The importance of insurance risk management

Risk management is of vital importance in the day to day business and human
activities. It is essential for not only prevention of risks but also for reduction of risks. It
provides maximum social advantage. It plays significant role in bringing about social,
political and economic development of a country. The importance f risk management is
laid down as follow:
1. To create the right corporate policies and strategy.
2. It is essential for effective managing of people and process.
3. To evaluate the risks of the business.
4. For effective handling of spreading the risk, monitoring and insuring against.
5. To introduce various plans and techniques to minimize the risks.
6. To give advice and make suggestions for handling the risks.
7. To create awareness about risks among the people.
8. To avoid cost, disruption and unhappiness in relating the risks.
9. To decide which risks are worth pursing, and which should be shunned.
10. To fix the sum assured under the policy and to decide on whether to insure or not.
11. To select the appropriate technique or methods to manage the risks.

Insurance ACTS
The insurance sector went through a full circle of phases from being
unregulated to completely regulate and then currently being partly deregulated. It
is the governed by a number of acts, with the first one being the Insurance Act,
1938.
1. The insurance Act, 1938
The Insurance Act, 1938 was the first legislation governing all forms of insurance
to provide strict state control over insurance business.

2. Life Insurance Corporation Act, 1956

Even though the first legislation was enacted in 1938, it was only in 19 January
1956, that life insurance in India was completely nationalized, through a
government ordinance; the Life Insurance Corporation Act, 1956 effective from
1.9.1956 was enacted in the same year to, inter-alia, form LIFE INSURANCE
CORPORATION after nationalization of the 245 companies into one entity. There
were 245 insurance companies of both Indian and foreign origin in 1956.
Nationalization was accomplished by the govt. acquisition of the management of
the companies. The Life Insurance Corporation of India was created on 1 st Sept.,
1956, as a result and has grown to be the largest insurance company in India as of
2006.

3. General Insurance Business (Nationalization) Act, 1972

The General Insurance Business (nationalization) Act, 1972 was enacted to
nationalize the 100 odd general insurance companies and subsequently merging
them into four companies. All the companies were amalgamated into National
Insurance, New India Assurance, Oriental Insurance, United India Insurance
which were headquartered in each of the four metropolitan cities.

IRDA: - INSURANCE REGULATORY AND

DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (The Authority) was
established by an Act of Parliament-Insurance Regulatory &
Development Authority Act, 1999 (ACT)- and was constituted on April 19, 2000
by a notification issued in the Gazette of India. The Authority was established with
a view to protect the interests of the holders of insurance policies, to regulate,
promote and ensure orderly growth of the insurance industry and for matters
connected therewith or incidental thereto. The Authority, in terms of section 13 of
Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999 [Act], has been
vested with the assets and liabilities of the Interim Insurance Regulatory Authority
as are available on the appointed day i.e. April 19, 2000. In terms of section 16 of
the Act a fund shall be constituted namely ‘The Insurance Regulatory and
Development Authority Fund” [Fund]. The Fund shall constitute of all
Government grants, fees and charges received by the Authority, all sums received
by the Authority from such other source as may be decided upon by the Central
government and the percentage of prescribed premium income received from the
insurer. The Fund shall be applied for meeting the salaries, allowances and other
remuneration of the members, officers and other employees of the Authority and
the other expenses of the Authority in connection with discharge of its functions
and for the purpose of the Act.

Fundamental Legal Principle of Insurance

In all kinds of insurance, the fundamental legal principle is that one man
agrees to take the risk of another man’s life and business in consideration of
certain small payments which are called premiums.
Managing the Business Insurance
⇒ Insurance of property

