Works Cited

Agblorti, Samuel K.M. Refugee Integration in Ghana: The Host Communitys Perspective.
UNHCR News. N.p., Mar. 2011. Web. 14 Mar. 2016
This is a UNHCR sponsored article, so it could be slightly friendlier toward the UNHCR
and the presence of a refugee camp than reality would represent.
Binnendijk, Dana. "Reflections on Liberian Refugee Repatriation from Ghana." Praxis: The
Fletcher Journal of Human Security XXIV (2009): n. pag. Tufts Fletcher School. Web. 2
Apr. 2016.
<http://fletcher.tufts.edu/Praxis/Archives/~/media/D9E04C91947145868E1B7606EA16E
7DF.pdf>.
This journal article focuses on the repatriation effort and provides some information on
the Liberian Refugee Welfare Council. This source could be biased due to it being based
off the author's findings from when she was in Buduburam writing her thesis in that it
primarily supports whatever she was trying to prove in her thesis due to verification bias.
Boamah-Gyau, Kwame. The Socio-cultural and economic impact of Refugees on the host
Indigenous Communities in West Africa: A case study of Liberian Refugees at
Buduburam Community in Ghana. MA Thesis. University of Tromso, 2008. Web. 21.
Feb 2016.
This is a thesis statement written by a student at the University of Tromso. He was
attempting to get his Master of Philosophy in Indigenous Studies degree, so he might be
inclined to exaggerate certain things in order to make his paper look better.
Bortu, Tien Keah. "Problems and Challenges Faced by Liberian Refugee Children and Youths as
They Enter the Formal Educational Systems at the Buduburam Refugee Camp in Ghana."

Diss. U of Oslo. University of Oslo. Web. 3 Apr. 2016.

<https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/31134/Tien.pdf?sequence=1>.
Bortu's dissertation focuses on how Liberian refugee children adapted to the educational
systems they were put in in the Buduburam refugee camp. He discusses the role of the
Liberian Refugee Welfare Council and its main duties and actions. This source could be
biased as it comes from a doctoral dissertation and is based on one person's findings and
perspectives.
"Cholera." World Health Organization. World Health Organization, July 2015. Web. 3 Mar.
2016. <http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/>.
This is an informational article on the disease cholera composed by the World Health
Organization. This is likely a fairly unbiased source, as it is just providing an overview of
the disease, rather than advocating for a specific treatment or approach in dealing with it
and is not referring to any specific situation.
Crisp, Jeff. No Solution in Sight: the Problem of Protracted Refugee
Situations in Africa. Working Papers (CCIS, UCSD) 68: 1-30 (2003).
Web.
The author, Jeff Crsip, has held senior positions with UNHCR (Head of
Policy Development and Evaluation) and related NGOs (e.g., Refugees
International, Global Commission on International Migration). Crisp has
worked extensively with humanitarian operations and published on
issues of refugee and forced migration. Given his position in the
UNHCR, it is likely he is biased towards supporting its refugee polices
despite criticisms of efficacy.

Cronin, A.A., et al. "A Review of Water and Sanitation Provision in Refugee Camps in
Association with Selected Health and Nutrition Indicators - the Need for Integrated
Service Provision." Journal of Water and Health 6.1 (2008): 1-13. UNHCR. Web. 3 Mar.
2016. <http://www.unhcr.org/4add71179.pdf>.
This is an article provided through the UNHCR. This would lead one to think that it
would be biased to reflect success on the part of the UNHCR, however this article
provides statistics that point at inadequacies in the actions of the UNHCR.
Dauda, Deborah Chat. "Reproductive Health and Repatriation of Refugee Women in Africa: A
Case of Liberian Refugee Women on Buduburam Camp." MA thesis. U of California Los
Angeles, 2012. University of California eScholarship. Web. 3 Mar. 2016.
<http://escholarship.org/uc/item/6rt9d3vr#page-1>.
This masters thesis focuses on reproductive health issues faced by women in the camp.
There could be bias in that the author could twist information to support the point she is
trying to prove with her thesis.
Dick, Shelly. Liberians in Ghana: Living without Humanitarian Assistance. N.p.: n.p., 2002.
UNHCR. Web. 3 Mar. 2016. <http://www.unhcr.org/3c8398f24.html>.
This is an article provided through the UNHCR. This would lead one to think that it
would be biased to reflect success on the part of the UNHCR, however this article points
out inadequacies in the actions of the UNHCR.
- - -. Responding to Protracted Refugee Situations: A Case Study of Liberian Refugees in Ghana.
N.p.: n.p., 2002. UNHCR. Web. 3 Mar. 2016. <http://www.unhcr.org/3d40059b4.pdf>.
This is an article provided through the UNHCR. This would lead one to think that it

