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    Von Humboldt on Language

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    13 Ansichten31 Seiten

    Von Humboldt On Language

    Hochgeladen von

    cabottone
    Von Humboldt on Language

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    (CAMBRIDGE TEXTS IN THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY Profi of Phe tte Unterty of Nae Dame DESMOND M. CLARKE Pre of Psp a riety alg Ca “Themis of Cavett of Payee ergs ‘Sousyand uy fo nb ino los hae ae nga ‘Resear ents yn rn ch Ds tn Ka and ys | ‘rabnwn are Whee pol epi npn ushied ‘luau ber nthe gue fathering mateo es Steal par The ome wees at wed nd ‘opal ea ene tn deo ir, an ‘Siradicet akan eine of ee itary had ht ste pied in ere, pe ede se WILHELM VON HUMBOLDT On Language On the Diversity of Human Language Construction and its Influence on the Mental Development of the Human Species MICHAEL LOSONSKY PETER HEATH CAMBRIDGE sn cate ped nda, for rodent to dark be capable of pang gern oh Ph ict ci pn he Wea Soul ot have ben tute erable, ws so Shara rm ferry pres Ba Pca opinion, denen ae mya a fThe inporanc, hereto he fees Inence ef yeoples om one totes, meng cccton ode wih ame de aero BL eae Ov ati wil hve ppd othe nds Shae Gre angi he Gres Ba the vee ‘nis though heen anette 2d the phisopial enchng comand is thee, Site lng, oat at hr Semen econ aegiied aetrammitd rome age touts aan ‘pr men eganing angeges cpl oe Sound tour expernc de tone psc ina teat dept of eeu. Bute aie ptt hough he lc cep ‘how that are known ans mmenay ponte oe steady tefl formed che bg ly Inae a apprehending te le way of ing sr ‘he preening ic fem remotecpch oa pele asi Sponelaterwiou ao becoming infact ele ‘Thos cu languages way wold ot many oie oe sie shape ifcian aes than cal ang a So peniundy and pencuaungiy apes §6 mon always connected with whole, with hat ois Sine ace which the latter belongs, abd ofthe entire in whatever spect one ma lok at it hier oo, as we havea erin Mee same pint In the mercy vegetative extence, ait on the sl the individual's wed or asisanc drives hin Ky 0 ith oer, and calls for andertandig emnonunderakings may be posibe| But men ja secluion of tempersrset equally pobleoaly Tanguage, and the later to be directed to an th understands fhe artic sound tora rom hereby at once dacovers hat around him there are beings Me same inner needs and thus capable of meeting the Teoging tha resides in his feng. Forte intimation of fp. and the endeavour towards, re geen immediatly with the ol indian, ad gather strength inthe same deter as the fs sharpened, ince every individual ears within him the ‘sence ofan, though only on asingleline of development veeven have the remotest ining of another as anindvival js. But ths endeavour, and the se of indelible longing ted in ut by the conerpt of humanity el, wil not let the perth that separate individuality ar such is merely an jot of the conditioned existence of sprtual being ‘connection of the individual with @ whole that enhances et ad inte too important a poitin thesprtual economy ind (fT may be allowed that expresion), to have no need ig speically refered wo here. The unity of meow and rc, fnvarably evokes a simultaneous separation, depends, in any rimarily upon historical evens, hemelves largely due to the Ff the places men live in and travel to. But ven ie wah Parate from ths all influence finer agreement or repulsion, ft merely instinctive ind not that T would care to jus 44 $6 INDIVIDUALS AND NATIONS (conTINvED), ‘$6 Individuals end mations (contin) 6 They therefore constate x trveturning-point in the iner fof mankind; if we are to see Uhm ab the summit of making, they are also the waring point for a, mote “undan ae imaginative cava, fue covet man thatthe work of aos at that of individual; although the very observations here fare idiiputable evidence ofhow in these creation the setiity i simutaneouly swallowed up i that ofthe other _means be regarded, in contrast to mental individuality, ato ‘utwardly dain! fromm this and ence though may ‘there at fst sight ie cannot properly be taught, but wakened inthe mind; it can ony be given the threads by itdevelops on its own account. 80 aldhough languages are ‘work of hate, ina sense of the term! berated fot ll is landing, they sll remain the slcreatons of india, fan be produced solely in each individual, but only in vuch that each presupposes dhe understanding ofall and all ‘expectation, Though we may now consider language at wor ‘a a linkage of thoughts, since both thee tendenciy are ‘within, est always necemaly rvs upon the clio pr of nothing can be exclude trom it since it embraces everything. "Now in nations both generally and in diferent poche the sles individually im degre, and inthe actl path pose Same general direction. But the dowry mont become vile ‘eau namely language, and. becomes 30, of course throng the preponderance either of extemal influence of of selbactiviy. So hereto it happens that i we pursue the ‘oflanguages comparatively, we make more oF les easy ead ‘explaining the srcture of ane fom another, though there ate languages which appear separated by areal chasm from the fndividuals by the power ef their particlar nature, impart a impute to the human mind in a diecion ae yet nel nation can do thie in Ianguagemaking. But undeniable nedon exists between language sructue and