Unit - I

Study Material Professors Coaching Centre, Madurai.
PROFESSORS COACHING CENTRE, MADURAI

TNPSC GROUP IV
myF - 1
nghUj;Jjy;
nghJj; jkpo;j; Njh;tpy; Nfl;fg;gLk; nghUj;Jjy; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; cs;s
tpdhf;fs; gphpT m tpy; cs;s 4 nrhw;fSf;F Vw;w rhpahd nghUSila
nrhw;fSs;s gphptpy; M tpy; ,Ue;J vLj;J rhpahfg; nghUj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. xU
nrhy;iyf; nfhLj;J Neubahfg; ;nghUisj; Njh;e;njLf;f vd;w tpdhTk; Nfl;fg;gLfpwJ.
,t;tpdhf;fs; 6-Mk; tFg;G Kjy; 10 Mk; tFg;G tiu cs;s jkpo;g; ghlE}y;fspy;
,Ue;J>
ghlq;fs;
nra;As;gfjpfl;Fg;
gpd;GwKs;s
gFjpfspy;
,Ue;J
Nfl;fg;gLfpd;wd.
vdNt> jkpo;ehL muRg; gzpahsh; Njh;thizak; (TNPSC) elj;Jk; Njh;Tf;F
Vw;g Kf;fpakhd jkpo;r;nrhw;fSk; mtw;wpw;Fhpa nghUs;fSk; <z;L toq;fg;gL
fpd;wd. fPNo nfhLf;fg;ngw;Ws;s nrhw;fSf;Fhpa nghUs;fis ed;F mwpe;J
kdj;jpy; epiyepWj;Jf! mjpf kjpg;ngz;fs; ngw;W ntw;wp ngw;wpLf! vd
tho;j;JfpNwhk;.!
Fwpg;G:
,g;gFjpiag;
nghUe;jhr;
nrhy;iyj;
Njh;e;njLf;f
(myF-5)
vd;w
gFjpAlDk;> xyp NtWghlwpe;J rhpahd nghUswpjy; (myF-8) gFjpAlDk;

epidTgLj;jpg; gapy;f!
1) nghUj;Jjy; : (m) nghUj;jkhd nghUisj; Njh;T nra;jy; (myF-1(m)
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2
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7
8
9
10
mQ;Rfk; - fpsp
mhpit - ngz;> eq;if
mhp - rpq;fk;> jpUkhy;
mis - Fif> Gw;W
mb -ghjk;
mbrpy; - czT
mq;fk; - cWg;G
mw;wJ - nrhpj;jJ
mdy;> moy; - neUg;G
ms;sy; - NrW> eufk;
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mfk; - cs;sk;> cs;Ns

myif - Nga;
mzpak; - neUf;fk;
mUfp -RUq;fp (mUfp x ngUfp)
mOf;fhW - nghwhik
mth - tpUg;gk;
my; - ,uT
myh;jy; - kyh;jy;> tphpjy;
mutk; - ghk;G> Xir
mz;lh; - Njth;
This study material is a part of the courseware of Professors Coaching Centre and is specifically designed for the
usage of candidates enrolled with Professors Coaching Centre, Madurai. All rights to the contents of the
courseware rest with Professors Coaching Centre. No other institute, or individual is authorized or entitled to
reproduce, translate or distribute this courseware in any form.
25
26
mw;W - Nghy (ctkcUG)

moy; - neUg;G
mkh; - Nghh;
msF - Nrty;> fhl;Lf;Nfhop> $ifg; ngil>
Nfhop
mfit - taJ
mz;ik - mUfpy;> gf;fk; (mz;ik x Nra;ik)
27
28
mWFsk; - tw;wpaFsk;
mapy; - Nty;
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mzq;F - ngz;> ngz;nja;tk;

milf;fha; -ghf;F
my;yy; - Jd;gk;
mad; - gpuk;kd;
mkuh; - Njth;
miz -ePHj;Njf;fk;> mizj;Jf;nfhs;
mopKjy;-mopAk; nghUs;
mf;fiw-<LghL> ftdk;
md;d-Nghy (ctk cUG)
mf;fiu-m + fiu-me;jf;fiu (Fsf;fiu> flw;fiu)
mykuk; - epiyfyq;fy;
mw - ,y;yhj > ePf;fk;
miu - ghjp> ,Lg;G
muk;ig - thio
myF - gwitapd; %f;F msT> Jilg;gk;
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
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45
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48
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50
51
52
mjph;fly; - xypf;Fk; fly;

mz;b - neUq;fp
mzp - moF> mzpfyd;
mtyk; - Jd;gk;
mjh; - top
mKjk; - mkpo;jk;> FSik
myq;fy; - khiy
mfe;ij - Mztk;
mzq;F- jpUkfs;
53
myh;-kyh;
54
md;dk; - xUgwit> NrhW
55
mz;zk; - Nky;jhil Nky; tha;
56
msp - mUs;> nfhil> nfhL
57
myp - NgL> Ngb
58
Muk; - khiy
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
21
22
23
24
68
69
70
71
Mr;rp - jha;
MFyk; - Muthuk;> ftiy
Mtzk; - rPl;L
Mjp ehs; - Kjy;ehs;
(Qhapw;Wf;fpoik)
Mlfk; - nghd;
MH - epiwe;j
MhpUs; - eufk;
Mh;f;Fk; - gpzpf;Fk;
MUaph; - mhpa caph; (mUik +
caph;)
Mw;wTk; - kpfTk;
Mw;wy; - jpwik
Mjtd; -fjptud;
,ir - Gfo;> gz;
,jo; - g+tpjo;> cjL
,y;yhh; - twpahh;
,iz - Nrh;> ,uz;L (N[hb)
,zh; - nfhj;J
,d;ik - tWik> ,y;yhik
,ire;j - nghUj;jkhd xj;Jf;nfhz;l
,y;yplk; - ,y;yk;> tPL
,wit - Vzp
,iw - ,iwtd;> flTs;> murd;
,d;dh - Jd;gk; ( ,d;dh x ,dpa)
,sNtdpy;-tre;jk;>(ngUk;nghOJ fSs;
xd;W)
,y; - tPL> ,y;iy
,fy; - Nghh;> NtWghL> gif
,Of;F - Fw;wk;> gop
,d;dy; - Jd;gk;
,lh; - Jd;gk;
,Lf;fz; - Jd;gk;
,ila+W - Jd;gk;> njhe;jT
,Lk;ig - Jd;gk;
,e;J - re;jpud;
,lq;fh; - Kjiy
,yq;fpaJ - tpsq;fpaJ
,ujk; - Njh;
,optpy; - fsq;fkw;w (,opT + ,y;)
,iwQ;R - tzq;F
,Wk; - KwpAk;

59
Mop - Nkhjpuk;> fly;> rf;fuk;
60
Mjp - Kjy;
61
me;jk; - KbT
62
63
Mh;fyp - fly;
MHtyh; - md;GilNahh;
64
65
66
67
116
MW - ejp> top> newp

Mfbak; - Vsdk;
Mf;fk; - nry;tk;> ngUf;fk;
Mfk; - cly;
<Dk; - jUk;
117
<l;lk; - njhFjp
118
<W - ,Wjp
119
<d;W - ngw;W
120
cud; - jpz;zpa mwpT> typik
121
cjpuk; -FUjp> ,uj;jk;
122
cs;sk; - Cf;fk;> (kdntOr;rp)
123
cs;s - epidf;f
124
cs;StJ - epidg;gJ
125
cs;shd; - ,Uf;fpwhd; (cld;ghL)

epidf;fkhl;lhd; (vjph;kiw)
126
cthp - fly;
127
cth;epyk; - fsh;epyk;
128
cfph; - efk;
129
cow;wp- nra;J
130
cuT-typik
131
cwT-nrhe;jk;
132
cFePH-xOFk;ePH
10
7
10
8
10
9
110
111
112
113
114
115
16
6
16
7
16
8
16
9
17
0
17
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2
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3
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5
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6
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7
17
8
17
9
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0
18
1
18
2
18
,Wk;g+J - tpag;G> ctif

,Tsp - Fjpiu
,e;jdk; - tpwF
,y;ypf;Flk; - Xl;ilf;Flk;
,Uepyk; - nghpa epyk; (,Uik +
epyk;)
< - nfhL> XUaphp
<jy; - nfhLj;jy;
<if - nfhil
<uk; - md;G> ,uf;fk;> kio
vhp - neUg;G
vz;zp - Muha;e;J
Vh; - fyg;ig> moF
Vj;Jk; - Nghw;Wk;
Vjk; - Jd;gk;> Fw;wk;
VJ - fhuzk;
VW- fhis> rpq;fk;
Vkhg;G - fhJfhg;G
Vohy; - ahopir
Iuhtzk; - ahid
Iad; - jiytd;
Iia - jha;
Iak; - re;Njfk;> mr;rk;
xWj;jy; - jz;bj;jy;
xj;Jk; - GfOk;
xy;iy - tpiue;J
xd;dhh; - gifth;
xw;fk; - tWik
133
cz;b-czT
134
csT-xw;W
135
cLf;if-Mil
136
ca;j;J -nrYj;jp
137
ca;tpj;J-gpiof;fr;nra;J
138
ck;gh; -Njth;
139
cghak; - toptif
140
cw;Wop - Jd;Gwk; fhyj;jpy;
141
cW-kpFjp> chpr;nrhy;
142
ciufy; - fl;lisf;fy;
143
ctif - kfpo;r;rp
144
Copak; - njhz;L
145
Cd; - ,iwr;rp
146
Cz; - czT
147
Cop - cyfk;
148
CW - Jd;gk;
149
CHjp - tz;b
150
Co; - tpjp
151
Cf;fk; - kdntOr;rp
152
vopy; - moF
153
vopyp - Nkfk;
154
vopdp - jpiur;rPiy> ciw ( Screen)
155
vU - cuk;
156
vUj;jk; - gplhp
3
18
4
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5
18
6
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19
0
19
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19
2
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19
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19
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19
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20
0
20
1
20
2
20
3
20
4
20
5
20
6
20
xUik - xUgpwg;G
vOik - Vogpwg;G
,k;ik - ,g;gpwg;G
kWik - kWgpwg;G
xz;jhh; - xspkpf;fkyh; khiy
xhP, - ePf;fp
Xjp- fw;W> $e;jy;
Xjy; - fw;wy;
xsljk; - kUe;J
xstpak; - nghwhik
fsp - kfpo;r;rp
fhp - ahid> mLg;Gf;fhp
ftp - ftpij> Fuq;F
fb - tpiue;J> chpr;nrhy;
fLfp - tpiue;J
fbkhiy- kzkpf;fkhiy
fbefh;-fhty;kpf;fefh;
fbNty;-$h;ikahdNty;
fUiz - mUs;
fjputd;-#hpad;
fdy; -neUg;G
fypq;fk; - Mil
fspW> fsgk; -ahid
fio-%q;fpy;> fUk;G
157
vy; - gfy;
158
vk;gp - jk;gp
159
vd;G - vYk;G
160
161
vj;jdk; - Kaw;rp
vspJ - Rygk;> vspik (vspJ xmhpJ)
162
va;Jth; - milth;
163
vs;sy; - ,fo;jy;
164
vapy; - kjpy;> Nfhl;il
165
vapW - gy;
217
fd;dy; - fUk;G> ,dpik
218
foW - $W
219
220
221
fq;Fy; - ,uT
fjo;T - gifik
fKF- ghf;Fkuk;
222
flk; - fhL
223
fzpif - nghJkfs;> nghUl;ngz;bh;
224
fisjy; -ePf;Fjy;
225
fyhgk; - Njhif
226
fth; - tQ;rfk;> #J
227
fh -Nrhiy
228
fhyd; - vkd;
229
fhy; - fhw;W
230
fhdk; - fhL
231
fhdfk; - ghl;L
232
fhrpdp - epyk;
7
20
8
20
9
21
0
211
21
2
21
3
21
4
21
5
21
6
26
6
26
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26
9
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2
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3
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4
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5
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27
9
28
0
fay;-kPd;
frL-Fw;wk;> gOJ
fy;yis-Fif (fy;+ mis)
fyk;-fg;gy;> Flk;> gd;dpuz;L
fsk; - ,lk;
fodp - tay;
fiy - Mz;khd;> mwpTf;fiy
fis-ePf;F> Ntz;lhj Gy;g+z;L
fdfk; - nghd;> jq;fk;
nfhk;G - kuf;fpis
nfhg;gpd;wp - NtWghbd;wp
nfhz;ly; - Nkfk;> fpof;fpy; ,Ue;J
tUk; fhw;W.
Nfhij - khiy
Nfhwy; - nfhiy
NfhJ - Fw;wk;
Nfhyk; - moF
ifk;khW - vjph;cjtp
ifkhw;W - iff;fld;
nfhw;wtd; - murd;
Nfh - murd;
nfshp- ghh;tjp> gj;JtaJg; ngz;
ruzk; - milf;fyk;
rq;fud; - rptd;
ryk; - tQ;rid> ngha;

233
fhh; - kio> fUik> Nkfk;
234
fPHj;jp - ngUik> Gfo;
235
fPud; - ef;fPud;
236
Fdpj;j- tise;j
237
FUF - gwit> ehiu
238
FUis - eha;> gd;wp> rpq;fk;> Kay;

Mfpatw;wpd; Fl;b
239
Foy; - $e;jy;
240
Fotp - Foe;ij
241
Fwq;F - njhil
242
Futh; - ngw;Nwhh;
243
FUR> FWf;if> FUrpy; - rpYit
244
Ffd; - KUfd;
245
Fit - Ftpay;
246
FtL - kiy
247
FWeif - Gd;dif
248
FZq;fh; - ,ope;Njhh;
249
$ - g+kp
250
$w;W - Ngr;R
251
$w;Wtd; - vkd;
252
$yk; - jhdpak;
253
$w;wk; - vkd;
254
$iu - tPl;L Nky;jl;L
255
$iw - Glit
28
1
28
2
28
3
28
4
28
5
28
6
28
7
28
8
28
9
29
0
29
1
29
2
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3
29
4
29
5
29
6
29
7
29
8
29
9
30
0
30
1
30
2
30
3
30
rof;F - g+ry;> rz;il

rk;G - Gjpdk; (ehty;)
ryth; - tQ;rfh;
rh -,w
rhy;G - rhd;whz;ik
rhh;G - Jiz
rhy; - cOjy;
rhkiu> rhkuk; - tprpwp
rpe;ij - kdk;
rptpif - gy;yf;F
rpj;jk; - kdk;
rpjy; - fiwahd;> <ry;
rpd;dPH - (rpWik + ePH =
rpWePH)
rPH - Gfo;> ngUik> xOq;F
rPHik - tpOg;gk;
rPHj;j - rpwg;Gila
rPyk; - xOf;fk;
RUk;G - tz;L
Rlh; - xsp
nrt;Nts; - KUfd;
nra; - tay;
nrW - tay;
nrU - Nghh;
nrWeh; - gifth;
256
Nfz;ik - el;G
257
Nfsph; - cwtpdh;
258
Nftpl - tUe;jpl
259
Nfby; - Fw;wkpy;yhj> moptpy;yhj

(NfL+ ,y;)
260
NfhJ - Fw;wk;
261
262
Nfhykapy; - mofpa kapy;
263
Nfhg;G-Mtz ,Ug;Giw ( File)
264
nfhOed; - fztd;
265
nfhy;iy - Ky;iyepyk;
316
Nrhkd; - re;jpud;
317
Qkyp - eha;
318
QpkpW - NjdP> tz;L
319
QhapW - fjputd;
320
Qhz; - fapW
321
Qhdk; - mwpT
322
Qhyk; - cyfk;
323
jltiu - mfd;w kiy
324
jis - fl;L> tpyq;F (iftpyq;F)
325
jt;it - %Njtp
326
jsit - Ky;iy
327
jz;ik - FSik (jz;ik X ntk;ik)
328
jj;ij - fpsp
NfhL - ahidj;je;jk;> rpfuk;> kuf;fpis
4
30
5
30
6
30
7
30
8
30
9
31
0
311
31
2
31
3
31
4
31
5
36
7
36
8
36
9
37
0
37
1
37
2
37
3
37
4
37
5
37
6
37
7
37
8
37
9
nrw;wy; - mopj;jy;
nrw;wk; - rpdk;
nra;Nahs; - jpUkfs;
nrdpf;Fk; - Njhd;Wk;> gpwf;Fk;
nrt;tp - jFe;j fhyk;
nrk;khe;J - ngUkpjj;NjhL
Nra; - Foe;ij> njhiyT
Nra;ik - njhiyT (Nra;ik x mz;ik)
Nrb - Njhop
Nrhud; - jpUld;
Nrhfhg;gh; - Jd;GWth;
ey;Fk; - jUk;
eLtzuR -ikamuR
ed;dak; -ed;ik
ez;Zjy;-neUq;Fjy;
eiw-Njd;
eiu-ntz;kaph;
edp -kpFjp> chpr;nrhy;
etpy;njhWk;-fw;Fk;njhWk;
ej;jk; -nry;tk;
euT-Njd;
ehtha;-fg;gy;> glF
ehdpyk; -cyF
ehzk; - ntl;fk;

