employed as couriers in carrying important despatches, or as orderlies at head- quarters. In war, to the staff of the Commander-in-Ohief of the armios in the field aro attached 8 officors and 8 non-commissioned officers, to that of each army 4 offloers and 4 non-commissioned officers of this corps. Each courier is provided with a pass giving him a right to horses, &e., without. payment, and all station commandants are bound to do all in their power to facilitate the journeys For this purpose, depdts of post-horses, carriages, drivers, &c., are formed at all stations on the roads leading from’ the frmy to the nearest railway station, and. these ‘horees,&, may only be used by officers employed in the courier service, ‘Tho horses are provided by the chief of the lines of Gommunication in eonjunotion with the chief of transport of the army. Reserve Horse Dzpors. To ensure an adequate supply of horses in war, a general horse depot is formed upon mobilization which ‘contains a reserve of 10 per cent. of the number of horses in the field armies, It is divided into sections of from 300 to 400 horses which are named after the localities in which they are quartered. The horses are obtained by requisition, and for each section a personnel of 1 officer and. 169 men is detailed. ‘From these sections, reserve horse depdts are formed for the field armies as roquired and forwarded to such points as the staff of the field army may determine. Each depat has a staff composed of 5 officers, 8 oficals, and 18 men, and is divided into divisions of 800 to 400 horses, for each of which personnel of 1 officer and 165 men is provided.” ‘The divisions are Aivided into sections of 100 horses, which may be distributed as required, ‘Phe men of the reserve horse depéts wear the uniform of the 4th regiment of au infantry division, with Kon, San on their shouldur-straps. 97 Pay Derarrumyr. ‘The highest authority of the Pay Department of an army in the field is the chief field paymaster of an army, an official of the 2nd class, who is directly under the commander of that army, and who has at his disposal a staff of officials and clerks of his department. The duties of the chief pay- master are to supervise, through his assistant, the issue of cash from the chief field treasury, and to superintend the expenditure by the subordinate paymasters of the cash in their treasuries. In addition to the chief fleld treasury, treasuries are maintained for each army corps and each detached portion of the army, and are administered by the paymasters assistants. ‘or immediate payments, field treasuries are supplied direct with cash by the Minister of Finance, who also settles the amount each treasury is to be credited with on its formation. All forms of account are settled by him in consultation with the Control Department. The chief field treasury renders accounts to those authorities ; all other treasuries render accounts to the chief field treasury. Sums allotted to the army commander for the uso of the army are credited to the chief field treasury, and are drawn n—at head-quarters, by the chief field paymaster ; else- where, by treasuries’ as thereto authorized by him. Treasuries are also empowered to receive contributions and taxes levied in the theatre of war, and regimental and private funds for custody. Coxtror Deparment. The highest representatives of the Control Department are officals of the 2nd. Class of the chin, who are placed under the army commanders. They are the assistants of the army commanders in the supervision of the regular and economical employment of the resources placed at their disposal, and their duties are to supervise all expenditure in the various departments, to verify the contents of treasuries, to collect information as to prices obtaining in the theatre of war, to criticise proposals for expenditure of money, to verify all accounts and contracts, to see that the audit regulations (s 10626) @98. aro complicd with, &c. Under the chief controller of the army are the controllers of army corps and of the Military Districts of the theatre of war. ‘The chief controller of the army has at his disposal a staff of officials and a temporary audit committee, by which all secounts are finally passed. He distributes the. control duties among the officials at his disposal. He has the right of calling for all information and documents concerning the matters in which he has jurisdiction from heads of depart- ments of the staff, from corps commanders, and from those of independent divisions, and from the civil authorities in the theatre of war. On malpractices