the ces Kinds of intletaal activ 1 les primarily and we there from this ange only” ia the animating bresth wh formative power of language isi nthe act of aering the {nto thought, that iflsesharmeoniualy thro al ports Soman. Ife may thinkit possible fora language oaree na precisely ara word evolues mort meaningfilly and evident ‘workdaview,refetsit mont purely, ad itself takes frm 20 2 0 ‘most readily and concretely int every vicatude of thought, {his language, if does but retain fe hi-princpl, must Same power, in the same direction, with equal succes fn individual. Theentyafsuch a language, or even one that ap it into wrd-hiry, must therefore estaba an importante man's coure of development, and this im i highest nd \wonderfelpreducts Certs pit ofthe spt, ad certain anrying con vo them, are not thinkable ntl such languages rate p24 25 an fos in ‘$7 Closer consideration of language “ scamed init unfathomable proindiy towards and xt he ecto mance ee teamcends the separutene of ndviual For Fae ts baweverspeally portant et content Se ricer explaining nnguag, but eal, zm sn ies oar ed Pm Se al conga the racine thatthe srctre of fee smont makin, besine ad ior the etl 2st of eatin rut dieren Fr ener, we canoe rein Gom doing into he Be drip te parla fom of anguagestraere, ao onger ck to sply to the deaf langage 3 calm af tena invidunt, undertaken separate for resent eaty epi o which te prevent conden ot web te nosy oy yh ga Mf eer know exaly whith people even, we are 0 dik of Secs and finiy, in connection with each language: That Stu ely te language of matin that we cam define ty oly by way ofonpcture. Among al maiestatons Stic and charactercan be recognise language, however, se Ply one sulted fo cai ah, crea their inmost Seinen rcenes Hwe ok upon ng tear a ba eelining wocceive mal dep, ems ined Tents hay asen though inelecva individuality, but most enor o ths daa in every cae in Sc the comideatons here introduced are to be eared © sien tno neers on ut ener more sy int the Treflangeger end he posit o etree deren, Trude they te couple he comparative stdyolanguage 6 Inca highest ference pot §7 ‘We have now reached the point at which we recognize {he ist neces stage inthe primitive ulation of mank Unhence nation are fist able to pursue this higher human ‘They grew up in similarly conditioned fishin, along with, ‘bower and form atthe same time the animating inspiring ‘tthe later. But nether proceds in suceson o oF apart fa ‘other, for each is uterly and imeparably the same act Sngellectalfacely, In that a peopl effects, from its inert the development a ts language, asthe instrument of every ultanously works back, n arm upon language: I the Ret ‘aw and unculvated sttempraof intellectual endesvour ae the name ofa, language alway takes the same road ‘and so both are lnseparately ted to one another. "The mental inddnely of «people and te hse of ts sointimatly fsed with one another, that fone were given, thea ‘would have tobe completely derivable fom; ni Tague allow a farther only forme that are mutually congen ‘one another: Language is as it were, the outer appearance of ‘pint ofa people; the language is their sprit andthe spirit Teguage: we can never think of them suficenly a denial they actually conjoin wth each other in one and the same ‘beyond each of our conception, remaine inexplicably hidden without wishing to decide as othe priority fone o the Forsofarseeven the iui lost beyond the realm of appearance in an deal xen Historically, our concern is always with actually speaking ‘merely, but we sould not on that account lose ight of the 1/7 tito, my ere cay nd ngage Such division infact exis I language appears ou righty high thing tobe ranked ata human are, Bike other evden ofthe spr, che tution would be diferent if man's mental po instances, but the 5° $8 vomu oF Lawovaces: Already recived from earlier generations material fom a pre ‘unknown to us, the mental activity which, at easter exp produces the expression of tought, x alway dete at once Something already gis; t snot «prey creative, but rel Seer Biman vere sis tavercene ov hee ope as ett nd fr wy, Pes Ee eae a nape acc ag ys CMM eas ere en Vt isis eg Ti However itch ia iewe may fix and embody, dmember and disec, ty eSBs See ea er tae a et ey Sei in, ae eet a creas Sern aL np a E ee ee Fa aanaer pa e ae ee pg creche cele cies isa ae See rere treo Pernice ncaa nears =p From the freeing remarks i i already selCevient that by the ae a transmitted bot ony of ‘withthe ain af thought, having el a simiar origin. The {nd unifarm clement this mental labour of cleyating a ‘ound to am expresion of thought, when viewed in i fle Tn this definition, form appears at an abiratn fshoned science. But it would be quite wrong to seal in ela 2 ‘non-existent thought-endty ofthis kin. Im actuality, rather, (quit individual wae whereby a nation gives validity to thought ‘cling in language. Only because we are never allowed to view lurge in the undivided totality of it ving, bot merely in particular effets on each occasion, ate we als left with no reo but to summarize the uniformity of is action ina dead ge concept In sel this urge x single and alive "The dfiuly of precy the mortimportant and refined inqu ico language resides very often inthis that smnething emarat ‘om the tal impession of the langunge x percive, idee, by ‘lente and most convincing feeling, yet we al inthe