Sie sind auf Seite 1von 13

British Journal of Music Education

http://journals.cambridge.org/BME
Additional services for British Journal of Music Education:
Email alerts: Click here
Subscriptions: Click here
Commercial reprints: Click here
Terms of use : Click here

Music in the school curriculum: why bother?


John Paynter
British Journal of Music Education / Volume 19 / Issue 03 / November 2002, pp 215 - 226
DOI: 10.1017/S0265051702000311, Published online: 28 October 2002

Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0265051702000311


How to cite this article:
John Paynter (2002). Music in the school curriculum: why bother? . British Journal of Music Education, 19, pp 215-226
doi:10.1017/S0265051702000311
Request Permissions : Click here

Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/BME, IP address: 137.222.24.34 on 18 Mar 2015

8% 9% :6.;5 <1% =>>= 3?@AB =3CD==E

F"&(+;G#) ! =>>= F'HI+;1G* J$;K*+.;)( L+*..

!"#$% $& '() #%(**+ %",,$%"+"-. /(0 1*'(),2


!"#$ %&'$()*
!"#$%&'($)*+,-*.)/*0123%4.$*)%5"%67

!"#$% &'($)*+ $% & '+,$%+- &.- +/0&.-+- ,+'%$1. 12 (#+ (+/( 12 (#+ "#$'- 3..4&* 5+'.&''
6&$.718 *+)(4'+9 -+*$,+'+- 1. :+-.+%-&; <= >)(17+' ?@@< &( (#+ A4$*-#&** B)#11* 12
C4%$) &.- D'&E&9 F1.-1.9 &.- '+0'1-4)+- #+'+ 7; G$.- 0+'E$%%$1. 12 (#+ 5+'.&''
6&$.718 "'4%(HI
!" #$%&' () *'"&+,%'# () '-$',%'"*' ."/ '-$',%0'"&1 &2' $,.*&%*.3%&%'# ."/ 4'"'5&# () 6'"',.3
'/+*.&%(" 7#*2((3%"68 ,'0.%" +"*',&.%"9 :." ;' #+#&.%" &2' #$,'./ () #+4<'*&# &2.& "(;
0.=' +$ &2' *+,,%*+3+0> !" $.,&%*+3.,1 *." ;' <+#&%)? &%0' #$'"& (" 0+#%*1 ;2%*2 &( 0."?
;(+3/ .$$'., &( 4' . #$'*%.3%#'/ #&+/? )(, &2' &.3'"&'/> @2' 'A%/'"*' () $.#& $,.*&%*'
#+66'#&# &2.& &2' *("&'"& () *3.##,((0 0+#%* &'.*2%"6 2.# "(& /("' 0+*2 &( 2'3$ &2'
0.<(,%&? () $'($3' &( +"/',#&."/ 0+#%*9 B'& 0.=%"6 0+#%* %# 0."%)'#&3? ." %0$(,&."&
)'.&+,' () (+, 2+0."%&?9 C,' &2',' $,%"*%$3'# .& ;(,= /''$ %" &2' ".&+,' () 0+#%* ;2%*2
'-$3.%" &2%#1 ."/ *." &2(#' )'.&+,'# 4' '-$3(%&'/ .# &2' 4.#%# () . 0+#%*.3 '/+*.&%(" ;2%*2
;%33 2.A' A.3+' )(, 'A',?("'>
J. #$% D"63%#2 E(*%.3 F%#&(,? K<LM?N OP?Q9 A+1'R+ "'+,+*;&. '+,+&*+- & -$%&001$.(E+.(
8$(# 21'E&* +-4)&($1.H J( #&-9 #+ %&$-9 S0'1-4)+- & ,&%( 0104*&($1. &7*+ (1 '+&- 74( 4.&7*+
(1 -$%($.R4$%# 8#&( $% 81'(# '+&-$.RTH "8+.(;U(81 ;+&'% *&(+' (#+ 3E+'$)&. 0%;)#1*1R$%( 5H
VH BG$..+'9 8'$($.R $. G'; E*%'"&%#& K<LWMN MPMQ9 %4RR+%(+- (#&( SX-4)&($1. $% 8#&( %4',$,+%
8#+. 8#&( #&% 7++. *+&'.( #&% 7++. 21'R1((+.T Y & E&/$E +)#1+- $. #$% 711G @2'
@'*2"(3(6? () @'.*2%"6 KBG$..+'9 <LWPN <MPQ9 8#+'+ #+ &%%+'(% (#&( S1.+ 12 (#+ 4*($E&(+
&-,&.(&R+% 12 &. +-4)&($1. $% %$E0*; )1E$.R (1 (#+ +.- 12 $(TH
B1 E4)#9 (#+.9 21' S%)#11*$.RTZ 21' (#&( $% 8#&( "'+,+*;&. &.- BG$..+' #&- $. E$.-N .1(
&. &7%('&)( (#+1'; 12 +-4)&($1. 74( (#+ 0'&)($)&*$($+% 12 (#+ )4''$)4*4EH J. +22+)( (#+; 71(#
%++E (1 #&,+ 7++. %4RR+%($.R (#&( %)#11* 0'17&7*; -1+%.T( -1 4% E4)# #&'E 74( .+$(#+'
-1+% $( -1 4% & R'+&( -+&* 12 R11-H [189 (#+.9 )&. 8+ \4%($2; (#+ )1.(+.( 12 (#+ %)#11*
)4''$)4*4E] B#14*- $( $.)*4-+ &.;(#$.R 1(#+' (#&. (#+ 7&%$) %G$**% 12 *$(+'&); &.- .4E+'&);]
3.- $2 (#+'+ %#14*- 7+ 1(#+' %47\+)(%9 )&. 8+ \4%($2; ($E+ %0+.( 1. E4%$)] D1+% E4%$) #&,+
$-+.($^&7*+ +-4)&($1.&* 7+.+^(]
+$",-)./) &$. 0$.)*1(&$.2$/
"#+ 81'- S)4''$)4*4ET %4RR+%(% S& )14'%+ (1 7+ '4.TZ & ,1;&R+ 12 -$%)1,+';9 0+'#&0% Y
&*(#14R# $. 0'&)($)+ (#+ +E0#&%$% #&% (+.-+- (1 7+ 1. (#+ )#&**+.R+ '&(#+' (#&. 1. (#+
+/0+'$+.)+H 3 )4''$)4*4E ,+'; +&%$*; 7+)1E+% & %4EE&'; 12 G.18*+-R+ (1 7+ 0&%%+- 1.9
+%(&7*$%#+- %G$**% (1 7+ &)_4$'+- &.- 8+**U&((+%(+- 2&)(% (1 7+ E+E1'$%+-H "#4% 61R+'
3%)#&E K+-H 3'7+'9 <L?=N ?OQ $. (#+ *&(+ %$/(++.(# )+.(4';N

HIJ

http://journals.cambridge.org

Downloaded: 18 Mar 2015

IP address: 137.222.24.34

9"#$ L'($)*+

32(+' (#+ )#$*-+ #&(# *+&'.+- 0+'^(*$+ (#+ +$R#( 0&'(+% 12 %0+&)#9 *+( #$E (#+. *+&'.+ (#+ '$R#(
\1;.$.R (1R$(#+' 12 %47%(&.($,+% &.- &-$+)($,+%9 (#+ .18.+ 8$(# (#+ ,+'7+9 (#+ '+*&($4+ 8$(# (#+
&.(+)+-+.(H

300*$+- (1 %)#11*$.R9 0'+%)'$7+- *+&'.$.R 7+)&E+ (#+ .1'E9 .1(8$(#%(&.-$.R 1(#+'


01%%$7$*$($+% -+E1.%('&(+- 7; ,$%$1.&'; (+&)#+'% %4)# &% `+%(&*1aa$ K<=MWY<P?=Q &.V'1+7+* K<=P?Y<PO?Q9 8#1 7+*$+,+- (#&( $( 8&% $E01'(&.( (1 74$*- 401. 040$*%T +/0+'$+.)+%
&.- 0+'%1.&* -$%)1,+'$+% K)2H 6&$.7189 <LPLN <bOZ c+.-&**9 <LPWQH A$,+. (#+ $.)$-+.)+ 12
'+21'E$.R ,$+8%9 $( $%9 0+'#&0%9 %4'0'$%$.R (#&( *+R$%*&($1. $. .$.+(++.(#U)+.(4'; X.R*&.+.&)($.R S4.$,+'%&* +-4)&($1.T E+'+*; '+$.21')+- (#+ (+.-+.); (1 0'+%)'$0($1. &.- )1.U
21'E$(;H d*+&'*; (#+ .1($1. 12 S+-4)&($1. 21' &**T $E0*$+- (#&( (#+ %)#11* )4''$)4*4E %#14*7+ .**'##%43' &( .33 $+$%3#9 74( 12(+. (#&( 8&% &)#$+,+- 7; '+-4)$.R +,+';(#$.R (1
E+)#&.$)&* (&%G% 8#$)# )14*- 7+ 0'&)($%+- 7; 040$*% '" 0.##' 4.-+' (#+ (+&)#+'T%
-$'+)($1.H `&'&-1/$)&**;9 (#1%+ (&%G% Y '+R&'-+-9 0'+%4E&7*;9 &% S%$E0*$^)&($1.%T Y 8+'+
-$%($**+- 2'1E '+*&($,+*; &-,&.)+- 0'&)($)+ &.- +$(#+' (11G 21' R'&.(+- 1' $R.1'+- .&(4'&*
%(&'($.R 01$.(% 21' (#+ -+,+*10E+.( 12 4.-+'%(&.-$.RH "#+ (8+.($+(# )+.(4'; %&8 E1'+
)&'+24**; '+^.+- .1($1.% 12 +-4)&($1. &.- (#+ 8&;% $. 8#$)# )#$*-'+. *+&'.H V1' +/&E0*+9
(#+ )1E0$*+'% 12 (#+ <Lb< [&-18 6+01'( 8+'+ _4$(+ )*+&' (#&(
3 R11- %)#11* H H H $% .1( & 0*&)+ 12 )1E04*%1'; $.%('4)($1.9 74( & )1EE4.$(; 12 1*- &.- ;14.R9
+.R&R+- $. *+&'.$.R 7; )1U10+'&($,+ +/0+'$E+.(H H H H "#+ +%%+.($&* 01$.( $% (#&( (#+ )4''$)4*4E
%#14*- .1( 7+ *1&-+- 8$(# $.+'( $-+&% &.- )'4-+ 7*1)G% 12 2&)(H H H H J( E4%( 7+ ,$,$-9 '+&*$%($)9 &
%('+&E $. E1($1.9 .1( & %(&R.&.( 011*H K[&-18 '& .3H9 <Lb<N /,$$9 //$$$Q