329
jU - kuk;
330
jUf;F - nrUf;F
331
juzp - cyfk;
332
jD - tpy;
333
jhij - je;ij
334
jhs; - Kaw;rp (Kay;)> ghjk;
335
jhh; - khiy
336
jhid - gil
337
jhy; - ehf;F
338
jhshz;ik - Kaw;rp
339
jho; - gzp (gzpT) g+l;L (tpidr;nrhy;)
340
jpiu - miy> jpiur;rPiy
341
jpwy; - typik
342
jpU - nry;tk;> Nkd;ik
343
jpiz - xOf;fk;>kpfr;rpwpa msT
344
jpz;zk; - cWjp
345
jpd;ik - typik> jPik
346
jpaq;fp - kaq;fp
347
jPAop-eufk;
348
Jg;G-czT>gtsk;
349
Jg;gl;b-Nghh;it
350
Jb-cLf;if
351
Japy;-cwf;fk;> J}f;fk;
352
J}q;fp-mire;J
38
0
38
1
38
2
38
3
38
4
38
5
38
6
38
7
38
8
38
9
39
0
39
1
39
2
39
3
39
4
39
5
39
6
39
7
39
8
39
9
40
0
40
1
40
2
40
3
epUgh; - murh;
epiu -$l;lk; (Mepiu-gRf;$l;lk;)
epuy;-thpir
epNtjdk;-gilay; mKJ
epfh;-rkk;
ePs;tpRk;G-mfd;wthdk;
ePuth;-mwpTilahh;
Ejy; - new;wp
Ezy; - jtis
EZf;fk; - El;gk;
newp-top
nefpo-cUf
nefpop-cUFnghUs;
neha;ik - nkd;ik
nehk;gyk; - Jd;gk;
gy;ytd; -el;G
ghpjp -fjputd;
guhtp - tzq;fp
gzp-Fsph;
gzp-Ntiy>jho;e;J Ngh
ghp-Fjpiu
gb-epyk;> fy;> (tp.nry;)>efy;>
Xh;msit
gq;fak; - jhkiu
glh; -Jah;

353
njq;F - Njq;fha;
354
Njuh - Muhahj
355
Njwy; - Njd;
356
njhd;ik - goik
357
njhOk;gh; - njhz;lh;
358
njhil-khiy
359
njha;T-,isg;G
360
361
eak; -,d;gk;
eypT-NfL
362
ed;dPH-J}a ePH (ed;ik + ePH)
363
eif - rphpg;G> mzpfyd;
364
ey;FuT - tWik
365
ey;F - nfhL
366
eFjy;-rphpj;;jy;
418
gPL - ngUik
419
gPyp - kapy;Njhif
420
gPio - Jd;gk;
421
Gtp - cyfk;
422
Gdy; - ePH
423
Gfh; - tpil> kWnkhop
424
Gid - njg;gk;>
425
Gfy; - $W
426
Giu - Fw;wk;
427
Gj;Njs; cyf - Njth; cyF
428
Gtdk; - cyfk;
40
4
40
5
40
6
40
7
40
8
40
9
41
0
411
41
2
41
3
41
4
41
5
41
6
41
7
46
9
47
0
47
1
47
2
47
3
47
4
47
5
47
6
47
7
47
8
47
gz;L - Kw;fhyk;> goq;fhyk;

ge;jid - Mir
guhguk; -,iwtd;
godk; - tay;
guit-fly;
gdpj;j-Fsph;e;j
gJik-nghk;ik
ghh;-fhz;> cyfk;
gpzT-ngz;
gpb-ngz;ahid> ifahy;gw;W
gpiz-ngz;khd;
gpwo;e;J-newp jtwp>jlk;Guz;L
gpzf;F - rz;il
gpio -Fw;wk;> gop
kwth;> ks;sh; - tPuh;
klthh; - ngz;fs;
kQ;iQ-kapy;
kjp - mwpT> re;jpud;> kjpj;Jel
kJuk; - ,dpik
kU-kzk;
klq;fy; - rpq;fk;
klehF - ,sk;gR
kotpil - ,sq;fhis
kd;Daph; - epiyngw;wcaph;
kyh;jiy - gue;j
429
GfNuhd;-Rf;fpud;
430
Gs;-gwit
431
GspQh; - Ntlh;
432
Gyk; - mwpT
433
Gutyh; - fhtyh;> kd;dh;
434
Gutp - Fjpiu
435
G+z;L - Xh; czTg;nghUs;> mzpe;J
436
G+jyk; - cyfk;
437
G+fk;-ghf;Fkuk;
438
ngw;wk; -gR
439
Ngil-ngz;gwit
440
NgW-nry;tk;
441
Ngijahh; - mwptpyhh;
442
igq;$o;-gRikg;gaph;
443
ig-gRik> ghk;Gg;glk;
444
igAs; - ftiy
445
nghd;dp -fhNthp
446
nghd;Wk; -mopAk;
447
nghyk; - moF
448
nghJk;gh; - Nrhiy
449
nghopy; - Nrhiy
450
nghiw - nghWik
451
nghUeh; -gifth;
452
nghUJjy; - rz;ilaply;
9
48
0
48
1
48
2
48
3
48
4
48
5
48
6
48
7
48
8
48
9
49
0
49
1
49
2
49
3
49
4
49
5
49
6
49
7
49
8
49
9
50
0
50
1
50
2
50
10
Kjiy - Foe;ij
kiy - nghWg;G> Fd;W> ntw;G
kh-nghpa> chpr;nrhy;> tpyq;F>
khkuk;
khhp-kio
khR-Fw;wk;
khJ-ngz;
khL-nry;tk;
khepjp -ngUe;nry;tk;
khz;G-ngUik
khud;-kd;kjd;
khf;fs; - tpyq;Ffs;
khUjk; - fhw;W
khUjp - mDkd;
khe;jh; - kdpjh;
khz - kpfTk; - chpr;nrhy;
khs-ePq;f
kha;tJ-moptJ
KUF-moF
Kfpy;-Nkfk;
Kif-nkhl;L>mUk;G
KdpT-rpdk;
%-goik
%J}h;-goikahdCh;(KJik + Ch;)
nka;-cz;ik> cly;> nka;naOj;J
453
ngha;if-Fsk;
454
Nghfk; - ,d;gk;
455
NghJ - mUk;G
456
ngstk;-fly;
457
ky;yy; -tsk;
458
kb - Nrhk;gy;
459
kwp - ML>khd;
460
461
ke;jp - Fuq;F
kiu - khd;
462
kUq;fp - gf;fk;
463
kwk; - tPuk; (kwk; x mwk;)
464
kd; - kd;dd;
465
kd;gij-kf;fs; $l;lk;
466
kle;ij - ngz;
467
kJfuk; - NjdP
468
koiy - Foe;ij
520
tre;jk; - ,sNtdpy;
521
tsp - fhw;W
522
ty;iy - tpiue;J
523
tJit - jpUkzk;
524
tz;ik-ts;sy;jd;ik> nfhil
525
ts;is - cyf;ifg;ghl;L
526
tdg;G - vopy;> nghypT
527
tz;zk; - epwk;> moF
3
50
4
50
5
50
6
50
7
50
8
50
9
51
0
511
51
2
51
3
51
4
51
5
51
6
51
7
51
8
51
9
53
6
53
7
53
8
53
9
54
0
54
1
54
2
54
3
11
Nkjp-vUik
Nkdp-cly;
Nktp-nghUe;jp
NkU-,kak;
Nkop-fyg;ig
Nkhyp-%b
ik-mQ;rdk;> fUik> ,Us;
ah-xUtifkuk;> ahit> fl;Ljy;
ahkk; - ,uT
ahf;if - cly;
tstd; -Nrhod;
tytd; - Xl;Lgtd;
tdk; - fhL
tiu - kiy> tiujy;
tir - Fw;wk;> gop
tl;L- #jhl;lf;fUtp
tpGjh; - Gjy;th;
tpOg;gk; - rpwg;G
tPW - ngUik
ntw;G - kiy
ntWf;if - Cf;fk; (kdntOr;rp)
ntFsp - rpdk;
nta;Nahd; - fjputd;
Ntzp - ril

528
thiy - ,sik
529
thif - ntw;wp
530
thtp - Fsk;
531
tpRk;G -thdk;
532
tpOkk; - rpwg;G
533
tpiojy; - tpUk;Gjy;
534
535
tpwy; - ntw;wp
tpir - tpiuT
54
4
54
5
54
6
54
7
54
8
54
9
12
Nta;> Ntuy; - %q;fpy;

Ntq;flk; - jpUkiy
Ntok; - ahid
Ntshz;ik - cjtp> tptrhak;
itak; - cyfk;
itFk; - jq;Fk;.
myF 1 (m) nghUj;Jjy;

(nghUj;jkhd nghUisj; Njh;T nra;jy;)
khjphp tpdhf;fs;
nghUj;jkhd nghUswpe;J nghUj;Jf.
nghUj;Jf
1
1
2
3
4
tpil : M
fodp
ngw;wk;
fpisQh;
rptpif
m) gR
M) gy;yf;F
,) tay;
<) cwtpdh;
FwpaPLfs;
m)
M)
,)
<)
nghUj;Jf
2
1
2
3
4
tpil : m
,e;J
ghpjp
Gutp
Gdy;
m) ePH
M) Fjpiu
,) fjputd;
<) re;jpud;
1
2
3
4
tpil : ,
4
1
2
3
fhp
ghp
nrU
nrW
m) tay;
M) Nghh;
,) Fjpiu
<) ahid
m)
M)
,)
<)
ahid
nkhl;L
rpdk;
M
,
<
,
,
m
,
m
m
<
M
M
<
M
M
<
<
<
m
,
,
M
,
M
M
,
M
M
M
M
<
<
FwpaPLfs;
m)
M)
,)
<)
nghUj;Jf
KdpT
fspW
Futh;
FwpaPLfs;
nghUj;Jf
<
,
<
M
M
<
,
m
,
m
M
<
m
M
m
,
FwpaPLfs;
m)
M)
,)
M
,
,
,
M
m
<
<
M
m
M
<

4 Kif
tpil : M
5
M) Kjy;
M) fUik
<
,) new;wp
<) Efh;jy;
,) Neh;ik
<) nkd;ik
kjp vd;gjd; rhpahd nghUs; ______
m) Njh;e;njL
tpil : ,
M)fjputd;
,) re;jpud;
nghUj;Jf
8
1
2
3
4
tpil : m
td;ik
jd;ik
tz;ik
jz;ik
m) ,ay;G
M) typik
,) FSik
<) nfhil
1
2
3
4
tpil : ,
typ
top
tsp
tpsp
m) mio
M) fhw;W
,) ghij
<) Ntjid
<) g+kp
FwpaPLfs;
m)
M)
,)
<)
nghUj;Jf
rhpahd nghUs; ahJ? ik
m) cz;ik
tpil : M
7
<)
rhpahd nghUisj; Njh;e;njLf;f. Ejy;
m) EiuaPuy;
tpil : ,
6
ngw;Nwhh;
13
M
m
<
<
M
M
,
,
<
<
M
M
,
,
m
m
FwpaPLfs;
m)
M)
,)
<)
M
<
<
,
,
,
,
m
<
m
M
<
m
M
m
M
Nfsph; vd;gjd; rhpahd nghUs;
m)kfsph;
tpil : ,
M) NfshjPH
,) cwtpdh;
<) Nfl;gPh;
myF 1 (M) nghUj;Jjy;

M) Gfo; ngw;w E}y; - E}yhrphpah;
Fwpg;G : ,g;gFjpapy; Nfl;fg;gLk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; Fwpj;J
njhpe;Jnfhs;sy; ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;> gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs;>
Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs;> IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fs;> rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs;> ,yf;fz E}y;fs;>
,f;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ehlfq;fs;> Gjpdq;fs;> rpWfijfs;> ftpij E}y;fs; Mfpad Fwpj;Jk;
14
mtw;wpd; Mrphpah;fs; Fwpj;Jk; njhpe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;baJ kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahjJ. mjw;F>

fPo;f;fhZk; ml;ltizfs; JizGhpAk;. xt;nthU jiyg;ghff; fw;W epidtpy; epWj;Jf.
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;:
vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fSk; gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fSk; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fshFk;. njhy;fhg;gpak;
vd;w E}y; rq;f ,yf;fz E}yhFk;.
vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fisg; gyE}WGyth;fs; ,aw;wpAs;sdh;. ,tw;wpw;Fj; njhFj;Njhh;
ngah;fNs cz;L.
vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fs;
1. ew;wpiz
5. ghpghly;
2. FWe;njhif 3.Iq;FWE}W
6. fypj;njhif 7. mfehD}W
4.gjpw;Wg;gj;J
8. GwehD}W
gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fSk; - ,aw;wpNahUk;

1. jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil
2. nghUeuhw;Wg;gil
3. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil
4. ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil
5. $j;juhw;Wg;gil (kiygLflhk;)6. Ky;iyg;ghl;L
7. kJiuf;fhQ;rp
8. neLey;thil
9. FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L
10.
gl;bdg;ghiy
ef;fPuh;
Klj;jhkf;fz;zpahh;
ej;jj;jdhh;
cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhh;
ngUq;nfsrpfdhh;.
ek;g+jdhh;
khq;Fb kUjdhh;
ef;fPuh;
fgpyh;
cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhh;.
gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs; :
1. ehybahh;
rkz Kdpth;fs;
2. ehd;kzpf;fbif
tpsk;gp ehfdhh;
3. ,d;dh ehw;gJ
fgpyh;
4. ,dpait ehw;gJ
kJiuj; jkpohrphpah; kfdhh; g+jQ;Nre;jdhh;
5. jphpfLfk;
ey;yhjdhh;
6. Mrhuf; Nfhit
ngUthapd; Ks;spahh;
7. gonkhop
Kd;Wiuaiuadhh;
8. rpWgQ;r%yk;
fhhpahrhd;
9. Vyhjp
fzpNkjhtpahh;
10.
KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp
kJiuf; $lY}h;f;fpohh;
11.
Kg;ghy; (jpUf;Fws;)
jpUts;Sth;
12.
Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ
khwd; nghiwadhh;
13.
jpiznkhop Ik;gJ
fz;zd; Nre;jdhh;
14.
Ie;jpiz vOgJ
%thjpahh;
15.
jpizkhiy E}w;iwk;gJ fzpNkjhtpahh;
16.
ife;epiy
Gy;yq;fhldhh;
17.
fhh; ehw;gJ
fz;zd; $j;jdhh;
18.
fstop ehw;gJ
ngha;ifahh;.
Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs;

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
rpyg;gjpfhuk;
kzpNkfiy
rPtfrpe;jhkzp
tisahgjp
Fz;lyNfrp
IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fs;
1. cjaz Fkhufhtpak;
2. ehf Fkhu fhtpak;
3. aNrhju fhtpak;
4. ePyNfrp
5. #shkzp
15
,sq;Nfhtbfs;
kJiuf; $ythzpfs; rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhh;
jpUj;jf;fj;Njth;
ngah; mwpe;jpyh;
ehFjj;jdhh;.
Mrphpah; ngah; mwpag;gltpy;iy.
Njhyhnkhopj; Njth;
Mrphpah; ngah; mwpag;glh E}y;fs;