attempt to ‘nowt with sufiientfllnes, nd to define tin specific concep, ‘now have to strugae wih this here ar wel. The character languages depends on every single one oftheir smallest. hhowever inexplicable It may be in detail, each tin some determined by that form. Tei searely pousble, However, 10 fi pola of which ian be maintained that thi form hos dei tached to them, taken individually. Sf we work through 9 language, we shal ind mach that we could also well imagine to ‘otherwise without harming the nate of ie frm, and in oder perceive the later in pure olation are driven back to the Inpro. Now here the opposite at once occurs. The most dis indi plainly sikes the eye and ie borne inexorably np i ‘ur fing. Lasiages, thin respect, cam lean inecaraely ‘compared’ vids Aman caiman The individuality {rm oflanguage we are by no means alluding merely tothe called granmatal form The ditincion we ae accustomed Wodraw between [ammar apd vocabulary ean serve only forthe practical purpore tsi lng an ay dwn ether itn lr oe 67 tue lingustic research. The eoneept ofthe form of languages extends ‘att far beyond the rules of werdder and even bevond those of tard. irate, insofar a8 we tean by these the application of cern eneral logical eategorce, fective and pamive substance trate, fe to che root and base words Tei quite peculiarly applicable to the formation of the bane werd themscver, and mist lat be pple to them as much ax posible, ithe ature of the Inguage tobe truly recgaizable ‘The form is contrast, indesd, o mat button the mater ‘linguist orm, we mus golseyend the bounds offanguage, Wikia the late, itisonly relatively speaking hat one hing can be regarded 4 the matter of another, eg. the base words in contrast 10 ‘decension But dhe mater heres agan perceived incsher connections ‘form language can ako borrow words fom at alien source and ‘enuinely teat them at matter. Bot if 9 they ate such again in Felon to it notin themselves, Ia an absolute sense there an 12 rms mater within language ace tery ag a Deed = expres oT thought, and this work already or {$8 Farm of languages, 33 ‘ea ony be equal to the cause. So the form alone decides othe tongues a language is afiliated to by fly en We shal st S875 ron ov ranounces begins wih frst element, the arcuate sound, which of becomes articulate precuey through beng formed. The fal “language fon the one hand, the sound at sch, anon ‘he totality of semeinpessons and spontancous mental hich pred the creation ofthe concept eit the aio kis therefore wlevident that, i order to obtain a en form of Tanguage, we mun first ofall atend tothe real ‘he is, Investiga Gon othe Form ofa langue begs ight yh he alphaber, and thsi treated st pritnary bait very part of it. The concept of form docr not, ar ach, ‘anything factual and individual everything tobe actually historical grounds onl, together withthe mont individ ‘act comprehended ‘and included in thi concept. Tt inded, if we follow the path here indicate, that al the da be tally brought under investigation, since otherwise they run the risk of being overlooked. This leads, admittedly, Inborious examining ‘of fundamentals, which’ eien ex rminuiae;but here arealiodctal plainly quite pally on which the total effet of languages dependent, and ‘= inconsistent with ther dy att wish fo feck ou i hem ‘what is great, inapited and preeminent Exact investigation o rammatieal subtlety, every division of wor into ther ‘ecesary throughout, we are not to be exposed to erorin eden abou theta sree tat in te inguite form no deal may ever be accepted st ltd rt ‘nly imofar as 2 method of language making can be 0 therein. Through exhibiting the frm we mst peetive the ‘our which the language and with the nation ic Belongs ty hit upon forthe exprsion f teh, We mut be able to see relate ote lengeages, not only in the paricelar goals prec {0 it, but alo im steven eet upon ihe mental activity naton. Tne own nature it elf an apprehennon of por lings eons ml nity ~ sac lements tobe regarded os {neontrastohisformForaformofthiskind resides never la and by means of ths comprehensive unity a nation makes lnnguage bequeathed by i forebears into is own. The seme ‘must therfore be found again nthe depiction aod only if we fom the seattered elements wo thi nity do we truly obtain 2 ‘ception ofthe language, since without such a procedure wear fstly in danger of not even undemtanding the aid ements their trae indviduality, and wil lew in thir real connection, ‘Avmay benoted herein advance, bth the tet and the (anges ust rest onthe Identity and ait othe for erin rer spc, om the smty voca ores ere Ieope rd ature perm only aceran number ofaricalated ound, SsPinaty tom herent cennng between parr conan Berl end een coe eeains ech hen poe Bee inary of deigntinn ite lyre: Ri ihe mlhatsne wiiea gael erp nso wonder er cea era ec eee Boe nose tt ar C0) al as ae rv Bi fron ng Snare conc by or atl the ow Sean ihc whch st fom he pe ata of on Ts plas inquest egress sate uch inlay tht need ony he serpin of enc Suoulp. ler hrs! he do mately ea Wesel mea oh apie eave once of gun fm wo genes ranted ingunges Nowe Sie 1 follows naturally fom the Gregcing, thatthe I he rill ous sete tas of a ec A ece t seraie a yale pratt tor when omc ene cha mal aa nal br fimy Wee 6 sc Miguage or seer wc Soin te ‘gal fm wih ges pry snd complcraen. Por we at posing nay angri attae aren Bem ove wai, sthre