B$E$*&'*;9 (#+ S54(*+'T X-4)&($1. 3)( 12 <LMM '+)1R.$%+- (#+ .++- (1 +-4)&(+ )#$*-'+.
&))1'-$.R (1 (#+$' S&R+9 &0($(4-+ &.- &7$*$(;T9 &.- (1-&; $( $% '+&-$*; &)G.18*+-R+- (#&( .1(
&** )#$*-'+. *+&'. $. (#+ %&E+ 8&;H "#&(9 (1R+(#+' 8$(# (#+ $.)'+&%$.R ,&'$+(; 12 )4''$)4*4E
1001'(4.$($+%9 %4RR+%(% &( *+&%( & (&)$( &))+0(&.)+ 12 S1(#+' 8&;% 12 )1E$.R (1 G.18TH e+(9
.1(8$(#%(&.-$.R (#+ +-4)&($1.&* -+,+*10E+.(% 12 (#+ %+)1.- #&*2 12 (#+ (8+.($+(# )+.(4';9
(#+ )1'04% 12 2&)(4&* G.18*+-R+ (1 7+ $.##'/ (" #&% '+(&$.+- $(% 0'$E&); .1( 1.*; 7+)&4%+
)1''+*&($1.% 12 '$R#(f8'1.R &.- %4))+%%f2&$*4'+ E&G+ $( +&%; (1 +,&*4&(+ 040$*%T 0'1R'+%% 74(
&*%1 7+)&4%+ (#+'+ &'+ .18 E1'+ &.- E1'+ -+E&.-% 401. %)#11*% (1 0'1,$-+ +,$-+.)+ 12
(#+ +2^)&); 12 (#+$' (+&)#$.RH g.21'(4.&(+*;9 *+&R4+ (&7*+% &.- 0+'21'E&.)+ )'$(+'$& (+.- (1
0*&; -18. (#+ -$22+'+.)+ 7+(8++. &%%+%%E+.( K$.21'E+- 74( .+,+'(#+*+%% %47\+)($,+
<+/6'0'"&Q &.- +,&*4&($1. K-+^.$($1. 12 & 0'+)$%+ Y &.-9 (#+'+21'+9 0'+%4E&7*;9 $.-$%04U
(&7*+ Y ,&*4+QH :+ %++E (1 #&,+ '+&)#+- & 01$.( 8#+'+ 8+ &))+0( 8$(#14( _4+%($1. (#+
01%%$7$*$(; 12 'A.3+.&%"6 &** *+&'.$.R $. (+'E% 8#$)# 8$** #&,+ (#+ %&E+ E+&.$.R &)'1%% (#+
)4''$)4*4EH 3% & )1.%+_4+.)+9 8+ E&; &** (11 +&%$*; &**18 14'%+*,+% (1 7+ ('&00+- 7;
)1E0'1E$%+9 E&G$.R $E01'(&.( 8#&( )&. E1%( +&%$*; 7+ +,&*4&(+- '&(#+' (#&. ,&*4$.R 8#&(
$% $E01'(&.(H J. 8#$)# )&%+9 8#; -1 8+ 71(#+' 8$(# S1(#+' 8&;% 12 )1E$.R (1 G.18T 8#$)#9
&*(#14R# (#+; E&; 7+ &%%+%%+-9 )&..1( 7+ +,&*4&(+-] Y .1(&7*;9 &.;(#$.R (#&( '+*$+% 401.
(#+ +/+')$%+ 12 $E&R$.&($1.9 )'+&($,+ '+%01.%+9 &.- (#+ +/0'+%%$1. 12 $.-+0+.-+.( ,$+8%H
30124 21 .255)*)$(
C4%$) #&% .1 0&%(Z $( +/$%(% 1.*; &( (#+ E1E+.( 8#+. $( #&00+.%9 &.- .1 (81 0+'21'E&.)+%
&'+ $-+.($)&*H< "#$% $% .1( & -$%&-,&.(&R+H >. (#+ )1.('&';9 $( $% E4%$)T% R'+&(+%( &%%+(

HIK

http://journals.cambridge.org

Downloaded: 18 Mar 2015

IP address: 137.222.24.34

:6.;5 ;$ )#* .5#""0 56++;5606H@ -#( I")#*+M

7+)&4%+9 0+'#&0% E1'+ (#&. &.;(#$.R +*%+ $. 14' +/0+'$+.)+9 $( +,1G+% (#+ +%%+.($&* S.18T
8$(#14( $E0*$)&($1.% 12 & 0&%( &.- & 01(+.($&* 24(4'+H "#4%9 B('&,$.%G; K<LW?N ObQ 01$.(+14( (#&( 1.*; (#'14R# E4%$) &'+ 8+ &7*+ (1 S'+&*$a+ (#+ 0'+%+.(TH C4%$)&* SE+&.$.RT )&..1(
7+ %+0&'&(+- 2'1E (#+ &)( 12 0'+%+.(&($1.H [18+,+'9 (#+ .+)+%%$(; 12 $,'#'"&L$.R E4%$) Y
E&G$.R $( 0'+%+.( #+'+ &.- .189 8$(#14( 8#$)# $( 8$** .1( 7+ E4%$) &( &** Y -1+% .1( %$(
+&%$*; 8$(# & )1.)+0( 12 +-4)&($1. (#&( '+%(% E&$.*; 401. '+)+$,+- 2&)(4&* G.18*+-R+ &.8#$)#9 7; ('&-$($1.9 4%+% (#+ 0&%( (1 E&G+ %+.%+ 12 (#+ 0'+%+.(H? J2 8+ 8&.( E4%$) (1 #&,+ &
'1*+ $. R+.+'&* +-4)&($1. $( 814*- %++E *1R$)&* (1 &)G.18*+-R+ (#$% -$22+'+.)+ &.- R$,+
0'1E$.+.)+ (1 &)($,$($+% (#&( 8$** $.,1*,+ &** 040$*% 81'G$.R -$'+)(*; 8$(# E4%$)H e+(9 $.
%0$(+ 12 .4E+'14% &((+E0(% (1 -+,+*10 & E1'+ 0+#%*.3 E4%$) )4''$)4*4E 21' (#+ E&\1'$(; 12
%)#11* 040$*%9 (#+ S$EE+-$&);T 12 (#+ +/0+'$+.)+ $% R$,+. %)&.( &((+.($1. $. (#+ )*&%%'11E9
(#+ +E0#&%$% 7+$.R %($**9 &% $( #&% 7++. 21' %1 *1.R9 1. 040$*% &7%1'7$.R $.+'( $.21'E&($1.
&714( E4%$)H
"#+ '+&%1.% 21' (#$% &'+ .1( #&'- (1 ^.-H `'17&7*; ,+'; 2+8 0+10*+ 814*- '+R&'E4%$)T% -$%($.)($,+ S.18.+%%T &% & 0'10+'(; 12 (#+ &'( $(%+*2H D147(*+%%9 (#+ E&\1'$(; 814*%++ $( %$E0*; &% (#+ E1%( 17,$14% '+%4*( 12 E4%$)$&.% 0+'21'E$.R (1 &4-$+.)+%H D4'$.R (#+
E$--*+ -+)&-+% 12 (#+ (8+.($+(# )+.(4'; & .+8 %+.%+ 12 04'01%+ 7+R&. (1 7+ +,$-+.( $.
R'&EE&'U%)#11* E4%$) (+&)#$.R 8$(# (#+ -+,+*10E+.( 12 1')#+%('&%9 7&.-%9 &.- )#1$'%H
"#+ &-,+.( 12 FX3 0+'$0&(+($) $.%('4E+.(&* (+&)#+'% #&- E&-+ $( 01%%$7*+ 21' R'&EE&'
%)#11* S-$'+)(1'% 12 E4%$)T (1 +E4*&(+ (#+ 01%$($,+ &.- )#&'&)(+'$%($) 2+&(4'+% 12 E4%$) $.
$.-+0+.-+.( %)#11*%H B47%+_4+.(*;9 (#+ )1E0'+#+.%$,+ %)#11*% $.#+'$(+- (#$% 0'&)($)+ 74(9
4.-+'%(&.-&7*;9 $.%$%(+- (#&( (#+ E4%$)UE&G$.R %#14*- 7+ %++. &% 0&'( 12 (#+ )4''$)4*4E
+,+. (#14R# '+#+&'%&*% 8+'+ .1'E&**; %)#+-4*+- S14(U12U($E+U(&7*+TH :$(# '&'+ +/)+0($1.%9
%4)# &)($,$($+% %($** )&(+' 21' & E$.1'$(; 12 040$*% Y $( )14*- #&'-*; 7+ 1(#+'8$%+ Y 74( (#+
4*($E&(+ \4%($^)&($1. $% (#&( (#+ +.%+E7*+% 6%A' *("*',&#H "#&(9 $. & '14.-&714( 8&;9
$.h4+.)+- (#+ 0'1R'&EE+U.1(+ %(;*+ 12 ($E+(&7*+- SE4%$)T *+%%1.% 8#$)#9 1,+' E&.; ;+&'%9
#&% %47(*; +E0#&%$%+- (#+ -$22+'+.)+ 7+(8++. (#+ )1.)+'(UR$,$.R E$.1'$(;T% &)($,$(; &.- (#+
E4%$)&* %"&)($,$(; 12 +,+';1.+ +*%+H J( R&,+ '$%+ (1 (#+ (#+1'; (#&(9 &*(#14R# (#+ S4.E4%$)&*T
E&\1'$(; E$R#( .1( 7+ &7*+ (1 0&'($)$0&(+ $. E4%$)UE&G$.R9 $2 (#+$' +-4)&($1. 0'1,$-+- (#+E
8$(# +.14R# $.21'E&($1. .4(+& E4%$)9 (#+; )14*- 7+)1E+ SR11- *$%(+.+'%TH [&,+ 8+
'+&*$%+- (#&( &$E (1 &.; R'+&(+' +/(+.( (#&. "'+,+*;&.9 W@ ;+&'% &R19 (#14R#( 8+ #&- -1.+
8$(# *$(+'&(4'+] C$R#( $( .1( 7+ E1'+ #1.+%( (1 21'R+( (#+ R+.+'&* SE4%$) *+%%1.%T &.- &**18
E4%$)UE&G$.R (1 7+ &. 10($1. 21' (#1%+ 8#1 %#18 (#+ &00'10'$&(+ $.(+'+%( &.- 0'&)($)&*
(&*+.(] >' &R&$.9 %#14*- 8+ .1( 71(#+' &( &** 8$(# E4%$) $. %)#11*%9 0'1,$-$.R $.%(+&-+-$)&(+- 2&)$*$($+% 21' (#1%+ 8#1 8&.( (#+E $. *1)&* E4%$) %)#11*% 1' )1.%+',&(1$'+%]
6"*.1 &1 & 1071(2(0() 5"* )89)*2)$4)
A$,+. (#+ )4''$)4*4ET% 21)4% 1. 2&)(4&* G.18*+-R+ $( $% #&'-*; %4'0'$%$.R (#&( (#+'+ #&%
7++. %1 E4)# S(&*G$.R &714( E4%$)TH J. (#+ E+E1'$+% 12 %1E+ 12 4% 8#1 8+'+ &( %)#11* $.
(#+ <Lb@% &.- +&'*; <LM@% C4%$)&* 300'+)$&($1. E&; 8+** 7+ &%%1)$&(+- 8$(# :&*21'D&,$+%T% *+R+.-&'; 7'1&-)&%(% K6&$.7189 <LPLN ?LM9 b@L9 bMWQH 5; )1.('&%(9 (#+ '+R4*&'
)*&%%'11E E4%$) (+&)#$.R &( %+)1.-&'; *+,+* (+.-+- (1 *&0%+ $.(1 21'E4*&9 2++-$.R 040$*%
S2&)(%T &714( E4%$) 12(+. 8$(#14( (#+E #+&'$.R &.; E4%$) &( &** Y &%9 21' +/&E0*+9 $. (#+
(+&)#$.R 12 %1U)&**+- V1'EH 3% & '+%4*(9 %1 E&.; )1.)+'(UR1+'% .18 7+*$+,+ (#&( (#+; E4%(

