Aaylia Smith

Ms. J. Coco
English 1001-02
April 5, 2016
Annotated Bibliographies
Meyer, K. D., and L. Zhang. "Short- and Long-term Adverse Effects of Cocaine Abuse during
Pregnancy on the Heart Development." Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease 3.1
(2009): 7-16. Web. 29 Mar. 2016.
This journal involves the different effect that cocaine has on the developing heart of e fetus.
Although this publication includes data from both human and mice studies, I will strictly be
focused on the development of the human heart. As stated, the study of this aspect of human
heart development is still in its beginning stages. The information studied in this journal include
data from infants who are at an increased risk for cardiac- related issues. This information is vital
to my text because as of 2006, it was stated that women who were in their child-bearing years
accounted for 2.8% of cocaine users in the United States. I can safely assume that this figure, is
unfortunately, on the rise. This article was found on the website for the United States National
Library of Medicine (National Institute for Health), deeming this publication a credible source.

Behnke, M., and V. C. Smith. "Prenatal Substance Abuse: Short- and Long-term Effects on the
Exposed Fetus." Pediatrics131.3 (2013): n. pag. Web. 29 Mar. 2016.
This journal entry provides not only information on the effects of cocaine on infants, but includes
ways that these individuals can be treated for their inherited addiction. This journal, excerpted
from The American Academy of Pediatrics, explored all parts of the infant body, in regards to the
effects of cocaine exposure. This report will give me a lot more information regarding ways to
identify cocaine exposure, medical issues, and long- term effects of infants dealing with this
addiction.

Lester, Barry M., Michael J. Corwin, Carol Sepkoski, Ronald Seifer, Mark Peucker, Sarah
Mclaughlin, and Howard L. Golub. "Neurobehavioral Syndromes in Cocaine-Exposed Newborn
Infants." Child Development 62.4 (1991): 694. Web. 29 Mar. 2016.
In this journal I found information regarding an experiment run amongst mothers with a cocaine
addiction and mothers without- which may or may not have included clean data, as mothers
without any addiction would have. I chose to use this piece for its data collection to create a
comparison between physical attributes of babies born to cocaine- using mothers and those born
to mothers without the addiction. Physical attributes mentioned in this journal include average
birth weight and length and head circumference. This is also a credible source provided by the
United States National Library of Medicine (National Institute for Health).

Okie, Susie. "Crack Babies: The Epidemic That Wasn't." The New York Times [Baltimore] 26
Jan. 2009: n. pag. Print.
This is an article directly from the likes of the New York Times, proving its credibility. This
article actually disagrees with my papers goals, but I will use this to my advantage. I am
including this article into my database to present the not so bad side of cocaine usage and
pregnancy. In all honesty, I initially thought that every child exposed to cocaine was, if I may be
frank- a basket case. Well this article proves myself and others with this assumption to be wrong.
Thinking about my audience (pregnant young women /cocaine users), I want to show them that
although cocaine usage during gestation can be exceedingly harmful and even deadly, there is no
one- hundred percent guarantee that their child will die. I figured I could include a glimpse of
hope between the daunting facts.

Volkow, Nora D. "Cocaine." Research Report Series (1999): n. pag. Web. 29 Mar. 2016.
I immediately chose this report because it is packed with information about the substance
cocaine, its effects on the body (the adult and unborn), its method of uses, and anything else one
may want to know about this drug. It also includes information on how cocaine is abused and the
effects on the unborn child. This piece also gives slight background information on cocaine,
recalling it the drug of the 1980s and 1990s. I will use this information to include a more indepth view of cocaine abuse. This entry is definitely a credible source because it comes directly
from the National Institute on Drug Abuse.

OTIS. Mother to Baby. N.p.: Organization of Teratology Information Specialists, 2014. Print.
This facts sheet provided by Mother to Baby by way of the Organization of Technology
Information Specialists, delves specifically into cocaine use of the mother in relation to the
infant. It states that In every pregnancy, a woman starts out with a 3-5% chance of having a
baby with a birth defect. This finding in itself, is a harsh reality to face, and of course adding a
drug addiction to this, only increases the probability of that truth. This fact sheet includes
questions and answers of potential cocaine- users who may or may not be looking forward to
becoming pregnant. These questions are very detailed and some are very gruesome in nature,
however it is good to have insight on these inquiries.