genic gven ter (tn fog undetordseye Se lpentns Daa bear ease ur eleaiaes aoe ee ea enrary Samar ulna nevertne emtin ely elated oe, {renasnar way oft und wend fdas in een poet theedcuia Heen in he pcchogt and tional bts sf serane td nly, where any hse eter fees Sone 99 Sic the ey of languages eon he om, an he isto intimately conned with he mental pte of nat the power that suffer them atthe moment of ereaon eneeptn, it now becomes neces to develp ths (greater deta ma ore cal Th pondering on language in general, and analysing he ind tongues tha ae ceay dn frm one ane pi ome light the fom the ace of tage nd connect thoughts The Inter bane onthe sequent ‘kg impos on ngage, om whic the pur ero ata; and this art ins ginal tendency there the sae ‘than ein sch ol we come te ay a Inet ndwmena or aseen development. The sn the eer had, te wl conaiutne sd ging principle ‘iver of guages bt nal and inte ati ober ower present to the inerteadeney of the language Se ‘Sement ofthe whole human orga, cll relate wee ‘mental power it of cou, cfelly precsely connec wi Golecive outtnk ete mation; but the natare se as of thi fe veil in a darks that sary permits of any laste [Now tom thee two princi, tgeher wih te ineardnco ‘tal iterpenevatin there proceed the Al fom Jnnguage and hey ont the points linguistic analy amine ad try pee Connection The mos npn thing here ior the undertaking tobe based ons const ane ‘ew oflanguae, the depth ft origin aed te breadth so nd hence we mt fit fll take tne to examine tse later ‘ake the ce of longuage herein wider exten not. ‘raion wo sparc andthe ok of vert een, ae direct product, but sli i a connecdon withthe capa fo hough and feting We are o conse the whale rte wher Proceeding fom the mind, trace back upon the wid. \ aah tactic ire a cite {race becomes, through nnd external a peech and psc ‘these Thoughandlanguagraretesrcone and bsepra from eachother. But the fortner abo inimicaly bound ta neceaiy of entering into & mom wth the verbal sos hu By SE ee cen ee on canotoerwse ahi claity not the representation become a Stcrpe The icp bonding ong ul pert aw GcTngage # nakerably rote inthe orginal conmtiaon of Iran eature which anna be further expe: The concordance nd and hough ence psn oe Jn gi Tighing shor oncunion, alec the wk power of represen: {eSintsa ange pin, and shout eryting de wo ound ing Pet wih abrupt sharps nd wy ot ay thought sci he whole ‘in osu bs redoing power that sear Serv angle Tha power that digas irom all ther seme Ypreon vey duc oe ct which ot abyss wit the ties wees or so ren), hate ear rece he ampresion ents the cooing ound of he voice the impreion, Sten of serie scion; and th aso proceeds Hee fom with ‘Ting Gear thinking examen sound ered, and teat not iio bane ening {omésrtne etgt fom confinement int the init, sound ren outward fromthe hears depth, and Bnd «| medium rondrly sited to itn the mi the matt refined and easly Spoveabe al clement whe sen In im ‘Eoputcouterpar tothe mind. The eating sharps af he vocal ‘Stns indpenebleto he understanding apprehending obec. oth things in entermal tre andthe activi ested thin pee inupon man all at once with ost of charsterie Bute es {compare mpune ad combing, and In hs higher purposes 10 Fubion an rer mote emibeacing Gis Ee Wi tua Spprenending object in determinate nity and demands the wity ‘Titan te dpa place of ut soar upprenes none fhe ther impecaane which jc ar capable a roduig upon outer fr nner sme, intend, 1 Becomes the bearer af Cem, and in ‘tava compotion, connected with at of the eta is jresinly according othe way tat speakers india scubicy Fao the later it appends sew deigatngimprenion. At the eElime the inches fund perma tneaesable member (iodifeatone which are yt prey dtincive when pened, ‘Std do ot mingle ln combination, thing not ound to he same degree in ay nbc setoy eet. Since nectar does nat jisteccpy he understanding, but aoe the ws man, thio 2 heny promod by the wind e the voles Fora vng sound {comer fh fom the brent ike Breathing He foe the ‘ScCompanimen eve without language, to pat and joy, aversion ‘nd die, es Beate the He ews rm noe tind at ‘evs jst a Tengunge el abays Feros, log withthe 96 §9 NATURE AND CONSTITUTION OF LANGUAGE bier reseed the ftingcnked yt and win tl cs ‘mevereepested ay the nel me noo pu ce ‘ponanedoy ace an he recap ses that And ayo voclieion ste upright pore of mn. de Stim ey sonnel wire hie tot ia helow cxinon nine round but ea fet fom the lp earth pron eee oso _L) bint esprenbo snd Sones uy genre of he ba ai Rice it se hein RY nite tie poininary view of the aptitude of sound 1 praia of the mind wean ow go tore acura it ‘Sonecon of dng td IngungeSubjcve ay faa ‘ihe in ogi ravines con ba Dueyreepnecontempann of thing sey Joon Ect fhe ears macnn sytheveay i be er Of th ind atom ths combaton tee secede snobs he jth pe nl pane ae sear back 2 POC ng incest i form tae themes eng bres ot thug the pe Tangags, he product of thet stn returns back he cari the tes comes amiormed ine rel objec Seig dered of cj om tar scount Olyngunge can ‘hin an without taormaton, curing conan they of lnguage een lnc, a Oey that te he wbjce he atu concgpelormatinn, and wih all thinking. imposible So gute epee of commu Ketween man and man, peck a necetaryconion rhe igo the nda aaa selon. pprranes, language devops oly nay and man undead hie ne he ar teed the telly he words by al crs Fo bse been he sled