HIM

http://journals.cambridge.org

Downloaded: 18 Mar 2015

IP address: 137.222.24.34

9"#$ L'($)*+

#&,+ $.21'E&($1. 7+21'+ (#+; *$%(+. (1 E4%$)H e+( &( (#+ %&E+ ($E+ (#+; E&; ^.- (#+E%+*,+%
&*$+.&(+- 7; 8#&( (#+; '+&-i 3% 5+'.&'- F+,$. 2&E14%*; 8'1(+9 $. &. &'($)*+ $. @2' @%0'#9
&2(+' &((+.-$.R & 0+'21'E&.)+ 12 5&)#T% @2' C,& () N+6+' Y &.- #&,$.R 7++. (#1'14R#*;
7+E4%+- 7; (#+ 0'1R'&EE+ .1(+ '+2+'+.)+% (1 S24R4+% 7; &4RE+.(&($1. &.- -$E$.4($1.T9
&.- S)&.1.% ,'*&+# '& %"A',#+#T Y S"#+ 0'17*+E 8$(# (#$% %(422 $% (#&( (#1%+ 8#1 )&.
4.-+'%(&.- $( -1.T( .++- $(9 &.- (#1%+ 8#1 .++- $( )&.T( 4.-+'%(&.- $(iT
J( -1+% %++E 4.21'(4.&(+ (#&(9 $. (#+ .&E+ 12 +-4)&($1.9 0+10*+ #&,+ 7++. 7'14R#(
E$%R4$-+-*; (1 7+*$+,+ (#&( (#+; .++- %4)# -+(&$*H >'$R$.&**; $.(+.-+- %$E0*; &% 7&)GR'14.%4001'(9 (#$% $.21'E&($1. $% ('&.%21'E+- $.(1 +%%+.($&* G.18*+-R+ 8#$)#9 &*(#14R# $( E&; 7+
$.(+'+%($.R $. $(%+*29 #&% .1(#$.R -$'+)(*; (1 -1 8$(# 8#&( $% +/0+'$+.)+-H 6&(#+'9 $( &00+&'% (1
%4RR+%( (#&(9 $. %0$(+ 12 &** (#+ )&'+24* &'($^)+ 12 (#1%+ 8#1 *&714' (1 )'+&(+ $( &.- 0'+%+.( $(9
0+#%* 2.# &( 4' '-$3.%"'/H `+10*+ ('4*; 7+*$+,+ (#&( (#+; 8$** .1( &00'+)$&(+ 8#&( (#+; #+&'
8$(#14( 81'-% 12 +/0*&.&($1.H 3.- 8#&( &'+ (#+; 122+'+-] X$(#+' & -+%)'$0($1. 12 8#&( $%
7+$.R S01'('&;+-T9 1. (#+ &%%4E0($1. (#&( (#$% 8$** R$,+ (#+ E4%$) %1E+ G$.- 12 (&.R$7$*$(; Y
+,+. (#14R# 8+ &** G.18 E4%$) )&..1( S01'('&;T &.;(#$.R +/)+0( 7; &%%1)$&($1. Y 1' +*%+ &.
$E0+.+('&7*+ (+)#.$)&* &.&*;%$% 0*4% &. &))14.( 12 (#+ )1E01%+'T% *$2+H "#&( G$.- 12
$.21'E&($1. '+$.21')+% (#+ )1.,$)($1. (#&( E4%$) )&..1( %0+&G -$'+)(*; (1 4%Z 8#$)# $%
(&.(&E14.( (1 %&;$.R (#&( )1E01%+'% &.- 0+'21'E+'% -1.T( G.18 8#&( (#+; &'+ -1$.RH
d1E01%+'% (#+E%+*,+% #&,+ 2'+_4+.(*; E&-+ $( )*+&' (#&( %4)# E&'R$.&* $.21'E&($1.
$% .+$(#+' #+*024* .1' .+)+%%&';H V1' +/&E0*+9 5++(#1,+.9 $. (#+ &..14.)+E+.( 12 #$%
S`&%(1'&*T %;E0#1.;9 8&'.+- *$%(+.+'% (#&( #+ 8&% .1( 122+'$.R (#+E &.;(#$.R %1 )'4-+ &%
&. &((+E0( (1 $E$(&(+ (#+ %14.-% 12 .&(4'+N '&(#+'9 (#+; %#14*- #+&' $( &% & S'+)1**+)($1. 12
2++*$.R%THb D+74%%;9 $''$(&(+- 7; &.&*;%(%9 '+E&'G+-9 Se14 -1.T( )&0(4'+ (#+ E;%(+'; 12 &
21'+%( 7; )14.($.R $(% ('++%iT Y &.-9 1. &.1(#+' 1))&%$1.9 SJ.%+.%$($,+ '&77*+i d&.T( ;14
*$%(+. (1 )#1'-% 8$(#14( -+E&.-$.R (1 %++ (#+$' $-+.($(; )&'-% &.- )#&'&)(+'$%($)%] :#+'+
#&,+ (#+; )1E+ 2'1E] :#+'+ &'+ (#+; R1$.R (1] J% $( '+&**; .+)+%%&'; (1 G.18 (#$%] j4%(
*$%(+.H "#&(T% +.14R#TM K514)14'+)#*$+,9 <L=?N PMQH
3.-9 12 )14'%+9 #+ -$- E+&. 3%#&'"N (#&( $% (1 %&;9 *$%(+. &((+.($,+*; (1 (#+ 0'1R'+%% 12
(#+ E4%$)9 $EE+'%$.R ;14'%+*2 $. ;2.& 2.$$'"#H [+'+ &'+ %1E+ 1(#+'%N
:#&( J 814*- *$G+ (1 &)#$+,+ $% E4%$) (#&( $% %+*2U)1.(&$.+-Z E4%$) -+(+'E$.+- (1 2'++ $(%+*2 2'1E
&.; %4RR+%($1. 12 (#+ 0$)(4'+%_4+Z )1E0*+(+*; .1.U-+%)'$0($,+ &.- 4.&%%1)$&(+- 8$(# &.;
0&'($)4*&' *1)&*$(; $. %0&)+H K3*7+'( 614%%+* $. <L?L9 )$(+- $. [1+k'+k+9 <LbPN WWQ
C1%( 0+10*+ *$G+ E4%$) 7+)&4%+ $( R$,+% (#+E )+'(&$. +E1($1.%Z %4)# &% \1;9 R'$+29 %&-.+%%9 &.
$E&R+ 12 .&(4'+9 & %47\+)( 21' -&;U-'+&E%9 1' Y 7+((+' %($** Y 17*$,$1. 2'1E +,+';-&; *$2+ H H H C4%$)
814*- .1( 7+ 81'(# E4)# $2 $( 8+'+ '+-4)+- (1 %4)# &. +.-H KB('&,$.%G;9 <LW?N <WbQ
J 7+*$+,+ (#&( +,+'; E4%$)&* 81'G9 '+R&'-*+%% 12 (#+ 0#$*1%10#$)&* )1.)+0(%9 +E1($1.% &.&(($(4-+% 8#$)# E&; #&,+ $.%0$'+- $(9 $% &*8&;% S04'+ E4%$)TH KBa;E&.18%G$ !<LbbIQ
H H H +,+'; )1E01%+' 7+R$.% 8$(# & E4%$)&* $-+& Y & CgBJd3F $-+&9 ;14 4.-+'%(&.-9 .1( & H H H
*$(+'&'; 1' +/('&UE4%$)&* $-+&H Kd10*&.-9 <LO=N ?bQ
J 8'$(+ E4%$) %1 (#&( 0+10*+ )&. 21**189 2'1E 7&' (1 7&'Z &.- G.18 (#&( %1E+ .1(+% 21**18 &.1(#+'% -1.T(H K3*+/&.-+' A1+#'9 $. & 7'1&-)&%( (&*G $.('1-4)$.R & .+8 81'GQ

HIO

http://journals.cambridge.org

Downloaded: 18 Mar 2015

IP address: 137.222.24.34

:6.;5 ;$ )#* .5#""0 56++;5606H@ -#( I")#*+M

J2 ;14T,+ R1((& &%G9 ;14T** .+,+' G.18i KF14$% 3'E%('1.R 8#+. &%G+- (1 -+^.+ \&aaQ

3R&$.9 $2 )1E01%+'% (#+E%+*,+% -147( (#&( E4%$) )&. 7+ S+/0*&$.+-T9 %#14*- 8+ 7+


-+,1($.R 0'+)$14% %)#11* ($E+ (1 0'1,$-$.R E+'+ $.21'E&($1.]
3&:2$/ (#) ;"1( "5 "0* ;0124&- $&(0*)
J2 E4%$) $% (1 E&G+ & 81'(#8#$*+ )1.('$74($1. (1 R+.+'&* +-4)&($1. 8+ E4%( *11G 7+;1.$(% 01(+.($&* 21' %+.($E+.(&* &%%1)$&($1.Z 7+;1.- #$%(1'$)&* &.- (+)#.$)&* $.21'E&($1.Z
7+;1.- )4*(4'&*9 %1)$1*1R$)&* 1' 01*$($)&* '+2+'+.)+H l1.+ 12 (#+%+ (#$.R% ('4*; '-$3.%"#
E4%$)9 21'9 +,+. 8$(#14( (#+E9 E4%$) $(%+*2 $% & 21'E 12 G.18*+-R+Z .1( 12 (#+ %&E+ G$.- &%
K%&;Q #$%(1'$)&* 1' %)$+.($^) G.18*+-R+ &.- 1.*; (+.414%*; )1..+)(+- 8$(# (#+ 17%+',&7*+9
E+&%4'&7*+ 81'*- 8+ )&** S'+&*$(;T9 74( &. $E01'(&.( S8&; 12 G.18$.RT9 .+,+'(#+*+%%H "#+
,+'; +/$%(+.)+ 12 E4%$) $. 14' *$,+% $% +,$-+.)+ 12 %1E+(#$.R 8+ )&..1( &221'- (1 $R.1'+Z
#18 1(#+'8$%+ 814*- $( #&,+ 0+'%$%(+- &% %4)# & 018+'24* &.- .+)+%%&'; +*+E+.( $. +,+';
#4E&. %1)$+(;] 3% d4'( B&)#% K<LMMN ?<9 ??Q9 01$.(+- 14(9
[18+,+' 2&' 7&)G 8+ ('&)+ E&.G$.-9 8+ 2&$* (1 %++ (#+ %0'$.R$.R 40 12 E4%$)H X,+. (#+ E1%(
0'$E$($,+ ('$7+% &'+ E4%$)&**; 7+;1.- (#+ ^'%( &((+E0(%H H H H !C4%$)I #&% *$((*+ (1 -1 8$(# (#+
E4(&7*+ %4'2&)+ 12 *$2+9 &.- .1(#$.R !(1 -1 8$(#I (#+ %('4RR*+ 21' +/$%(+.)+H "#$% $% 8#; E4%$) $%
1.+ 12 (#+ %(+&-$+%( +*+E+.(% $. (#+ +,1*4($1. 12 E&.G$.-H

B$.)+ (#+ $.,+.($1. 12 %14.- '+)1'-$.R (#+ .4E7+' 12 0+10*+ 8#1 &'+ )1.%4E+'% 129 '&(#+'
(#&. 0&'($)$0&.(% $.9 E4%$) E4%( #&,+ $.)'+&%+- +.1'E14%*;9 74( &*(#14R# (#1%+ 8+ '+R&'&% SE4%$)&*T E&; .18 7+ $. & E$.1'$(;9 E4%$)&* +"/',#&."/%"6 %($** 7+*1.R%9 _4$(+ .&(4'&**;9
(1 4% &**H j1#. 5*&)G$.R K<LOLN PQ E&-+ (#+ 01$.( 0*&$.*;N
SC;T %1)$+(; )*&$E% (#&( 1.*; & *$E$(+- .4E7+' 12 0+10*+ &'+ E4%$)&*9 &.- ;+( $( 7+#&,+% &% $2 &**
0+10*+ 01%%+%%+- (#+ 7&%$) )&0&)$(; 8$(#14( 8#$)# .1 E4%$)&* 24.)($1. )&. +/$%( Y (#+ )&0&)$(;
(1 *$%(+. (1 &.- -$%($.R4$%# 0&((+'.% 12 %14.-H

