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  • Rosenzweig 1997 0191

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    Particle Beam Physics Lab
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    rosenzweig 1997 0191

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    4 Ansichten15 Seiten

    Rosenzweig 1997 0191

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    Particle Beam Physics Lab

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    H ELSEVIER Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 410 (1998) 437-451 The Neptune photoinjector’ J. Rosenzweig . 8. Anderson*, K. Bishofberger’, X. Ding’, A. Murokh’, C. Pellegrini’, H. Suk*, A. Tremaine", C. Clayton’, C. Joshi, K. Marsh’, P. Muggli” * Department of Physics and Astronomy: University of California, Las Angeles, 40S Hilgard lve. Los Angeles, CA 90085, USA “Deparment of Electrical Engineering. University of California, Las Angeles, 408 Hilgard Ave. Los Angeles. C4 90005. USA Abstract The RF photoinjector in the Neptune advanced accelerator laboratory, along with associated beam diagnostics, transport and phase-space manipulation techniques are described. This versatile injector has been designed to produce short-pulse electron beams for a variety of uses: ultra-short bunches for injection into a next-generation plasma beatwave acceleration experiment, space-charge dominated beam physics studies, plasma wake-field acceleration driver, plasma lensing, and free-electron laser microbunching techniques. The component parts of the photoinjector. the RF gun, photocathode drive laser systems, booster linac, RF system, chicane compressor, beam diagnostic systems, and control system, are discussed, The present status of photoinjector commissioning at Neptune is reviewed, and proposed experiments are detailed, © 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Overview The RF photoinjector at the Neptune advanced accelerator laboratory, located in the UCLA De- partment of Electrical Engineering is one of the major components in the laboratory, the other be- ing the high-power, short-pulse, two-frequency Mars CO, laser [1]. The main goal of the Neptune initiative, which is a joint program led by Profs Joshi, Pellegrini and Rosenzweig, is the acceler- ation to over 100 MeV of a high-quality injected relativistic electron beam in a plasma beatwave accelerator (PBWA) driven by the Mars laser, while * Corresponding author. "Work supported by U.S. Dept. of Energy grants DE-FGO3 90ER40796 and DE-FGO3-92ER40693, and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation grant BR-3225 2C. Clayton et al these proceedings. preserving the phase-space density of the ac- celerated beam [2]. To this end, a versatile, state- of-the-art photoinjector, based on the Saturnus photoinjector previously located in a separate ka- boratory in the UCLA Department of Physics and Astronomy, is being constructed and will soon be commissioned in the Neptune laboratory. The PBWA experiment, from the injector point of view, can be divided into two phases, with Phase Thaving two components: (a) injection of a moder- ate charge and normalized emittance (Q=1 nC, 2mm mrad) beam covering over a wavelength of the PBWA plasma wave (see Fig. 2 below) and (b) a shorter, low charge and emittance (Q < 50 pC, & < 0.1 mm mrad) which allows load- ing of only one cycle of the PBWA (sce Fig. $ below), as well as providing a more sensitive test of emittance preservation. In Phase [I a low- charge beam much shorter than the PBWA is to be (0168-9002,98/S19400 «1998 Published by Elsevier Science BLV. AIl rights reserved Pll: SO168-90021981001 75-2 IV, BEAM INJECTION 438 J. Rosenzweig et al /Nucl, Insir- and Meth. in Phys. Res. 4 410 (1998) 437-451 injected into the plasma wave. Possible methods for creating these electron pulses are discussed below. The Saturnus injector was an initial successful attempt at constructing a facility which could be used for high-gradient accelerator, high-brightness electron beam physics. Significant experimental ac- complishments in emittance [3] and ultra-fast diag- nostic development [4], self-amplified spontaneous emission free-electron laser (SASE FEL) physics [5], focusing and adiabatic damping in high-stand- ing linaes [6], and plasma lensing [7] arose from this project. The addition of the Mars laser, as well as the upgrades made to the photoinjector and other laser systems, promises that the Neptune laboratory will be even more productive. While the primary goal of the Neptune project is the PBWA experiment, the photoinjector and CO} laser facilities will provide other opportunities in advanced accelerator research. The photoinjector is the electron source of choice for producing high- brightness electron beams, but these beams come in many different guises. The Neptune photoinjector has been designed 10 produce optimized, emit- tance-compensated [8.9] performance over range of