word ems srangers most, Bu things bes ra gc. tan any tece hime one wit hi fleas cod ‘regen, sce he eprcnaion warmed ino ngage to ge the cxtune pone singe Ia pang {© oes, tj the common mock of the tie Haman, tf whic cach indvisal poenes neifaton cntiing ‘eatremen fr capes by other. The greater anf mre St {ie ecalcolaboraon on «lng he or in Otherise sar eamotances What guage makes ec the npc et of thoughecreaon ao nce epee n tent of man ntl commun trugh angeage ‘$9 Nature and constitution of language a7 im with conviction and stimslie. ‘The power of thinking needs Iernehing that Hee and ye dierent from it. By dhe He it $iied and by the diferent ivobeainesvouestone of the entity wets inner creattoas. Although te cogative basis o ruth, ofthe Gioaditonally fixed, am le for man only within himself, the meee ot his memal effort toward tix away surrounded by the Mito! deception. With a clear and immediate sense only of his ‘ihabt imsedac, he ie boond to egard truth as something lying Blue him; snd one ofthe mox powerful means approaching ty Fiselstance ay from sci commanicaton with a Slee ce erat — Pe cee os ee eee te aaron inthe soul, save by one's own activity, and understanding and (Peaking are but diferent effec ofthis power of speech. Comersing {Gpether ie never comparable with a transfer of material. Tn. the {indertanden atin the peaker, the same thing must be evolved from the ner power ofeach and what the former receives merely the farmoniousy stung tin Hence it aso very natural fr man Sets at once what esse hw ficken eryone poweoc!avurge governed by 4 {pecifcally modified, lining and Confning power, to bring forth (fesdally the whole of language from within himself, or when Frowsht forth to undersand i, as outer or inner occasion may drvemine TBeunderstanding could not, as we have js found be based upon inner spontaneity, and commana speech would have to besomething ‘ther han more mutta aroveal ofthe hearers specch-eapacty, did tot the diversity of individuals arbour dhe unity of human nate, Fragmented onl int separate invidulites. The comprehension of feos ba thing entirely ferent ftom the understanding of tilt snd, and involves such more than the mere mutual ‘ecation af the sound and the object indicated. The nord, te sur, ‘a alo be taken sands whole, just a even in writing We ‘eogize the meaning ofa word-groyp, without yet being certain ‘litalphabede composition; and may be posible that the cid’ ‘hind proceeds thus the fit beginnings of derstanding. But jst 2 not merely the animal's sensory capacity, but dhe human power ‘speech exited (and iti far more probable tat even nthe child ‘here ie no moment when this would nt be the cat, however febly), to the end, to, perceived su atculated: Bat now what etalon ‘eis tothe mere evocation offs meaning (which naturally aso 58 §9 NATURE AND constiruTiON oF LANoUACE ‘curs more perfecly thereby) is hat presents the word di ‘rough is Frm at part of sn infinite whole, a language. For Inlngle words, iis by means ofthis that we are given the ‘of constructing, from the elements of the language really ‘ninate number of other words according to specif elings and And thereby to establish among all words an affinity corres {o the afinty of concepts. The ‘oul, however, would. get lndmadon at all of cha arial mechani, would. ma ‘apprehend arculaon than the bind do colours, fi did harboue a power of rendering thie pomblity acta, FE ‘anoot indeed be regarded asa material that st ther, in fs totality, or communicable litle by litle, but must be Something that teraly preduces itself where the laws of prod ate determined, bu the scope and evento some extent the of the product remain totlly unspeciied. The children nt an amignment of word, to be deposited fad rebabbled by rote through dhe lips, but a groves apaciy with age and practice- Whats hear does more han convey information to once teas the mind alo ound ‘more easly what has not yet Been heard t makes clear what long ago head, but then half understed, or not at al, in similarity tothe new perception suddenly binge ight tothe ‘ha has ince beeome sharpened; and it enhances che urge apaaity to absorb fom shat heard ever more, and more Into the memory, and to lt ever lew of irate by a4 mere The advances this acelerate in constantly increasing rai the grow af power and the acquisition of material mt strengthen and large each other. ‘That in children there ix ‘mechanical learning of language, but development of bi the same age, varying only within Bri timespan. But how the hearer gain mattery over the spoken word sly through gow of that pomer of own, developing in oaton within i {Tthere were notin both speaker snd hearer the ame een, segregated individually aed appropiate t cach, so thats so ine, yet crested from the very deepest and mot insinsc na ofthat esence, as the ariculate sound, is enough to ar parts, by its ransmision, in a matching way? ‘One might wi wo abjectto the foregoing that the children of peopl, when displaced to an alien community befor learning Speak, develop thee linguistic abies im the laters tongue ndeniable fact, we might ny, een Peja al kept te ground unvanqushed. But {$9 Nature and consittion of language 3” dea prof a langungeiemerdly cheng af what heard, and depends ently on socal eetaniewithout regard for any unity or dveaty of the Ti cies oft Kind, however thar harly been posible Rene with