or irregulavities being discovered, he reports the same to the heads of departments or units concerned, and if these do not agree with his opinion, he reports the matter to the commander of the army, supporting his opinion by evidence, documentary or other- wise. He reports all his proceedings to the Imperial Control Department, and carries out the directions given by the latter. ‘The duties of a corps controller are, in general, as regards his army corps parallel to those of the chief controller of the army, and he is placed under the orders of the latter for control duties, as well as under those of the corps com- mander, Tn addition to inspecting accounts and treasuries, field control officials have the right of verifying the contents of all stores, magazines, and depots, but only in the presence of the officials in change of them, and after receiving authority from the military suporiors of those establishments. Epucarrowan Estas.isumenrs, The cadet and Military schools for the preliminary training of the officer have already been mentioned on ¢ 15. ‘The following are the academies and schools for Figher military training (a) Academic ‘Tho Imperial Nikolas Military Academy. ‘The Mikhail Artillery Academy. ‘The Nikolas Engineer Academy. . ae 99 ‘The Acaleiny of Military Law. ‘The Intendance Academy, The Military Medical Academy. All the above are at St. Petersburg. The first-named corresponds to our Staff College and all officers of the General Staff must: have passed through it. It also includes, a Survey Section. The course lasts 3 years. The courses at the other academies usually last 2 years with supplement- ary courses of 6 months to one year in some cases. (b) Schools :-— ‘The Musketry School ‘The Cavalry School ‘The Gunnery School ‘The School of Gymnastics and Fencing | ‘The Aeronautical School, at Gatchina, near St. Petersburg. ‘The Aviation School of the Committee for Strengthening the Fleet, at Kacha, near Sevastopol. ‘The Electro-Technical School, at St. Petersburg. Schools of Oriental Languages at Tiflis, Tashkent and Vladivostock. . A_ Railway School, in course of construction at- Kiev, will be completed in 1914. Ian at St. Petersburg. (p 10626) o2101 MEDICAL ESTABLISHMENTS IN WAR. (a) Reomenrat, Each unit in the field has a medical personnel with the requisite stores and transport attached to it. The scale of beds in a regimental hospital (voiskovot lasaret) is as CHAPTER IX. fellows Infantry—For each battalion... Cavalry or Cossack Regiment Artillery brigade 4 6 ; 6 MEDICAL* AND VETERINARY. Independent artillery division m4 Independent battery 2 MEDICAL ESTABLISHMENTS IN PEACE. Sapper or pontoon futtalion 4 Independent pontoon company... 2 Tn peace there is no medical corps in the Russian Army Aircompany ws . 2 existing as a unit by itself, Each combatant unit has a small medical personne) belonging to it, the medical establish- Petilzireceo us in pec, exvavbihal tere ane ao asker sail conto mont for a regiment of infantty of-4 bettaliona, for exaraple, fisece, cal un dee Pes The atid one nee being 1 senior and 4 junior surgeons, 1 senior and 12 junior hospital of 16 beds, and in addition, each dresser carries a dresser's Areaaors, 1 apothecary dressor, 14 drésacr pupils, 1 hospital ‘knapsack for first aid, and 82 stretchers are provided. ‘The medical sergeant, and Fhoerital cuistliee, Wl nec-ambatesta, esas trasportconsnt of onu-borno eats for mica atres, ttwo-horan unit has its own hospital, that of an infantry regiment of Mitfeant 4 men por compacy arp tceigod ae sheychen tears ged 4 battalions numbering 84 beds, of 2 battalions 42 beds, of ‘when 90 employed wear the Red Cross badge on their left-arm, but 26 squadron cavalry regiment 30 beds, of a battery 8 beds Gtherwise take their plaoes in the ranks. "On mobilization the number and of a supper battalion 28 beds. In addition there are, in ‘of bearers in cach unit is raised to 4 por atretcher by the employment certain of the latger gurrisons, station hospitals (posloyarans hresrviot mnusiiaus, hospital Servint and other non-combatants coomnde gospitalt) fos more aovere cases; eth bale fen frome ‘he medial arrangetiente in other wuts arv of «similar nature 150 to 800 men, and to these a medical personnel varying In setion the regimental medical personnel form advanced from 4 to 18 medical officers, with the necessary subordinate dressing stations, to which the wounded of the regiment personnel is attached. In the smaller stations and in those are brought in, and in which their wounds are attended to where only reserve and local troops are stationed