"#$% $% $E01'(&.( 7+)&4%+ 8#+. 8+ 7+R$. (1 )1.%$-+' 8#; E4%$) E$R#( #&,+ & 0*&)+ $. (#+
%)#11* )4''$)4*4E 8+ E4%( 7+*$+,+ (#&( & (+&)#+'T% )1EE$(E+.( $% (1 &** (#+ 040$*%9 .1(
1.*; (1 (#1%+ 8$(# )1.,+.($1.&* (&*+.(H C4%$) E&; #&,+ & '1*+ $. %)#11* *$2+ %1)$&**; 74(9 $2
$( $% (1 7+ & ,&*4&7*+ *+,,%*+3+0 %47\+)(9 8#&( $% -1.+ $. (#+ )*&%%'11E E4%( '+&)# 14( (1
+,+'; 040$*Z (#&( $% (1 %&;9 $( E4%( +/0*1$( .&(4'&* #4E&. E4%$)&*$(;H
[189 (#+.9 $% (#$% $.#+'+.( E4%$)&*$(; E&.$2+%(] l1(9 J (#$.G9 $. (#+ ^'%( $.%(&.)+ 7;
*$%(+.$.R (1 E4%$)9 .1' +,+. 7; *+&'.$.R 2'1E %1E+1.+ +*%+ #18 (1 0*&; 1. &. $.%('4E+.(9
74( 7; 0.=%"6 +$ 0+#%*H 3)'1%% (#+ &R+% E1%( 12 (#+ 81'*-T% E4%$) #&% 7++. E&-+ 40 Y
$.,+.(+- &.- 0+'21'E+- Y 7; E4%$)&**; 4.(4(1'+- 0+10*+H "#+'+ &'+ %($** 0+10*+ *$G+ (#&( $.
+,+'; )4*(4'+9 &.- (#+; &'+ %($** E&G$.R E4%$)H J( E&; 7+ (#&( E1%( 12 4% #&,+ )1E+ (1 (#$.G
12 E4%$) &% %1E+(#$.R (1 7+ 3%#&'"'/ &( Y $. (#+ %&E+ 8&; (#&( 8+ (#$.G 12 0&$.($.R% &%
17\+)(% (1 7+ 3((='/ .& Y ;+(9 $. +%%+.)+9 71(# E4%$) &.- 0&$.($.R% &'+ 8#&( #4E&. 7+$.R%
0.='N $( $% (#+ &)( 12 E&G$.R (#&( \4%($^+% (#+ &'(HO
[+'+ $% %1E+(#$.R +,+';1.+ )&. -19 4%$.R 8#&(+,+' E+&.% &'+ E1%( %4$(&7*+ (1 (#+
$EE+-$&(+ 04'01%+N ,1$)+%9 )1.,+.($1.&* $.%('4E+.(%9 S)*&%%'11ET $.%('4E+.(%9 1' $.-++&.; 1(#+' 8&;% 12 E&G$.R &.- )1.('1**$.R %14.-% E4%$)&**;H J. %)#11*% (#$% $-+& 7+R&. (1 7+
+/0*1'+- %+'$14%*; $. (#+ E$-U<LO@% &.- +&'*; <LW@%9W &*(#14R#9 0'$1' (1 (#&( Y $.-++-9 R1$.R

HIP

http://journals.cambridge.org

Downloaded: 18 Mar 2015

IP address: 137.222.24.34

9"#$ L'($)*+

7&)G (1 j+&.Uj&)_4+% 614%%+&4 $. (#+ E$-U+$R#(++.(# )+.(4'; Y )1E01%$.R #&- 7++.


&-,1)&(+- &% &. +%%+.($&* +*+E+.( $. 7&%$) E4%$)&* +-4)&($1.H= "1-&; .4E+'14% '+)1'-$.R%
2'1E E&.; )14.('$+% 0'1,$-+ &74.-&.( +,$-+.)+ 12 )#$*-'+.T% $.(4$($,+ E4%$)&* )'+&($,$(;HP
"#+ 0'$.)$0*+ $% %$E0*+N (1 (+&)# 2'1E 8#&( $% 122+'+-H X,+. _4$(+ ;14.R )#$*-'+. 8$**
E&G+ 40 %01.(&.+14% %1.R% 8#$)# (#+ (+&)#+' )&. +.)14'&R+ &.- '+)+$,+ &% 8#&( D&,$[1*7'11G K<LW=N PQ9 '+2+''$.R (1 )#$*-'+.T% 01+E%9 #&% )&**+- SE+&.( R$2(%THL d1'&* D&,$+%
K<LPW9 <LL?Q #&% -+%)'$7+- #18 %#+ '+R4*&'*; $.,$(+- )#$*-'+. (1 (+** #+'9 -&; 7; -&;9
&714( (#$.R% (#&( E&((+'+- (1 (#+E 1' (#$.R% (#&( 8+'+ #&00+.$.R &'14.- (#+E Y &.- (1 -1
(#+ S(+**$.RT 7; #%"6%"6 8#&( (#+; 8&.(+- (1 %&;H J. 1.+ %4)# +/&E0*+ C&';9 &R+- %$/9 %$.R%
&714( ('++% $. &4(4E.N<@
F+&,+% &'+ 2&**$.R 122 (#+ ('++9
(4'.$.R )1*14'% &.- H H H 7*4+ Y
:#+. (#+; )1E$.R -18. (#+ ('++9
-$22+'+.( )1*14'% &% 8+**H
>.+ $% 04'0*+ &.- 1.+ $% 7*4+ &.1.+ $% R'++. &.- 1.+ $% 7'18. &.>lX JB eXFF>:i
:#+. (#+;T'+ 2&**$.R -18. (#+ ('++H

:#&( -1 8+ *+&'. 8#+. 8+ *$%(+. (1 (#$% %1.R] V$'%(9 (#&( $( 7+#&,+% *$G+ & 0$+)+ 12 E4%$)N $(
)14*- .1( )1.)+$,&7*; 7+ E$%(&G+. 21' &.;(#$.R +*%+H J2 (#&( %++E% 17,$14% $( $% .+,+'(#+*+%%
$E01'(&.( (1 '+E+E7+' (#&( (#+ 1.+ (#$.R +,+';71-; G.18% &714( E4%$) $% (#&( $( )1E+% $.
S0$+)+%TH C1'+1,+'9 +,+';1.+ 4.-+'%(&.-% (#&( (#+ 81'- S0$+)+T9 &00*$+- (1 E4%$)9 E+&.%
.1( & 4%& 12 %1E+(#$.R 74( '&(#+' & ;2(3' 12 %1E+(#$.R9 %+*2U)1.(&$.+- &.- +/0+'$+.($&**;
)1E0*+(+H d1EE1. (1 +,+'; 0$+)+ $% 8#&( JEE&.4+* c&.( K<=L@N mm<@9 <<Q )&**+- S(#+
21'E 12 ^.&*$(;TH 3*(#14R# 8+ E&; .+,+' R$,+ (#&( & (#14R#(9 $( $% 8#&( (#+ E$.- +/0+)(%
&.- 8#&( 8+ ^.- %&($%2;$.RH Sg.-+'%(&.-$.RT & 81'G 12 &'( $E0*$+% 0+')+0($1. 12 &
S)1EE1. %+.%+T '+*&($1.%#$0 7+(8++. (#+ 81'G &% & 8#1*+ &.- $(% E&(+'$&*% Y 21' +/&E0*+9
$. E4%$)N E+*1-$) E1($2%9 #&'E1.$) &.- '#;(#E$) ^R4'+%9 ($E7'+%9 ,&'$+- (+/(4'+% &.-+.%$($+%9 &.- %1 1.H X$(#+' &% *$%(+.+'% (1 1' &% E&G+'% 12 E4%$)9 $2 8+ &'+ &((+.($,+ 8+ %#&**
%+.%+ (#+ )1#+'+.)+ (#&( $% &)#$+,+-9 *&'R+*; 7; $.(4$($,+ 8&;% 12 S81'G$.RT (#+ E&(+'$&*%
&(6'&2', Y #+.)+ (#+ .1($1. 12 S)1EU01%$($1.T n 01%$($.R 1' S04(($.RU$.U0*&)+U(1R+(#+'T (#+
$.,+.(+- E&(+'$&*% %1 (#&( +/0+)(&($1.% +E+'R+ &.- &'+ 24*^**+- 1' 01%(01.+- &.- 7'14R#(
(1 4*($E&(+ )*1%4'+ $. & 8&; 8#$)# %&;%9 S&2.&Q# #18 $( %#14*- 7+N &2.& E&G+% %+.%+TH
J. %$/U;+&'U1*- C&';T% %01.(&.+14% %1.R &714( (#+ 2&**$.R *+&,+% 8+ )&. #+&' #18 %#+
81'G% (#+ E&(+'$&*% (18&'-% & 0&'($)4*&' 01$.(H J. %0$(+ 12 #+' #+%$(&($1. 7+21'+ %$.R$.R S7*4+T
&( (#+ +.- 12 (#+ %+)1.- *$.+9 $( $% )*+&' (#&( %#+ 2++*% (#+ '#;(#E$) 0&((+'. 12 S&+,"$.R )1*14'%
&.- 43+'T 7+)&4%+ %#+ '+$.21')+% $( 8$(# (#+ 0#'&%+ S/%))','"& )1*14'% &% ;'33TH "#+ E&..+'
&.- $E0+(4% 12 (#&( '#;(#E$) '+$.21')+E+.( )1.($.4+% $. S("' $% 04'0*+ &.- ("' $% 7*4+ &.H H HT9 %1 (#&( (#+ (#14R#( h18% 1. 8$(# +,+. R'+&(+' ,$R14' $. & *&'R+' 0&((+'. )1E7$.$.R (#+
(81 %#1'( 0#'&%+% KS("' $% 04'0*+ &.- ("' $% 7*4+ &.- ("' $% R'++. &.- ("' $% 7'18. &.- H H HT
Q9 &** 12 8#$)# *+&-% (1 (#+ %$.R4*&' S>lX JB eXFF>:iT [+'+ $% &. 17,$14% )*$E&/9 74( (#&(
+22+)( $% .1( &)#$+,+- %1*+*; 7; (#+ 018+'24* #$R# &.- )(,&%##%0( -+*$,+';H 6&(#+' $( $% (#+
E4%$)&* (#$.G$.RU(#'14R# (#&( +.%4'+% (#&( 8+ '+)+$,+ (#+ 24** $E0&)( 12 (#$% E1E+.(H<< "#+
0'1)+%% 7+R$.% 8$(# S("' $% 7'18.TH "#&( $% ('4*; (#+ %1.RT% )'4)$&* 01$.( 7+)&4%+ +,+';(#$.R