suicent acaracy how lborowy he native seed tobe ovrcome, or how perkapsin the nes mance ening si to ths te penomcnonin question beuicent ex peepee that man's everywhere one with man, and development or ily couse language therfore goon wi the al fevery fe dual. Ie ocear voles, that acount, om within ones Eyottsontybecne aways neds an tr ia we mas (tov analogows to what actealy experience ad can 80m ieee of the congruence ofall human tongues, But the power of Teac upon thes can be sen, nonetheles, with suicient cary, tert dBeton by ations. eso ey ineligible in el, Jee focen has redominaolypomerulan effet onthe whole EEGGSainy, and te parsaar language at any ime again most ‘Ric eeapecied with shi language, by rg rom che ite cman anur, di ax alo enter nt tue and ahenic einatin it phyal descent, why others for both cared ‘Sa oncaared ale, woul he nave tongue posew a strength and {macy so much ywexer than any fregn one tat afer long inoncon gece tear witha orto sudden magic and awakens trong when a fom home? This obviualy does not depend wp incnal cones the thought or emotion expe, but ater on thevery thing tha eles explicable and mont individual, sound; itis rit we were peccving, ithe naive tng, » potion of coeiee "The picture of language a designating merely objets, already presen oan y rin hat f ders product. By means of rch a picture we wou Sein cy exh the deep nd fl omen of ange Juntar so concep spe without language, 2 alo there cam be objet forthe mind since irony rough the concept, ours, tht anything exteral acquire fl xing for comsciouses BUC BE ‘whee mode st premag things bj necesaily pase vento ‘Staton andthe we oflangage Forte word aries rom this ery ereching, tia copy, oto the objet uel, bt ofthe age erect produced in cmaclousnes. Since ll objective perecpton Incrtly ngd with bn, we may consider every Haman inaividul, even apart from lengeage, a8 4 wnique appect of the \orid-vew: ithe become sll more ofone through language, ee $9 Nature and constitution of language ” tic onto wom te ym, Nat vals ene pany hued and, by all ens0rY impressions, x diverse alii tin dary Career on ‘i ieceiy congo ens esl ee ants nk ins re ced ea ee es coal imo hc ce ent ctr oss tet exane Se reeled eared ny Ad fein froe n hopy oa ae Focin egy camo ot soc estan we ren Be guage orm seve st at yaa an he nity fit hc Sn as rags hin doe tc ot ermal peo ae ce Ite seas aed Sy ma deme of mena rh cynical tnt ois we ages Stans ogee ase ipo of at) Gpegheleretbpaperem tare peep Be Ta ae as cee Dias otoeeh pon oe the PT ny ie i om ng hey it ta ure ng rata me mane tne Sr oe oe Se ag thar ane owns Bot eee rated te nt combina, erat equal impale with oe scatter sea ae cancion ange a Sica cme omen ngege abo Sie ate manc ar Crying rw he ok oe indo Sheth rT emmy one re ihc eds etl de yb ch tena gf npr eray Ice agi psc dp ttre ngage, nature ite app unin coms to all that Reha lead Toe asthe erar nein nvm ch tbe inden sea dene ometing ne ya cng poe Siti ry ray nn ie na vse peta, ts pesetren ened ee acces enage ninth com ar Tiziana ani popes ning tment HE man snes et eoasacterement 2 ad SE er ak ite maw a a a Go §9NATURE AND ConsTITUTION OF LANGUAGE rl ey ied meg of on Scones eit an et forthe min cel myer ‘harcter Via the lates, gu character of speech sound ftaionynecenriy press the tne hogy sed Se ‘ebjers lngugen te sent, hee {ery langage a chaste we the ial ‘ands between man an thee so teenie languane irwees him andthe nate tnt opera bo Surwary pos hin. He srouns bit i's ror ‘ar le op and pce hin inl the no x expenionn no wy ousp eau of Man ive rina with objec, nds tne fernando i cp i preston ty Sor age presents theo hi By she same at where Be lengung cur of Mb ps hr de drs aboot he peopl tat poses ile whence ioext on by sping oe once in the ccc oat Jeri guage sho thercore be ace ‘npn inthe wether pote ‘tent nay nee ery language com ental itrie and mode presentation apron ss ‘te weaker oven rm wt en out own engungericw thr elome ma orl ‘completely experienced. a Ere the igo lege shold not be thought so meagre ssh oon o's conmotyseppoed whe ekg ts icepcon inthe orga tamtons tf ‘ect, we aibte pray ee nel or mat id poet mankind ino a Iagned na of ature, Bot {ton the mon roca ws hat can be ke soot ‘Me sn ey apd rene snc ares ve aed. Even nt being, lnguage ‘outho, andexendd umhiningh wa object cael perception ‘and inner oncern, Even engage of ‘eg wh woul fave se al wee dr oh ‘tare en, nf swe and uli feprestone ‘venybere enced wht requ. Wor wel op Fes Bom brea itu acct one, thre may wel a Bom ‘andesng horde in snyder hat tino ae hve ves ‘ge For many aa pce, aging crete thagh he spiel wih teu 1c langage doc not ery implant an deine mul fri dren cat often esa asst 62 §9 NATURE AND consrrTUTION OF LANGUAGE be gradusly unraveled Bt Inguage contains athe wetdirectons ada nrevened ph Foren Gat fo sanown ea th o bernie, bu then closes af evn ely sens of SGI. Foro wo resv ight fot = ol pe ‘shares this iyinitude, without beginning or end, with ‘ttence oimankind Batin i we un a lars and ore ‘thaw even th tant pst al ined wth he aoa fr language has wavered. through the experienc of generate and preserved beh fds; £0 the ‘ave a national an fay inhi tow in these sme ‘mothertongu, which verve to expr our own elng at “Thi pany fd and party od coment a tangaage special elationsip between andthe opting forks cated win ck of wor and nto XC gow inthe coune of