there are and first aid is applied. When troops are halted, a regi- local hospitals (myestnie lazareti ) each with from 50 to 350 mental hospital is organized. beds, which are organized upon the lines of the station Uniform —Surgeons woar FS. coats as described on page 61 and hospitals. dark greon trousers. ‘Thoir shoulder pieces are narrower than those From the above, as cadres, are formed all the medical pemrccrand bevolativen bce, units required on mobilization, the extra medical personnel ‘They wear the same equipment as officers, ‘being taken from the reserve, ‘and the drivers supplied from the reserve of the cavalry. ‘Taking an infantry regiment as an example, the medical personnel (%) Santmany Sxerioxs, : * To each infantry division in the field is attached a For further information, see, Han¢ of the Medical Services o — Foreign Arinies: Part TV, Wessla” cig), ok OF the Mesical 4 “sanitary section ® (sanitarni ofdyel), which forms part of102, ‘the divisional train, and consists of 1 “divisional hospital” (divizionns lacaret), including a bearer company, and 2 “mobile field hospitals ” (poduyjni polevot gospital). ‘The “divisional hospital” corresponds to the British “bearer division, field ambulance,” “the mobile field hospital” to the “tent division, field ambulance.” Divisional hospitals. Organization.—The duty of the divisional hospital in action is to forma main dressing station, to search for and bring in the wounded from the field or the advanced dressing stations to it, and to co-operate with the troops in dispatching the wounded to the field hospitals told off to them. ‘The main dressing station is marked by day by two flags (one national and the other bearing the Red Cross), and at night by a red lantern ‘Evtablishment.—1 divisional surgeon commanding and 4 other sur- geons, 5 feldshers, the overseer (smatrite!) (a combatant officer, who commands the bearer company), bis assistant (an official), combatant medical subordinates; a bearer company of 217 N nd men, and 89 transport N.C.Os. and men—280 N.0.0s, aud all, with 78 horses and 27 earriages. ‘Uniform and arme.—The uniform worn by the men is the same as that of the infantry. For distinetive marks on shoulder straps see Appendix VI. Tie transport drivers have hatchets ; the remainin jersounel is tmarmed. Bxoept the transport drivers, all wear the Te "Bipmestenck ‘hospital supplied with 1 special and ‘Equipment.—Each hospital is suppliod with 1 speci gxdinaty stzesorn, 40 boxes each ith 200 eis of anaes, 30 lanterns, and 60 ng knapsacks (L of each por stretcher), 4 arselog dont, 3 operatfog tabloe mada glover, food dos fe > Transport.—The vehicles consist of 8 four-horsed embulance wagons, 8 one-horsed medical store carts, 15 two-horsed store ‘wagons and 1 four-horsed store wagon for the heavy parts of the tents, Rifle brigade hospitals. Organization and eetablishment.—To each rifle brigade which includes artillery is attached a sanitary ccction, which forms part of the brigade train and is styled a “rifle brigade hospital.” Its duties are as described above for a divisional hospital, 7 103 Its establishment is 1 brigade surgeon commanding and 8 other surgeons, 1 hospital overseer, commanding bearer company, with 1 assistant (officals), 21 non-combatant medieal subordinates, a bearer company of 141.N.0.0s, and men, snd $2 transport N.0.0s. and men IgEN.C.0s. and men in all, with 88 horses and 25 carriages. inform and arns.—As given above for s divisional boopital Equipment—Tho stores carried are similar and proportionate in quantity to those carried in a divisional hospital. ‘Transport.—The vehicles consist of $ two-horsed ambulance wagons, 15 two-horsed store wagons, and 2 one-horsed medical store arts, Mobile Field Hospitals. Organization and establishment—The mobile field hospital forms the 3rd Line of medical assistance, and each affords accommodation for 10 officers and 200 men, Tn action their position is selected by the divisional surgeon, and to them fre brought the wounded from the main dressing station. After an action they are emptied and follow their division as soon as possible. In action they are marked by flags, as for a main dressing station. ‘The strength of each is 5 surgeons, 1 other official, 1 overseer and. his assistant, 10 feldsbers, 97 1.0.08, and men (including 28 for transport), 3 horses, and 24 carriages. In addition t the 2 mobile field hospitals included in the sanitary section of each infantry division, each active infantry division mobilizes 2 mobile field hospitals for general duty and 4 “reserve” hospitals, Their composition