1. Kj;njhs;shapuk;
2. ee;jpf; fyk;gfk;
3. jkpo;tpL J}J
4. cjazFkhufhtpak;
5. ehfFkhu fhtpak;
6. ePyNfrp
7. tisahgjp
itzt ,yf;fpaq;fs; ( gd;dpU Mo;thh;fs;)
t.vz;
1
2
3
4
5
Mrphpah;fs;
(Mo;thh;fs;)
G+jj;jho;thh;
ngha;ifaho;thh;
Ngaho;thh;
jpUg;ghzho;th;
jpUkopir Mo;thh;
E}y;fs;
Kjy; jpUte;jhjp
,uz;lhk; jpUte;jhjp
%d;whk; jpUte;jhjp
mkydhjpg;gpuhd; gjpfk;
jpUr;re;j tpUj;jk;> ehd;Kfd;
jpUkhy;
mk;rk;
jiy
fz;fs;
fz;fs;
iffs;
fOj;J
jpUte;jhjp
6
ek;kho;thh;
jpUMrphpak;> jpUtha;nkhop
ghjk;
jpUtpUj;jk;> nghpa jpUte;jhjp

7
kJuftp Mo;thh;
fz;zpqd; rpWjhk;Gg; ghly;
ghjk;
nghpaho;thh;
nghpaho;thh; jpUnkhop>
Kfk;
Mz;lhs;
ehr;rpahh; jpUnkhop>
10
jpUkq;if Mo;thh;
jpUg;ghit
nghpa jpUkly; Nghd;w MW
nfhg;g+o;
njhz;lubg;nghbaho;thh;
FyNrfu Mo;thh;
E}y;fs;
jpUkhiy jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp
ngUkhs; jpUnkhop
khh;G
iffs;
jpUg;gy;yhz;L
11
12
irt ,yf;fpaq;fs; ( gd;dpU jpUKiwfs;)


t.vz;
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Mrphpah;fs;
jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;
jpUehTf;furh; (mg;gh;)
Re;juh;
khzpf;fthrfh;
jpUkhspifj;Njth;
Nghd;Nwhh;
jpU%yh;
fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh;
Nghd;Nwhh;
Nrf;fpohh;
E}y;fs;
jpUf;filf;fhg;G
Njthuk;
jpUg;ghl;L
jpUthrfk;
jpUtpirg;gh
jpUKiwfs;
1>2>3> Mk; jpUKiwfs;
4>5>6> Mk; jpUKiwfs;
7-Mk; jpUKiw
8-Mk; jpUKiw
9-Mk; jpUKiw
jpUke;jpuk;
gf;jpg; ghly;fs;
10-Mk; jpUKiw
11-Mk; jpUKiw
nghpaGuhzk;
12-Mk; jpUKiw
16
Kf;fpa E}y;fs; :
1. jpUke;jpuk;
2. Njthuk;
3. jpUthrfk;
4. jpUf;Nfhit
5. jpUntk;ghit
6. jpUg;ghit
7. ngUq;fij
8. jpUf;ifyha Qhdcyh 9. ghujntz;gh
10.
NkUGuhzk;
jpU%yh;
mg;gh; (jpUehTf;furh;)
khzpf;fthrfh;
Mz;lhs;
nfhq;FNtsph;
Nrukhd; ngUkhs; ehadhh;
ngUe;Njtdhh;
thkhdr;rhhpahh;
11.ahg;gUq;fyf;fhhpif
mkph;jrhfuh;
12.Nekpehjk;
FztPugz;bjh;
13.tr;rze;jp khiy
gtze;jp Kdpth;
14.tPuNrhopak;
Gj;jkpj;jpuh;
15.ed;D}y;
gtze;jp Kdpth;
16.jz;bayq;fhuk;
jz;b
17.jpthfuk;
jpthfu Kdpth;
18.gpq;fyepfz;L
gpq;fyh;
19.#lhkzp epfz;L
kz;ly GUlh;
20.fypq;fj;Jg;guzp
raq;nfhz;lhh;
21.esntz;gh
GfNoe;jp
22.fe;jGuhzk;
fr;rpag;gh;
23.jpUtpisahlw;Guhzk; guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth;
24.tpy;ypghujk;
tpy;ypGj;J}uhh;
25.kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj;jkpo; FkuFUguh;
26.Fw;whyf;FwtQ;rp
uhrg;gf; ftpuhah;
27.jpUg;Gfo;
mUzfphpehjh;
28.ieljk;
mjptPuuhkghz;bah;
29.jzpifg;Guhzk;
fr;rpag;g Kdpth;
30.mhpr;re;jpuGuhzk;
tPu ftpuhah;
31.jpUntq;ifAyh
rptg;gpufhr Rthkpfs;
32.jpUj;njhz;lh; jpUte;jhjp
ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp
33.kfhghujk;
tpy;ypGj;J}uhh;
34.jpy;iyf; fyk;gfk;
,sQ;#hpah;> KJ#hpah; - (,ul;ilg;Gyth;)
35.ePjpnewp ntz;gh
FkuFUgh;
36.rPwhg;Guhzk;
ckWg;Gyth;
17
37.,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk; vr;.V.fpUl;bdg;gps;is (fpwpj;Jtf; fk;gh;)

([hd;ghdpad; nkhopngah;g;G)
38.jkpo; Mq;fpy mfuhjp
tpd;];Nyh
39.Nrf;fpohh; gps;isj; jkpo; kfhtpj;thd; kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;
40.jpUtUl;gh
,uhkypq;f mbfs; (ts;syhh;)
41.kDKiwfz;l thrfk;
,uhkypq;f mbfs; (ts;syhh;)
42.fy;yiwj;njhl;by;
eh.fhkuhrd;
43.thdk; trg;gLk;
gpugQ;rd;
44.,Jjhd; kPwy;
45.,g;NghNj ,g;gbNa
ftpQh; GtpauR
46.G+j;jnts;sp
FUtpf;fuk;ig rz;Kfk;
47.fy;kuk;
jpyftjp
48.rha;T ehw;fhyp
Njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd;
49.tpahrh; tpUe;J
,uh[h[p
50.rf;futh;j;jpj; jpUkfs; ,uh[h[p
51.ep[q;fSk; epoy;fSk;
muR kzpNkfiy
52.nghw;Nfhtpd; ftpijfs;
nghd;. Nfhjz;luhkd;
53.Rje;jpu jhfk;
rp.R. nry;yg;gh.
Gfo;ngw;w Gyth;fs; / vOj;jhsh;fSk; mth; jk; gilg;GfSk;

1. Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh; :
fz;zd; ghl;L> ghg;ghg;ghl;L> Fapy;ghl;L> ghQ;rhyp rgjk;> ghuj ehL>
nre;jkpo; ehL> jkpo;j;jha;> Njrpa fPjq;fs;> tpehafh; ehd;kzp khiy.
2. ghujpjhrd; :
FLk;g tpsf;F> ,Uz;l tPL> ghz;bad; ghpR> mofpd; rphpg;G> ,iraKJ> jkpo;
,af;ffk;> jkpor;rpapd; fj;jp> vjph;ghuhj Kj;jk;> rQ;rPtpgh;tjj;jpd; rhuy;> ey;y
jPHg;G> gprpuhe;ijahh;.
3. ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk; gps;is :
Mrpa N[hjp (%yE}y; - vl;tpd; mh;dhy;L vOjpa iyl; M /g; Mrpah)> kyUk;
khiyAk;> Foe;ijr; nry;tk;> ckh;fa;ahk; nkhop ngah;g;Gf; ftpijfs;> kUkf;fs;
top khd;kpak;.
4. kha+uk; Ntjehafk; gps;is :
gpujhg Kjypahh; rhpj;jpuk; (jkpopy; Kjy; Gjpdk;)> RFzRe;jhp khiy> ePjpE}y;
jpul;L> ngz;fy;tp> rh;t rkaf;fPHj;jidfs;> ngj;yNfk; FwtQ;rp>
5. tPukhKdpth; :
Njk;ghtzp> rJufuhjp (Kjy; mfuhjp)> njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;> jpUf;fhtY}h;f;
fyk;gfk;> gukhHj;j FUfij)
6. c.Nt.rhkpehijah; :
GjpaJk; gioaJk;> fz;lJk; Nfl;lJk;> epidT kQ;rhp.
7. xsitahh; :
Mj;jp#b> nfhd;iw Nte;jd;> ey;top> %Jiu.
8. fk;gh; :
18
fk;guhkhazk;> rlNfhgh; me;jhjp> ruRtjp me;jhjp> Vh; vOgJ> rpiyvOgJ>

jpUf;if tof;fk;.
9. xl;lf;$j;jh; :
%tUyh> jf;fahfg;guzp> FNyhj;Jq;fr; Nrhod; gps;isj; jkpo;
10.
rptg;gpufhr Rthkpfs; :
ehy;th; kzpkhiy> gpuGypq;f yPiy> jpUntq;iff; Nfhit> ePNuhl;lf akf ke;jpuk;.
11.
,uhgl;-b-nehgpyp :
Qhd jPgpif> jj;Jtf; fz;zhb
12.
fhy;Lnty; :
jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk;> jpUney;Ntypr; rhpj;;jpuk;> jhkiuj; jlhfk;.
13.FkhuFUgh; :
kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj;jkpo;> fe;jh; fypntz;gh> kPdhl;rpak;ik Fwk;>
jpUf;Fw;why cyh> jpUf;Fw;why gps;isj;jkpo;> jpUf;Fw;why rpNyil ntz;gh.
14.jpU.tp. fypahz Re;judhh; : (jpU.tp.f)

kdpj tho;f;ifAk;> fhe;;jpabfSk;> ngz;zpd; ngUik> jkpo;j; njd;wy;> tho;f;ifj;
Jiz eyk;> fpwpj;Jtpd; mUs; Ntl;ly;> nghJik Ntl;ly;> KUfd; my;yJ moF> ,sik
tpUe;J. (jpU.tp.f. itj; jkpo; ciueilapd; je;ij vd;gh;).
15.ehkf;fy; nt. ,uhkypq;f gps;is
jkpod; ,jak;> ftpjhQ;ryp> rq;nfhyp> mtDk; mtSk;> jkpo;j;Njh;> fhe;jp
mQ;ryp> vd;fij> jkpo;j;Njd;> kiyf;fs;sd;. (kiyf;fs;sd; jpiug;glkhf te;Js;sJ).
16.lhf;lh; K. tujuhrdhh;
kdr;rhd;W> fhjy; vq;Nf?> gr;irag;gh;> lhf;lh; my;yp ngw;w kdk;> mfy;
tpsf;F> fhpj;Jz;L> fs;Nsh? fhtpaNkh?
17.mg;Jy; uFkhd;
ghy;tPjp> Neah; tpUg;gk;> mtSf;F epyh vd;W ngah;;> Kl;ilthrpfs;> ryit
nkhl;L.
18.mwpQh; mz;zh
ghh;tjp gp.V.> uq;Nfhd;uhjh> jrhtjhuk> gpuhh;j;jid> Fw;wthspNah?>
fd;dpg;ngz; ifk;ngz; Md fij> fk;gurk;> Ntiyf;fhhp> Xh; ,uT.
19.fiyQh; K.fUzhepjp
njd;ghz;br;rpq;fk;>
Gijay;>
nts;spf;fpoik>
NuhkhGhpg;ghz;bad;>
FwNshtpak;> rq;fj;jkpo;> nghd;dh; rq;fh;> njhy;fhg;gpag; g+q;fh.
20.rhz;by;ad;
fly;Gwh> atduhzp> uh[Kj;jpiu> gy;ytj; jpyfk;> uh[ jpyfk;> fd;dpkhlk;>
kQ;rs; Nfhl;il> fly; uhzp> miy murp> [y Nkhfpdp> uh[Nghpif> khjtpapd;
kdk;> fk;gd; fz;l ngz;fs;> nrz;gfj;Njhl;lk;> kd Nkhfk;.
19
21.fz;zjhrd;
khq;fdp> Ml;ldj;jp Mjpke;jp> tdthrk;> kdthrfk;> mh;j;jKs;s ,e;J kjk;> ,NaR
fhtpak;.
22.fy;fp fpU\;z%Hj;jp
nghd;dpapd; nry;td;> ghh;j;jpgd; fdT> rptfhkpapd; rgjk;> miy Xir>
jpahfg+kp> fs;tdpd; fhjyp> Nkhfpdpj;jPT> ngha;khd; fuL> Nrhiykiy
,sturp> kFlgjp.
23.mfpyd;
Ntq;ifapd; ike;jd;> rpj;jpug;ghit> ghit tpsf;F.
24.jPgk; ghh;j;jrhujp
Mj;khtpd; ,uhfq;fs;> fghlGuk;> FwpQ;rp kyh;> rKjha tPjp> Jsrpkhlk;>
neQ;rf;fdy;> gpwe;jkz;> uhzp kq;fk;khs;> tQ;rpkhefuk;> nghd; tpyq;F>
epj;jpy ty;yp> rhaq;fhy Nkfq;fs;> new;wpf;fz;> ntw;wp Kof;fk;>
ghz;bkhNjtp> rj;jpa nts;sk;> kzpgy;ytk;> eprg;j rq;fPjk;.
25.ftpQh; kPuh
fdTfs; + fw;gidfs; = fhfpjq;fs;> Crpfs;> %d;Wk; MWk;.
26.<NuhL jkpod;gd;
rpypHg;Gfs;> #hpag;gpiwfs;> jPTfs;> fiuNaWfpd;wd. nrd;dpkiy fpspNah
ghl;uhf;fs;> tzf;fk; ts;Stk;.
27.eh.fhkuhrd;
jh[;kfhYk; nuhl;bj;Jz;Lk;> xU ifjpapd; ilhp> ehty; gok;> fWg;Gkyh;fs;>
#hpafhe;jp> fpWf;fy;fs;.
28.ePygj;kehgd;
jiyKiwfs;> gs;sp nfhz;lGuk;> igy;fs;> cwTfs;> Nghijapy; fiue;jth;fs;> gftjp
Nfhapy; njU> cja jhuif.
29.,e;jpuh ghh;j;jrhujp
nte;J jzpe;j fhLfs;> Nth;g;gw;W> khakhd; Ntl;il> Mfhrj; jhkiu> je;jpug+kp>
FUjpg;Gdy;.
ehlf E}y;fs;
ehlfk; Fwpj;j Fwpg;Gfs;
ehlfq;fs; Fwpj;j Fwpg;Gfs; njhy;fhg;gpak; kw;Wk; rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy;

Fwpg;gplg; gLfpd;wd.
ehlf Nkil mikg;G> vopdpfs; (jpiur;rPiyfs;) Fwpj;J rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy;
Fwpg;gplg; ngw;Ws;sd.
jQ;irf; fy;ntl;L ,uh[ uh[ tp[ak; vd;w ehlfj;ijf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.
nra;As; ehlfq;fs; : FwtQ;rp> nehz;b> gs;S.
Nrf;Rg;gpah; nghd;w ehlf vOj;jhsh;fs; tsh;;r;rpAw;wikahy; mtiug;
gpd;gw;wpj; jkpopy; nkhopngah;g;G ehlfq;fs; cUthfpd.
20
Kf;fpa ehlf E}y;fSk; mtw;iw ,aw;wpNahUk; :