charges, expanding the potential of the laborat- ory beyond the PBWA experiments. This optimiza- tion over a wide range of running conditions has been performed with the aid of a powerful method of charge scaling we have developed for photoinjec- tors [10], and recently extended to other classes of advanced accelerators [11]. In addition to the photoinjector itself, a chicane compressor has been added to the facility, which will allow the produc- tion of short pulses, again over a range of possible charges, Experiments using uncompressed beams in the ultra-low charge and emittance mode include the PBWA Phase I(b) as well as direct laser acceler- ation. The class of experiments made possible with moderate charge and emittance beams of the type obtained at Saturnus, however, includes free-elec- tron laser (FEL) microbunching for injection into the PBWA (a Phase II option), underdense plasma focusing [11-13], and the PBWA Phase Ifa) experi- ments. If one adds a compressor, the possibilities expand again, with two clearly identified experi- ments being PBWA Phase II at low charge and ultra-short bunch length, and plasma wake-field Neptune Laboratory Phase Itemittance compensating beamline with compressor chicane Fig, 1. Layout of Neptune RF photoinjector and compressor, up (© PBWA experimental arca acceleration (PWFA) in the “blow-out” regime [11,14]. In addition to these applications of high- brightness beams, we plan to study the physics of the beams themselves. Notable measurements in this regard include space-charge emittance com- pensation, the effects of space charge on emittance measurements, beam compressibility, and emit- tance growth processes in bends. The layout of the Neptune photoinjector beam- line is shown in Fig. 1. up to the end of the PBWA experimental interaction area. The rest of the Nep- tune facility is described in detail in Ref. [2]. This drawing displays the photoinjector gun and linac, focusing optics, compressor, and beam diagnostics, ‘These items, and the design rationale behind their implementation, will be explained further below J. Rosenzweig etal, /Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys, Res, A 410 (1998) 437-451 439 The organization of this paper is as follows. We begin with a description of the beam optics, which have been optimized for best-emittance perfor- mance. The accelerator RF components. the gun and linac, are described, as is the RF power system. We then discuss the photocathode drive laser sys- tem, beam diagnostics, and control and data ac- quisition systems. After describing the system, we then outline possible beam-based experiments at Neptune, and give an account of the current status of the photoinjector system. 2. Beam optics The beam optics of the Neptune photoinjector are based on (Wo principles, the first being use of space-charge compensation to minimize the emit- tance in the device, and magnetic compression us- ing a chicane system. These principles have some interaction with each other in implementation, but may be described separately. We begin by discuss- ing emittance compensation. The phenomenon of emittance minimization by space-charge compen- sation was discovered in PARMELA simulations ef ghacainiccar gerormance Oy Caciseen (6%, and proven experimentally at LANL. Recently, an ana- lytical theory of emittance compensation has been cheveiqpeb SS), Wsien'nas gneb some'iuim on'now 10 understand and optimize the process of compensa- tion. We now discuss the relevant aspects of this theory, as applied to the Neptune injector. ‘Compensation in a split (1.625 cell RF gun, plus post-acceleration linac, both described in Sec- tion 3) photoinjector proceeds in two steps, one occurring before the linac, and one during acceler- ation in the linac, Before the linac, each longitudi- nal beam “slice” emitted from the cathode, having different space-charge defocusing strengths (or plasma frequencies) due to current (density) vari- ations witinhr ane pales adiqrys « differ pines space angle. These space-charge dominated, laminar slices therefore form a bow-tie configura- tion in the total phase space of the beam, causing the emittance of the full beam to rise. Judicious choice of solenoidal focusing near the gun allows the beam slices to maintain laminar flow while being brought to a space-charge dominated E Es oe! _ os No *Zem Fig. 2. Evolution of rms, beam sizes for @ = L nC cas in intial 2.2.m of Neptune photoinjector, from PARMELA simulation Invariant envelope shown in PWT region for reference g° z zt e Fig. 3 Evolution of tanserse cms. emittance for @= nC ¢ in intial 22 m of Neptune photoinjector. Emittance com- Spassiaan' ne wth isha aybios PAIR Dn missin, ‘minimum where all the slices arrive to a waist at nearly the same position in the beamline, which in the split configuration is chosen to be the linac entrance. In this ease, the beam size oscillations for

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