is precisely similar to that of the others, and they are dis- posed of as required by the staff of the army to which they are attached. In addition to the brigade hospital 1 mobile field hospital. is attached to each rifle brigade. A rifle brigade mobilizes in all 4 hospitals, viz., 2 mobile field hospitals and 2 reserve: hospitals. Field Dispensaries. The field dispensaries supply the divisional and field. hospitals with £ll the medical and surgical stores they require. Seven in all are mobilized, and they are distributed as required. Each is provided with a supply equal to 4 Rontle’ requirements, and has a personnel of 3 officals and 33 non-eombatanis. ‘Transport is provided only when required.104 Red Cro The Red Cross Society is a semi-military organization which is financed and administered by private enterprise, but has an official status. In time of war it assists and supplements the army medical services, primarily upon the lines of communication, but when necessary and possible at the front also. It is in some measure subordinated to the army medical services, and its directors maintain elose touch with the directing staff and the surgeons of the army. It organizes ‘flying detachments,” which work on the field of battle in conjunction with the army medical services, hospital railway trains, temporary base hospitals, and other services, ‘The formation of a new grade of Ist class reservists, to act 8 medical orderlies of the Red. Cross in war, was authorized in 1912, Soldiers selected will undergo a special course of 4 weeks’ training in their last year’s colour service under arrangements made by the Red Cross Society. It is believed that a cadre of 7,000 will thus be formed eventually. Thiform—F.S, blouse and light grey-blue breeches. - Shoulder girapt of gres-greon colour (no loured side) with Hed’ Cross badge on them, and a white brassard on left sleeve. Muprcat Servics wir ran Fieup Anay. As in the British Army, the medical service with the field army is divided into the medical personnel attached to the various units, the “divisional hospitals,” which correspond to our bearer divisions, and the mobile field hospitals, which correspond to our tent divisions. On the lines of communication are the réserve (immobile) field hospitals, the sanitary convoys, the detachments of weakly men, the hospital railway ‘trains, and the field medical store depots. In the home territory are the station, fortress, and local hospitals, The military medical service is aided and supplemented by the Red Cross hospital establishments. ‘The chief of the medical service with an army in the ficld is the Adjutant-General of that army,* who exercises his = Im the war of 1905-05 the medical services were withdrawn from the Euttcal Services” (nachatyiksontarnot hott! arma, = new appotstaent This combatant officer, « lieutenant gencral, was imiuediately subordinate to the Army Commander. iis duties, mainly administrative, embraced Ehconganiation of the evacuation services, thesupplyof medica! storem A sud 'the general supervision ofthe entie toedial seve - To face page /04. DIAGRAM TO SHOW ORGANIZATION OF MEDICAL WORK IN FIELD. (See text, pages 101-108.) Troops in action (Stretcher bearers), es ee | Line of advanced dressing stations. (Regimental). (Regimental ambulance wagons). Ba Main dressing station. (Divisional hospite!). anogy ** anogy anoqy (Divisional hospital ambulance wagons). v sous af, -ojfery . -apras] 2 Mobile Field hospitals. Collecting point of _@ Field evacuation committee. Medical establishments Medical estab of field zone. of Liof C. evatuation fb Coat Interior evacu? eae = soe A edn of Interior zone. ja home care of inhabitants territory. and paid for by Government. 8 Wea Ler,- 105 functions as regards the medical and sanitary service through four subordinate heads of departuents, the Military Sanitary Inspector, the Veterinary Inspector, the Inspector of Field Hospitals, and tho plenipotentiary of the Red Cross Society. ‘The duties of the Military Sanitary Inspector of the Army (Voenno-sanitarni inepeltor Armét), who is at the head of the Field Sanitary Department, are’ to superintend all sanitary and disciplinary measures for the preservation of ‘the health of the troops, to watch over the treatment of the | sick and wounded and see that a proper selection is made of cases for evacuation, to take measures for the supply of medical stores to all medical establishments, and to supervise the medical personnel of the army. Under his orders are the Surgeon-General of the Army, the surgeon in executive charge of army headquarters, and