HHR

http://journals.cambridge.org

Downloaded: 18 Mar 2015

IP address: 137.222.24.34

:6.;5 ;$ )#* .5#""0 56++;5606H@ -#( I")#*+M

+*%+ (&G+% 122 2'1E (#+'+Z &.-9 &% $( -1+%9 8+ '+&*$%+ #18 &** (#&( #&% R1.+ 7+21'+ .18 E&G+%
+,+. E1'+ E4%$)&* )1EE1. %+.%+H [&,$.R '+&)#+- (#$% 01$.(9 (#+ 01%%$7$*$(; 12 &.
4*($E&(+*; %&($%2;$.R 8#1*+.+%% 7+)1E+% &00&'+.(H J( $% (#+ 018+' 12 (#+ 0&%%&R+ 2'1E S1.+ $%
7'18.T (1 S1.+ $% ;+**18T (#&( R$,+% (1 (#+ )1.('&%($.R*; R+.(*+ 0#'&%+ (#&( 21**18% KS:#+.
(#+;T'+ 2&**$.R -18. (#+ ('++TQ & ^.&*$(; 12 )*1%4'+ (#&( %++E% 71(# $.+,$(&7*+ &.- S'$R#(TH
J( 814*- .1( 7+ .+)+%%&'; (1 +/0*&$. (1 (#$% )#$*- 8#&( %#+ #&% &)#$+,+-9 +,+. $2 1.+
)14*- (#$.G 12 & 8&; 12 -1$.R %1H :#&( E&((+'% $% (#&( %#+ #&% 7++. +.)14'&R+- (1 )'+&(+ &
E4%$)&* +,+.( 8#$)# #&% 7++. '+)+$,+- 8$(# $.(+'+%( &.- +.(#4%$&%E 7; (#+ (+&)#+'H
B$E0*; 7; E&G$.R (#$% %1.R9 C&'; #&% -$%)1,+'+- (#$.R% (#&( %#+ )14*- .1( #&,+ *+&'.+- $.
&.; 1(#+' 8&;H J( E$R#( 7+ %&$- (#&( %#+ $% 21**18$.R 8+**U('$+- &.- -++0*; '11(+- 0&((+'.%Z
&2(+' &**9 %#+T% %$/ ;+&'% 1*- &.- .1 -147( %#+T% &*'+&-; #+&'- & *1( 12 E4%$) 8#$)# 81'G%
E1'+ 1' *+%% $. (#+ %&E+ 8&; &% #+' %1.RH 54( %#+ $% .1( %$.R$.R & %1.R %#+ &*'+&-; G.18%
1' #&% 7++. (&4R#(9 1.+ E&-+ 40 7; %1E+1.+ +*%+N (#$% $% 2', $.,+.($1.9 81'-% &.- E4%$)Z
%#+ #&% E&-+ (#+ %#&0+ 12 (#+ %1.R S#+' 18.T &.- #&% '+*&(+- (#&( (1 81'-% 8#$)#
%$E4*(&.+14%*; R+.+'&(+ (#+ E+*1-;H C1'+1,+'9 $( %++E% )*+&' (#&( %#+ 4.-+'%(&.-%
$.(4$($,+*; (#+ 8&; $. 8#$)# (#+ 8#1*+.+%% 12 (#+ %1.R Y $(% S)1EE1. %+.%+T Y -+0+.-%
401. 0'+)$%+*; 8#+. )+'(&$. (#$.R% #&00+.N & 0'+)$%$1. (#&( $% 2+*(9 .1( )&*)4*&(+-H
34%($. :'$R#( K)2H [&E$*(1.9 <LLMN <M?Q %4RR+%(+- (#&( & 0$+)+ 12 %)4*0(4'+ %#14*- 7+
+/0*1'+- S*$G+ & 74$*-$.R9 & '4$.9 & *&.-%)&0+9 & (18.H "#$.G #18 ;14 814*- )'1%% $(9 )*$E7
$(Z 8#+'+ ;14 814*- '+%( &.- 8#+'+ ;14 814*- 8&.( (1 R+( $. (#+ +.-HT [+ &*%1 -+%)'$7+(#1%+ $E01'(&.( $.(+'%+)($1.% &% S(#+ 01$.(% 8#+'+ (#$.R% *+R$($E&(+*; #&.R (1R+(#+'TN
E1E+.(%9 %1 (1 %0+&G9 12 &)#$+,+E+.( 8#$)# S&-- 40T &.- ,&*$-&(+ (#+ 0$+)+ 7; R$,$.R $(
&. 1,+'&** *1R$)H "#$% (11 $% #18 E4%$) 81'G%H d#&.R+% 12 -$'+)($1.9 4.+/0+)(+- +/(+.%$1.%
&.- &--$($1.%9 E1E+.(% 8#+. 8+ 2++* %1E+(#$.R $E01'(&.( #&00+.%N &** &'+ )'4)$&*9 $. (#+
%('$)( %+.%+ 12 (#+ 81'-9 7+)&4%+ (#+; E&'G ($E+ &.-9 7; %1 -1$.R9 )'+&(+ %$R.$^)&.(
0'101'($1.% 8$(#$. (#+ 1,+'&** ($E+%)&*+ 12 & 0$+)+H J( $% (#+ 0'101'($1.% (#&( E&G+ %+.%+ 12
8#&( #&00+.%H F$%(+.$.R (1 C&'; $.,+.($.R #+' %1.R &% %#+ R1+% &*1.R9 8+ (11 )&. 2++*
$.%($.)($,+*; (#+ '$R#(.+%% 12 (#+ 0'101'($1.% %#+ )'+&(+%H [+' $.(4$($,+ S(#$.G$.R $. E4%$)T
R1,+'.% (#+ '+0+($($1. 12 0#'&%+% &.- 81'-% 8#$)# +.R$.++' (#&( '+0+($($1.H "#4%9 (#+
)&'-$.&* 01$.( KS1.+ $% 7'18.TQ9 2'1E 8#$)# (#+ 8#1*+.+%% 12 (#+ E4%$)&* +,+.( %0'$.R%9
1))4'% &( &714( <L %+)1.-% $.(1 (#+ %1.RN & 0$,1(&* E1E+.( $. & 0$+)+ 8#$)#9 $. (1(&*9 *&%(%
21' & 2'&)($1. 1,+' b< %+)1.-%H F$G+8$%+9 $. (#+ 0&%%&R+ 2'1E S1.+ $% 7'18.T (1 (#+ +.- 12
(#+ %1.R9 (#+ %&E+ 0'101'($1.&* '+*&($1.%#$0 1))4'% &( ?W %+)1.-% 8$(# (#+ %(&'( 12 (#+
)*1%$.R 0#'&%+ KS:#+. (#+;T'+ 2&**$.R -18. (#+ ('++TQ K%++ V$R4'+ <QH
S>.+ $% 7'18.T

S:#+. (#+;T'+ 2&**$.R H H HT XlD

!"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""!"""""""""""""!""""""""!
<LTT
?WTT
b<TT
!"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""!"""""""""""""!""""""""!
oHHHHHHHHHH*HHHHHHHHHHHHpoHHHHHHH/HHHHHp
oHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHpoHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH4HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHp
G(&'N / $% (1 * &% 4 $% (1 .H
V$RH <

HHI

http://journals.cambridge.org

Downloaded: 18 Mar 2015

IP address: 137.222.24.34

9"#$ L'($)*+

3".)-1 "5 9)*5)4(2"$


"#+ &%;EE+('$)&* '+*&($1.%#$0 12 1.+U(#$'- (1 (81U(#$'-% $. E+&%4'+E+.(% 12 -4'&($1. 1'
%0&)+ #&% $EE+.%+ %$R.$^)&.)+ $. (#+ #$%(1'; 12 (#+ 81'*-T% 01+(';9 *$(+'&(4'+9 ,$%4&* &'(%9
&')#$(+)(4'+ &.- E4%$)H<? :+ #&,+ %++. #18 %4)# '+*&($,$(; 1))4'% .&(4'&**; $. & )#$*-T%
%01.(&.+14% %1.RH J( $% 214.- (#+ 81'*- 1,+'9 $. E4%$) 12 +,+'; G$.-9 1*- &.- .+8H J( $% &
0'101'($1. (#&( $% +%0+)$&**; %&($%2;$.R 8#+. 8+ 17%+',+ $( $. .&(4'+ Y $. (#+ %#&0+% &.0&((+'.$.R 12 %+&%#+**% &.- ^' )1.+%9 21' +/&E0*+ Y &.-9 0+'#&0% 21' (#$% '+&%1.9 $( #&% 7++.
)1.%)$14%*; +E4*&(+- $. 0&$.($.R &.- %)4*0(4'+H J( $% -$%)+'.$7*+ $. .4E+'14% &.)$+.( E&.U
E&-+ %('4)(4'+% &.- $. (#+ SE&R$)T %#&0+% 12 (#+ 0+.(&R1. &.- ^,+U01$.(+- %(&'H X,+. $.
&')#$(+)(4'+ (#&( &( ^'%( %$R#( %++E% (1 7+ )+*+7'&($.R %;EE+('; K21' +/&E0*+9 `&**&-$&.
74$*-$.R%Q $( $% (#+ ,+'($)&* .%;EE+('; $. (#+ 01%$($1.$.R 12 #1'$a1.(&* 2+&(4'+% %4)# &% %('$.R
)14'%+% (#&( 2&%)$.&(+% &.- -+*$R#(% (#+ +;+H J. 01+(';9 &% $. E4%$)9 $( $% &R&$. & E&((+' 12
-4'&($1.% &.- '#;(#E$) 4.$(%H "#+ %1..+(9 21' +/&E0*+9 E&G+% $(% E1%( (+**$.R -$,$%$1. 8$(#
R'+&( %47(*+(; %1E+8#+'+ 7+(8++. (#+ +$R#(# &.- .$.(# *$.+% Y 8#+'+ $( 2'+_4+.(*; E&'G% &
.+8 -+0&'(4'+ 1' & %('$G$.R -+,+*10E+.( 12 (#+ 01+ET% $-+&H V1' (#+ %&E+ '+&%1.9 (#+
$&E7$) 0+.(&E+(+' $.('$R4+% &.- %&($^+% 4% 8$(# $(% E+'+%( #$.( 12 +E0#&%$% &00'1/$E&(+*;
(81U(#$'-% 12 (#+ 8&; (#'14R# +&)# *$.+H<b
S"#+'+ $% .1 +/)+**+.( 7+&4(; (#&( #&(# .1( %1E+ %('&.R+.+%% $. (#+ 0'101'($1.T9 8'1(+
V'&.)$% 5&)1. K<W<?f<P?ON <MOQZ &.-9 $.-++-9 $( 814*- &00+&' (#&( (#+ #4E&. E$.- -1+%
^.- R'+&(+' %&($%2&)($1. $. &%;EE+('; (#&. $( -1+% $. %;EE+(';H `+'#&0% (#$% $% 7+)&4%+9
)1E0&'+- 8$(# (#+ %1E+8#&( %(&($) 0'10+'($+% 12 S7$.&';T %;EE+(';9 (#+ S('$.$(&'$&.T
-;.&E$)% 12 &%;EE+('; Y &))4*(4'&($1.f'+&*$%&($1.f'+,+*&($1. Y *+&- (#+ 7'&$.9 ,$& +;+ 1'
+&'9 E1%( 018+'24**; (1 & %+.%&($1. 12 8+**U7+$.R &.- ;2(3'"'##H >4' #10+ $% +,$-+.( $.
(#&( 81'-N (1 7+ G+0( $.,$1*&(+ $. %0$(+ 12 (#+ 81'%( (#&( *$2+ )&. -1 (1 4%H "#4%9 (1 7+ 8#1*+
$% (1 7+ #&*+ $% (1 7+ #+&*+- $% (1 7+ #1*; Y (#+ '+&*$%&($1. 12 (#+ _4&*$(; (#&(9 #18+,+' 8+
+/0'+%% $(9 E&G+% 4% ('4*; 2+0." 7+$.R%H
>7,$14%*;9 (#+ 0'1)+%%+% 12 (#$.G$.R &.- E&G$.R (#&( 8+ .18 )&** S&'(T R1 2&' 7&)G $.(1
(#+ 1'$R$.% 12 #4E&.$(;H "#+ E+-$4E $% $.-++- (#+ E+%%&R+9 &.- (#+ )#&'&)(+'$%($) SE&G$.R
%+.%+ $. $(% 18. (+'E%T Y (#&( .+)+%%&'; 2+&(4'+ 12 +,+'; &'( 17\+)( 1' +,+.( Y $% %4'+*; &
'+%01.%+ (1 (#1%+ (#$.R% 8#$)#9 7+)&4%+ 8+ )&..1( (&G+ #1*- 12 (#+E9 4*($E&(+*; ('147*+ 4%
E1%(N ($E+ &.- %0&)+ &.- (#+$' E;%(+'$14% '+*&($1.%#$0 8$(# *$2+ &.- -+&(#H X,+. $. 14'
E1-+'. 81'*- 8+ )1.2'1.( &.- &))1EE1-&(+ (#+%+ 0'17*+E% 7; E&G$.R E1-+*% 12
0+'2+)($1. Y &*(#14R# 8+ E&; .1( '+)1R.$%+ (#+E &% %4)#9 .1' 7+ 8$**$.R (1 &)G.18*+-R+
(#&( (#&( $% 8#&( 8+ &'+ -1$.RH >4' 0'+-+)+%%1'% )1.%('4)(+- (+E0*+% &.- )&(#+-'&*% (1
E&G+ %0&)+ R'&%0&7*+Z 8+ 74$*- %G;%)'&0+'% &.- R+1-+%$) -1E+%H :+ &*%19 12 )14'%+9
)1.($.4+ (1 E&G+ %)4*0(4'+% &.- 0&$.($.R%9 &.-9 .1(8$(#%(&.-$.R (#+ S%47\+)(T9 &. &'($%(T%
0'$E&'; )1.)+'. 8$** &*8&;% 7+ (#+ )&'+24* #&.-*$.R 12 %)&*+ &.- 0'101'($1. (1 122+' R*$E0%+%
12 0+'2+)(+- %0&)+H F$G+8$%+9 $. 01+('; &.- *$(+'&(4'+ 8+ &'+ )1.%)$14% 12 & %$E$*&' $.*%"6 12
(#+ (#14R#( (1 24*^* $-+&% $. 21'E% 8#$)# (#+E%+*,+% K$H+H $. &--$($1. (1 (#+$' *$(+'&';
%47%(&.)+Q R$,+ %&($%2&)($1. &.- E&G+ %+.%+H >2 &** E&.G$.-T% &((+E0(% (1 E1-+* 0+'2+)($1.9
E4%$) $%9 0+'#&0%9 (#+ E1%( %47(*+H J(% E+&.$.R $% E&.$2+%( .1( $. 17\+)(% ,$+8+- 1' (14)#+74( $. 'A'"&# (#&( )&. 1.*; 7+ +/0+'$+.)+- $. (#+ ($E+ $( (&G+% (1 E&G+ +&)# 1.+ &4-$7*+H
C4%$) *$2(% 122 2'1E (#+ %4'2&)+ 12 *$2+N $( )&..1( 7+ )1.)+'.+- 8$(# -+0$)($1. 1' -+%)'$0($1. 12
81'*-*; '+&*$(; +,+. (#14R# $(% 01$.(% 12 -+0&'(4'+ &'+ 2'+_4+.(*; 214.- (#+'+H