millennia ino a ndependent vrenoted above, the thought once tmbodied in fees, che hea ado hat cent cer teen a ‘alent. Bat we hve primary conidered the objec an ‘ortom ew he fl ashing proce on ich react, We now encounter the opp view, langage sul an len objec, ane hsin fek, Som satin ete wt ers For esery bes ott poneniom pp. 57), and in rh Of the hte baa pci io Sc wisn a Stunbering hugh ed aoa othe ind comes 4 pec exience, which in every ese, adie ca spd in the crrent at of thinking bt nis ay snd OF his The two opping views hee stated, that Rapuoce {oor foreign to the wl, depends or dos https spon ‘stay ‘combined there an conte the Fay Aatre Nor must this contict be reled by mang lagna something alien ad independent, ad in prt nh ooe St Lane cy ci a nde, re soft ath aecty pase and depend hays be regenerated in Winking, cme 16 ie Sindertaning. and hence mum pas over etry int he Bat hiv act of regeneration ons, precy. nemo elie fi thereby nero on each onan the al vidual, ut ths impacted nel gover languages doing and has done. The resolution of ik ope Hes the uni of hme mn what ses Bons hee does ithave a permanent abode idea” par $9 Nature and costittion of language % ove with mye, the concepts of subject and objec of tnd independence, we each merged into the other gst te because bing i forth Td ane ince Ears imeem he pting snd ngs ot eon of tc, mr peec-ommuniation may have ln among them, i's language elf which resins PIRES that in hich nls nd determines me ae “heer a human atest aed t my vn, aod ‘semen is there alien oly for my wransory inva ot or ny oa and trae ne sree nk bot te curse groan fa people i governed Ihara legate as undegone, chong all he preceding Lt iow Sly he power fe singe enraion pings ts ot even pry since tote coming up and hse Menge vide by sae hen becomes evident how Se the jue fe nil compared he might of “Sal throug ne Inert eacommon asi, the S Staimating fom i very diferent wa whout "o gencal wesancing, and though the domino My aery Ing mind overs dead evtage, bbe balance Sree Yectreds Yeu it aways language in which eve Ga ls nv tha be nothing bt at oufow fhe tmunkind For whileenchceacte nda and inca miceverypencraton novels pres change i which th fien apes noes For the change dss not sway ede Yhc words apd Tome themes, bt at nes only in ther Gierenty Todiged usages and where wig and literature are Teking, the laters harder Secieiceetonstiwiciet my ep peme peered weeny tour concep te be Surply deed hat he a red ee eat sea eee ee Sere ee ae Be ee gps van, ieee ae Ter Ry ag sie 2 be eo 2 a eS Pr ters ua he as I ern ol guage set Ser ceemtaren scant ecm ee Be a oe cate ate ee anagem seein nae 6 §9 wATURE anv constiroTiON oF LaxouAoR infaence exerted on hi es thereon langvage andi in his own reaction, «principe offrdo. Fr's ting may pin man, for which to uadestadng can eos he Previous dreumstaney and we shold saconceve the Eng, ined the hol ah em ad change, if we sought o exclude om i the posi inexpicabte phenomena. But thosgh Becton til indeterminable and inexpheable i bode an perhaps, covered, within a certain Sphere reve to sone ad ‘esearch must recognise and eget he phenomenon oe toe eualy cre in trai nts §10 the atid sand, the foundation and esence of all specch Tr ed by man fom his pysical organs through an imple of his Feeand the animal would be able todo likewise fit were animated tie same urge Already in it fist and. mest indispensable Brewers language a0 uterly and exclusively rooted in man’s ‘Gira nature, that ite permeation is sufficient, though necessary, {Bicanaorm he animal ound into the articulated one. For the set capacity to sgn, and not jst in general, but speically by Grocntation of a sug, i the only thing that consttates the WiGeulated sound, and nothing else can be stated to desribe its ‘bcrence fom the animal eon the one hand, and the masa tne rine other I cannot be described by eelerence to its emstiftion conty by the my spr, nd not due to any incapacity tn our par, but fypieal of every nature, since tt nothing ee fr the soul's itn so ter ae contains ony 0 mach of the ppl a external perception cannot do without. "This physial cement, the edhe ad can even bein some degree separated from it thereby bringing out the elton more purely IIL This can be observed in demas, All access by ea is closed to them, bat they learn to understand wh tmovernen of the speakers vocal organs, and fom writing, whowe ence already consist whlly of articulation; and they speak themselves when guided as the postion and motion of ther vocal “This can only core sbout through the power of artculaton thus present even ta them, in that Uhrough the connection of thir though with shir val ongans they lear to divine in enter om, the one Component the movement of his vocal organs the otber omponcn, his thought. The tone heard by ws disclowed to them ‘hrough the poston and mation ofthe organs andthe accompanying Script by eyes dhe strane endeavour to speak themselves they fpf culation without the noe of it A. remarkable (Tedmmposiion of te articulated sound therefore takes place in them ‘Since they read and waite alphabetically, and themelves lear to fea, they realy understand dhe language, and are not merely ‘icjusinted wah eae inpie by signs or pictures. They Tera (0 Speak ot merely bees they poses reason, a other men do, but ‘Tate pecially becuse dey abo nave the capacity for speech, & Cngrucnee