Liberal Model

1. The mass circulation press emerged early (1830-US-omoved to commercial press).

2. State intervention is limited
3. Strong form of journalistic professionalism focused on the objectivity norm (political
neutral and unbiased)=>political parallelism is low
US

In the 20th century-US-first to develop a mainly commercial broadcasting system.

In the advanced democracies the public broadcasting remains the most important

institution.
Built the postal system
2oth cent-Broadcast developed as a federally regulated industry-stimulated the

development of the Internet

Strong form of professionalism-ethical norms consolidated-limiting the role of

newspapers-the role was detached observer

External pluralism doesnt exist-news organizations have almost disappeared
Ethnic press (objective but in shadow until they realized they would address to the

minorities)
The press contains local information (bargaining among political parties)=>political
parallelism of high degree.

Laws and regulations

The right of reply laws function

Regulations banning paid political advertising in favor of different parties

This doesnt mean the state has no influence. Watch dog role- part of liberal media culture
UK
Same pattern has been taken.
Shares characteristics with the US:
1. Commercial press dominated quite early
2. Commercial television was introduced early

3. The journalistic culture places great emphasis on information and narratives rather than
political commentary (France)
The UK has one of the strongest public broadcasting systems of the world. However, the British
newspapers indicate a high level of political parallelism (the media markets reflect the major
political parties in society)
The tabloids are partisan newspapers (Daily Minor representative for Labor Party (1997)).
The objectivity norms apply only to the public broadcasting.-obliged to observe due impartiality
in news coverage