a reserve of medical personnel, ‘The sanitary inspectors of military districts of the theatre of war and the chief surgeons of corps are under his direction, although he does not interfere with the : details of their work, and the field dispensaries are moved and distributed by him, He maintains close relations with the medical department at Headquarters (home), and reports toit all measures he has taken, all the requirements of the medical service, and the sanitary state of the troops. He keops up close communication with the Inspector of Hospitals for affairs concerning the interior economy of the hospitals, with the plenipotentiary of the Red Cross Society for matters concerning the medical work of that society, and with the medical inspectors of military districts for the treatment of the sick sent to the rear. He furnishes the Adjutant-General with detailed statements of the requirements in medical personnel, the requirements in stores, the special sanitary measures to be taken, and the selection from a medical point of view of sick and wounded for evacuation. } ‘Under the immediate orders of the Sanitary Inspector is the Surgeon-General of the Army, a medical officer, who is responsible for medical as opposed to administrative matters, te, the general care for the health of the army, treatment, selection of patients for evacuation, indent for medical stores, &e. } The Inspector of Field Hospitals (Inspektor Gospitalet Armii), who isat the head of the Field Hospital Department,106 107 is a military officer, usually a major-general, whose authority centration at dressing stations of a sufficiency of personnel extends over all the hospitals of the army, but not over and stores, and supervises their working and the removal of regimental medical services. He supervises the supply to the sick to the hospitals designated for the purpose. He all medical establishments of the stores, instruments and directs the operations of such portions of the establishments personel required by them. At his disposal is a reserve of af the Red Cross Society as are attached to the corps, and medical personnel, and under him are the chiefs of all local Jas the right of transferring medical personnel or establish: hospitals and evachation committees. He communicates with ments from one unit to another if necessary. In some cases the Sanitary Inspector and the Red Cross plenipotentiary he has an assistant, styled the corps sanitary officer, who is regarding matters which involve co-operation of this society responsible or the supply of transport, persounel, &,, and other in the case of the sick and wounded, with the chiefs of the administrative matters, but has nothing todo with treatment, Tines of communication and road departments for the ‘The chief surgeon of a division is the immediate head of all organization of the transport of the wounded, and with the medical establishments attached to that division. While he intendant of the army for the supply of the provisions, &c., is directly under the orders of the divisional eommander, he to medical establishments from the’ intendance magazines. carries out, in medical matters, the directions of the chief He submits to the Adjutant-General detailed plans for the surgeon of the corps. He selects the points at which field measures to be taken to enlarge permanent hospitals and hospitals are to be established, and ensures their being provide extra mobile and reserve field hospitals, the dis- emptied and mado available again as soon as possible, He tribution of mobile hospitals, the provision of hospital stores, superviaes the medical personnel and takes measures to keep and supplies, the replenishment or augmentation of personnel, its numbers complete, and frequently inspects the hospitals the formation of sanitary stations, detachments of weakly and their accounts and books. He has under him a sanitary men, rest houses, lines of communication, hospitals and sani- inspecting officer who relieves him of routine administrative tary and hospital trains on the railway, and for the evacuation work. of the sick and wounded in genetal, and carries those measures atten epproral tie: ree ne exbey arent Mepicat Service on tim Linzs or CoamruxrcaTion. ¢ plenipotentiary of the ross Socie at his ‘ ‘ rare disposal all the resources in. personnel, ‘material and money othe medical, service on the lines of gommunication is zi perintended by the same authorities as that with the field supplied by the Red Cross Society for the assistance of ‘the a eeaete the lnspector of Horrtals and. the Senitary sick and wounded