1. ng.Re;juk;gps;is
kNdhd;kzPak; (ypl;ld; gpuG vOjpa ,ufrpa top vd;w E}ypd; jOty;)> jkpo;j;jha;
tho;j;J ,e;E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dh; vOe;j rpwe;j
nra;As; ehlfk;. jkpo; ehlfj;jpd; njhlf;fk; ,e;E}y;.
2. fhrptpRtehj Kjypahh; : lk;ghr;rhhp tpyhrk; ,JNt jkpopd; Kjy;
tho;tpay; (r%f) ehlfk;.
3. kiwkiyabfs; : rhFe;jyk; vd;w fhspjhrhpd; ehlfj;ijj; jkpopy; nkhop
ngah;e;jth;.
4. gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahh; : RFz tpyhr rigiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jth;.
kNdhfuh> rghgjp Mfpa ehlfq;fs;.
5. xsit jp.f.rz;Kfk; : xsitahuhfg; ngz;Ntlj;jpy; ebj;Jg; Gfo;ngw;wth;. ehlff;fiy
vd;w E}iy vOjpath;.
6. ghujpjhrd;
: nrskpad;> ghz;bad; ghpR> $iof; $j;jpd; fhjy;>
gprpuhe;ijahh;.
7. NguwpQh; mz;zh :
Xh; ,uT> ePjpNjtd; kaf;fk;>Ntiyf;fhhp> nrhh;f;fthry;> rpth[p fz;l ,e;J
rhk;uh[;ak;. Xh; ,uT vd;w ehlfj;ij mz;zh xNu ,utpy; vOjp Kbj;jhh;. fy;fp
,e;ehlfj;ijf; fz;L tpae;J mz;zhit jkpo;ehl;bd; ngh;dhh;l;\h vd;W ghuhl;bdhh;.
8. rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs; : mgpkd;A Re;jhp> ts;sp jpUkzk;> gtsf;nfhb> rjp
mD#ah> gf;j gpufyhjd;>rpWj; njhz;lh; Guhzk;.
9. v];.tp.rf];uehkk;: Nrth ];Nl[; Njhw;Wtpj;jth;
10. e.Kj;JRthkp: $j;Jg;gl;liw Njhw;Wtpj;jth;.
11. gz;bjkzp fjpNurd; nrl;bahh; : kz;zpay; rpWNjh;.
12. tpGyhde;jh; : kjq;f #shkzp
13. Ntg;gk;khs; : rPjh fy;ahzk;
14. NtZNfhghyhr;rhhp : ntdp]; tzpfd;
15. ,uhkr;re;jpu ftpuhah; : ghuj tpyhrk;
16. Nfhghy fpU\;z ghujpahh;: ee;jdhh; rhpj;jpuk;
17. #hpa ehuhaz rh];jphp : &ghtjp> fyhtjp
18. ,uh.Rg;gpukzpad; : rptfhkpapd; rgjk;> re;jpuNkhfd;> tz;bf;fhud; kfs;
19. fp.M.ng. tpRtehjk; : jkpo;r;nry;tk;
20. Nfhky;Rthkpehjd; : jz;zPH jz;zPH
21. Nrh.,uhkrhkp (Jf;sf; Nrh) : KfkJ gpd; Jf;sf;> kdk; xU Fuq;F> cz;ikNa
cd;tpiy vd;d?
22. Mh;.v];.kNdhfh;: rhzf;ah> ,uhtzd;> eufhRud;.
rpWfijfs; Fwpj;j Fwpg;Gfs;:
20-Mk; E}w;whz;L rpWfijf; fhyk; vdg;gLk;
t.Nt.R.Iah; vOjpa Fsj;jq;fiu> murkuk; nrhd;d fij> rpWfijapd; ,yf;fzj;Jf;Fl;gl;l
jkpopd; Kjy; rpWfijahFk;.
jkpopy; rpWfij tsh;j;jJ kzpf;nfhb MFk;.
GJikg;gpj;jd;. F.g. ,uh[Nfhghyd;> nksdp> gpr;r%Hj;jp MfpNahh; rpWfij
Kd;Ndhbfshth;.
rpWfij kd;dd;> jkpo;ehl;bd; khgrhd; vd;w ghuhl;Lfisg; ngWgth; GJikg;gpj;jd;.
rpWfij E}y;fSk; ,aw;wpNahUk;:
21
1. GJikg;gpj;jd; :
flTSk; fe;jrhkpg;gps;isAk;> rhg tpNkhrdk;> nghd;dfuk;>

fghlGuk;> gps;isahh; rJHj;jp> xUehs; fope;jJ> fapw;wpuT> fhQ;rdh
(rpWfijj;njhFg;G). nkhj;jk; 108 rpWfijfisAk;> gynkhopngah;g;Gf; fijfisAk;
vOjpAs;shh;.
2. F.g.,uh[Nfhghyd;: fdfhk;guk;> Gdh;n[d;kk;> tpbAkh?> fhzhkNy fhjy;.

3. nksdp: mopahr;Rlh;> kzf;Nfhyk;. rpWfijapd; jpU%yh; vd;W GJikg;gpj;jdhy;
ghuhl;lg;ngw;wth;.
4. jp.[hdfpuhkd;
: rptg;G hpf;\h> nfhl;L Nksk;> rpyph;g;G> rhj;jpakh>

NfhGutpsf;F> mf;gh; rh];;jphp.
5. mNrhfkpj;jpud; : mg;ghtpd; rpNefpjh;> chpik Ntl;if> cj;ju uhkhazk;>
tpNkhrdk;> fhyKk; Ie;J Foe;ijfSk;.
6. fy;fp fpU\;z%Hj;jp: mkutho;T> Rgj;jpiuapd; rNfhjud;> xw;iw Nuh[h> t];jhJ
NtZ> jPg;gpbj;j Fbirfs;> GJ Xth;rpah;> tPiz gthdp> jpUld; kfd; jpUld;.

7. e.gpr;r%Hj;jp: jhprdk;> kioj;nja;tk;> neUg;Gf;Nfhop> gjpndl;lhk; ngUf;F.
8. ePygj;kehgd; : Nkhfk; Kg;gJ Mz;L> rz;ilAk;> rkhjhdKk;> %d;whtJ ehs;>
,uz;lhtJ Kfk;> ehfk;kh.

9. mfpyd; : ,jar;rpiwapy;> Fwj;jp> epytpdpNy> Foe;ij rphpj;jJ> fq;fh ];ehdk;>
G+r;rhz;b> vhpkiy> caph;j;Jsp

10. ehQ;rpy; ehld; : Kj;Jf;fs; gj;J> #ba G+ #lw;f> Nga;f;nfhl;L> cg;G
11. Nkyhz;ik nghd;Drhkp : kpd;rhug;g+> Mfhar;rpwFfs;> fhfpjk;> mr;rNk
eufk;> Kw;Wif> rpgpfs;> g+f;fhj khiy.

12. tPukh Kdpth; : gukhh;j;j FUfij
13. tPuhr;rhkp nrl;bahh; : tpNehrur kQ;rhp
14. gp.v];.,uhikah : el;rj;jpuf;Foe;ijfs;
15. F.mofphprhkp : rphpf;ftpy;iy> jtg;gad;.
16. n[afhe;jd; : cjak;> xU gpb NrhW> ,dpg;Gk;> fhpg;Gk;> mf;dpg;gpuNtrk;>
ahUf;fhf mOjhd;.
jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; E}y;fs; :
1.
2.
3.
Kjy; epfz;L
Kjy; Gjpdk; (ehty;)
Kjy; rpWfij
4.
5.
6.
7.
Kjy;
Kjy;
Kjy;
Kjy;
me;jhjp E}y;
Nfhit E}y;
gps;isj;jkpo;E}y;
J}J E}y;
jpthfu epfz;L
gpujhg Kjypahh; rhpj;jpuk;
kq;ifah;f;furpapd; fhjy; / Fsj;jq;fiu murkuk;
nrhd;d fij (,yf;fzj;Jf;Fl;gl;l Kjy; rpWfij)
mw;Gjj;jpUte;jhjp
ghz;bf;Nfhit
FNyhj;Jq;fd; gps;isj;jkpo;
neQ;R tpLJ}J

8. Kjy;
9. Kjy;
10. Kjy;
11. Kjy;
12. Kjy;
13. Kjy;
14. Kjy;
15. Kjy;
16. Kjy;
cyhE}y;
fyk;gf E}y;
FwtQ;rp E}y;
gs;S E}y;
Ie;jpyf;fz E}y;
guzp E}y;
jkpo; mfuhjp
khiy E}y;
fhg;gpak;
Gjpdq;fs; (ehty;fs;)
t.
Mrphpah;fs;
vz;
1.
it.K.Nfhijehafp mk;khs;
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
tuftp.m.Rg;gpukzpaghujp
v];.V.uhkrhkp Iah;
vk;.v];.g+h;zypq;fk;gps;is
t.uhkrhkp Iaq;fhh; (t.uh)
Nf.v];.ntq;flkzp
ehuhaz Jiuf;fz;zd;
8.
9.
10.
Ffg;hpia
%tY}h; ,uhkhkph;jj;jk;khs;
rq;fuuhk;
11.
12.
Re;jhde;j ghujp
Mh;.rz;KfRe;juk;
13.
14.
ehkf;fy; uhkypq;fk; gps;is

lhf;lh;. K.tujuhrdhh;
15.
16.
Mh;.kfhNjtd; (Njtd;)
tpe;jd;
17.
18.
19.
nfhj;jkq;fyk; Rg;G
v];.V.gp
F.uh[NtY
20.
mwpQh; mz;zh
21.
22.
e.rpjk;gu Rg;gpukzpad;
jp. [hdfpuhkd;
22
MjpAyh vdg;gLk; jpUf;ifyha Qhd cyh

ee;jpf;fyk;gfk;
jpUf;Fw;wyf;FwtQ;rp
Kf;$lw;gs;S
tPuNrhopak;
fypq;fj;Jg;guzp (fpilj;jtw;wpy;)
rJufuhjp
jpUtul;il> kzpkhiy.
rpyg;gjpfhuk;
ehty;fs;
rz;gf tp[ak;> jpahff;nfhb> tdf;Fapy;>
rhUNyhrdh> nfshp KFe;jd;
n[anyl;Rkp> [lhty;yth;
ePyfz;ld;
kUj;Jtd; kfs;> jg;gpyp
Re;jhp> tp[ak;> rpd;drhk;G> Nfhijj; jPT
KUfd; Xh; cotd;> Njrgf;jd; fe;jd;
ahd; Vd; ngz;zha;g; gpwe;Njd;> jhrpukzp>
Ntljhhp> rPkhd; Raeyk;> Nfhfpyh
re;jphpfh
jhrpfspd; Nkhrtiy> kjpg;ngw;w ikdh;
kz;zhir>fhhpajhprp>
,d;g
cyfk;>
ghprNyhl;b> mUs; gz;iz> jPAk; ntbAk;
md;G epiyak;
ehfk;khs;> mWtil> rl;b Rl;lJ> fhzhr;Rid>
mopahf;Nfhyk;> khaj;jhfk;
kiyf;fs;sd;
nre;jhkiu> fs;Nsh? fhtpaNkh? ghit> me;j
ehs;> kyh;tpop> ngw;wkdk;> my;yp>
fhpj;Jz;L>
faik>
neQ;rpy;
xU
Ks;>
mfy;tpsf;F> kz;Fbir> thlhkyh;.
kp];lh; Ntjhe;jk;
ghYk; ghitAk;> fz; jpwf;Fkh> md;G
myWfpwJ> Rak;tuk;> kdpjd; khwtpy;iy
fhjYk; fy;ahzKk;.
jpy;yhdh Nkhfdhk;ghs;
fhjnyDk; jPtpdpNy
fhjy; J}q;FfpwJ> moF MLfpwJ. Kfpok;g+>
,s;Ntdpy;> 1942
fNghjpGuf;fhjy;>Fkh];jhtpd;ngz;>Fkhpf;
Nfhl;lk;> uq;Nfhd;uhjh
,jaehjk;> kz;zpy; njhpAJ thdk;> ehfkzp
NkhfKs;> mkph;jk;> md;Ng MuKNj mk;kh
te;jhs;>
caph;j;Njd;>
kyh;kQ;rk;
nrk;gUj;jp> kug;gR> esghjk;

23.
24.
25.
njh.K.rpjk;gu uFehjd;
gp.v];.uhikah
eh.ghHj;jrhujp
26.
mfpyd;
27.
28.
29.
rp.R. nry;yg;gh
uh.R.ey;yngUkhs;
Vk;.tp.ntq;fl;uhk;
30.
31.
yh.r.uhkhkpLjk;
f.eh.Rg;ukzpad;
32.
33.
n`g;rpgh N[Rjhrd;
,e;jpuh ghh;j;jrhujp
34.
ePy gj;kehgd;
35.
mNrhf kpj;ud;
36.
37.
fe;jrhkp
R. rKj;jpuk;
38.
n[afhe;jd;
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
[p.ehfuh[d;
eFyd;
fp. uh[ehuhazd; (fp.uh)
F. rpd;dg;gghujp
nghd;dPyd;
b.nry;tuh[;
F. mofphprhkp
Re;juuhkrhkp
47.
n[aNkhfd;
23
gQ;Rk; grpAk;
gpNuk`huk;> ee;jhtpsf;F
Mj;khtpd; uhfq;fs;> FwpQ;rpkyh;> rj;jpa
nts;sk;>NfhGu
jPgk;>
Jsrpkhlk;>
nghd;tpyf;F>
rKjhatPjp>
%yf;fdy;>
rhaq;fhy Nkfq;fs;.
ghit tpsf;F> neQ;rpdiyfs;> rpj;jpug;ghit>
nghd;kyh;> vq;Nf NghfpNwhk;. GJnts;sk;>
Jsrpkhlk;> rpNefpjp tho;T vq;Nf> ghy;kuf;
fhl;bdpNy Ntq;ifapd; ike;jd;> ntw;wpj;
jpUefh;> fay;tpop
thb thry;
fy;Yf;Fs; <uk;
epj;jpaf;fd;dp> mUk;G> Nts;tpj;jP> mizahr;
Rlh;> fhJfs;.
Gj;u> mgpjh
mtuth;
ghL>
xUehs;>
mRufzk;>
ngha;j;NjT> Nfhij rphpj;jhs;> jhk]; te;jhh;>
mtJ}jh;> gpj;jg;g+> VONgh;
Gj;jk; tPL
FUjpg;Gdy;> je;jpu g+kp> Rje;jpug+kp>
NtjGuj;J tpahghhpfs;> fhdy;ePH
jiyKiwfs;> gs;spnfhz;lGuk;> cwTfs;> kpd;
cyfk;> NjNuhLk; tPjp
jz;zPH> fiue;j epoy;fs;> gjpndl;lhtJ ml;rf;
NfhL
rhahtdk;> tprhuizf; fkp\d;
thlhky;yp> Nrhw;Wg;gl;lhsk;> CUf;Fs; xU
Gul;rp> xU Nfhl;Lf;F ntspNa
rpyNeuq;fspy; rpy kdpjh;fs;> xU ebif ehlfk;
ghh;f;fpwhs;> xU kdpjd; xU tPL> xU cyfk;>
cd;idg;
Nghy;
xUtd;>
fq;if
vq;Nf
Nghfpwhs;> ghhPRf;F Ngh> Re;jufhz;lk;>
[a [a rq;fu> CUf;F E}W Ngh;> rpdpkhTf;Fg;
Nghd rpj;jhS> xUkdpjDk;> rpy vUik
khLfSk;> if tpyq;F> ahUf;fhf mOjhd;.
ehis kw;WnkhU ehNs
epidTg;ghij> eha;fs;> etPddpd; lahp
Nfhgy;y fpuhkk;> Nfhgy;yGuj;J kf;fs;
jhfk;> rq;fk;> rh;f;fiu> gtyhap
fhpry;> Gjpa jhprdq;fs;> Njly;
NjePH
lhf;luh? Tpgr;rhhpah?
xU Gspa kuj;jpd; fij> N[.N[.rpy Fwpg;Gfs;
Foe;ijfs; ngz;fs; Mz;fs;
tp\;ZGuk;> ug;gh;> gpd;njhlUk; epoypd;
48.
49.
jkpotd;
rhU epNtjpfh
50.
51.
r.uh[ehafk;
gpugQ;rd;
52.
53.
54.
v];.uhkfpU\;zd;
Nfhzq;fp
55.
uh[k;;fpU\;zd;
56.
nyl;Rkp
57.
mEj;jkh
58.
#lhkzp
59.
60.
tRkjp uhkrhkp
th]e;jp
61.
rptrq;fhp
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
,e;Jkjp
Jpyftjp
Rkjp
ry;kh
ghkh
fkyh rlNfhgd;
mofpa ehafp mk;khs;
rptfhkp
,ikak;
G+kzp
r.ghyKUfd;
fz;kzp FzNrfud;
jkpo;thzd;
75.
uhN[\;Fkhh;
76.
R[hjh
24
Fuy; fd;dpahFkhp.
Vw;fdNt nrhy;yg;gl;l kdpjh;fs;
[PNuh bfphp> /Ngd;rp gdpaDk; vf;]p];
nld;rpayprKk;
rpyKbTfSk; rpy njhlf;fq;fSk;.
thdk; trg;gLk;> kfhejp> fhfpjkdpjh;fs;
khDlk; nty;Yk;
cg ghz;ltk;
ghop> gpjpuh
xU flNyhuf;fpuhkj;jpd; fij> $dd; Njhg;G>
JiwKfk;> rha;T ehw;fhyp
FwpQ;rpj;Njd;> miytha;f;fiuapy; tisf;fuk;>
Nrw;wpy;
kdpjh;fs;>
fhpg;Gkzpfs;>
mKjkhfp tUf> Ks;Sk; kyh;e;jJ> NtUf;FePH
ngz;kdk;>
Xbg;Nghdts;>
fhQ;ridapd;
fdTehaf;fh; kf;fs; kpjpyh tpyh];> xU
fhtphpiag;Nghy (rhfpja mfhlkp).
xNu xU thh;j;ij> Nfl;ltuk;> ,d;gj;Njd;>
kzy;tPL> RUjp Ngjk;> iee;j cs;sk;.
kdJf;F ,dpats;> Nrhjidapd; KbT> tpbit
Nehf;fp.
fhg;ld; fy;ahzk;
Mfhr tPLfs;> %q;fpy; g+f;fs;> ehd;
Gj;jdpy;iy
xU kdpjdpd; fij> 47 ehl;fs;> ghyq;fs;
jphpNtzp rq;fkk;
jiuapy; ,wq;Fk; tpkhdq;fs;
fy;kuk;> thh;j;ij jtwptpl;lha;
fy;kz;lgk;
,uz;lhk; [hkq;fspd; fij
RUf;F> rq;fjp
fjT
ftiy
gioad fopjYk;> Mde;jhap
MWKfk;> NfhNtW fOijfs;
gpwF> ntf;if> ieNtjak;> tz;ly;
Nrhsfh; njhl;b
mQ;riy
fUehfk;> fUfpa fbjk;> fjT jpwe;jJ if njhpe;jJ>
eLtpuy;> Nlhf;fpNahtpy; jkpo;thzd;
cyuhj uj;jk;> $lNt xU epoy;> ,uty;
nrhHf;fk;> mkph;jk; vd;why; tp\k; ,uT Neu
thdtpy;
eph;thz efuk;> ngz; ,ae;jpuk;> NgRk;
nghk;ikfs;> fiunay;yhk;> nrz;gfk;g+> fdTj;
njhopw;rhiy> gjtpf;fhf> vg;NghJk; ngz;>
gphpNthk; re;jpg;Nghk;.

77.
78.
kq;fsehafk; jk;ikah
jp.j.rutzKj;Jgps;is
25
nehWq;Fz;l ,jak;
Nkhfdhq;fp
tuyhw;W ehty;fs;
79.
fy;fp
80.
rhz;byad;
81.
Nfhtp.kzpNrfud;
82.
n[frpw;gpad;
83.
84.
85.
mU.uhkehjd;
tpf;fpukd;
eh.ghh;j;jrhujp
86.
87.
g+tz;zd;
fiyQh; K.fUzhepjp
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
=NtZNfhghyd;
NrhK
K.Nkj;jh
fp.uhN[e;jpud;
jhkiu kdhsd;
93.
94.
95.
96.
fhpr;rhd; FQ;R
Mjtd;
b.nry;tuh[;
tpl;ly; uht;
97.
98.
Irf; mUikuh[d;
ehQ;rpy; ehld;
99.
100.
ngUkhs; KUfd;
ghtz;zd;
101.
tz;z epytd;
102.
103.
104.
105.
M. khjtd;
Rg;ughujpkzpad;
Nrhiy Re;jungUkhs;
rp.Mh;. utPe;jpud;
tpkyh>
ghh;j;jpgd;
fdT>
nghd;dpapd;nry;td;> rptfhkpapd; rgjk;>
miyNahir> jpahfg+kp> fs;tdpd; fhjyp>
ngha;khd; fuL> kFlgjp> mkujhuh
[Ptg+kp> fly;Gwh> atduhzp> [yjPgk;>
uh[Kj;jpiu> fd;dpkhlk;> kd;dd;kfs;> kiy
thry;> uh[Nghpif
nrk;kpad; nry;tp> Kfpypy; Kisj;jKfk;>
nghw;fhy
g+k;ghit>
nghd;
Nta;e;j
ngUkhs;>
Nrud;
Fyf;nfhb>
nrQ;rp
mguQ;rp> Flthapw; Nfhl;lk;> uj;j QhapW
m[hj rj;U> Ntq;if tdk;
jpUr;rpw;wk;gyk;> Mytha; mofd;> kfuaho;
kq;if> gj;jpdpf;Nfhl;lk;> ee;jp th;kd; fhjyp
tPughz;bad; kidtp> mNrhfd; fhjyp
ee;jpGuj;J ehafp> cjare;jpud; fhQ;rp Re;jhp
ghz;bkhNjtp> kzp gy;ytk;> fghlGuk;> tQ;rp
khefuk;> epj;jpy ty;yp> uhzp kq;fsk;
fhe;j@h;r;rhiy> nfhy;ypkiyr;nry;tp
njd;ghz;br;rpq;fk;> NuhkhGhpg;ghz;bad;>
nghd;dh; rq;fh;
jputq;fs; cyh> kJuh tp[ak;
fly; fz;l fdT> ntz;zpyTg; ngz;zurp
Nrhoepyh
utpFy jpyfd;
me;jg;Guk;
gpw;fhy ehty;fs;
grpj;j khDld;
fhfpj kyh;fs;
kyUk; rUFk;
Nghf;fplk;> ejp %yk;> kw;wth;fs;> rhg
ntsp
fPwy;fs;> fy;yiwfs;> fhuzq;fSf;F mg;ghy;
jiyfPo; tpfpjq;fs;> rJuq;ff;Fjpiu> vd;gpyjid
ntapy;fhAk;> kpjit> vl;Lj;jpf;Fk;> kjahid
$skhjhhp> epoy; Kw;wy;
tho;f;if xU tprhuiz> rpjwy;fs; xU kdpjUk; rpy
tUlq;fSk;
fk;gh
ejp>
nuapdP];
ma;ah;
njU>
fly;Guj;jpy;
GdYk; kzYk;> fpU\;zg;gUj;J
rhaj;jpiu> ghzq;fspd; Kfq;fs;
eQ;ir kdpjh;fs;> nre;ney;
mq;Fj;jha;> fhf;ifg;nghd;

106.
#hpa fhe;jd;
107.
g.rpq;fhuk;
108.
jQ;ir g;ufh\;
109.
v];.uhkfpU\;zd;
110.
vk;.NfhghyfpU\;zd;
111.
a+kh thRfp
112.
vk;.Atd;
113.
n[. gpuhd;rp]; fpUgh
114.
#j;ujhhp
115.
uNk\; - gpNuk;
116.
ckh kNf];thp
117.
ghujp ghyd;
118.
jq;fh; gr;rhd;
119.
tpky; Foe;ijNty;
120.
gp.vk;.fz;zd;
121.
Mh;.tp
122.
khahtp
123.
uh.R.ey;yngUkhs;
124.
itatd;
125.
n[frpw;gpad;
126.
Nfhtp.kzpNrfud;
127.
Nkyhz;;ik nghd;Drhkp
128.
ghyFkhud;
129.
ckhre;jpud;
130.
fpU\;zkzp
131.
G\;gh jq;fJiu
132.
ituKj;J
133.
ghit re;jpud;
134.
uh.fp.uq;fuh[d;
ftpij E}y;fs;
t.
Mrphpah;fs;
vz;
ghujpahh;
1.
ghujpjhrd;
2.
ehkf;fy; ftpQh;
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
re;jhde;j ghujp
r.J.R.Nahfpahh;
Kbaurd;
thzpjhrd;
26
khdthhp kdpjh;fs;
flYf;F mg;ghy;> GaypNy xU Njhzp
fuKz;lh ML> fs;sk;
neLq;FUjp
kzy; fbif
uj;j cwT
Fs;sr;rpj;jd; rhpj;jpuk;> gfilahl;lk;
mj;ijf;fd;dp
mk;kd; nerT
Gijf;fg;gl;l gpujpfSk;> nrhy; vd;nwhU nrhy;
ahUk; ahUlDk; ,y;iy
caph;r;;Rop
xd;gJ &gha; Nehl;L
nts;shtp
ehfty;yp> Ks;Ntyp> epyNtis nrhy;
midahtpsf;F> Atjp> nrhg;gz tho;f;if
md;gpd; xyp
Nghuhl;lq;fs;> ek;gpf;iffs;
,d;W Gjpjha; gpwe;Njhk;
nrhh;f;fj;jpd; epoy;
xU jPgk; Ie;J jphpfs;> kNdh uQ;rpjk;
,dp> Ch;kz;> mr;rNk eufk;
,Ug;Gf;Fjpiufs;> nkh;f;Fhpg;g+f;fs;
Ks;Sk; kyUk;
Nth;fs;
xU Cjhg;g+ fz;rpkpl;LfpwJ.
fs;spf;fhl;L ,jpfhrk;
ey;y epyk;
taJ gjpNdO> ,J nrhh;f;fk; glF tPL
ftpij E}y;fs;
jdpikapuf;fk;> RNjrfPjq;fs;> Fapy;ghl;L> fz;zd;
ghl;L> ghQ;rhyp rgjk;> Njrpa fPjq;fs;> Gjp
Mj;jp#b ghg;ghg;ghl;L> KuR> Qhdujk;> juhR>
re;jphpifapd; fij> rpd;d rq;fud; fij.
mofpd; rphpg;G> FLk;g tpsf;F ,Uz;l tPL> jkpo;
,af;fk;> ,iraKJ.
fhg;gpaq;fs;: ghz;bad;ghpR> FwpQ;rpj;jpl;L>
vjph;guhj Kj;jk;> fz;zfp Gul;rpf;fhg;gpak;
,irg;ghly;fs; : NjdUtp> ,iraUtp
jkpod; ,jak;> rq;nfhyp> ftpjhQ;ryp> jkpo;j;Njh;>
mtDk; mtSk;> md;Gnra;j mw;Gjk;> jpUf;Fws;
GJTiu.
ghuj rf;jp kfhfhtpak;
jkpo;f; Fkhpg;ghly;fs;> Nkhpkf;jNydh> fhkpdp
g+q;nfhb> tPufhtpak;> Kbaurdpd; ftpijfs;
jkpor;rp> nfhbKy;iy> nghq;fy; ghpR>
27
vopNyhtpak;> ,d;g ,yf;fpak;> jPHj;jahj;jpiu>

Foe;ij ,yf;fpak;> thzpjhrd; ftpijfs;.
Njd; kio> JiwKfk;> RtUk; Rz;zhk;Gk;> njhl
thypgk;> rphpg;gpd; epoy;> mKJk; NjDk;>
cjl;by; cjL rhtpd; Kj;jk;.
fz;zg;gd; fpspfs;> tPuhap Nfhriyf;Fkhp> tpjpNah
tpidNah
Iia> nfha;ahf;fdp> vz;Rit vd;gJ mWgUtj; jpUf;
$j;J> kfGFtQ;rp
8.
Rujh
9.
jkpo; xsp
10.
ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh;
11.
mots;spag;gh
(Foe;ijf;ftpQh;)
kyUk; cs;sk;> ghg;ghTf;Fg;ghl;L> ghl;bNy fhe;jp
12.
fz;zjhrd;
fz;zjhrd; ftpijfs;> khq;fdp> Ml;ldj;jp Mjpke;jp>

ijg;ghit> nghd;kio.
fl;LiuE}y;fs;: G\;gkhypfh> nja;tjhprdk;>
Qhdkhypfh> Ngdh ehl;bak;.
ehlfq;fs; : rptfq;ifr; rPik> mdhh;fyp>
ftpjhQ;rp> nja;tj;jpUkzq;fs;.
nghJthdit: vz;zq;fs; Mapuk;> nrg;G nkhopfs;>
mHj;jKs;s ,e;J kjk;> fhtpak;: ,NaR fhtpak;
13.
15.
16.
17.
gp.gpr;r%Hj;jp
gRta;ah
(Re;juuhkrhkp)
rp.kzp
gpukps; (jUKrptuhk;)
mg;Jy; uFkhd;
18.
K.Nkj;jh
19.
eh.fhkuhrd;
20.
<NuhL jkpod;gd;
21.
rpw;gp (rpw;gp
ghyRg;ukzpad;)
22.
ituKj;J
23.
Qhdf; $j;jd;
24.
tpy;tuj;jpdk;
25.
26.
m.NaRuhrh
Nrud;
GJf;ftpij E}y;fs;
14.
fhl;Lthj;J> vjph; ePr;R> topj;Jiz

eLeprpeha;fs;> ahNuh xUtDf;fhf
tUk; NghFk;> xspr;Nrh;if
ifg;gpbasT fly;> Nky;Nehf;fpa gazk;
Neah; tpUg;gk;> ghy;tPjp> Rl;Ltpuy;
fz;zPH; g+f;fs;> mth;fs; tUfpwhh;fs;> ee;jtd
ehl;fs;> kdr;rpwF jpUtpohtpy; xU njUg;ghlfd;>
thdk; ,U rpwF> Ch;tyk;.
fWg;G kyh;fs;> rfhuhit jhz;lhj xl;lfq;fs;>
jh[;k`hYk; nuhl;bj;Jz;Lk;> fhl;Lf;Fwj;jp
jPTfs; fiuNaWfpd;wd> Njhdp tUfpwJ> me;jee;jid
vhpr;r neUg;gpd;kpr;rk;> Cik ntapy;> fhyj;jpw;F
xU ehs; Ke;jp> fpof;F rhsuk;> tpbay; tpOJfs;>
gdpnga;Ak; gfy;> tzf;fk;; ts;Stk; (rhfpj;a mfhlkp)
#hpa epoy;> rh;g;gahfk;> xspg;gwit xU fpuhkj;J
ejp> (rhfpj;a mfhjkp)
jpUj;jp vOjpa jPHg;Gfs;> ,d;ndhU NjrpafPjk;>
jkpOf;Fk; epwKz;L> nfhb kuj;jpd; Nth;fs;> ,e;j
g+f;fs; tpw;gidf;F ,y;iy> nga;nadg; nga;Ak; kio.
md;W NtWfpoik> #hpaDf;Fg;gpd;gf;fk;>
flw;fiuapy; rpy kuq;fs;> kPz;Lk; mth;fs;
mfq;fSk; Kfq;fSk;> fhw;W ntspf;fpuhkk;>
fhyj;Jah;> new;wpkz;
mwpag;glhjth;fs; epidthf
,uz;lhtJ #hpa cjak;> akd;> fhdy;thp> vYk;Gf;
27.
Nrhiyf;fpsp
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
fp.gp. mutpe;jd;
nropad;
jpUkhtstd;
etpkp
gh.mfpyd;
,uh.kPdhl;rp
ckhkNf];thp
fdpnkhop fUzhepjp
ry;kh
37.
Fl;b Nutjp
38.
39.
40.
Njd;nkhop
,uh.Mde;jp
khyjp ikj;hp
41.
kD\;aGj;jpud;
28
$Lfspd; Ch;tyk;> vhpe;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; Neuk;.

vl;lhtJ eufk;> fhfk; fiyj;j fdT> ghk;G euk;G
kdpjd;.
,dp xU itfiw> Kfk; nfhs; fdtpd; kPjp
Foe;ijfsplk; ngha;fis $whjPHfs;
gdptay; coT> m/Nj gfy;> m/Nj ,uT>
fhT nfhs;sg;gl;l tho;T
gJq;F Fop ehl;fs;
neUQ;rp> RLg+f;fs;> jPghtspg; gfy;
el;rj;jpuq;fspd; eLNt
fUtiw thrid
xUkhiyAk; ,d;ndhU khiyAk;> gr;ir Njtij
g+idiag; Nghy miyAk; ntspr;rk;> Kiyfs;>
jdpikapd; Mapuk; ,wf;iffs;
,irapy;yhj ,iyapy;iy> mehjpfhyk;
jhdha; fope;jJ nghOJ
ePhpd;wp mikahJ cyF> rq;fuhguzp
vd; gUf;ifapy; ahNuh xspe;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;>
,lKk; ,Ug;Gk; ePuhyhdJ. kzypd; fij.
jpwdha;T E}y;fs;:
t.
vz;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Mrphpah;fs;
t.Nt.R.Iah;
Nguhrphpah; Kj;Jrptd;
F.Nfhjz;lghzp gps;is
kh.,uhrkhzpf;fdhh;
rp. ,yf;Ftdhh;
rhkp. rpjk;gudhh;
t.R.g. khzpf;fk;
Fd;wf;Fb mbfshh;
khpgh.rptQhdk;
m.r.Qhdrk;ge;jd;
jkpoz;zy;
r.Nt.Rg;ukzpad;
lhf;lh;.K.tujuhrdhh;
rp.R.nry;yg;gh
v];.uhkfpU\;zd;
16.
fp.th.[
17.
nghd;idad;
jpwdha;T E}y;fs;
Kamba ramayana A study
mrYk;> efYk;> mNrhftdk;
neLey;thil Muha;r;rp
jpUts;Sth; fhyk;> jkpoh; ehfhpfKk; gz;ghLk;>
gj;Jg;ghl;L Muha;r;rp> nghpa Guhz Muha;;r;rp
ts;Sth; tFj;j murpay;> ts;Sth; fz;l ,y;ywk;>
njhy;fhg;gpak; Muha;r;rp tpsf;fk;
fk;gd; fz;l jkpofk;
jkpo;f;fhjy;> ts;Stk; fhg;gpag;ghh;it> njhy;
fhg;gpaf;$ly;
jpUthrfj;Njd;> nghpaGuz nrhw;nghopTfs;
,sq;Nfhtpd;
rpyk;G>
rpyg;gjpfhu
Ma;Tiu>
fypq;fj;Jguzp jpwdha;T
,yf;fpaf;fiy> ,uhtzd; khl;rpAk;> tPo;r;rpAk;.
njhy;fhg;gpahpd; ,yf;fpaf;nfhs;iffs;> rq;f ,yf;fpa
xg;gPL> ,yf;fpaf;nfhs;ifs; xg;gpyf;fpa mwpKfk;.
fk;gd; ,yf;fpa cj;jpfs;> ,yf;fpaf;nfhs;iffs;
,yf;fpa Muha;r;rp> ,yf;fpaj;jpwd;> ,yf;fpa kuG
,yf;fpa tpkh;rdk;
fk;gd; fz;l murpay;> rpwpad rpe;jpahjhs;>
fw;gpd; fdT
jkpo;ehty;fspd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;
njh.K.rp. uFehjd; tho;Tk; gzpAk;> Kw;Nghf;F
,yf;fpa ,af;fq;fs;.

jkpotd;
n[aNkhfd;
18.
19.
29
jkpo;f;ftpijAk; nkhopjy; Nfhl;ghLk;.

etPd jkpo; ,yf;fpa mwpKfk;
gaz ,yf;fpa E}y;fs;:

t.
vz;
Mrphpah;fs;
1.
kzpad;
2.
kP.g. NrhkRe;juk;
3.
rptghj Re;juk;
4.
K.tujuhrdhh;
5.
k.ngh.rptQhdk;
6.
mfpyd;
th.K.NrJuhkd;
7.
gaz ,yf;fpa E}y;fs;

,jak; NgRfpwJ
mf;fiur; rPikapNy
Gj;jh; mbr;Rtl;by;
ahd; fz;l ,yq;if
kh];Nfhtpy; ,Ue;J yz;ld; tiu
Nrhtpaj; ehl;by;
kiyehl;bd; kPjpdpNy
Foe;ij ,yf;fpa E}y;fs;:

t.
vz;
Mrphpah;fs;
1.
m.fp.gue;jhkdhh;
2.
kpd;D}h; rPdpthrd;
3.
fy;tp NfhghyfpU\;zd;
4.
mfpyd;
5.
jzpf;if cyfehjd;
6.
jk;gp rPdpthrd;
7.
fp.th.[fd;ehjd;
8.
thz;Lkhkh
9.
Fo.fjpNurd;
10. ne.,.nja;tPfhrpe;jhkzp
11.
g+it v];.MWKfk;
Foe;ij ,yf;fpa E}y;fs;

vq;fs; Njhl;lk;
tz;zkPd;fs;
gwf;Fk; ghg;gh
jq;f efuk;
vypNtl;il
jq;ff; Foe;ijfs;
Foe;ij cyfk;
gwq;fpkiy ghJtp
vyp fbj;j g+id
FUtpapd; rhgk;
jq;fr;rk;gh
tho;f;if tuyhw;W E}y;fs;:

t.
vz;
Mrphpah;fs;
tho;f;if tuyhw;W E}y;fs;
1.
lhf;lh;.K.tujuhrdhh;
k.ngh.rptQhdk;
jkpo;thzd;
rpjk;gu uFehjd;
kJ.r.tpkyhde;jk;
m.kiwkiyahd;
Re;jh
uh.gp. NrJgps;is
t.uh.
nry;yk;khs; ghujpahh;
jd; tuyhW E}y;fs;:
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
t.
vz;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
mwpQh;.ngh;dl;\h> fhe;jpaz;zy;> ftpQh; jh$h;>

jpU.tp.f. fg;gNyhl;ba jkpod;
tPughz;ba fl;lg;nghk;kd;
g+ypj;Njtd;
GJikg;gpj;jd; tuyhW
jhafk; je;j ehafk;
NguwpQh; mz;zhtpd; ngUtho;T
nghd;dapd; nry;th;
fhy;Lnty; Iah; rhpjk;
kfhftp ghujpahh;
ghujpahh; rhpj;jpuk;
Mrphpah;fs;
ghujpahh;
t.c.rpjk;gudhh;
ehkf;fy; ftpQh;
V.tp.nka;ag;g nrl;bahh;
k.ngh.rp.
fiyQh;.K.fUzhepjp
ftpQh;. fz;zjhrd;
30
jd; tuyhw;W E}y;fs;

Rarhpij
Rarhpij
vd;fij
vdJ tho;f;if mDgtq;fs;
vdJ Nghuhl;lq;fs;
neQ;Rf;F ePjp
tdthrk;> kdthrk;.
rhfpj;a mfhjkp ghpR ngw;w jkpo; E}y;fs;:

t.
vz;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Mz;L
1955
1956
1958
1961
1962
1963
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
E}y;
jkpo; ,d;gk; (fl;Liufs;)
miy Xir (ehty;)
rf;futh;j;jpj;jpUkfs;(,uhkhazf;fij)
mfy; tpsf;F (ehty;)
mf;fiur;rPikapNy (gaz,yf;fpak;)
Ntq;ifapd; ike;jd; (tuyhw;Wehty;)
= ,uhkhD[h; (tho;f;if tuyhW)
ts;syhh; fz;l xUikg;ghL (jpwdha;T)
tPuh; cyfk; (fl;Liu)
nts;isg;gwit (ftpij)
gprpuhe;ijah; (ehlfk;)
md;gspg;G (rpWfij)
rKjhatPjp (ehty;)
rpy Neuq;fspy; rpy kdpjh;fs; (ehty;)
NtUf;F ePH
jpUf;Fws; ePjp ,yf;fpak; (jpwdha;T)
jw;fhy jkpo; ,yf;fpak; (jpwdha;T)
FUjpg;Gdy; (ehty;)
GJf;ftpijfspd; Njhw;wKk;> tsh;r;rpAk;
(jpwdha;T)
rf;jp itj;jpak; (rpWfijfs;)
Nrukhd; fhjyp (ehty;)
Gjpa ciueil (jpwdha;T)
Mrphpah;
uh.gp.NrJg;gps;is
fy;fp.fpU\;z%Hj;jp
uh[h[p
K. tujuhrd;
kP.g.NrhkRe;juk;
mfpyd;
gp.=.Mr;rhh;ah
k.ngh.rp
fp.th.[fe;ehjd;
m.rPdpthruhftd;
ghujpjhrd;
F.mofphprhkp
eh.ghHj;jruhjp
n[afhe;jd;
uh[k; fpU\;zd;
f.j.jpUehTf;fuR
,uh.jz;lhAjk;
,e;jpuh ghh;j;jrhujp
ty;ypf;fz;zd;
jp.[hdfpuhkd;
ftpQh; fz;zjhrd;
kh.uhkypq;fk;

23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
1982
1983
1984
kzpf;nfhbf;fhyk; (jpwdha;T)
ghujp fhyKk; fUj;Jk; (jpwdha;T)
xU fhtphpiag; Nghy (ehty;)
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
fk;gd; : gjpaghh;it (jpwdha;T)

,yf;fpaj;Jf;F xh; ,af;fk; (jpwdha;T)
,uTf;F Kd; tUtJ khiy (rpWfijfs;)
thOk; ts;Sth; (jpwdha;T)
rpe;jhe;jp (jd;tuyhW)
Nthpy; gOj;j gyh (ehty;)
Nfhgy;yGuj;J kf;fs; (ehty;)
Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp (tuyhw;W ehty;)
fhJfs; (ehty;)
Gjpa jhprdq;fs; (ehty;)
thdk; trg;gLk;
mg;ghtpd; rpNefpjh; (rpWfij)
rha;T ehw;fhyp (ehty;)
tprhuidf;fkp\d; (ehty;)
Myhgid (ftpij)
tpkh;rdq;fs; kjpg;Giufs; Ngl;bfs;
Rje;ju jhfk; (ehty;)
xU fpuhkj;J ejp (ftpij)
2003
2004
2005
2008
2011
fs;spf;fhl;L ,jpfhl;L (ehty;)

tzf;fk; ts;Stk; (ftpij)
fy;kuk; (ehty;)
kpd;rhug;g+f;fs; (rpWfij)
fhty; Nfhl;lk; (ehty;)
31
gp.v];.uhikah
njh.K.rp.uFehjd;
jphpGuRe;jhp
(nyl;Rkp)
m.r.Qhdrk;ge;jd;
ftp. Rg;ukzpad;
Mjtd;
th.nr.Foe;ijrhkp
y.rh.uhkhkph;jk;
R. rKj;jpuk;
fp.uh[ehuhazd;
Nfh.tp.kzpNrfud;
vk;.tp. ntq;fl;uhkd;
nghd;dpad;
gpugQ;rd;
mNrhkpj;ud;
rh.fe;jrhkp
mg;Jy; uFkhd;
jp.f.rptrq;fud;
rpR.nry;yg;gh
rpw;gp
ghyRg;gpukzpad;
ftpQh; ituKj;J
ftpQh; jkpod;gd;
jpyftjp
Nkyhz;ik nghd;Drhkp
R.ntq;fNlrd;
myF 1 (M) nghUj;Jjy;

khjphp tpdhf;fs;
nghUj;Jf
FwpaPLfs;
1
FLk;gtpsf;F
m)
m)
2
3
Njk;ghtzp
ghQ;rhyp
tPukhKdpth;
M) ghujpjhrd;
,) Nrf;fpohh;
M)
,)
m
M
<
m
,
<
M
,
<) ghujpahh;
<)
<
rgjk;
4 nghpaGuhzk;
tpil : ,
nghUj;Jf
FwpaPLfs;
1
1 jpUtUl;gh
2 jpUthrfk;
3 ehyhapuj;jpt;tpag;
- m) ehad;khh;
- M) Mo;thh;fs;
- ,)khzpf;fthrfh;
m)
M)
,)
m
<
,
M ,
, M
< m
<
m
M
gpuge;jk;
4 gd;dpUjpUKiwfs;
- <),uhkypq;f
<)
m <
32
mbfs;
tpil : M
nghUj;Jf
3
1
2
3
4
tpil :
jpUte;jhjp
vopNyhtpak;
,NaRfhtpak;
jpUntq;ifcyh
<
m) rptg;gpufhr Rthkpfs;
M) fz;zjhrd;
,) thzpjhrd;
<) ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp
FwpaPLfs;
m)
M)
,)
<)
nghUj;Jf
4
1
2
3
kNdhfuh
nrhh;f;fthry;
xNuKj;jk;
- m) mwpQh; mz;zh
- M) xsit rz;Kfk;
gk;ky;
rk;ge;j
- ,)
M
M
,
<
m
m
<
,
<
,
m
M
,
<
M
m
FwpaPLfs;
1
m)
M)
,)
m
,
<
,
M
m <
m M
<
M
,
<)
M <
Kjypahh;
4 me;jkhd; fhjyp
tpil : M
- <) fUzhepjp
nghUj;Jf
5
1
2
jpUf;Fw;why cyh
%tUyh
3
4
jkpo;tpLJ}J
ehiutpLJ}J
m) xl;lf;$j;jh;
M)jphp$luhrg;gf;
ftpuhah;
,) rj;jpKj;Jg;Gyth;
<)
ngah;
mwpe;jpyh;
FwpaPLfs;
1
m)
M)
M
m
m
M
,
<
<
,
,)
<)
M
M
m
<
<
,
,
m
tpil : ,
6. jkpo;ehl;bd; khgrhd; vd;wiof;fg; ngWgth;
m) n[afhe;jd;
M) Gyikg;gpj;jd;
,) GJikg;gpj;jd;
<)nksdp
tpil : (,)
7. mz;zhitj; jkpo;ehl;L ngh;dhl;\h vd;W ghuhl;bath;
m) ghujpjhrd;
M)fiyQh;
,)fy;fp
<),uhrhrp
tpil : (,)
8. jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;J ,lk; ngw;w E}y;
m) rpyg;gjpfhuk;
M) kNdhz;kzPak;
,) kzpNkfiy <)jkpo;tpLJ}J
tpil : (M)
9. jkpo; Kjy; Gjpdk; (ehty;) ,aw;wpath;
m)c.Nt.rh
M)kiwkiyabfs;
,)kPdhl;rpRe;juk;gps;is <)Ntjehafk;gps;is
nghUj;Jf
10
1
2
fypq;fj;Jg;guzp
kPdhl;rpak;ik
m) Kbaurd;
M)ftpkzp
FwpaPLfs;
m)
M)
<
M
m
,
,
<
M
m

gps;isj;jkpo;
3 kyUk; khiyAk;
4 g+q;nfhb
tpil : ,
,) nraq;nfhz;lhh;
<);FkuFUguh;
,)
<)
nghUj;Jf
11
1 ey;top
2 ed;ndwp
3 nghpaGuhzk;
4 esntz;gh
tpil : m
m)
M)
,)
<)
nghUj;Jf
12
1 ahg;gUq;fyk;
2 tPuNrhopak;
3 Nekpehjk;
4 ed;D}y;
tpil : M
M
M
m
,
,
m
M
<
m
M
m
,
<
,
,
m
M
<
<
M
FwpaPLfs;
m) FztPugz;bjh;
M) Gj;jkpj;jpuh
,) gtze;jpKdpth;
<) mkph;jrhfuh;
<
m
FwpaPLfs;
m) rptg;gpufhrh;
M)GNfoe;jp
,) xsitahh;
<) Nrf;fpohh;
,
<
33
m)
M)
,)
<)
M
<
,
m
<
M
<
<
m
m
M
,
,
,
m
M
mzp ,yf;fzk;
1. mzp ,yf;fzk; vd;gJ ahJ?
nrhy;yoF> nghUsoF> fw;gidaoF Nghd;w gy;NtW moFfs; Njhd;w ghlg;gl;l

nra;As;fspy; fhzg;gLk; mofpid tphpj;Jiug;gJ mzp ,yf;fzk;.
2. mzp vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?
mzp = moF
3. mzp vd;gjw;F NtWnghUs;?
1.moF>
2.eif>
3.thpir
4. mzpe;Jnfhs;
4. ctik mzp
ctkhdKk; ctNkaKk; jdpj;jdpNa epd;W ctk cUG ntspg;glj;Njhd;wp tUtJ.

(v.fh) cLf;if ,oe;jtd; ifNghy Mq;Nf
,Lf;fz; fistjhk; el;G.
ctkhdk; (ctik)
cLf;if ,oe;jtd; if
ctNkak;
,Lf;fz; fistJ el;G
ctk cUG
Nghy
5. ctikazp gapd;Ws;s rpy Fwl;ghf;fs;
etpy;njhWk; E}y;eak; ..................

gz;gpyhd; ngw;w .................
mOf;fhWilahd;fz; Mf;fk; Nghd;w
Cf;fk; cilahd; xLf;fk;
nfhf;nfhf;f $k;Gk;
Fd;Nwwp ahidg; Nghh;
6. ctk cUGfs; :
8 - Mk; tFg;G
10-Mk; tFg;G
34
Nghy> Giua> Nghd;W> xg;g> cwo> khd. fLg;g> ,iaa> Va;g;g> Neu> epfu>
md;d> ,d;d> mida> mw;W> kw;W> Mq;F Nghd;wit.
7. vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp
ctkhdKk; ctNkaKk; jdpj;jdpNa epd;W> ,ilapy; ctk cUG kiwe;J tUtJ.

(v.fh) epyj;jpay; ghy; ePHjphpe;J mw;whFk; khe;jh;f;F
,dj;jpay;g jhFk; mwpT.
ctkhdk; : epyj;jpay;ghy; ePhjphpe;J mw;whFk;
ctNkak; : khe;jh;f;F ,dj;jpay;gjhFk; mwpT
ctk cUG : ,y;iy (kiwe;JsJ).
8. vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp gapd;Ws;s rpy Fws;fs;
1. Kjypyhh;f; $jpakpy;iy ................ (10-Mk; tFg;G)
2. Nkhg;gf; FioAk; mdpr;rk; ........................
3. nts;sj;jida kyh;ePl;lk; .........................
4. Gwe;J}a;ik ePuhdikAk; .................. (8Mk; tFg;G)
9. cUtf mzp
ctkhdk; NtW> ctNkak; NtW vd;W Njhd;whj tifapy;> ctkhdj;jpd; jd;ikia

ctNkaj;jpd;Nky; Vw;wpf; $WtJ.
kjp Nghd;w Kfk; - ctik
Kfkhfpakjp
- cUtfk;.
(v.fh)
kdnkDk; Njhzpgw;wp kjpnaDk; Nfhiy Cd;wp
rpdnkDk; ruf;if Vw;wpr;nrwpfly; XLk;NghJ
kdndDk; ghiwjhf;fp kwpAk;Ngh jwpanthz;zhJ
cidADk; czh;it ey;fha; xw;wpa+h; cilaNfhNt.
kdk; NjhzpahfTk;> kjpNfhyhfTk;> rpdk; ruf;fhfTk;> kdd; ghiwahfTk;> cUtfg;
gLj;jg; ngw;Ws;sd. (kdd; = ehd; vDk; nrUf;F)
kw;Nwhh; vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
1. neQ;rfNk Nfhapy; epidNt Rfe;jk; md;Ng
kQ;rdePH g+ir nfhs;s thuha; guhguNk!
2. mUnsDk; md;gPd; Fotp ......... (10-Mk; tFg;G)
10. VfNjr cUtf mzp
xg;GikAila
,UnghUs;fSs;
xd;wid
kl;Lk;
cUtfg;gLj;jp
tpl;L>kw;nwhd;iw
cUtfg;gLj;jhJ tpl;L tpLtJ.

(v.fh)
gpwtpg; ngUq;fly; ePe;Jth; ePe;jhh;.
,iwtdb Nruh jth; ... (9-Mk; tFg;G)
,jpy; gpwtpia flyhf cUtfpj;J tpl;L> ,iwtdbiaj; njg;gkhf cUtfg;gLj;jhky; tpl;L
tpl;likahy; ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;Ws;sJ. VfNjr cUtf mzpahFk;.
(v.fh: 2) ,d;gk; tpioahd; tpid tpiothd; jd;Nfsph;
Jd;gk; Jilj;J}d;Wk; J}z;.
11. ,y; nghUs; ctikazp
cyfpy; ,y;yhj xd;iwNah> epfohj xd;iwNah ctikahff; $Wjy;.
(v.fh:1) fUQhapW md;d ,uhkd;
fUg;Gr;#hpad; - cyfpy; ,y;yhj xd;iw ctkpj;jy;
,kak; vOe;J cyTtJ Nghy
(v.fh:2)
35
,kak; vOe;J cyTtJ epfohj xd;W

md;gfj; jpy;yh caph;tho;f;if td;ghw;fz;
tw;wy; kuk; jsph;j; jw;W.
(9-Mk; tFg;G)
12. gpwpJ nkhopjy; mzp
gpwpJ = Ntnwhd;W> nkhopjy; = $Wjy;

ftpQh; jhd; $wte;j fUj;ij Neubahff; $whky; mjw;F xj;jf; fUj;Jila Ntnwhd;iwf; $wp
nghUs; tpsq;fr; nra;jy;.

ghpaJ $h;q;Nfhl;l jhapDk; ahid
nt&ck; Gypjhf; Fwpd;.
NguurdhapDk; Cf;fkpy;yhjhdha; ,Ue;jhy;>
36
(v.fh)
Cf;fkpf;f
rpw;wurd;
jhf;fpd;
mQ;Rthd; vdf;$w te;j fUj;ijf; $whJ. Gyth;> ahid- Gyp vd;w Ntnwhd;iwf; $wp
tpsq;fr; nra;fpwhh;.
v.fh:2:
gPypnga; rhfhLk; mr;rpWk; mg;gz;lk;
rhy kpFj;Jg; ngapd;.
v.fh:3:
fhd Kanya;j md;gpdpy; ahid
gpioj;j NtNye;jy; ,dpJ.
13. Ntw;Wik mzp
,U nghUl;fisf; $Wq;fhy; Kjypy; ,uz;lDf;Fk; cs;s xw;Wikiaf; $wpg; gpd;dh;

xd;wpypUe;J xd;iw NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;LtJ.
(v.fh)
jPapdhw; Rl;lGz; cs;shWk; MwhNj
ehtpdhw; Rl;l tL.
xw;Wik jPAk;> jPr;nrhy;Yk; RLk; jd;ikad
Ntw;Wik jPapdhy; Rl;l Gz; MwptpLk;
ehtpdhy; Rl;lGz; MwhJ.
14. jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wzp
jd; + Fwpg;G + Vw;wk; = jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk;> ftpQh;> ,aw;ifahf epfOk;

epfo;;r;rpapd; kPJ jd; fUj;ij (fw;gidia) Vw;wpf; $WtJ.
(v.fh)
NghUoe;njLj;j Mnuapy; neLq;nfhb
thuy; vd;gd Nghy; kwpj;Jf; iffhl;l
fz;zfp - Nfhtyd; kJiu efUs; GFq;fhy;> kjpw;Rthpy; cs;s nfhbfs; ,ay;ghff; fhw;wpy;
mire;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. tuhjPH vdj;jLj;Jf; ifairg;gjhf ,sq;Nfh jd; fUj;ij Vw;wpf;
$Wfpwhh;.
15. tQ;rg;Gfo;r;rp mzp
Gfo;tJ Nghyg; gopj;jYk;> gopg;gJ Nghyg; Gfo;tJk; tQ;rg; Gfo;r;rp mzp.

Gfo;tJ Nghyg; gopj;jy; :
Njt uidah; fath; mtUk;jhk;
Nktd nra;njhOt uhd;.
gopg;gJ Nghd;W Gfo;jy; :
ghhp ghhp vd;W gy Vj;jp
xUtw; Gfo;th; nre;ehg; Gyth;
ghhp xUtD ky;yd;
khhpA Kz;Bz; LyFGug; gJNt
16. nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tU epiyazp
nra;Aspy; Kd;dh; te;j nrhy; mNj nghUspy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gyKiw tUtJ.
(v.fh)
vy;yh tpsf;Fk; tpsf;fy;y rhd;Nwhh;f;Fg;
ngha;ah tpsf;Nf tpsf;F.
,jpy; tpsf;F vd;Dk; nrhy; mNj nghUspy; gyKiw te;Js;sJ.
v.fh: 2: nrhy;Yf nrhy;ypw; gaDila nrhy;yw;f
nrhy;ypw; gadpyhr; nrhy.;
v.fh:3:
nghUsy; ytiug; nghUshfr; nra;Ak;
nghUsy; yjpy;iy nghUs;.
37
17. ,ul;Lw nkhopjy; mzp :
xU nrhy; ,UnghUs;gl mike;J tUjy;.

(v.fh)
jiytphpf;Fk; g+r;#Lk; jz;il mzpAk;
,iytphpj;J ey;Yzit <Ak;tpiy kjpf;f
nthz;zh guk;giuia cw;gj;jp nra;jpL ew;
ngz;zhFk; thio kuk;.
ngz;Zf;Fk; thio kuj;jpw;Fk; nghUe;jf; $wy;.
ngz;
thio
jiytphpf;Fk;
Fspj;Jj; jiytphpg;ghs;
thio cr;rpapy; jiytphpf;Fk;
g+r;#Lk;
jiyapy; g+r;#Lths;
Fiyjs;spg;g+itr;#b epw;Fk;
jz;il vDk; fhyzp
jz;Lg;gFjpAilaJ.
,iytphpj;J czT ghpkhWths;
cz;gjw;F ,iyia toq;Fk;
guk;giuahfg; gps;isfs; ngWths;
thiof; fd;Wfs; cUthFk;.
v.fh:2:
Mbf; Flj;jilAk; MLk;Ngh NjapiuAk;
%bj; jpwf;fpd; Kfq;fhl;Lk; - Xbkz;il
gw;wpd; gugunDk; ghhpy; gpz; zhf;F Kz;lhk;
cw;wp Lghk; ngs;NsdNt NthJ.
,J nrk;nkhopr;rpNyil.
18. ,ay;G etpw;rp mzp : (jd;ik etpw;rp mzp)
cs;sij cs;sthW ,ay;ghd Kiwapy; moFglg; nghUs;; tpsq;FkhW $WtJ ,ay;G etpw;rp
mzp vdg;gLk;. ,jidj; jd;ik etpw;rp mzp vd;Wk; $Wth;.
(v.fh)
Kaw;rp jpUtpid Mf;Fk; Kaw;wpd;ik
,d;ik GFj;jp tpLk;.
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; Kaw;rp> Kaw;rpapd;ik Mfpatw;wpd;
tpisTfis
ts;Sth;
cs;sJ
cs;sthW ,ay;ghff; $wpAs;shh;.

19. cah;T etpw;rp mzp
xU nghUspd; cah;it kpfTk; cah;j;jp rpwg;gpj;J moFglf;$WtJ cah;T etpw;rp

mzpahFk;.
v.fh:
1. tpz;jlT NfhGuk;
2. thd; Gfo;>nfhz;l jkpo;ehL (Gfopd; kpFjpiaf; fhl;l thd;Nghy; gue;j jkpo;ehL
vd;w nghUsike;Js;sJ).
3. kPJaHe;j ,UNjhs;fs; xspia thhp tPRfpd;w Fd;wq;fs;. (Njhs;fspd; Mw;wiy
xsptPRk; kiyf;Fd;wq;fs; vd kpifglg; ghujpjhrd; $wpAs;shh;).
20. ,ul;Lw nkhopjy; mzpiar; rpNyil vd;gh; tlE}yhh;
21. nrk;nkhopr;rpNyil> gphpnkhopr; rpNyil vd ,Utif.
22. nrk;nkhopr; rpNyil : xNu nrhy; gphpglhky; epd;W gy nghUs; jUtJ.
(v.fh) tpdh vz; : 17 fhz;f.
38
23. gphpnkhopr;rpNyil : xU nrhy; jdpj;J epd;W xU nghUisAk;> gphpe;J epd;W
NtnwhU nghUisAk; jUtJ.

(v.fh)
Vw;Wkpd; tpsf;if ,UsfyNt
(tpsf;if Vw;Wf vdg;nghUs;)
(v.fh:2)
Vw;W kpd;tpsf;if ,UsfyNt

(kpd; tpsf;if Vw;W vdg;nghUs;)
fhtyiur; #Ok;
fhtyh; - kd;dd;
fh + myh; (fhtyh;) - Nrhiykyh;
24. mzp ,yf;fzk; Fwpj;j tphpthd ,yf;fz E}y;fs;
1. jz;bayq;fhuk;
2. khwdyq;fhuk;
39
ahg;gpyf;fzk;
1. ahg;gpyf;fzk; vjidf; fw;gpf;fpwJ?
nra;As; ,aw;Wk; ,yf;fzj;ijf; fw;gpf;fpwJ.

2. ahg;G vd;gjd; nghUs; fl;Ljy;
vOj;J> mir> rPH Kjypatw;why; fl;lg;gLtJ.

3. nra;ASf;Fhpa NtW ngah;fs;:
4.
5.
6.
7.
ahg;G> ftpij> gh> ghl;L> J}f;F Kjypad.

nra;As; cWg;Gfs; vj;jid? ahit?
MW:- vOj;J> mir> rPH> jis> mb> njhil.
mir
Fwpy;> neby;> xw;W vd;Dk; vOj;Jfshy; mirf;fg;gLtJ (fl;lg;gLtJ) mir.
,Utifg;gLk; : 1 Neuir
2. epiuair
Neuit mikAk; Kiw :
1. neby; jdpj;J tUk;
Nfh> fh
2. Fwpy; jdpj;J tUk;
op> f
3. neby; xw;wLj;J tUk; Nte;> fhy;
4. Fwpy; xw;wLj;J tUk;
jy;> fy;
epiuair mikAk; Kiw
1. ,UFwpy; ,ize;J tUk; -------------------ntwp
2. Fwpy; neby; ,ize;J tUk; -------------------- Rwh
3. ,UFwpy; ,ize;J xw;wLj;J tUk; ---------epwk;
4. Fwpy; neby; ,ize;J xw;wLj;J tUk; ------ Fuhy;
8. Xuir vd;gJ ntz;ghtpd; ,Wjpapy; kl;LNk tUk;. mJ Neh;> epiu> Neh;G> epiuG mir.
9. Neh;G> epiuG mirfshtJ:
ntz;ghtpd; <w;Wr;rPH> xuirahf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ tpjp. vdNt Neh; Neh; vd;W
<uirahf tUkhapd; mjid Neh;G vd Mf;fp Xuirahf;fy; Ntz;Lk;. (ed;/W-Neh; Neh;)
<w;nwOj;J cfuk; Vwp thpd;> Neh; mLj;J thpd; Neh;G vd;Wk; epiuaLj;J thpd;
epiuG vd;Wk; Mf;Ff. (ed;W - Neh;G; cah;T -epiuG).
10. rPH
,Utpj mirfSk; jdpj;Jk;> ,ize;Jk; miktJ rPH vdg;gLk;.

11. rPH ehd;F tifg;gLk;
1. Xuirr;rPH
2. <uirr;rPH
3. %tifr;rPH
4. ehyirr;rPH
12. Xuirr;rPH (4)
ntz;ghtpd; <w;wbapd; <w;Wr;rPH kl;LNk Xuirahf tUk;.
mir
tha;g;ghL
Neh;
ehs;
epiu
kyh;
Neh;G
fhR
epiuG
gpwg;G
13. <uirr;rPH (4)
mir
tha;g;ghL
Neh; Neh;
Nj kh
epiu Neh;Gsp kh
khr;rPH (2)
Neh; epiu $ tpsk;
epiu epiu fU tpsk;
tpsr;rPH (2)
14. <uirr;rPH ,aw;rPH vdTk; toq;fg;gLk;.
40
Mrphpag;ghtpw;F chpj;jhtjhy; Mrphpa chpr;rPH vd;Wk; toq;Fth;.

15. %tifr;rPH (8)
<uirr;rPH ehd;fNdhLk; Neh;> epiu Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; jdpj;jdpNa ,Wjpapy; Nrh;j;jhy;

%tifr;rPH vl;lhFk;.
mir
Neh; Neh; Neh; epiu Neh; Neh; Neh; epiu Neh; epiu epiu Neh; Neh; Neh; epiu epiu Neh; epiu Neh; epiu epiu epiu epiu epiu -
tha;g;ghL
Nj khq; fha;
Gsp khq; fha;
$ tpsq; fha;
fU tpsq; fha;
Nj khq; fdp
Gsp khq; fdp
$ tpsq; fdp
fU tpsq; fdp
fha;r;rPH (4)
(ntz;gh chpr;rPH)
fdpr;rPH (4)
(tQ;rpAhpr;rPH)
16. fha;r;rPH: ehd;Fk; ntz;ghTf;F chpajhy; ntz;ghThpr;;rPH vdg;gLk;
fdpr;rPH : ehd;Fk; tQ;rpg;ghTf;Fhpajhy; tQ;rpAhpr;rPH vdg;gLk;.

17. ehyirr;rPH : (16)
%tirr;rPH vl;Lld; ,Wjpapy; Neuir Nrh;j;jhy; jz;g+ vd;w ehd;Fk; eWk;g+ vd;w
ehd;Fkhf 8 rPHfs;.
(Nj khe;jz;g+ -------- Nj kh eWk;g+). ,it
NehPw;Wg;
nghJr;rPH. %tirr;rPH vl;Lld; ,Wjpapy; epiuair Nrh;j;jhy; jz;epoy; vd;w ehd;Fk;

eWepoy; vd;w ehd;Fkhf vl;Lr;rPH. Mf> ehyirr;rPH nkhj;jk; 16.
(Njkhe;ejz;zpoy;------------- Nj kh eWepoy;).
18. ntz;ghtpd; <w;Wr;rPH Xuirahf mikAk;.
Xh;Ma;Tr; nra;jp : (gjpd;ftdfh; jpU.,uhikah)

jpUf;Fwspy; <w;Wr;rPH mike;Js;s Kiw
ehs; tha;ghl;by; KbTw;wit 174 Fwl;ghf;fs;
kyh; tha;;ghl;by; KbTw;wit 665 Fwl;ghf;fs;
fhR tha;ghl;by; KbTw;wit
200 Fwl;ghf;fs;
gpwg;G tha;ghl;by; KbTw;wit
291 Fwl;ghf;fs;
nkhj;jk;
1330 Fwl;ghf;fs;
19. jis
jis = fl;L. rPHfs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W fl;Lg;gl;L epw;Fk; epiy> jis vdg;gLk;.

epd;w rPhpd; <w;wirAk; tUQ;rPhpd; KjyirAk; xd;wpAk;> xd;whkYk; miktJ jis.
20. jis VO tifg;gLk;
1. Nenuhd;whrphpaj;jis
(kh Kd; Neh; tUtJ)
tq;/fk; jd;/ndhLk;
Ne ne
Ne
ep
Nj kh
2. epiunahd;whrphpaj;jis (tpsk; Kd; epiu tUtJ)
grpg;/gpzp aW/nfd
ep
ep
ep
ep
fU tpsk;
Fwpg;G
:
Nenuhd;whrphpaj;
jisAk;
epiunahd;whrphpaj;jisAk;
Mrphpag;ghtpw; Fhpad. gpw jisfSk; tUk;.
3. ,aw;rPH ntz;lis
(kh Kd; epiuAk;> tpsk; Kd; NeUk; tUtJ)
41
m)
G+k;/Gfhh; - Nghw;/WJk;
Ne ep
Ne
ep - tpsk; Kd; Neh; te;j ,aw;rPH ntz;lis
$ tpsk;
M)
Xq; / fpg; - gue;/njhO
Ne
Ne
ep ep
- kh Kd; epiu te;j ,aw;rPH ntz;lis
Nj
kh
4. ntz;rPH ntz;lis : (fha; Kd; Neh; tUtJ)
neLq;/fl/Yk; - jd;/ePH/ik
ep
ep Ne - Ne Ne Ne
fU tpsq; fha;
Fwpg;G : ,aw;rPH ntz;lisAk;> ntz;rPH ntz;lisAk; ntz;ghtpw;Fhpait. ,itad;wp
ntz;ghtpy; NtW jisfs; thuh.
5. fypj;jis (fha; Kd; epiu tUtJ)
eP/ uh / Uq; fl/YLj;/j
Ne Ne Ne ep ep
Ne
Nj kh fha;
6. xd;wpa tQ;rpj;jis: (fdp Kd; epiu tUtJ)
jz;/lh/kiuj; - jdp / kyh; / kpir
Ne Ne ep
ep
ep
ep
Nj khq; fdp
7. xd;whj tQ;rpj;jis : (fdp Kd; Neh; tUtJ)
fh / dpy; / tsh;
fh/uhg; / Nghy;
Ne
Nj
Ne
ep
Ne Ne
Ne
khq; fdp
Fwpg;G : xd;wpa> xd;whj tQ;rpj;jisfs; tQ;rpg;ghtpw;F chpad.

21. epidtpy; epWj;Jf
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
kh Kd; epiu
tpsk; Kd; Neh;
fha; Kd; Neh;
kh Kd; Neh;
tpsk; Kd; epiu
fha; Kd; epiu
fdp Kd; epiu fdp Kd; epiu -
,aw;rPH ntz;lis
ntz;rPH ntz;lis
ntz;gh
Nenuhd;wpa Mrphpaj;jis
epiunahd;whrphpaj;jis
Mrphpag;gh
fypj;jis
fypg;gh
xd;wpa tQ;rpj;jis
xd;whj tQ;rpj;jis
tQ;rpg;gh.
22. mb
rPHfs; gy mLj;J elg;gJ mb

mb Ie;J tifg;gLk;.
1. Fwsb
2. rpe;jb
23. Fwsb :
3. mstb
4.nebyb
5.fopnebyb
,U rPHfshy; Md mb
nghd;nra; kd;wpy; tho;
2. rpe;jb:
%d;W rPHfshy; Md mb
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
42
3. mstb : ehd;F rPHfshy; Md mb

mfu Kjy vOj;njy;yhk; Mjp
4. nebyb : Ie;J rPHfshy; Md mb
gpwg;gp dhy;vth;f;Fk; cyfpy;
ngUik thuhjg;gh
5. fopnebyb : Ie;Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l rPHfshy; Md mb.
Njlf; fhz;gJ ey;ywk; fPHj;jp
jpUf;Fw; whyh;njd; Mhpa ehNl
(,/J vz;rPH fop nebybahFk;).
24. nghUj;Jf
1.
2.
3.
4.
Fwsb
rpe;jb
mstb
nebyb
,U rPHfs;
Kr;rPH;fs;
ehw;rPHfs;
Ie;JrPHfs;.
25. njhil
njhil = njhLf;fg;gLtJ. njhil = khiy. khiyapy; kyh;fisj; njhLg;gJ Nghd;W> rPHfspYk;

mbfspYk; vJif> Nkhid Kjypad mikaj; njhLg;gJ njhil.
26. njhil Fwpj;j gonkhop
njhilaw;w ghl;L eilaw;Wg; NghFk;.

27. njhil Ie;J tifg;gLk;
1. Nkhid 2. vJif 3.Kuz; 4.,isG 5. msngil

28. Nkhidj; njhil : (Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ)
nra;Aspy; Kjybapd; KjnyOj;Jk;> ,uz;lhkbapy; KjnyOj;Jk; xd;wptUtJ. ,/J mb

Nkhid.
(v.fh) J}q;Ff J}q;fpr; nraw;ghy J}q;fw;g
J}q;fhJ nra;Ak; tpid.
Xubapy; Kjy;rPhpd; KjnyOj;J xd;wpapUg;gJ rPHNkhid
Jg;ghh;f;Fj; Jg;gha Jg;ghf;fpj; Jg;ghh;;f;F
2. vJifj;njhil : (2-Mk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ)
Xubf;Fs;NsNa 2-Mk; vOj;J xd;WtJ rPHvJif
Jg;ghh;f;Fj; Jg;gha Jg;ghf;fpj; Jg;ghh;;f;F
Kjybapd; 2-Mk; vOj;Jk; ,uz;lhkbapd; 2-Mk; vOj;Jk; xd;wp ,Ug;gJ
Jg;ghh;f;Fj; Jg;gha Jg;ghf;fpj; Jg;ghh;;f;Fj;
Jg;gha J}ck; kio
mb vJif
3. Kuz;njhil : Kjw;nrhy; Kuz;gl;L epw;gJ (vjph;r;nrhy;)

Kw;gfy; nra;apd; gpw;gfy; tpisAk; - rPH Kuz;
nfLg;gJ}ck; nfl;lhh;f;Fr;
mb Kuz;
vLg;gJ}ck; vy;yhk; kio.
4. ,iaGj; njhil
nra;Aspy; mbfspYk; rPHfspYk; ,Wjp vOj;Njh> mirNah> rPnuh xd;wp tUtJ.
m)
nfhz;ly; NfhGuk; mz;ilapy; $Lk;
M)
43
nfhbfs; thdk; gbju %Lk;

fz;l Nguz;lj; jz;liy ehLk;
fdf Kd;wpy; mdk; tpis ahLk;.
cg;Gf;fy;iy itunkd;W nrhd;dhy; - mij
xg;Gf;nfhs;Sk; %lUf;F Kd;dhy;.
5. msngil : Kjw;rPhpy; msngil gpwrPHfspYk; thpd; rPH msngil.

Kjybapd; Kjw;rPhpYk; ,uz;lhkbapd; Kjy; rPhpYk; msngil gapd;W tUjy; mb
msngil.
nfLg;gJ}ck; nfl;lhh;f;Fr; ----------mb msngil
vLg;gJ}ck; vy;yhk; kio.
29. njhil tpfw;gq;fs;
mb> ,iz> nghopg;G> x&c> $io> Nkw;fJtha;> fPo;f;fJtha;> Kw;W vd vz;tif

(Nkhid> vJif> Kuz;> ,iaA> msngil Mfpa njhilfs; Ie;Jk; ,t;ntz; njhil tpfw;gq;fs;
ngWk;)
30. mb Nkhid
,iz Nkhid
cs;sj;jhw; ngha;ah njhOfpd; cyfj;jhh;

cs;sj;Js; vy;yhk; csd;.
1>2 rPHfspy; Nkhid

rkd;nra;J rPHJ}f;Fq; Nfhy; Nghy;.
nghopg;G Nkhid
1>3 Mfpa rPHfspy; tUk;.
ed;wpf;F tpj;jhFk; ey;nyhOf;fk; jPnahOf;fk;

x&c Nkhid
1>4 Mfpa rPHfspy; tUk;

Nfl;lhh;g; gpzpf;Fk; jifatha;f; NfshUk;.
$io Nkhid
1>2>3> Mfpa rPHfspy; tUk;

fhf;if futh fiue;Jz;Zk; Mf;fKk;.
Nkw;fJtha; Nkhid
1>3>4 Mfpa rPHfspy; tUk;

thdpd;W cyfk; toq;fp tUjyhy;
fPo;f;fJtha; Nkhid
1>2>4> Mfpa rPHfspy; tUk;.

J}q;Ff J}q;fpr; nraw;ghy J}q;fw;f.
Kw;W Nkhid
1>2>3>4> Mfpa rPHfspy; tUk;.

fw;f frlw fw;git fw;wgpd;
Fwpg;G:
1. ,iz Nkhid Kjy; Kw;W Nkhfid Kba cs;s VOk; rPHNkhidapd; tiffshFk;.
2. NkNy fz;l Nkhidj; njhilapd; tpfw;gq;fs; Nghd;Nw vJif> Kuz;> ,iaG> msngil
Mfpatw;wpw;Fk;> xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; vl;L tpfw;gq;fs; mikAk;.
31. epidtpy; epWj;Jf

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
,iz
nghopg;G
x&c
$io
Nkw;fJtha;
fPo;f;fJtha;
Kw;W
44

1>2>3 Mfpa rPHfspy; tUk;
1>2>3>4 Mfpa rPHfspy; tUk;.
32. nra;Aspaw;Wk; ,yf;fzkhd ahg;gpyf;fzj;ij tphpj;Jf; $Wk; E}y; ------------:
ahg;gUq;fyf;fhpif.
33. ahg;guq;fyf;fhhpifapd; Mrphpah;
mkpHjrhfuh;
gh tif
1.
gh vj;jid tifg;gLk;?
gh ehd;F tifg;gLk;. 1.ntz;gh
2. Mrphpag;gh
3.
fypg;gh
4.tQ;rpg;gh
2.
ntz;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk; :

1. Xir
: nrg;gNyhir ngWk;
2. mb
: <w;wb rpe;jbahfTk; (Kr;rPub)> Vida mbfs; mstbfshfTk;
(ehw;rPub) tUk;.
3. rPH
: ,aw;rPUk; ntz;rPUk; tUk;> Ntw;Wr;rPHfs; thuh
4. jis : ,aw;rPH ntz;lisAk; ntz;rPH ntz;lisAk; tUk;. gpw jisfs;
thuh.
5. KbT
: <w;wbapd; <w;Wr;rPH Xuirr;rPuhf> ehs;> kyh;> fhR>
6.
3.
gpwg;G vd;Dk;
tha;g;ghLfSs; xd;widf; nfhz;L KbAk;.
mb vy;iy: 2 mbfs; Kjy; 12 mbfs; tiu ngWk;.
ntz;gh MW tifg;gLk;
1.Fws; ntz;gh
2. Nehpir ntz;gh
3. ,d;dpir ntz;gh
4.g/nwhil ntz;gh
5.Nehpirr; rpe;jpay; ntz;gh
6. ,d;dpirr;
rpe;jpay;
ntz;gh.
4.
Mrphpag;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;

Xir
: mftNyhir ngWk;
mb
: midj;J mbfSk; mstbfshf (ehw;rPub) tUk;.
rPH
: ,aw;rPH gapd;Wk; maw;rPH tputpAk; tUk;. tQ;rpAhpr;rPHfs;
($tpsq;fdp> fUtpsq;fdp) thuh.
jis
: Mrphpaj;jis (Nenuhd;whrphpaj;jis> epiunahd;whrphpaj;jis)
gapd;Wk; gpw jisfs; fye;Jk; tUk;.
KbT
: <w;wbapd; <w;Wr;rPH Vfhuj;jpy; KbTtJ rpwg;G. Ma;> Xk; Nghd;w
tpFjpfs; ngw;Wk; KbAk;.

mb vy;iy
5.
6.
45
: %d;wb rpWikAk; ghLNthh; vz;zg;gb ngUikAk; ngWk;.
Mrphpag;ghtpd; tiffs; :
ehd;F tifg;gLk;.
1. Nehpir Mrphpag;gh
3. epiykz;by Mrphpag;gh
2. ,izf;Fwshrphpag;gh
4. mbkwp kz;by Mrphpag;gh
Xirfs;
ntz;gh nrg;gNyhir
Mrphpag;gh mftNyhir
fypg;gh
Js;sNyhir
tQ;rpg;gh
J}q;fNyhir

Unit - I

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Unit - I

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Study Material Professors Coaching Centre, Madurai.

PROFESSORS COACHING CENTRE, MADURAI

gFjpAlDk;> xyp NtWghlwpe;J rhpahd nghUswpjy; (myF-8) gFjpAlDk;

mfk; - cs;sk;> cs;Ns

Study Material Professors Coaching Centre, Madurai.

mw;W - Nghy (ctkcUG)

mzq;F - ngz;> ngz;nja;tk;

mjph;fly; - xypf;Fk; fly;

md;dk; - xUgwit> NrhW

mz;zk; - Nky;jhil Nky; tha;

msp - mUs;> nfhil> nfhL

myp - NgL> Ngb

Study Material Professors Coaching Centre, Madurai.

Mop - Nkhjpuk;> fly;> rf;fuk;

MW - ejp> top> newp

cud; - jpz;zpa mwpT> typik

cjpuk; -FUjp> ,uj;jk;

cs;sk; - Cf;fk;> (kdntOr;rp)

cs;shd; - ,Uf;fpwhd; (cld;ghL)

,Wk;g+J - tpag;G> ctif

Study Material Professors Coaching Centre, Madurai.

cw;Wop - Jd;Gwk; fhyj;jpy;

vopdp - jpiur;rPiy> ciw ( Screen)

Study Material Professors Coaching Centre, Madurai.

vapy; - kjpy;> Nfhl;il

fd;dy; - fUk;G> ,dpik

fzpif - nghJkfs;> nghUl;ngz;bh;

Study Material Professors Coaching Centre, Madurai.

fhh; - kio> fUik> Nkfk;

fPHj;jp - ngUik> Gfo;

FUF - gwit> ehiu

FUis - eha;> gd;wp> rpq;fk;> Kay;

FUR> FWf;if> FUrpy; - rpYit

$iu - tPl;L Nky;jl;L

rof;F - g+ry;> rz;il

Study Material Professors Coaching Centre, Madurai.

Nfby; - Fw;wkpy;yhj> moptpy;yhj

Nfhykapy; - mofpa kapy;

Nfhg;G-Mtz ,Ug;Giw ( File)

QpkpW - NjdP> tz;L

jltiu - mfd;w kiy

jis - fl;L> tpyq;F (iftpyq;F)

jz;ik - FSik (jz;ik X ntk;ik)

NfhL - ahidj;je;jk;> rpfuk;> kuf;fpis

Study Material Professors Coaching Centre, Madurai.

jhs; - Kaw;rp (Kay;)> ghjk;

jho; - gzp (gzpT) g+l;L (tpidr;nrhy;)

jpiu - miy> jpiur;rPiy

jpU - nry;tk;> Nkd;ik

jpiz - xOf;fk;>kpfr;rpwpa msT

jpd;ik - typik> jPik

Study Material Professors Coaching Centre, Madurai.

ed;dPH-J}a ePH (ed;ik + ePH)

eif - rphpg;G> mzpfyd;

Gfh; - tpil> kWnkhop

Gj;Njs; cyf - Njth; cyF

gz;L - Kw;fhyk;> goq;fhyk;

Study Material Professors Coaching Centre, Madurai.

Gutyh; - fhtyh;> kd;dh;

G+z;L - Xh; czTg;nghUs;> mzpe;J

Study Material Professors Coaching Centre, Madurai.

kwk; - tPuk; (kwk; x mwk;)

tdg;G - vopy;> nghypT

tz;zk; - epwk;> moF