 Burglary insurance
For loss of or damage to the property following forcible and violent entry
into or exits form the premises. The business premises policy covers not only loss
of the insured property, but also damages to such property and damage to the
premises caused by burglars.
 Cash insurance
For covering loss of cash whilst it is transit or at counters or in the safe. The
policy may be extended to cover infidelity of employees as also riot, strike and
terrorism damages.
 Engineering insurance
Insurance protection is available for construction, erection, commissioning,
test run, operation, expansion etc. of plant, machinery or equipment. Providers
coverage for own damage as well as to surrounding property, coverage for bodily
injury to employees, to the third parties etc.
Engineering Boiler Explosion insurance is for stream generating vessels
like boilers, economizers, super heaters etc. contractors’ All risks policy has been
specially designed to protect the civil contractors against the damage to or
destruction of the various civil contractors against the damage to civil construction
works. Contractors’, plant and machinery insurance is for construction Plant and
Machinery which are essentially used at project sites. Deterioration of Stock
Insurance (refrigeration Plant Insurance) is a follow – up –cover to machinery
breakdown insurance and covers deterioration of goods stored in cold storage
which might arise due to a breakdown of refrigerating machinery.
Engineering Electronics Equipments Insurance provides all risks protection
for loss or damage to electronic equipments such as computers, telephone
exchanges and equipments used in hospitals, audio- visual equipments.
Engineering machinery breakdown insurance cover is available to take care
of the loss or damage to plant and machinery due to accidental failure caused by
electrical or mechanical breakdown.
⇒ Insurance of pecuniary losses

 Fidelity Guarantee
For loss caused to the employer due to infidelity of the employee who are
responsible for dealing with cash or stores or such other valuables.
 Loss of profits Insurance
To take care of the loss of profits (net profits) and standing charges incurred
by the insured due to the reduction in turnover. These policies are granted in
conjunction with the material damage policies and are available following Fire,
Machinery Breakdown and Boiler Explosion.
 Advance Loss of Profit Insurance
 When a major incident of damage to the works during construction phase
(or a number of small instances) is likely to result in delay in the commencement
Of the commercial operation of the plant thereby delaying the ability of earns the
revenue. Advance loss of profit connotes a form of profit insurance which, in
principle, follows the characterized of Consequential Loss Policy but is issued in
advance of the actual commencement of policy but is issued in advance of the
actual commencement of business. The financial consequences of this stoppage or
interruption of any earnings or manufacturing operation normally leads to delay of
commissioning of a project under erection and may effect- liquidity, profitability,
and growth. Advance loss of Profit cover offers protection in respect of fixed cost/
standing charges, estimated net profit, loss and increased cost of working as a
result of an insured peril occurring during the period of insurance, subject to the
initial time exclusion in the policy.
Principles of Risk Insurance Management
Risk insurance is a science though it is one of the most inexact of the social
sciences. Its principles may be defined as a systematic grouping of inter-related
principles, with a view to tying together and providing a framework to significant
knowledge. The principles of risk insurance management have so far been only derived
from the experience of risk insurance managers. The principles are as follow:-
⇒ Principles of Risk Identification
⇒ Principles of Risk Analysis
⇒ Principles of Taking corrective Decision
⇒ Principles of Evaluation
⇒ Principles of Alternative Course of Action
⇒ Principles of risk Control
⇒ Principles of Risk Retention
⇒ Principles of Risk Transfer
These principles are been discussed below in brief:-
 Principles of Risk Identification: Proper identification of risk is essential to achieve
the several objectives of risk management such as preserving the operating
effectiveness of the organization, minimizing the cost of handling risk, etc. without
proper identification of risk; a firm’s operations have no meaning and direction. The
success of the risk insurance management depends on proper risk identification.
 Principles of Risk Analysis: The risk manager should select various statistical tools
to analyze the identified risk on the basis of principles of analysis in order to achieve
the objectives of risk management. Analysis of risks is necessary not only to know
the severity of risk but also to determine the accuracy and relevance of risk exposure
at each stage.
 Principles of Risk Assessment: necessary steps are to be taken by the executives in
order to make as assessment of cost of risk. This is essential to keep reducing the cost
of risk within the control. The following are important factors worth mentioning
about the risk assessment issues:
a) Frequency of risk
b) Monetary cost or financial severity
c) Human cost in terms of pain and suffering
d) Purpose of the assignment
e) Nature of the risk
f) Description of the project
g) Resources involved or affected
h) Scale of the impact
i) Benefits of the hazard
j) Mitigating factors
k) Contingency plans
l) Limitations of the assessment
m) Conclusions and recommendations
n) Action taken.
 The risk manger has to evaluate the occurrence of losses or probability that it is
likely to occur. Certain risks are to be easily identified and evaluated but some
other critical risks are difficult to be exposure. For e.g. Incidents related Bhopal
and Chernobyle etc. disasters. On the basis of the possibility of losses, the
assessment of risk may be described as important risk and unimportant risk. The
importance of risk may vary from individual to individual and firm to firm

