Annotative Bibliography

Adobor, H. (2012). Ethical issues in outsourcing: The case of contract

medical research and the global pharmaceutical industry. Journal of
Business Ethics, 105(2), 239-255. doi:http://0-dx.doi.org.iiiserver.ualr.edu/10.1007/s10551-011-0964-0
Many pharmaceutical companies are not outsourcing to many
underdeveloped countries. They are doing this in order to out-do their
competition in the race for faster and cheaper advances in drug production
and development. Things like research, clinical testing, and drug testing are
the main focus of large companies to small, emerging markets. This article
attempts explain the fine line between the importance of medical advances
and the moral and ethical responsibilities that these large companies must
face by outsourcing to other countries. The purpose of outsourcing is to have
something done or made cheaper by people who will work for a lower wage.
This becomes a problem when labor is outsourced to countries with a weak
institutional environment; Meaning, these people may not have a choice of
whether they want to participate in testing or research trials.
At some level, client firms are outsourcing a critical component of their
business activities in which unethical behavior by sponsors has economic
implications for clients if the violations get into the public domain. (251)
Fundora, D. (2013). Exploitation in clinical drug trials (Order No. 3564591).
Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global: Health &
Medicine; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global: Social Sciences.
(1412677957). Retrieved from
http://74.217.196.173/docview/1412677957?accountid=14482
The moral issue of exploitation of volunteers in drug trials in developing
nations is an overwhelming dispute. The placebo control and lack of
availability of drugs being tested in under developed countries are the two
main exploitative concerns. This paper describes why the double standards
between developed nations and under developed nations is damaging to
those who volunteer to be in the clinical trials. It also describes how the
standard or care argument that most companies use to rationalize
exploitation of developing countries has flaws and therefore should not be
used as justification. The reason many companies continue to outsource
clinical trials to developing countries is because it offers financial benefits, a
large number of volunteers, and low volunteer drop out rates. The paper
describes the type of exploitation that pharmaceutical companies place upon
developing nations is called comparative exploitation where B is treated less

equally than A. Morality is the answer to the demise of exploitation of

developing nations.
Intuitively it seems that pharmaceutical companies are taking advantage of
developing nations and their lack of access to healthcare (151).
Mboga, J. (2013). Exploring outsourced vendor operating effectiveness and
its effect on clients' objectives (Order No. 3605925). Available from
ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global: Business; ProQuest
Dissertations & Theses Global: Social Sciences. (1491381209).
Retrieved from http://74.217.196.173/docview/1491381209?
accountid=14482
This paper surveys the many reasons why many outsourced corporations
have failed throughout the past thirty years. It states that many companies
that have outsourced to underdeveloped countries do not meet quota or
claim processing goals. It goes on to say that the reason for these shortages
of goals is caused by poor management, lack of communication within the
corporation, work environment with little advancement opportunities, lack of
training, micromanagement of vendor, and system incapability. Better
communication between vendors and clients would be beneficial in creating a
successful outsourcing organization. Better training of employees and more
work incentives would boost employee moral. Better management would
also improve the success rates.
The outsourcing practices give outsourcing organizations managers
opportunities to improve performance, gain efficiencies, lower costs, and
focus on core competencies (149).
Pierlott, M. F. (2004). Moral considerations in outsourcing to foreign labor.
International Journal of Social Economics, 31(5), 582-592. Retrieved
from http://74.217.196.173/docview/274695497?accountid=14482
According to Matthew Pierlott and his research, the increase in the number
of corporations outsourcing the production of goods overseas is based on the
idea that creating goods in these underdeveloped countries is cheaper
because of the low cost of living. Pierlott also thinks that the corporations
are using their own self-interests to drive this increase in outsourcing
regardless of its moral consequences. In the U.S., we have labor laws,
minimum-wage, workmans compensation and many other governmentregulated benefits to compensate workers; however, in underdeveloped
countries, these things do not exist. Workers in under developed countries
are not compensated, but they are desperate for work. This is how

outsourcing has become so common in our nation. Workers will work for
cheap without much retaliation against unfair wages and hours because they
need a paycheck. This is why it is so important for corporations to take into
account the moral obligations of outsourcing.
There is a moral intuition that the natural price for labor should be
universally honored (IV. Drawing Conclusions).
Shapiro, H. T., PhD., & Meslin, E. M., PhD. (2001). Ethical issues in the
design and conduct of clinical trials in developing countries. The New
England Journal of Medicine, 345(2), 139-142. Retrieved from
http://74.217.196.173/docview/223942508?accountid=14482
The clinical trials carried out by industrialized countries (such as the U.S.) on
developing countries has entertained much controversy over the ethical and
moral standards of the nature of the trials. There is much debate over
whether or not it is appropriate to apply our moral and ethical standards to
clinical trials that are conducted in under developed countries. This also
raises the question of whether or not this poses a completely new set of
ethical issues and if so, what the best way to curtail these problems would
be. The paper states that these issues facing clinical trials in underdeveloped
countries are not additional issues. These issues exist in everyday life in the
U.S. The only difference is how these issues are addressed and dealt with in
developing countries.
Conducting a trial in a developing country because it is more convenient or
efficient or less troublesome to do so is never a sufficient justification.
(Exporting Ethical Standards).