in war. He keeps up close communication Meee Ta a socially attended with the Inspector of Hospitals and the Sanitary Inspector, to in the evacuation section of the Adjutant-General’ and receives from them information as to how he can best Marenent se “ a . afford assistance. F 5 ‘He inspects all the establishments belonging to the society, emcees often 8 fo,200 esky See (slabesilnngis Even) reports to the Adjatant-General as to their condition and gh eee ee contents, and informs the headquarters of the society at Tol roqutve hogpitl Heameat ‘They are planed under the super- home of any further requirements. ‘ition Ef the obit surgeon of a hospiial, and for digoipline are under ‘The chief surgeon of an army corps is the adviser in 4m officer who has the powers of a company commander. sanitary matters of the corps commander, and initiates all “Reroroe fed hospitals. measures to preserve the health of the troops. He reports ‘Theo ao ostablishot ef polats on tho Lines of communication as to the Surgeon-General of the Army. He supervises the nay be required, 240 of them in all being maintained. “They have supply of medical, &, stores to the medical establishments no travsport, thelt personnel and stores being forwarded by rail or on of the corps and the disposal of medical stores captured from requisitioned carriages: the onemy. Before an action he takes measures for the con- viene108, ‘Their composition is similar to that of a mobile hospital, less the transport personnel, and cach has 5 surgeons, ¢ oficials, 80 N.0.0s, and men, and 4 sisters of meroy Military Sanitary Transport Uni (Yoenno-sanitarné transport). ‘These sre formed for the transport of the wounded and sick from ‘the battle-leld to the rear, and are disposed of as required by the staff of the army. ‘They are classed as “pormauent” or * temporary.” ‘The former provide accommodation for 150 sick and wounded, but th vehicles maintained in peace provide only for 100 men in wagous and 5 on pack transport. ‘The remainder of the transport is obtained by purchase, hire, or requisition. ° saat proportion of = prnisent"ualla ie id down a en fo cach {infantry (or rifle) division and one to every two rile brigades. temporary tails are forsed as fequaced ta ‘The establishment consists of 2 medical officers, one of whom is iu command, 1 aduinistrative official, 1 sub-ensign in command of the personnel, 4 feldshers, 28 medical orderlies, clerks, 0, and 108, Eransport N.C.0s. and drivers. ‘The transport consists of 2 carts with medical stores, 14 G.8. carts for stores, &., 50 ambulance carts, 22 hired carts, 2 feld kitchous, and 10 pack: animals for earrying sick; total, 0 vebistes, 1 horses. Ambulance railway trains (Voenna-sanitarni poyeed). Ambulance trains aro provided for the evacuation of sick and ‘wounded from the theatre of war. A proportion of them are placed at the disposal of the Adjutant-General at the Headquarters of the Commander-in-Ohiet for the use of the armies, and the remainder gre d isposal ‘of the Headquarters sta! at houie. “he Adjutant-General distributes the trains allotted to him among the armies, and in each army the trains are under its Adjutant-General. ‘The trains are provided partly by the State, partly by the Red Cross Society, and partly by private enterprise, Instead of sending fully-equipped atabulauce trains to the front, “cadre” trains will be sent, ‘These will consist of carriages 10 accommodate tho medical personnel, a limited number of carts specially fitted for the transport of severely wounded cases, and a number of wagons carrying medical and surgical equipment, as well as the fittings roquired to adapt goods vans for ambulance purposes, Louie” trains wil bo of two Kaus: (a) for use betweow feld hospitals and reserve hospitals on the lines of communication ; in this case each cadre train will form with adapted goods vant three temporary ambulance trains, each to carry 500 wounded ; (B) for use between “hospitals on the lines of cominunication and the home territory, ‘These will consist of corrider passenger carriages ; each cadre train will form two ambulance trains, to carry 400 men each, 1 109 Evacuarios SERvicE. ‘The evacuation service is under the Savitary Bureau of the Adjutant-General’s Department of each ‘army. The territory in rear of each army is for this purpose divided into three zones, termed the field, lines of communication, and interior, zones, the latter within the confines of the Empire ; in each is established an evacuation committee, and in the two former a collecting point. ‘The localities in which these are formed are