.
 Principles of taking Corrective Decision: Corrective decision is an integral part of
the risk manager’s job. In risk management, decision making is a process involving
information, choice of alternative actions, implementation, and evaluation that is
directed to the achievement of certain stated goals. The decision for dealing with the
risk highlights three important aspects, they are:
i. To retain risk – this may be achieved with or without a reserve or a fund.
ii. To involve with the risk through loss prevention effective alternative solutions
applied for prevention of loss.
iii. To transfer the risk through insurance and this must be followed by the selection
of an insurer.
 Principles of Evaluation: There may be many alternative courses of
action for handling of risk. But not all of them can be said to be equally
practicable or suitable. Each alternative plan has its strong and weak
points. A proper evaluation of these points is necessary for risk
management to determine which of the alternatives would be the bests.
Such evaluation has to be from different angles. How would any plan
contribute to the accomplishment of risk management’s desired
objectives? To what extent will it be able to face the effects of various
predictable and unpredictable factors? And so on.
 Principles of alternative course of action: the final choice from among
the several alternative will be based on how efficiently the risk manager’s
chosen alternative will produce result which come up to the desired level.
In some cases, the decision as regards the final alternative will be
objective, but in a majority of cases it is subjective, based on the value.
 Majority of cases are subjective based on the value judgment of the risk
manager concerned.
 Principles of risk control: effective control provides the yardstick to
measure the effectiveness of performance at various levels of handling
risk. To achieve the risk management objectives, various financial
mechanisms can be used to control risk. This is essential to keep the cost
of risk within control. Risk control can be achieved through the following
effectives measures :-
 Carrying out a supplier assessment.
 Inspecting during manufacture.
 Investigating complaints.
 Increasing the level of supervision.
 Improved detection
 Improving financial controls and management systems.
 Better working conditions
 Improves staff morale and lower staff turnover
 Improved standing in the local community
 Minimizing the opportunity to steal etc.

 Principles of risk retention: This principle provides a valuable framework within

which managers may make their decisions. When the risk has been identified, the risk
manager can look to the principles of risk retention, as to how the effects are to be
financed. For example, loss on account faulty production planning can be improved
by developing newer technologies. High production cost may be minimized by
effective control system.
 Principles of risk transfer: Principles of risk transfer help to analyze the transfer of
financial effect of risk to another party. Generally business people are unwilling to
bear such risks or losses to the firm and so want to transfer them,. Many natural risks
or losses can be avoided through insurance. Investment finds loosen their risk by
buying the share of many companies. Companies can also push responsibility on their
suppliers by requiring them to be responsible for product quality and safety. This is a
 risks transfer practice which is highly valuable not only to individuals but also to

• Identification of all major internal and external pure risks including the natural
risks and analysis of the impact of above risks
• Review of existing risk control measures and offering comments
• Scrutiny of all existing major insurance policies in respect of:
• Rationalization of basic rate of premium and widening of covers
• Applicability / eligibility of discounts in premium
• Application of suitable clauses, warranties and conditions
• Identification of possible areas for refund of premium and suggestions regarding
procedure for the same
• Selection of insurance coverage on the basis of risk analysis
• Providing guidelines for fixation of sum insured and illustrate the same on a
selected equipment
• Evaluation of business interruption exposure due to identified risks
trade and industry.

Scope of the Risk Management and Insurance Planning Study

Providing guidelines on documentation requirements, procedures for claims under
various policies