of thar thought with thelr vocal organs, and the urge 6 6 $10 sounp-svsreu oF Lanovacrs 0 Nate of the eta send * wo have the «wo cooperate both the one and the other ‘Sotnally rooted in human ature, dhough maimed in one ‘The difference between them and un that thelr vor not roused to imitation by the example ofa fully arulated bht mast learn to expres ther activity by «circuitous, ari ‘san ote: Bat al appre in i eas hw tedaony ng conoecdwih ngag, cen tea Artction rests wpon the power of mind over the vocal ‘to compel them to deal with sod in accordance with the its own working. The point at which form and articulation -Theancelated sounds formed a axons cannot be pronounced ar Scopaned yeu of ao provide resonance, Depending aa Redcat ener ws ough his expiration Fa sje dey ferent und ip coated to Sep thr of te ro conan Tu, 2 ce alte soandsprocdares the lle formed. Bain ‘Bi are mor oc ane mae owing it *eSagget, bt really ony ne round expelled in partic Etiam of the ple sable ito a comonant and ann erantsooughtoshnkof them s independent, merely wore it one te nntre the consonant and vowel mutually Slammin ch oer ch a a co 8 parable unity Sot writing to, sto desea hi nat Pennie is more corret, ais done by some Aniatic alphabets to che vowe ot arte teat all but merely a ications ‘hevComonant Sel speaking, even the vows cannot ny anda character that can enter ino specie lato cee aone The are ha fms ther equ a check Tied ek ane; an fo lea wing cat Poe Mian aspiration, be it ever vo gente, i a a mamamges pref, evr in wring, evr intial vowel, aa emcan be gradual intensified wo a toe gucral Tat and language may indieat the dferen sages of hit sera ty peril leten, The vowel demands the ame pure Fa ae consonant and the syable must carry his double So ae iin te But yeu it harder to preerve in the see tse dug nore neceary fr te perfecon of anguae. FRTCUET Carbine mot only with a sound that precedes Dat aa ere aring ne, which maybe a pare consonant, Dut aly i one he Somer read nse cn the Nerd Enal af But precy there, however the sity ofthe sound seer ear to cach than mal positon, speilly 00 eens at only a secondary ature ofthe articulated ound SSE)SREP te vowels ha the writing some popes appear Fey rm tis plato ew. Through the (wo sere of “odonant and vowels wich constant determine each other eel dileenied as much by cara in the abstract, Hearne iaiy a new malipicty of reaonshps in the TESSatr nur abo an oppo af these te series tone another, ‘Fatih angoage makes mand Tre tel frac ound ld nar ere ‘be dated in every sipabet, whereby he ater operates more Crlesbesecaly upon tbelangeage! namely, the absolut and Sree aba rnive nats of tee sound 0 each the, Stelarty andthe psu of harmetous eaphony ul so ‘ive fom the enon ofmalingitan conn ope Te ‘here prey om iow, i he ater ty vigorous: deacon from the confine and obscure animal ryt ceges a ‘Sound is formed in relation tothe ocbers that are necessary, ‘witht, forthe fee competeneas of speech. Though it cannot be how this comes to pas articulated sounds break forth trom people, adn thatrelation teach ther which thee language demands The fit major diflerences are due tothe diversity of ‘cl engans and the spatial pid in each case where the acl Suid produced. Tes then allied to emda charac, whi ‘may be peculiar wo each sytem without regard for diferences a ‘rgans, sucha aspiration allance, nasal tone ee. But by there ure dstnes ofthe sounds is endangered; and itn doubly a roof ofthe prevalence correct seme of language, ian ap ‘Contains these sounds so curbed by enunciation that they ing completely, and yet pure and unmixed to the finest ear. secondary characteristics mast thereupon merge with te artcua Underlying them, ina specie modieation of the maim sound, be uttery proscribed in any other, regular form. es $10 souno-tysten oF Lancuacns and to the comple and gua of «priced sd [ttachema,a system ofthis kind contains, at 0 many classes of ‘the modes in which the articulsed sounds are ordered in fr contrasted in dtinction fom, one another = the cont ‘fst being extracted from all the relations in which they can In analysing a particular language, we therefore begin by whether the diversity of its sounds i complete or defi ‘ccupying those points ofthe achema which indicate the Contrast nd hence wether the often unmistakeable abu sounds wiformly dirbuted according to a picture of the found-eystem conforming in alls parts to the peopl’ Us fenve, of whether some Clawes are deficient while others pl, Tra regularity, to which Sanseit actually comes vey ‘would require that every aculated sound that dfs i i ‘formation be carried through all the class, and hence fll die sound-modifiations, that che ears accustomed to dt ‘eposton and senablty ofa people may be. For pleasure frticulateound produced givesita wealth and variety ofconned [Nor ean we always deny evento the maria sand a cera fad therfore higher pleasure in producing it Tei often Indeed, by dtr, at when senmatons are wnplearant; in other ‘thereis intention behind itn that iteties, warns or suramoas Btls ows ont withowt nec or intent fom sense oj land not merely fm erade enjoyment, but also from a pleasure in the more artic angour ofthe sounds themselves [iter isthe poe cement, qlnumering spark amid the di the brute. These different Kinde of sounds are very ne

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