determined in the two former cases by the Adjutant-General of the army, in the latter by the Hread- quarters Staff, from which authorities the committees also take their orders, Each field or lines of communication committee consists of a colonel or major-general as president, 4 field officer as assistant, a surgeon, an officer nominated by the road department of the staff, the commandant of the station where it is established, 'a representative of the Red Cross Society and a staff of personnel as members. Committees in the interior are similarly composed. A collecting point has a staff of personnel attached. | The duties of the committees are to arrange for the collection of the wounded and sick at the collecting point, their classifica- tion as transportable or non-transportable their supply with food and clothing, their transport to the rear, and the pro- vision of the personnel to accompany them. ‘The collecting points are under the committees and the latter work in close connection with the Red Cross Society. VETERINARY. ‘The highest veterinary authority in the field is the Veterinary Inspector of each army. Ho is placed immedi- ately under the Adjutant-General,* and has a staff of 3 veterinary surgeons and 11 other non-combatants. ‘The Chief Veterinary Surgeon superintends all veterinary measures in the army, and the remainder of the veterinary el, in addition to assisting him, has also to perform executive duties with the headquarters Staff. “* Im 1904-05 he was placed under the Director of Medical Services.0 An army corps has a corps veterinary surgeon, and each unit is provided with one or two veterinary officials or a veterinary dresser or both, according to the number of horses belonging to it, as detailed for the various arms and units ; in the transport of each is carried a supply of veterinary stores. Tn the field three classes of horse infirmaries are maintained viz:—(1) Regimental, for cavalry regiments, field artillery, and park brigades, &. ; (2) Administrative, for divisional trains and transport columns, &c. ; (3) Station, upon the lines of communication, The first two categories of infirmary are formed by, and remain with, their units. First aid is given on the battlefield, dressing stations being organized for the purpose. Cases requiring lengthy treat- ment are transferred to a station infirmary. ‘These are maintained at the rate of one per army’ corps, and accommodate 100 horses each. Each has a staff of veterinary personnel besides the men detailed from the various units to accompany the sick horses. ‘Veterinary surgeons have no special titles, and only rank aceording to their class in the chin, Triform.—Voterinary officials wear a F.S. uniform similar to that ofp cbvalry oflcer; but the shoulderpieses are narrower and have m CHAPTER X. TRANSPORT, SUPPLY, AND INTENDANCE, ‘Regimental transport. In regimental transport (polkovot obo) are carried such stores, &., as are indispensable both at each nightly halt and when engaged with the enemy. As regards the distri- bution of stores it is classified as (c) company, squadron, or battery transport, and (8) regimental (or battalion) trans- port, Also, when the enemy is near it is divided as regards wramand and sequence in’ the marching column into Ist and 2nd Line. The Ist Line transport of a unit, comprising all that is requisite for battle, immediately follows it ; the 2nd Line transport of all units, which corresponds to our “train” and carries supplies and stores, marches in rear of tho whole column. For examples of the’ composition of 1st and 2nd Lines, see pp. 42, 56. In company, &c., transport, are carried the personal kit of officers and men, and such stores, &e., as are constantly required by a unit; in regimental transport, the general stores of the whole unit, and the personal kit of the regi- mental or battalion staff. Cattle and spare horses al accompany regimental transport, which is commanded, in the infantry by the commander of the non-combatant com- pany, in tho cavalry by an officer specially detailed, and in other arms, &., bya N.C.O. ‘The regimental transport of infantry, cavalry, parks, gendarmerie, medical units, and the staffs of armies or independent army corps is divided into sections, that of other units is not so divided. ‘As an instance, the composition of the sections of the transport of an infantry Fegimont is given below:— Ast Section... Ist Line transport. 