HHH

http://journals.cambridge.org

Downloaded: 18 Mar 2015

IP address: 137.222.24.34

:6.;5 ;$ )#* .5#""0 56++;5606H@ -#( I")#*+M

"#$% %#14*- .1( 0'+,+.( 4% 2'1E 4%$.R E4%$) $. 8#&(+,+' 8&;% 8+ )#11%+9 81'*-*; 1'
1(#+'8$%+i :+ )&. E&G+ $( E+&. 8#&(+,+' 8+ 8&.( $( (1 E+&. Y &.- 4.-147(+-*; $( -1+%
$.%0$'+ &. $.^.$(+ .4E7+' 12 -$22+'+.( 4%+% &.- $.(+'0'+(&($1.%Z 74( (#&( $% 01%%$7*+ 1.*;
7+)&4%+9 &( '11(9 0+#%* 0'."# &2' #.0' &2%"6 &( 'A',?("'H :#&(+,+' (#+ 1,+'*&; 12
)4*(4'&* 1' %+.($E+.(&* '+2+'+.)+9 %(;*$%($) -+)1'&($1. 1' (+)#.$)&* ,$'(41%$(;9 8#&( ^.&**;
)1.,$.)+% &.;1.+ (#&( & 0$+)+ S%4))++-%T $% (#+ E4%$) $(%+*2H "#&( $% &)#$+,+-9 .1( 7; 8#&(
1(#+' 0+10*+ 8'$(+ 1' %&; &714( $( 74( (#'14R# 14' +/0+'$+.)+ 129 &.- 0+')+0($1. 129
%('4)(4'&* 0'101'($1.% $. (#+ 0$+)+ .# %& $,(6,'##'#H "#+ *1.R+'9 E1'+ +/(+.%$,+ %+)($1.% &'+
&%%$E$*&(+- ^'%(9 (#+ E$.- +%(&7*$%#$.R (#+ '+*&($1.%#$0 7+(8++. J-+& &.- E&(+'$&*%H "#&(
7'$.R% '+&*$%&($1.H l18 $( $% )*+&' 8#&( $% #&00+.$.R9 74( (#+'+ $% E1'+ (1 )1E+Z &.- 12(+.
(#$% )&. 7+ %4'0'$%$.R9 0&'($)4*&'*; &% 8+ &00'1&)# (#+ 4*($E&(+ 01$.( 12 )*1%4'+H "#+
E1E+.( 12 '+,+*&($1. 8#$)# 04(% (#+ %+&* 12 ^.&*$(; 1. & 81'G E4%( .1( 7+ (11 *1.R
-+*&;+-Z .1' %#14*- $( &00+&' (11 %11.N #+.)+ (#+ %#1'(+' %+)($1.9 '+*&(+- (1 (#+ ^'%( $. &
0'101'($1. 8+ '+)1R.$%+ $.(4$($,+*;H
:&*(+' `&(+' K<P=bf<L<?N <bO9 <bLQ 7+*$+,+- (#&( S3** &'( )1.%(&.(*; &%0$'+% (18&'-%
(#+ )1.-$($1. 12 E4%$)TZ (1 (#&( %(&(+ $. 8#$)# S(#+ +.- $% .1( -$%($.)( 2'1E (#+ E+&.%9 (#+
21'E 2'1E (#+ E&((+'9 (#+ %47\+)( 2'1E (#+ +/0'+%%$1.TH J( )14*-9 #18+,+'9 7+ &'R4+- (#&(9
'&(#+' (#&. E+'+*; &%0$'$.R (1 (#&( +.-9 &** (#+ &'(% -1 $. 2&)( &)#$+,+ $(H V1' %1E+9 (#+
E+&.% 12 +/0'+%%$1. Y *&.R4&R+9 ,$%4&* 21'E% &.- $E&R+% Y E&; %++E (1 7+ ($+- (1
E4.-&.+ +/$%(+.)+Z ;+( &**9 *$G+ E4%$)9 &'+ )1.)+'.+- 8$(# 0+')+0($1.% 12 0'101'($1. &.)1E0*+(+.+%% 8#$)# %4RR+%( &. S1(#+'T '+&*$(;H J. (#+ %('$)( E+&.$.R 12 (#+ 81'-9 &'(
S+.(+'(&$.%T 4%9 $. (#&( $(% 0'$.)$0&* 24.)($1. $% (1 S#1*- !4%I 7+(8++.T K%"&', &'"','Q (81
*+,+*% 12 +/0+'$+.)+N (81 G$.-% 12 '+&*$(;H "#4%9 E4%$) 10+'&(+% $. ,$'(4&* K0%;)#1*1R$)&*Q
($E+9 &*(#14R# 8+ &'+ &8&'+ 12 $( (&G$.R 0*&)+ $. S'+&*T K)#'1.1E+('$)Q ($E+H<M 3 %$E$*&'
0+')+0($1. 12 (#+ 0'+)$%+ 01$.(% &( 8#$)# %$R.$^)&.( (#$.R% #&00+. $. ($E+ 1' %0&)+ &00*$+%
$. 14' &00'+)$&($1. 12 +,+'; &'( 21'EH
< 9-&4) 5"* ;0124 2$ (#) 14#""- 40**240-0;
B)#11*% (1-&; #&,+ (1 24*^* & ,&'$+(; 12 .++-%9 %1)$&* &% 8+** &% +-4)&($1.&*9 74( (#+ )1'+ 12
(#+$' '+%01.%$7$*$(; $%9 &% $( &*8&;% #&% 7++.9 (#+ *+&'.$.R (#&( (&G+% 0*&)+ 4.-+' (#+
R4$-&.)+ 12 (+&)#+'% $. )*&%%'11E%H "#&( )1'+ $% $.)'+&%$.R*; 4.-+' 0'+%%4'+9 .1( 1.*; 2'1E
(#+ -+E&.-% 12 (+%($.R &.- &00'&$%&* 74( &*%1 2'1E +/0&.%$1. K+HRH S*$(+'&);T #14'% &.- (#+
'+$.('1-4)($1. 12 S)$($a+.%#$0T *+%%1.%QH :+ 14R#( (1 7+ %4'+ (#&( +,+';(#$.R 8+ 04( $.(1 (#+
)4''$)4*4E #&% +-4)&($1.&* \4%($^)&($1.H "$E+ 8&% 8#+. 8+ 8+'+ )1.(+.( (1 &))+0( E4%$)
&% & '+*&/&($1. 2'1E (#+ '$R14'% 12 %++E$.R*; E1'+ -+E&.-$.R %47\+)(%i "#&( 8&% .1( R11+.14R# (#+.9 &.- $( 81.T( -1 .18H l+$(#+' 8$** $( %42^)+ (1 $E01%+ 1. E4%$) & %04'$14%
&)&-+E$)$%E (1 E&G+ $( &00+&' '$R1'14% $. +/&)(*; (#+ %&E+ (+'E% &% %1E+ 1(#+'
)4''$)4*4E %47\+)(%H 30&'( 2'1E &.;(#$.R +*%+9 (#&( $% 4..+)+%%&';N E4%$) #&% $(% 18.
'$R14' $. (#+ -+E&.-% 12 %+.%$($,$(;9 $E&R$.&($1.9 &.- $.,+.($,+.+%% )1EE1. (1 &** &'($%($)
+.-+&,14' Y _4&*$($+% 8#$)# &'+ %1'+*; .++-+- $. (#+ E1-+'. 81'*-H "#$%9 J %4RR+%(9 $%
8#&( 8+ %#14*- +/0+)(9 ^'%( &.- 21'+E1%(9 2'1E E4%$)&* +-4)&($1. $. (#+ )*&%%'11E Y &.
+-4)&($1. &))+%%$7*+ (1 &** 040$*%H "#+ \4%($^)&($1. 21' E4%$) $. (#+%+ )$')4E%(&.)+% $% .1(
E1'+ $.21'E&($1. (1 7+ &%%$E$*&(+- 74( & ,+'; $E01'(&.( #4E&. _4&*$(; (1 7+ +/+')$%+- &.-+,+*10+-N (#+ 01(+.($&* 8+ &** #&,+ (1 E&G+ &'( 7; E&G$.R 40 E4%$)H "#+'+ )14*- 7+ .1

