Substation Automation

and

Basic Concept Of
Numerical Technology

Protection Training

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Numerical Protection

Development of Protective Relays

Protective relays development has under gone following stages:

Electromechanical Relays Started 100 years ago.

Static or Electronics Relays Introduced in 1960s

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Microprocessor based Relays Present era started in 1980s

Electromechanical Relays
Introduction:
Initially protective relays were of electromechanical design, attracted
Armature or moving disc/cup type. Operating principal / characteristics
of these relays is depended on operating force of electromagnet and
Retarding force of spring.
Four types of Electromechanical relays were widely used: Magnetic
attraction, Magnetic Induction, DArsonval and Thermal units.

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These relays came in existence in the beginning of this century and

were the only choice till 1970.

Electromechanical Relays
Electromagnetic Relay

COIL

SHADING
RING

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DISK

Electromechanical Relays

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The first time-overcurrent relay made by ABB, type

TCB, manufactured 1905

Induction type time over-current relay type RI from 1920

Line distance relay type RYZKC from 1940

Electromechanical Relays
Draw back of Electromechanical Relays:
Slow and sluggish operation

High error (upto 10%) of measurement

High burden on CTs and PTs
Drift in characteristics due to ageing of components
No flexibility in use hence become redundant when system
grows and fault level increases.
Bigger dimensions

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Frequent maintenance

Static or Electronics Relays

Introduction:
The expansion and growing complexity of modern power systems have
brought a need for protective relays with higher level of performance and
more sophisticated characteristics. This has been made possible by the
development of semiconductors and other associated components
which can be utilised in relay designs, generally referred to as
Solid-state or Static Relays.

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These relays use semiconductor devices like Diodes, Transistors,

Thyristors, Resistors, Capacitors and Op-Amps.

Faster operation
More accurate
Low burden on CT/PTs
Compact size
Less maintenance

Static or Electronics Relays

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Typical circuit configuration for a Solid-state instantaneous overcurrent relay

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Static or Electronics Relays

Waveforms of the Solid-state instantaneous overcurrent relay

Static or Electronics Relays

Still static relays have not fully met ever growing needs of
users following short coming still observed in static relays:

Not much flexibility in application

No memory features of previous faults

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No self supervision

Static or Electronics Relays

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Combiflex Assembly

RAZOA Switched scheme line distance relay - 1976

RAZFE full scheme line distance relay - 1975

Microprocessor Relays

Introduction:
After electromechanical and static relays came the
era of Microprocessor based relays.
These has been a significant development in microprocessor based
Technology and it has brought revolutionary changes in all walks of
Life. How can protection relay technology be behind in adopting the same!

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Users now have a choice to use latest state of art microprocessor based
Relays.

Microprocessor Relays

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Logic Devices

Simple Logic Gates

Microprocessor Relays
Logic Devices

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Simple Combinational Circuit

Microprocessor Relays

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Logic Devices

Simple Sequential Circuit

SA&P Training - 16

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Microprocessor Relays

Basic Operation:

Microprocessor Relays

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Memories:

ROM:

Read Only Memory, used to store the relaying program

RAM:

Random Access Memory, used for storing samples and

intermediate quantities.

E2PROM:

Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory,

used for storing relay settings.

Microprocessor Relays

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Binary Number Representation:

Microprocessor Relays

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Analogue to Digital Conversion:

Successive Approximation Converter

Microprocessor Relays

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Sample and Hold Amplifier:

Microprocessor Relays
Signal Processing is the extraction of information from measured data,
And any subsequent transformation of signals representing this information
For detection, estimation, classification or waveform synthesis.
Signal processing may also include derivation of information and processing
Of it.
A digital protective relay receives several analogue input signals from

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Conventional current and voltage transformers. The digital relay does

Seldom produce analogue output signals. Usually, a digital relay produces
Binary output signals.

SA&P Training - 22

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Microprocessor Relays

SA&P Training - 23

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Microprocessor Relays

SA&P Training - 24

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Typical Numerical Relay Hardware

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REL5xx Numerical Relay Hardware Platform

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REL5xx Numerical Relay Software Platform

Numerical Relays
Less wiring
BI
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

1.8

Z_BLOCK
Z_CR
Z_CRG
Z_BC

Z<

BO
2.1

Z_TRZ1
Z_TRZ2
Z_T2

OR
START
AR_CB_READY
AR_CLOSE_CB

AR
1.9

2.2

AR_P3PH

TRIP_EXT_3PH
TRIP_CB_A

1.1

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TRIP
Programmable and Interconnectible Protection Software Blocks and Logic