2nd, S,AvA- carts not in Ist Line. ara, Company baggage of Ist and ind battalions, a Brdand tth 5th 1) Regimental baggage, spare horses, and cattle,112 The regimental transport of cavalry rogimonts and independent battalions infantry and engineers) is divided into 2 sections ; the Int Line transport forms the Ist Section, the tnd Lino the’ ded ‘The supplies carried in regimental transport are, in the case of infantry and artillery, replaced from ¢I jonal train, Cavalry fill up from the corps supply column direct. Engineer units carry an increased quantity of supplies in regimental transport, being, like cavalry, unprovided for in the divi- sional train, Divisional and Brigade Trains. ization.—In time of war each infantry division has a divisional train (divizionné obo2), and each rifle brigade has a brigade train (brigadné oboe) “The train carries stores and supplies for the infantry, artillery, and artillery parks of the division or brigade, but engineers carry the corresponding supplies, &, with their battalion transport. Cavalry have no divisional or brigade trains, grits visional and brigade trains lave Deon inwtituted in ler to ensure unity of command over all that & of the division which is not included in the vegies ans port or in the parks, to ensure a constant and systematic replenishment of all ‘stores and supplies expended, and to serve as a link of communication between the troops and the nearest sources of supply. In the trains are carried: (a) Permanently, a proportion of supplies as shown on p. 119, such proportion of the entrenching tools as is not frequently required and would burden the froops if carried by them, and a reserve of boots and harness, (6) temporarily, such stores as the commander of the division or brigade may order to be excluded from the regimental transport in order to increase the mobility of the troops. ‘The stores and supplies carried in the trains are divided ‘into two categories : (a) those belonging to regiments and other units ; (2) general stores, |A. train is divided into two sections; viz.,the stores and supplies section (prodocolvstecwno-veshcheroi otdyel), and the sanitary section, (anitarni ofdyel). ‘Tho first named comprises the carriages carrying the stores, &c., of the brain itself, carriages with the entrenching fools and other stores temporarily excluded from the regimental transport, ua carslages with supplies to replace those expended feom regimental anoport, and the reserve of horses to make good losses in arillery fn chr draught horses. The somitary section (ave p. 101) consists of the divisional hospital and two mobile feld hospitale. 1 artllory or Sheiueor parks arp attached t0 an infanbry division, their carriages, ‘wl tho “corresponding. stores, jein the divisional’ train nd. form teyarte subsections. : Whe vlores aad. supplies section a dividod into five subsections. In each of the hrst font ds caried one day's supplies forall units and put of tho one day's reserve. of presarved vagotables; in the Sth Babsoction ero the cutrenching tools, reserve of boots and harness for regiments and batterie, two days’ preserved mest, the baggage of the NE of tho train, stores temporary excluded from regimental trans port and to reserve of horses, iach subsection fea separate sub-unit Bi carries its own supplies and stores." ‘The abject of the subdivision of the train fe to permit of m fraction efit carrying one day's supplies for the whole division or brigade, Tring brought up tothe troops daily when the enemy is near, while the nainder of the train romaina at «safe distance Tan infantry regiment. with one or two batterirs be detached, tho. corespontilng vehielos with supplies, tools, aud boots may D6 fetachod from the tmnin and may jolt the regimental treusport of the detach : ‘na Siborian rife division the stores and suppligs section of the teas uchided ia the evtaolishmenta of segimont, ey and the tsi Siusiss ofa sanitary section only (@ mobile and 8 reserve fold Hospitals). ~ Reaxes aro maintained in time of peace, but each divisional slat kcops a lise of tho offlors to be employed with the trainin war. The commanders of thn sections of the trains are taken from the fetive list, those of subseotions fom the reserve. ‘The. carriages, quipment, to are Kopt in peace by the regiments to whish they crrespond in war, those of the Sth Subsection ia special intendance FE emt oy mae Wy Ye rine, bn Sa sen rue ts cna Sate cath te or el gent tease ae te yr rh he ee i eh oe ee area Sites mle rt wi hoe rele ‘An escort of a few Cossacks is always detailed trom the half- coc coe ed See er pita anaes Merona ts ee 2s oe te ame ee a ae eee 8 ie ee le a dec eee “*Beigade traine being much smaller, all the personnel is supplied from ‘the sth Subsection. (» 10626) x