HHS

http://journals.cambridge.org

Downloaded: 18 Mar 2015

IP address: 137.222.24.34

9"#$ L'($)*+

7+((+' $**4%('&($1. 12 (#+ 1*- E&/$E (#&( Se14 )&..1( (+&)# &.;1.+ &.;(#$.R %#+ 1' #+ -1+%
.1( &*'+&-; G.18TH J( )&**% (1 E$.- [+'7+'( 6+&-T% K<LOPN ?LPQ 12(+. _41(+- 81'-%N
300'+)$&($1. $% .1( &)_4$'+- 7; 0&%%$,+ )1.(+E0*&($1.N 8+ 1.*; &00'+)$&(+ 7+&4(; 1. (#+ 7&%$%
12 14' 18. )'+&($,+ &%0$'&($1.%H

d1E01%$($1. KJ 0'+2+' (1 )&** $( SE&G$.R 40 E4%$)TQ $% (#+ E1%( .&(4'&* (#$.R $. (#+
81'*-H "#+ 1.*; %($E4*4% $( '+_4$'+% $% (#+ 1001'(4.$(; &.- +.)14'&R+E+.( (1 -1 $(H J( $%
_4$(+ %$E0*; (#'14R# S-1$.R (#+ &'(T (#&( .1( 1.*; -1 8+ *+&'. &714( (#+ .&(4'+ 12 E4%$)
$(%+*2 Y (#+'+7; &)#$+,$.R 4.-+'%(&.-$.R 12 8#&( E1'+ +/0+'$+.)+- E4%$)$&.% #&,+ 7++.
&7*+ (1 -1 Y 74( &*%1 8+ 4%+ &.- -+,+*109 $. E&.; %47(*+ 8&;%9 14' 018+'% 12 \4-R+E+.(9
(#+ )1.^-+.)+ (1 (&G+ -+)$%$1.%9 &.- (#+ )14'&R+ (1 %(&.- 7; (#1%+ -+)$%$1.%H g0 (1 .189
(#+ 0'$.)$0&* #4'-*+ #&% 7++. E4%$) (+&)#+'%T *&)G 12 +/0+'$+.)+ $. )1E01%$.R9 0+'#&0%
7+)&4%+ 12 &. +E0#&%$%9 $. (#+$' ('&$.$.R9 401. 0+'21'E&.)+ %G$**%H 5; )1.('&%( 8+ 814*7+ #&'- 0'+%%+- (1 (#$.G 12 &'( (+&)#+'% 8+ #&,+ G.18. 8#1 8+'+ .1( &)($,+ $. (#+$' 18.
'$R#( &% )'+&($,+ &'($%(%H
"#+ ^'%( (#$.R $% (1 -+,+*10 (#+ '$R#( &(E1%0#+'+N 1.+ $. 8#$)# $( $% &%%4E+- (#&( 8#&(
%(4-+.(% -1 $. SE4%$) *+%%1.%T $% (1 E&G+ 40 0$+)+%9 0'+%+.( (#+E9 &.- -$%)4%% (#+EH 3(
*+&%( $. (#+ +&'*; %(&R+%9 %4)# 0$+)+% 8$** .1( 7+ .1(&(+-H F$G+ (#+ 74*G 12 (#+ 81'*-T% E4%$)
(#+; 8$** 7+ $.,+.(+- -$'+)(*; (#'14R# +/0+'$E+.( &.- $E0'1,$%&($1.9 )1.^'E+- 7;
'+0+($($1.9 &.- '+E+E7+'+-H "#$% $% &% $( %#14*- 7+ 7+)&4%+ $( 0*&)+% (#+ +E0#&%$% 1. 8#&(
$% #+&'- '&(#+' (#&. 8#&( $% %++. 1. 0&0+'H V1' (#+ (+&)#+'9 (#+ +%%+.($&* _4&*$(; $% &. &7$*$(;
(1 )1EE+.( 04'01%+24**; &.- +.)14'&R$.R*; 1. 0$+)+% 8#$)# 040$*% 0'1-4)+9 +$(#+' $.
%E&** R'140% 1' $.-$,$-4&**;H "#+ (+&)#+'T% 17%+',&($1.% E4%( 21**18 1. $EE+-$&(+*; 2'1E
(#+ 0'+%+.(&($1. 12 (#+ E4%$)9 -'&8$.R $. &** 1(#+' E+E7+'% 12 (#+ )*&%% $. &--$($1. (1 (#+
)1E01%+'% (#+E%+*,+% (1 '+)&** 8#&( #&00+.+- $. (#+ 0$+)+N (#+ '+*&($1.%#$0 12 E&(+'$&*%
(1 J-+&9 &.- (#+ +/(+.( (1 8#$)# (#+ J-+& 8&% 24*^**+- Y (#&( $% (1 %&;9 S24**; ^**+- 14(TH
C4)# 12 (#$% 8$** 7+ &)#$+,+- (#'14R# &00'10'$&(+ _4+%($1.$.R9 8$(# 1))&%$1.&* '+2+'+.)+9
0'+2+'&7*; 7; -+E1.%('&($1.9 (1 )1E01%$($1.% 7; 1(#+' )1E01%+'% 8#1 #&,+ +/0*1'+%$E$*&' $-+&%H "#+%+ (+&)#$.R (+)#.$_4+% #&,+ 7++. +/(+.%$,+*; -1)4E+.(+- 1,+' (#+ 0&%(
bO ;+&'%9 74( %($** E&.; (+&)#+'% *&)G )1.^-+.)+9 .1( 1.*; $. (#+$' 18. &7$*$(; 74( &*%1 $.
%(4-+.(%T 01(+.($&* (1 '+%01.-H "#+ (+.-+.); (1 '+,+'( (1 $.%('4)($1. $% 4.-+'%(&.-&7*+H
d1**&71'&($1. 8$(# 1(#+' &'(% (+&)#+'% )14*- 7+ #+*024*H 30&'( 2'1E (#+ )1.%('&$.(% 12 ($E+9
(#$% .++- .1( 0'+)*4-+ 1(#+' &%0+)(% 12 E4%$)&* +-4)&($1.9 +$(#+' $. (#+ )*&%%'11E 1' $.
14(U12U($E+(&7*+ &)($,$($+% %4)# &% )#1$'% &.- 1')#+%('&%H J. R+.+'&*9 E4%$) $. %)#11*%
814*- 7+.+^( 7; )*1%+' &%%1)$&($1. 8$(# (#+ 1(#+' )'+&($,+ &'(% &.- 8$(# (#1%+ (#$.R% (#&(
4.-+'0$. (#+$' 0*&)+ $. (#+ )4''$)4*4E Y (#+ &R+U1*- .&(4'&* 0'1)+%%+% 12 S(#$.G$.R &.E&G$.RT 8#$)# E&.$2+%(*; 0'1-4)+ %4)# 81'(#8#$*+ '+%4*(% $. (#+ ,$%4&* &'(%9 )'+&($,+
8'$($.R9 -&.)+9 &.- -'&E&H >.*; 1. (#&( 7&%$% %#&** 8+ +,+' '+&*$%+ & %)#11* E4%$)
)4''$)4*4E 8#$)# '+&**; )&. $.,1*,+ +,+';1.+ &.- \4%($2; (#+ ($E+ 8+ R$,+ (1 $(H
="()1
<

"#$% $% ('4+ +,+. 21' S)1.)+'(T 0'+%+.(&($1.% 12 +*+)('1U&)14%($) E4%$) 8#$)# )1.%$%( $. (#+ -$224%$1. 12
81'G% )'+&(+- $. & '+)1'-+- 21'E&(H "#+ 0'10+'(; 12 S.18.+%%T $% +,$-+.( $. (#+ -$22+'$.R )$')4E%(&.)+%

HHT

http://journals.cambridge.org

Downloaded: 18 Mar 2015

IP address: 137.222.24.34

:6.;5 ;$ )#* .5#""0 56++;5606H@ -#( I")#*+M

L
<@
<<

<?