Numerical technique - Advantages

Less wiring

Conventional
relay

dz
<
dt

Z<

IN

>

10

L
4
I
U 6
DC 4

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Numerical relay

I
U
DC

4
6
4

Z<
dz
<
dt

IN
I>

>

I>

Numerical technique - Advantages

Less wiring
R
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

BO
BLO CK ZO NE

T RZ 1

1.1

CR
CRG
BC

BASZ

Protection
functions
ST ART _ A R

1.8

C B _R E A D Y

CL O SE _ C B

1.2

P 3P H

ARIFICIB Auto-recloser
T R IP _ 1P H

1.9

T RI P_ AR _ 3 PH

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SPHT RL

T R IP _ AR _ 3P H
T R I PR

Trip logic

B.1

Numerical technique - Advantages

Less aging problems

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Conventional relay

Numerical technique - Advantages

Less aging problems

Numerical relay

Z<

I>

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# (01011)

Numerical technique - Advantages

Self supervision
Testing

Fault

Testing

MTTR: year
Conventional
protection

Repair

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Numerical protection
with
self supervision

MTTR: hours

Repair

SA&P Training - 33

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Numerical technique - Advantages

Communication

Ready Start
Trip
1993-Nov-02
14:49:25.425
TRZ1 TREFC ZM1

Test Kit

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RTS

C
E

PC
Local MMI
Parametration Parametration Information
Resetting of
Automatic
Energizing
indications
testing
of contacts
Change of
Reporting
Status check parameters
Back-up control
Directional
Simulation
check

SCS
Supervision
Control
Status
monitoring
Sequential
Control
Statistics

SMS
Calculation
Parametration
Evaluation
Expert
analysis

Numerical technique - Advantages

Greater flexibility
X

Four groups of settings

XGFCF

Independent setting of all

parameters

ZM3
ZM4
ZM2

Enable/disable all functions

ZM1

R Software configuration of logic

RGFC2
RGFC1

Software configuration of
binary I/O:s

ZM5

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XGFCR

Reduced requirements
on spares

Numerical technique - Advantages

Better functionality
X

Full scheme distance

protection

XGFCF
ZM3
ZM4

Phase segregated current

differential protection

ZM2
ZM1

R
RGFC2
RGFC1

Phase segregated CS
Built-in DR
Built-in FL

ZM5

Built-in Event Recorder

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XGFCR

Numerical technique - Advantages

Less space

Self supervision

Less wiring

Communication

Less terminations

Greater flexibility

Less components

Better functionality

Less aging problems

Adaptive functions

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There are only advantages!

Numerical technique - Advantages

Better performance
Savings in civil works
Savings in erection, cabling and commissioning
Savings in maintenance
Savings in cost/function

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There are only advantages!

CFST

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Numerical technique - Advantages

Automated Substation

Numerical Technique

Not new, but well-proven

REL 531
REC 561

RACID
RACIF
RAMDE

RELZ 100
REG 100
REOR 100

RANZA

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1980

82

84

86

88

REG 150
90

92

REL 501
REL 511
REL 521
REL 551
REL 561
REB 551

94

96

Technology Comparison
Subject
Measuring
Elements &
Hardware

Electromechanical
Induction disc,
Electromagnets,
Induction cup, etc

Static
Discrete R,L,C

Microprocessors,

Transistors

Digital ICs

Analogue ICs

Digital Signal
Processors,

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Comparators

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Numerical

Measuring Method

Electrical quantities
converted into
Mechanical force,
torque

Level detectors,
comparison with
reference value in
analogue
comparator

Analogue to Digital
conversion,
Numerical
algorithms
techniques evaluate
trip criteria

Timing Function

Mechanical clock
works, Dashpot

Static Timers

Counters

Visual Indication

Flags, Targets

LEDs

LEDs LCD display

Trip Command

Additional Trip
Relay required

Additional Trip
Relay required

Trip relay inbuilt

Technology Comparison

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Subject

Electromechanical

Static

Numerical

Contacts
Assignments

Fixed

Fixed

Freely Configurable

Sequence of
Events

Not possible

Not possible

Available

Hardware size

Bulky

Modular, Compact

Most Compact

Parameter settings

Plug setting, Dial

setting

Thumbwheel,
Potentiometers,
DIP switches

Human Machine
Interface,
Softwares

Binary Input &

Output

Not available

Not available

Available & Freely

configurable

Self supervision

No

Partially available

Yes

Calibration

Frequently required
as settings drift due
to ageing

Required as
settings drift due to
ageing

Not required as
settings are stored
permanently in
memory in digital
format

Technology Comparison

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Subject

Electromechanical

Static

Numerical

Multiple
characteristics

Not possible

Not possible

Possible

Multiple Integrated
Protection Func.

Not possible

Not possible

Possible

Range of settings

Limited

Wide

Wide

Service value
indication

Not possible

Possible

Possible

Disturbance
recording

External hardware

External Hardware

Inbuilt

Communication
facility

Not possible

Available

Available

Burden on CTs and

PTs

Higher

Lower

Lower

Technology Comparison

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Subject

Electromechanical

Static

Numerical

Protection,Control,
Monitoring

Only protection

Protection,
Monitoring

Protection, Control,
Monitoring

Solution

Fixed

Fixed

Extension and New

development
possible, open
architecture

Fault History

Not possible

Not possible

Stored in Memory