would be biased to reflect success on the part of the UNHCR, however this article points
out inadequacies in the actions of the UNHCR.
An image of Buduburam refugee camp. Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2016.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buduburam>.
This image is of Buduburam, with some of the refugees in the background. This could
potentially be biased, as it is from a community created web page, so it may not be the
most accurate.
Holzer, Elizabeth. "A Case Study of Political Failure in a Refugee Camp." Journal of Refugee
Studies (2012): 257-281. Web.
Author has no association with an organization that would instill a bias to influence
holding a refugee camp in a high regard or low regard. Perhaps as author befriended
refugee residents, she felt more strongly about issues they had conflict with, so it is
possible she gave a greater focus on that accidently.
Holzer, Elizabeth. What Happens to Law in a Refugee Camp? Law & Society Review 47(4):
837-872 (2013). Web.
The author, Elizabeth Holzer, is currently an assistant professor of sociology and human
rights with the University of Connecticut, Department of Sociology. Holzer conducted
fieldwork in the Buduburam refugee camp (March Apirl 2006; September 2007
August 2008; June July 2011) to study the ways that [the refugees] made sense of the
legal practices, discourses, and institutions that they encountered (Holzer, 2013). It is
likely that the author is subjectively biased.
Holzer, Elizabeth. Humanitarian Crisis as Everyday Life. Sociology Forum 29.4 (2014): 851872. Web. 17 April 2016.

Holzers article provides a very detailed description of the Buduburam refugee camps
natural environment and development over time, illustrating the Liberian refugees living
arrangements and how they have changed since the camps foundation. The information
gathered form this article establishes an environmental timeline for the camp by listing
the various problems that the camp has encountered since its establishment, the types of
solutions that have been implemented, and what still needs to be done to improve the
refugees living circumstances. It is difficult to determine whether there is any bias in the
article because the author has traveled to the actual settlement, directly spoke with and
gathered details from residents, and experienced some of the events firsthand. Whereas
some writers restate information secondhand and stay distant from the real experiences,
Holzer has personally collected different perspectives of Buduburams circumstances and
has also witnessed incidents in the camp herself. In addition, the nature of the article is
more informative than persuasive, meaning that the writers objective is more to simply
get the information out there and to tell people what is actually happening rather than to
directly influence or to change behaviors; therefore, there is less incentive to embellish or
to exaggerate facts beyond their truthfulness.
Holzer, Elizabeth & Warren, Kamryn. Humanitarian spectacles from below: A study of social
connections in unsettled contexts. Ethnography 16(4): 482-502 (2015). Web.
The authors, Elizabeth Holzer and Kamryn Warren, currently work with the University of
Connecticut, Department of Sociology. Holzer, an assistant professor of sociology and
human rights, conducted fieldwork in the Buduburam refugee camp (March Apirl 2006;
September 2007 August 2008; June July 2011) to study the ways that [the refugees]
made sense of the legal practices, discourses, and institutions that they encountered

(Holzer, 2013). Warren, a graduate student, has research interests that include the
intersections of forced migration, humanitarianism, and transnationalism. She is
currently analyzing the Bhutanese refugee crisis and the refugee camps of Eastern Nepal
for her dissertation.
Holzer, Elizabeth. The Concerned Women of Buduburam: Refugee Activists and Humanitarian
Dilemmas. Cornell University Press, 2015. 40-90. Web.
Same author as above. Similar biases. Possible that because author is a women she has a
particular influence in empathizing with the Concerned Women protest group.
Jacobsen, Karen. Can Refugees Benefit the State? Refugee Resources and
African Statebuilding. The Journal of Modern African Studies 40(4):
577-596 (2002). Web.
The author, Karen Jacobsen, is currently the Associate Professor of
Research at the Fletcher School (Tufts University) and the Acting
Director of the Feinstein International Center where she directs the
Refugees and Forced Migration Production. Jacobsen also acts as
consultant for the UNHCR and related NGOs and her research interests
include refugees and migration issues, humanitarian assistance,
livelihoods in complex emergencies, and developing countries.
Jehu-Hoyah, Needa. High-ranking Liberian Delegation Impressed by Skills of Refugees in
Ghana. UNHCR News. N.p., 18 July 2006. Web. 14 Mar. 2016.
This is an article found directly on the UNHCR website, and published directly by the
UNHCR, so it will naturally have a tendency to make the assorted UNHCR sponsored
initiatives look like they were more successful than they actually might have been.

Kreitzer, Linda. "Liberian Refugee Women: A Qualitative Study of Their Participation in

Planning Camp Programmes." International Social Work 45.1 (2002): 45-58. Sage
Journals. Web. 3 Mar. 2016.
<http://isw.sagepub.com.ezproxy.lib.uconn.edu/content/45/1/45>.
In Kreitzer's journal article, a lot of the typical psychological issues faced by the Liberian
refugees were discussed. This source showed little bias, it is published by an author and
journal that have no motivation to try to present information to mislead the reader.
Liberian women holding a sign advocating for refugee rights. Shout Africa. Shout Africa, 15
Dec. 2011. Web. 14 Apr. 2016. <http://www.shout-africa.com/top-story/ghana-closure-ofthe-bububuram-refugee-camp-june-2012/>.
This image of refugees holding a sign advocating for refugee rights comes from the
website of an organization pushing for "cultural quality" in Africa, so the site might
contain bias in that it portrays images and stories in a way that supports this agenda.
Lund, Ragnhild, Sarah Khasalamwa and Suzanne Y.A. Tete. "Beyond the knowledge-action gap:
Challenges of implementing humanitarian policies in Ghana and Uganda." Norsk
Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography (2011): 63-74. Web.
Since a main point of the report was to efficiently criticize obstructions to humanitarian
policies brought on by the UNHCR and the host government, there was perhaps some
bias present on the description of the UNHCR and Ghanaian government.
"Malaria." Center for Disease Control. Center for Disease Control, 14 Dec. 2015. Web. 4 Mar.
2016. <http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/>.
This is a website created by the CDC to inform the reader about malaria.This is likely a
fairly unbiased source, as it is just providing an overview of the disease, rather than

advocating for a specific treatment or approach in dealing with it and is not referring to
any specific situation.
Mogama. Refugee Was My Name: A True Story. Columbia, MD: Opine Publishing, 2012. Print
This is a memoir that was written by a man who lived in Buduburam before moving to
the United States where he is now a pastor in Kentucky. He obviously only speaks on
what he personally, so extrapolating small anecdotes to represent the whole camp can be
dangerous. His view could also be slightly biased given the fact that he was able to move
to America.
Mukoya. UNHCR national director collects water with a refugee woman in Uganda. UNHCR.
UNHCR, n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2016. <http://www.unrefugees.org.au/our-stories/photogallery/increasing-access-to-clean,-safe-drinking-water>.
This image of a UNHCR worker collecting water with a refugee in a Ugandan camp
could be biased, showing an idealized version of the UNHCR's involvement in a refugee
camp to boost the UNHCR's image.
N'Tow, Saah Charles. "How Liberians Live on the Camp at Buduburam in Ghana." The
Perspective 14 June 2004. Web.
The author went to Buduburam as a part of the Black River Project which focuses on
refugees' health. But the trip was mainly to gather enough information for 4 Harvard
undergraduate interns coming to the camp so they would be prepared as to what to
expect, but also to gather information on the conditions of the camp. The author met with
some of the higher members of the camp administration, creating a bias favorable
towards camp administration. Harvard is a prestigious institution, so it is possible the
camp administration acted a certain way to impress the author.

Ojewska, Natalia. A picture of the Buduburam refugee camp showing some buildings and some
refugees. Natalia Ojewska. N.p., 14 June 2013. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.
<http://nataliaojewska.com/bureaucracy-over-human-rights/>.
This image shows a general picture of the Buduburam camp. There is little or no source
of bias because the photographer is not using this image to support any claim she makes,
rather it just serves to provide visual context.
Ojewska, Natalia. "Bureaucracy Over Human Rights." The Sleuth Journal 14 June 2013. Web.

There seems to be fairly little bias in this article. The author even wrote this article after
coming back to Buduburam after her last visit a year previous, so she has a reference
point.
Owusu, Maxwell. "Reluctant Refugees: Liberians in Ghana." Journal of the International
Institute 7.3 (2000): n. pag. University of Michigan Digital Collections. Web. 3 Mar.
2016.
This article provided information on the common initial problems faced by the Liberians
who migrated to Ghana as well as problems that women faced. This source showed
little bias, it is published by an author and journal that have no motivation to try to
present information to mislead the reader.
A picture of a group of children in Buduburam. Idaho Andy. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2016.
<http://idahoandy.com/humanitarian/>.
This image comes from a website that describes an individual's experiences with
humanitarian work. There is potential bias in that the individual might try to portray his
work as having a larger impact than it truly did.

A picture of refugees outside of a sign in the medical clinic in Buduburam. Inside the Vatican.
Inside the Vatican Magazine, n.d. Web. 12 Apr. 2016.
<http://insidethevatican.com/news/the-next-pope>.
This image comes from a website that is focusing on the pope and what his work should
involve. Thus, they could be manipulating the information they provide to support the
point that they are trying to make.
Point Hope. Buduburam. Point Hope: A Voice for Forgotten Children. Point Hope, 2015. Web.
17 April 2016.
The background page on the Buduburam refugee camp by the Point Hope humanitarian
organization detailed the history of the camp, discussed some of the problems observed
during the organizations surveillance, and the organizations future plans for the camp.
The document outlined a few of the environmental issues affecting the Liberian refugees,
and, according to the section outlining Point Hopes future plans, some of these issues
have yet to be fully resolved, but there are options for solutions that can be explored.
Although the intentions of the Point Hope organization are, of course, benevolent, it is
more than likely that some of the details about the Buduburam camp and its problems
have been exaggerated to appear more serious and urgent. There are definitely some
severe issues occurring throughout the camp; however, it is not unexpected for problems
to be played up a little to draw sympathy from the audience and persuade them to donate
and support the organization more.
Porter, G., K. Hampshire, P. Kyei, M. Adjaloo, G. Rapoo, and K. Kilpatrick. "Linkages between
Livelihood Opportunities and Refugee-Host Relations: Learning from the Experiences of

Liberian Camp-based Refugees in Ghana." Journal of Refugee Studies 21.2 (2008): 23052. Web. 21 Feb. 2016.
Of the six writers of this paper, two of them work at a local Ghanaian university, while
another works for the Youth Development Foundation in Kumasi, Ghana. These three
might then have something to gain by portraying the conditions in a certain way.
Prestholdt, Jennifer. Weekly Photo Challenge: A Parable of Renewal. The Human Rights
Warrior. N.p., 9 Nov. 2012. Web. 28 Mar. 2016.
Prestholdt is a lawyer who practiced asylum law and represented refugees feeing from
persecution and human rights violations that were seeking asylum in the United States.
Therefore, her view might be one of somebody who is seeking potential clients and an
opportunity to advance professionally.
Sagy, Tehila. Do Human Rights Transcend Citizenship? Lessons from the Buduburam Refugee
Camp. Social & Legal Studies 23(2): 215-236 (2014). Web.
The author, Tehila Sagy, is currently a lecturer in socio-legal studies with the University
of Leicester, Law School. Sagy conducts research in the areas of criminal justice, private
ordering (system of social norms maintained by the parties involved and independent
from the State), legal anthropology, human rights, police work, international
organizations, NGOs, and multiculturalism. For her PhD, Sagy conducted an
ethnographic study of the legal system of the Buduburam refugee camp (2005-2007, The
Research Project). It is likely that the author is subjectively biased.
Schiller, Rebecca. Refugees in Ghana Pumping Their Way to Clean Water. RESPECT e-Zine:
Refugee Education Sponsorship Program: Enhancing Communities Together. n.p., 23
March 2007. Web. 17 April 2016.

Schillers article covered a crucial water pump project in 2007 that was a combined effort
by five different NGOs to improve the Buduburam refugee camps access to water
because the camp had been experiencing severe water shortages since its foundation. The
article seemed to be just a short, informative piece intended to simply make the public
aware about the projects being conducted in Buduburam; however, the multiple links to
the various NGOs involved with the water pump project give implications about the bias
that may be present in this brief article. The fact that the article gives direct links to the
websites of the related NGOs indicates that the author is trying to persuade the readers to
search for more information about the project, the camp, and the NGOs involved and to
also lend support to the NGOs to further along their humanitarian efforts.
"St Gregorys Catholic Clinic, Buduburam." VAAFD. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Apr. 2016.
This image showing the health clinic in Buduburam has the potential to be biased as it is
provided by a humanitarian organization that was working with the clinic, but this
specific image is fairly generic, just an image of the outside of the clinic, so is likely
unbiased.
"St. Gregory's Medical Clinic." Point Hope. Point Hope Inc., n.d. Web. 2 Apr. 2016.
<http://www.pointhope.org/st-gregoryrsquos-medical-clinic.html>.
The website for St. Gregory's Medical Clinic (run by the organization Point Hope)
describes how both the clinic and Point Hope worked to provide medical assistance to the
refugees in Buduburam. This is a potentially biased source, as the aid organization and
the clinic would not admit to failing to help in some area or to causing a detrimental
effect and would want to portray its actions in an overly positive way.

Tanle, Augustine. "Refugees Reflections on Their Stay in the Buduburam Camp in Ghana."
GeoJournal 78.5 (2013): n. pag. Springer Link. Web. 2 Mar. 2016.
<http://link.springer.com.ezproxy.lib.uconn.edu/article/10.1007/s10708-012-94719/fulltext.html>.
This is an article that focuses on refugees opinions on the refugee camps. This source
showed little bias, it is published by an author and journal that have no motivation to try
to present information to mislead the reader.
Teye, Joseph Kofi, and Yebleh, Moses Kaidoz. Living Without Economic Assets: Livelihoods
of Liberian Refugees in the Buduburam Camp, Ghana. Journal of International
Migration and Integration 16.3 (2015): 557-74. Web. 21 Feb. 2016.
The writers of this paper are attempting to use the Sustainable Livelihood Framework and
social capital theory in order to examine and explain certain economic activity amongst
the refugees. Therefore, the writers might be tempted to make it look like the theories
apply to the present conditions when they actually do not.
UNHCR. UNHCR global report 1999: Liberian repatriation and reintegration operation.
UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency, 2001. Web. 17 April 2016.
The global reports by the UNHCR detail the conditions of the surveyed countries, the
NGO activities that have been conducted in these countries, and the upcoming plans by
the UNHCR and other NGOs to continue supporting the afflicted nations. There is
expected to be plenty of bias within these documents because the UNHCR is trying to
gather support and funding for its activities in aid of conflicted countries, like Ghana, and
it would not receive as much support or funding if it looked like its efforts were not
accomplishing much. As such, there is plenty of focus on the successes of the UNHCR

and its projects along and very little mention of any shortcomings or failures so as to
maintain the UNHCRs credibility and to give the appearance that any additional support
or funding for the organization would be worthwhile. While it may seem underhanded,
the UNHCR is the primary organization in charge of the humanitarian activities being
conducted in countries in need, and if it did not receive the necessary support and
funding, then it would not be able to do its duty of providing aid to these countries.
---. UNHCR global report 1999: West and Central Africa. UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency.
UNHCR, 2001. Web. 17 April 2016.
The global reports by the UNHCR detail the conditions of the surveyed countries, the
NGO activities that have been conducted in these countries, and the upcoming plans by
the UNHCR and other NGOs to continue supporting the afflicted nations. There is
expected to be plenty of bias within these documents because the UNHCR is trying to
gather support and funding for its activities in aid of conflicted countries, like Ghana, and
it would not receive as much support or funding if it looked like its efforts were not
accomplishing much. As such, there is plenty of focus on the successes of the UNHCR
and its projects along and very little mention of any shortcomings or failures so as to
maintain the UNHCRs credibility and to give the appearance that any additional support
or funding for the organization would be worthwhile. While it may seem underhanded,
the UNHCR is the primary organization in charge of the humanitarian activities being
conducted in countries in need, and if it did not receive the necessary support and
funding, then it would not be able to do its duty of providing aid to these countries.
---. UNHCR global report 2001: West and Central Africa. UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency.
UNHCR, 2001. Web. 17 April 2016.

The global reports by the UNHCR detail the conditions of the surveyed countries, the
NGO activities that have been conducted in these countries, and the upcoming plans by
the UNHCR and other NGOs to continue supporting the afflicted nations. There is
expected to be plenty of bias within these documents because the UNHCR is trying to
gather support and funding for its activities in aid of conflicted countries, like Ghana, and
it would not receive as much support or funding if it looked like its efforts were not
accomplishing much. As such, there is plenty of focus on the successes of the UNHCR
and its projects along and very little mention of any shortcomings or failures so as to
maintain the UNHCRs credibility and to give the appearance that any additional support
or funding for the organization would be worthwhile. While it may seem underhanded,
the UNHCR is the primary organization in charge of the humanitarian activities being
conducted in countries in need, and if it did not receive the necessary support and
funding, then it would not be able to do its duty of providing aid to these countries.
---. UNHCR global report 2005: Ghana. UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency. UNHCR. 2001.
Web. 17 April 2016.
The global reports by the UNHCR detail the conditions of the surveyed countries, the
NGO activities that have been conducted in these countries, and the upcoming plans by
the UNHCR and other NGOs to continue supporting the afflicted nations. There is
expected to be plenty of bias within these documents because the UNHCR is trying to
gather support and funding for its activities in aid of conflicted countries, like Ghana, and
it would not receive as much support or funding if it looked like its efforts were not
accomplishing much. As such, there is plenty of focus on the successes of the UNHCR
and its projects along and very little mention of any shortcomings or failures so as to

maintain the UNHCRs credibility and to give the appearance that any additional support
or funding for the organization would be worthwhile. While it may seem underhanded,
the UNHCR is the primary organization in charge of the humanitarian activities being
conducted in countries in need, and if it did not receive the necessary support and
funding, then it would not be able to do its duty of providing aid to these countries.
---. UNHCR global report 2006: Ghana. UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency. UNHCR, 2001.
Web. 17 April 2016.
The global reports by the UNHCR detail the conditions of the surveyed countries, the
NGO activities that have been conducted in these countries, and the upcoming plans by
the UNHCR and other NGOs to continue supporting the afflicted nations. There is
expected to be plenty of bias within these documents because the UNHCR is trying to
gather support and funding for its activities in aid of conflicted countries, like Ghana, and
it would not receive as much support or funding if it looked like its efforts were not
accomplishing much. As such, there is plenty of focus on the successes of the UNHCR
and its projects along and very little mention of any shortcomings or failures so as to
maintain the UNHCRs credibility and to give the appearance that any additional support
or funding for the organization would be worthwhile. While it may seem underhanded,
the UNHCR is the primary organization in charge of the humanitarian activities being
conducted in countries in need, and if it did not receive the necessary support and
funding, then it would not be able to do its duty of providing aid to these countries.
---. UNHCR global report 2007: Ghana. UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency. UNHCR, 2001.
Web. 17 April 2016.

The global reports by the UNHCR detail the conditions of the surveyed countries, the
NGO activities that have been conducted in these countries, and the upcoming plans by
the UNHCR and other NGOs to continue supporting the afflicted nations. There is
expected to be plenty of bias within these documents because the UNHCR is trying to
gather support and funding for its activities in aid of conflicted countries, like Ghana, and
it would not receive as much support or funding if it looked like its efforts were not
accomplishing much. As such, there is plenty of focus on the successes of the UNHCR
and its projects along and very little mention of any shortcomings or failures so as to
maintain the UNHCRs credibility and to give the appearance that any additional support
or funding for the organization would be worthwhile. While it may seem underhanded,
the UNHCR is the primary organization in charge of the humanitarian activities being
conducted in countries in need, and if it did not receive the necessary support and
funding, then it would not be able to do its duty of providing aid to these countries.
---. UNHCR global report 2009: Ghana. UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency. UNHCR, 2001.
Web. 17 April 2016.
The global reports by the UNHCR detail the conditions of the surveyed countries, the
NGO activities that have been conducted in these countries, and the upcoming plans by
the UNHCR and other NGOs to continue supporting the afflicted nations. There is
expected to be plenty of bias within these documents because the UNHCR is trying to
gather support and funding for its activities in aid of conflicted countries, like Ghana, and
it would not receive as much support or funding if it looked like its efforts were not
accomplishing much. As such, there is plenty of focus on the successes of the UNHCR
and its projects along and very little mention of any shortcomings or failures so as to

maintain the UNHCRs credibility and to give the appearance that any additional support
or funding for the organization would be worthwhile. While it may seem underhanded,
the UNHCR is the primary organization in charge of the humanitarian activities being
conducted in countries in need, and if it did not receive the necessary support and
funding, then it would not be able to do its duty of providing aid to these countries.
UNICEF Ghana Factsheet: Malaria. UNICEF. UNICEF, July 2007. Web. 3 Mar. 2016.
<http://www.unicef.org/wcaro/WCARO_Ghana_Factsheet_malaria.pdf>.
This is a factsheet developed by UNICEF to inform about the issue of Malaria in Ghana.
As Buduburam was located in Ghana, this information can apply to the refugees. This
source discusses the situation, the approaches already taken to try to fix it, and challenges
faced. This source was useful to see how the situation in Buduburam could have been
handled and compared with how it was actually handled.
Woodward, Lucinda & Galvin, Peter. Halfway to Nowhere: Liberian Former Child Soldiers in a
Ghanaian Refugee Camp. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 99(5): 1003-1011 (2009). Web.
The authors, Lucinda Woodward and Peter Galvin, currently work with the Indiana
University Southeast. Woodward, an Assistant Professor of Psychology and International
Studies and International Programs Co-Director (Department of International Studies,
IUS). Galvin, a professor of geosciences (Department of Geosciences, IUS). Both
authors are likely to be biased in favor of their respective fields, perhaps to the detriment
of an article addressing refugee crises.
Zongolowicz, Krista. "Feature: Refugees Rally Together at Ghana Camp." UNCHR. N.p., 13
Mar. 2003. Web. 4 Apr. 2016. <http://www.unhcr.org/3e706b332.html>.

This article on the UNHCR's website focuses on the ways in which the refugees in
Buduburam acted as a self-sufficient entity and how they worked together. This source, as
it was produced by the UNHCR has the possibility to be biased, as the UNHCR would
want to give the illusion of a successful camp and successful actions on its part.