<b

<M

12 +&)# 0'+%+.(&($1. K-$22+'+.( ,+.4+% 8$(# -$22+'+.( &)14%($) _4&*$($+%Z (#+ )#&.R$.R )1E01%$($1. 12
&4-$+.)+%Z E&G+U40 12 (#+ 0'1R'&EE+%Z +()HQH
d2H q4+..+** K<LMON PbQ 1. X-8&'- A$771.T% %(4-$+% $. 61E&. #$%(1';N S!21' A$771.I H H H (#+ 0&%( R&,+
(1 (#+ 0'+%+.( (#+ \4%($^)&($1. (#&( $( .++-+-9 %4RR+%(+- & )1.($.4$(; $. #4E&. &22&$'% (#&(9 &( ^'%(
R*&.)+9 %++E+- 12(+. %('&.R+*; *&)G$.R9 %400*$+- (#+ 0+'%0+)($,+ +%%+.($&* (1 & )*+&' &.- -$%0&%%$1.&(+
,$+8TH
B++ d'18+%( K<L@MN <=OYWQ &.- c+'E&. r ";%1. K<LP@N ?HbPb!&IQH J. #$% %G+()#+% 21' (#+ %;E0#1.;
5++(#1,+. #&- .1(+-9 S3 '+)1**+)($1. 12 )14.('; *$2+ H H H & E&((+' E1'+ 12 2++*$.R (#&. 12 0&$.($.R $.
%14.-%T KV1'7+%9 <LWMN MbWQH J. (#$% )1.(+/( (#+ 0&'&**+* 7+(8++. 5++(#1,+. &.- #$% +/&)( )1.(+EU
01'&'; :1'-%81'(# $% .1( 8$(#14( $.(+'+%(H "#+ *&((+'9 $. #$% <P@@ 0'+2&)+ (1 U?,%*.3 V.33./# KF$((*+-&*+9
<L?MN ?MWQ9 -+^.+- 01+('; &% S(#+ %01.(&.+14% 1,+'h18 12 018+'24* 2++*$.R% H H H !8#$)#I (&G+% $(%
1'$R$. 2'1E +E1($1. '+)1**+)(+- $. ('&._4$**$(;TH
SV14*+ &#4'$+i lT+s(+%U,14% )&0&7*+ -T+k)14(+' -+% &))1'-% %&.% -+E&.-+' &t ,1$' *+4'% )&'(+% -T$-+.($(+k
+( *+4'% )&'&)(+k'$%($_4+%] DT14t ,$+..+.(U$*%] >4t ,1.(U$*%] V&4(U$* &7%1*4E+.( *+ %&,1$'] Xk)14(+aH d+*&
%42^(HT
D&,$- [1)G.+; (&*G% &714( S-1$.R (#+ &'(TH B$E$*&'*; A$1((19 +&'*; $. (#+ 214'(++.(# )+.(4';9 -+%)'$7+#$% 81'G (#4%N SD& )&01 & 21.-1 1R.$ 0+..+**&(& +t )1E01''+T KV'1E 7+R$..$.R (1 +.-9 +,+'; %('1G+ $%
)1E01%$($1.QH
d2H B)#&2+' K<LWOQZ B+*2 K<LW=QZ D+..$% K<L=@QZ `&;.(+' r 3%(1. K<L=@Q9 &** 12 8#1E '+)1'- 81'G
4.-+'(&G+. 8$(# )#$*-'+. -4'$.R (#+ <LO@% &.- <LW@%H V1' &00'&$%&*% 12 (#+%+ -+,+*10E+.(% %++
C+()&*2+ K<LP=N L=Y<<PQZ &*%1 `$((% K?@@@QH
d2H 614%%+&4 K<=W?f<L=LN <MLQN S$. 1'-+' (1 G.18 E4%$) 8+**9 $( -1+% .1( %42^)+ (1 ('&.%E$( $(Z $( $%
.+)+%%&'; (1 )1E01%+ $(H "#+ 1.+ 14R#( (1 7+ *+&'.+- 8$(# (#+ 1(#+'Z 1(#+'8$%+ 1.+ .+,+' G.18%
E4%$) 8+**HT Kd2H (#+ ^'%( X.R*$%# ('&.%*&($1. K<=WbQN S1' 8+ %#&** .+,+' 7+ E&%(+'% 12 (#$% %)$+.)+THQ
5'$($%# +/&E0*+% $.)*4-+ 040$*%T )1E01%$($1.% 2'1E (#+ <L=@% 8#$)# )&. 7+ #+&'- $. (#+ ^*E%9 (&0+Y
%*$-+ 0'1R'&EE+% &.- '+)1'-$.R% 0'1-4)+- 7; (#+ B)#11*% d14.)$* `'1\+)(9 W+#%* %" &2' E'*("/.,?
E*2((3 :+,,%*+3+0 K<L=bYP?Q &.-9 &E1.R E1'+ '+)+.( +/&E0*+%9 (#1%+ 1. (&0+% &.- dD% $%%4+- 8$(#
(#+ V,%&%#2 X(+,".3 () W+#%* D/+*.&%(" Kd&E7'$-R+ g.$,+'%$(; `'+%%QH >,+' M@ 0$+)+% E&-+ 7; )#$*-'+.
&.- ;14.R 0+10*+ $. J(&*; )&. 7+ #+&'- 1. (#+ (&0+ (#&( &))1E0&.$+% ,1*H WWfW=9 B+0(+E7+' <LL=9 12
4'Y+./,( Kj14'.&* 12 (#+ d+.('1 -$ 6$)+')& + -$ B0+'$E+.(&a$1.+ 0+' *& D$-&(($)& C4%$)&*+9 V$+%1*+9
J(&*;QH B$E$*&' )1E0$*&($1.%9 1. (&0+ 1' dD9 #&,+ 7++. 0'1-4)+- $. j&0&.9 l1'8&;9 &.- E&.; 1(#+'
)14.('$+%H
S"#+ *+&%( 0$+)+ 12 8'$($.R9 $2 (#+ (+&)#+' #&% +%(&7*$%#+- (#+ )1.(+/( 21' 0'10+' SSR$,$.RTT9 8$** 7+ &
SSE+&.(TT R$2(HT
"'&)G ?@ 12 (#+ (&0+ &))1E0&.;$.R V,%&%#2 X(+,".3 () W+#%* D/+*.&%("9 ,1*H L9 .1H b9 l1,+E7+' <LL?H
B$E$*&' (1 (#+ 0'1)+%% (#&( 0'1-4)+% & )*$E&/ $. & -$%)4%%$1. 1' & 0'+%+.(&($1.9 &.- (#&( #&% 7++.
)#&'&)(+'$%+- &% S(#14R#( 1))40$+- 8$(# $.-$)&(1'% 12 8#&( $% )1EE1. $. (#+ 0&%%&R+ 2'1E 1.+ &(($(4-+
(1 &.1(#+'TH
"#+ 0'+)$%+ 01$.( $. %0&)+ 1' E1E+.( $. ($E+ Y (#+ %1U)&**+- SA1*-+. B+)($1.T Y $% (#+ 0'1-4)( 12
"!HW<P K8#+'+ " $% *+.R(# 1' -4'&($1.QH "#+ V$71.&))$ %+_4+.)+ +/0'+%%+% (#+ %&E+ '+*&($1.%#$0 K<9 ?9
b9 O9 P9 <b9 ?<9 +()HQH
J &E $.-+7(+- (1 C' 6H"H j1.+%9 21'E+'*; B+.$1' F+)(4'+' $. (#+ D+0&'(E+.( 12 X.R*$%# &.- 6+*&(+F$(+'&(4'+ $. (#+ g.$,+'%$(; 12 e1'G9 21' 01$.($.R 14( %1 )1.)$%+*; (#&(9 12 &** (#+ '#;(#E$) 0&((+'.% $. (#+
X.R*$%# *&.R4&R+9 SJ( $% (#+ 1.+ 8+ *$G+ (1 2'., (#+ E1%(9 f 3.- 8+ )&. &*%1 #$'.= $( $2 8+ (';HT
V1' +/&E0*+9 &** (#1%+ 0'+%+.( &( & )1.)+'( )14*- &R'++ 1. (#+ ($E+ 8#+. & 0$+)+ 7+R&. &.- (#+ ($E+
8#+. $( %(100+-9 74( +,+';1.+ 814*- #&,+ & -$22+'+.( $E0'+%%$1. 12 #18 (#+ ($E+ 0&%%+- -4'$.R (#+
)14'%+ 12 (#+ 0$+)+H

HHJ

http://journals.cambridge.org

Downloaded: 18 Mar 2015

IP address: 137.222.24.34

9"#$ L'($)*+

>)5)*)$4)1
3Bd[3C9 6H9 +-H 365X69 XH K<L?=Q S"#+ ^'%( 711G+ 21' (#+ ;14(#TH J. @2' E*2(3'0.#&', K<O=@QH F1.-1.N
d1.%(&7*+ r d1H
53d>l9 VH K<W<?Q D##.?# (, :(+"#'3# :%A%3 ."/ W(,.31 ZU!!!N S>2 7+&4(;TH J. U(,/ V.*("Q# [(,=#9 ,1*H <9
<P?OH F1.-1.N :$**$&E 6$)#&'-%1.H
5F3dcJlA9 jH K<LOLQ F(; W+#%*.3 %# W."H :&%#$.R(1.9 DHdHN g.$,+'%$(; 12 :&%#$.R(1. `'+%%H
5>gd>g6Xd[FJXu9 3H K<L=?Q \'4+##?H `&'$%H
d>`F3lD9 3H K<LO=Q [2.& &( U%#&'" )(, %" W+#%*H l+8 e1'GN C)A'&8U[$**H
d6>:XB"9 VH jH K<L@MQ V''&2(A'"H F1.-1.N jH CH D+.(H
D3uJXB9 dH K<LPWQ SB&; $( ($** & %1.R )1E+% K'+h+)($1.% 1. %1.R% $.,+.(+- 7; )#$*-'+. bY<bQTH V,%&%#2 X(+,".3
() W+#%* D/+*.&%("9 #9 b9 ?=LYLbH
D3uJXB9 dH K<LL?Q SF$%(+. (1 E; %1.RN & %(4-; 12 %1.R% $.,+.(+- 7; )#$*-'+. &R+- O (1 = ;+&'%TH V,%&%#2
X(+,".3 () W+#%* D/+*.&%("9 $9 <9 <LYMPH
DXllJB9 5H K<L=@Q D-$',%0'"&.3 W+#%* %" E*2((3#H >/21'-N >g`H
V>65XB9 XH K+-HQ K<LWMQ @2.?',Q# U%)' () V''&2(A'"H `'$.)+(1.9 ljN `'$.)+(1. g.$,+'%$(; `'+%%H
[3D>:9 BJ6 :H [H '& .3H K<Lb<Q ]'$(,& () &2' :("#+3&.&%A' :(00%&&'' (" &2' ^,%0.,? E*2((3H F1.-1.N
[CB>H
[3CJF">l9 jH K<LLMQ @2' E*+3$&+,' () C+#&%" [,%62&H F1.-1.N "#+ [+.'; C11'+ V14.-&($1.9 $. &%%1)$&($1.
8$(# F4.- [4E0#'$+% F(-H
[>Xk6XkX9 3H K<LbPQ C34',& ](+##'3H `&'$%H
[>F56>>c9 DH K<LW=Q :2%3/,'"Q# [,%&%"6H d&E7'$-R+N dg`H
c3l"9 JH K<=L@Q9 ('&.%H C+'+-$(#9 jH dH <L?Pf6<LO?Q @2' :,%&%_+' () X+/6'0'"&H >/21'-N d*&'+.-1. `'+%%H
cXlD3FF9 BH K<LPWQ S"#+ #&'E1.; 12 #4E&. *$2+N &. +/0*1'&($1. 12 (#+ $-+&% 12 `+%(&*1aa$ &.- V'1+7+* $.
'+*&($1. (1 E4%$) +-4)&($1.TH V,%&%#2 X(+,".3 () W+#%* D/+*.&%("9 #9 <9 bOYMPH
cX6C3l9 jH r "eB>l9 3H K<LP@Q S5++(#1,+.TH J. BH B&-$+ KX-HQ9 @2' G'; `,(A' \%*&%(".,? () W+#%* ."/
W+#%*%."#9 ,1*H ?H F1.-1.N C&)E$**&.H
FJ""FXD3FX9 [H K+-HQ K<L?MQ [(,/#;(,&2 ."/ :(3',%/6'a U?,%*.3 V.33./# IMPOH F1.-1.N >g`H
CX"d3FVX9 CH K<LP=Q S"18&'-% (#+ )1.-$($1. 12 E4%$)N (#+ +E+'R+.( &+%(#+($) 12 E4%$) +-4)&($1.TH J. `H
377% KX-HQ9 U%A%"6 ^(;',#H F1.-1.N "#+ V&*E+' `'+%%H
`3"X69 :H K<P=bQ @2' ]'".%##."*'a E&+/%'# %" C,& ."/ ^('&,?H 6+0'H <L<?H F1.-1.N C&)E$**&.H
`3el"X69 jH r 3B">l9 `H K<L=@Q E(+"/ ."/ E%3'"*'H d&E7'$-R+N dg`H
`J""B9 BH K?@@@Q C :'"&+,? () :2."6' %" W+#%* D/+*.&%("H 3*-+'%#1(N 3%#R&(+H
qgXllXFF9 `H K<LMOQ SX-8&'- A$771.TH N(+, ^(,&,.%&#H F1.-1.N d1**$.%H
63Jl5>:9 5H K<LPLQ W+#%* %" D/+*.&%(".3 @2(+62& b ^,.*&%*'H 37+';%(8;(#N 51+(#$4% `'+%%H
6X3D9 [H K<LOPQ D/+*.&%(" &2,(+62 C,&H F1.-1.N V&7+' r V&7+'H
6>gBBX3g9 jUjH K<=W?Q D0%3'1 (,1 c" D/+*.&%("H "'&.%H 3H 5*11E9 <L=LH l+8 e1'GN 5&%$) 511G%H
B3d[B9 dH K<LMMQ @2' ]%#' () W+#%* %" &2' C"*%'"& [(,3/ d D.#& ."/ ['#&H F1.-1.N D+.(H
Bd[3VX69 6H CH K<LWOQ @2' :(0$(#', %" &2' :3.##,((0H D1. C$**%9 >.(&'$1N 5CJ d&.&-&H
BXFV9 AH K<LW=Q G'; E(+"/# %" :3.##H F1.-1.N g.$,+'%&* X-$($1.H
BcJllX69 5H VH K<LWMQ Sl+8 E+(#1-% &.- .+8 &$E% $. (+&)#$.RTH J. SX-4)&($1. $. <LPMT9 G'; E*%'"&%#&9 %%9
bL?H
BcJllX69 5H VH K<LWPQ @2' @'*2"(3(6? () @'.*2%"6H l+8 e1'GN C+'+-$(# d1'01'&($1.H
B"63uJlBce9 JH K<LW?Q C" C+&(4%(6,.$2?H l+8 e1'GN :H:H l1'(1.H
"6XuXFe3l9 AH K<LM?Q D"63%#2 E(*%.3 F%#&(,?a C E+,A'? () E%- :'"&+,%'#a :2.+*', &( Y+''" e%*&(,%.H
F1.-1.N F1.RE&.%9 A'++. &.- d1H

HHK

http://journals.cambridge.org

Downloaded: 18 Mar 2015

IP address: 137.222.24.34

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen