In today's world appearance is a very important factor in our lives.

In
everyday life and confrontation people use our clothes, color, and ways we
conduct ourselves to assess us people. But sometimes the fine line between
judging and racial profiling can become blurry.
Racial Profiling is the discriminatory practice of targeting people for
suspicion of crime based on the individual's race, religion or ethnicity.
Racial
Profiling occurs everyday in places across the country. One of the main values the
U.S Constitution was built on was equal protection for all against unreasonable
searches and warrants. So it is only right that law enforcement abides by these
laws.
Most racial profiling is towards minority groups. This is because of the
already built-in construct of harmful racism.
Racial profiling not only occurs with
race but it started to occur with religion. People have mustered a fear and distrust
in some religions. For example, the 9/11 attack left a long lasting impact on the
minds and hearts of Americans. On September 11, 2001 people associated with
the Islamic religion launched an attack on the world trade center in New York. The
terrorist used planes to execute their plan. After this event people drew a great
deal of attention to the religious aspect and little attention to the fact they were
terrorist. After this event Muslims and Arabs racial profiling became common and
acceptable in airports across the country.
Although, racial profiling still goes on. A
more recent issue is the police brutality movement. There have been a significant
amount of cases of white policemen shooting people just because they are black.
One of these cases is Trayvon Martin. He was a regular kid doing regular things
until a policeman decided he looked suspicious and shot and killed Trayvon.

At its core, racial profiling involves seeing or expecting the worst of

someone based on preconceived and bigoted notions that arent true whatsoever.
The stereotype that links blacks and crime is nothing new. In fact, this belief dates
back to the practice of slavery, where stereotypes were used to reinforce the
institution. Also, drug related violence and homicides in the 1970s and 80s
raised suspicion of young black males being ominous criminal predators
according to Marc Mauer. Even though there are a big number of reported cases
of racial profiling involving african americans, they are not the only ones who are
being victimized. In 2001, the 9/11 attacks on the world trade centers and the
twin towers sparked a good amount of racial tension in america towards people
of middle eastern descent. Recent terrorist attacks have also added to fuel to the
fire. Jewish people were also targeted for racial injustice during World War 2 by
the Germans and the Nazi Party. They were eradicated based on their race and
their beliefs. Native Americans have been mistreated as well by settlers who
discovered land that wasnt theirs to find.
Racial profiling has caused many citizens to live in fear. Many people
looked to law enforcement for safety but due to racial profiling they have came to
the realization that they are who you must protect yourself from. Many have
turned away from police causing an uprising of police deaths and brutality against
the people. The people are just as scared of the police now. The result of racial
profiling has instilled fear and a lack of trust in law enforcement.
A review from (diversityinc.com) says that blacks are more likely than others
to be arrested in almost every city for almost every type of crime. This is important
because this shows that theres some type of racial tension if blacks are more
likely than other races to be arrested, for every type of crime, not even one
particular crime.
Black people are arrested at higher rates for crimes as serious as murder
and assault and as minor as loitering and marijuana possession.
According to an article from The Washington Post, Jews are consistently targeted
for their faith more often than members of any religious group. This is common
because of their successes, opinions, and other things. People assume that they
may be attempting to perform a hate crime because of what happened in the
past. Muslims are the second-most frequently targeted religion group. This may
be because just like Jews, people feel like they are trying to commit hate crimes,
because of things that happened in the past, like the September 11th attacks, and
the Boston Marathon bombing.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE ACTION

Since racial profiling is a huge issue in the world today. There is a problem
that affects a lot of people due to the color of their skin, clothing, the way they
speak (accents), etc. But, how can we solve these problems? This issue has been
going on for generations and itll take more than dedicated people to change the
issue. Even the 14th amendment in the Constitution didnt change the
circumstances of people who face acts of inequality today. Although we might not
be able to bring change we can raise awareness.
One way that we could bring awareness to our community is
curving racial
stereotypes and beliefs of them. Going against the stereotypes and categories
different ethnicities and people of different backgrounds are put in. We could
bring this up in our community. Another way we could raise awareness to this
social injustice is by making poster with statistics to show how racial profiling is
very prevalent in our lives.
Another way is to put up posters with our graphs on them. On the bottom
of the poster we can put a sentence like: How can we change this? I think if
people were to see actual mathematical statistics on the issue, it would be more
eye opening for them. For instance, my category was stop and frisks of each race
in NYC. By an overwhelming amount, black people had more stop and frisks.
Seeing these numbers will help people realize that things need to change.
Bibliography
"Social & Economic Injustice."
Social & Economic Injustice
. N.p., n.d. Web. 08
Jan. 2016.
"FBI Data: Racial Profiling Is Real ... and Ferguson Is Just the Tipping Point."
DiversityInc
. N.p., 24 Nov. 2014. Web. 08 Jan. 2016.
"Racial Profiling: Definition."
American Civil Liberties Union
. N.p., n.d. Web. 08
Jan. 2016.
"Anti-Muslim Hate Crimes Are Still Five times More Common Today than before
9/11."
Washington Post
. The Washington Post, n.d. Web. 08 Jan. 2016.

"The Reality of Racial Profiling."

The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human
Rights
. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Jan. 2016.
"The Effects of Racial Profiling."
Ontario Human Rights Commission
. N.p., n.d.
Web. 08 Jan. 2016.
"Racial Profiling."
American Civil Liberties Union
. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Jan. 2016.
Elliott, Andrea. "After 9/11, Arab-Americans Fear Police Acts, Study Finds."
The
New York Times
. The New York Times, 11 June 2006. Web. 08 Jan. 2016.
"Racial Profiling: Definition."
American Civil Liberties Union
. N.p., n.d. Web. 08
Jan. 2016.

Looking at Racial Profiling Through

Different Lenses
Ona - Racial Profiling in Airports
Ella - Racial Profiling of Police (Stop and
Frisks in NYC)
Husain - Worksite Racial Profiling (Latinos)
Brandon - Mass Incarceration Racial
Profiling
Vaughn - Recipients of Welfare Based on
Race

Ella Individual
IN NYC:

Stop and frisk is when a policeman/woman stops a person on the street

based on the cops suspicion of criminal activity.
For my data, I analyzed this graph that I found from my source below
(morningsidecenter.org). This data shows the stop and frisks in NYC from
years 2003-2009 for whites, blacks, hispanics, asian/other races.
Finding data for this lense was difficult, but given this chart I can make a
pretty good estimate of the rough number of the different races that underwent a
stop and frisk during the time periods.
The numbers I used were:
Black People- White People2003- 80,000
2003- 20,000
2004- 170,000 2004- 25,000
2005- 211,000 2005- 40,000
2006- 297,000 2006- 52,000

Asian/Other2003- 21,000
2004- 40,000
2005- 46,000
2006- 28,000

Hispanic People2003- 37,000

2004- 75,000
2005- 90,000
2006- 120,000

2007- 270,000
2008- 305,000
2009- 346,000

2007- 52,000
2008- 60,000
2009- 50,800

2007- 30,000
2008- 28,000
2009- 27,000

2007- 110,000
2008- 138,000
2009- 145,000

Stop and Frisks of Black People in NYC (2003-2009)

80000 170000 211000 270000 297000 305000 346000

Mode:
None
Range:
346000 - 80000 = 266000
Max. Number:
346000
Min. Number:
80000
Median:
270000
Quartiles:
Q1- 170000
Q2- 270000
Q3- 305000
IQR:
305000 - 170000 = 135000

Stop and Frisks of White People in NYC (2003-2009)

20000 25000 40000 50800 52000 52000 60000
Mode:
52000
Range:
60000 - 20000 = 40000

Max. Number:
60000
Min. Number:
20000
Median:
508000
Quartiles:
Q1- 25000
Q2- 50800
Q3- 52000
IQR:
52000 - 25000 = 27000

Stop and Frisks of Asian/Other Race in NYC (2003-2009)

21000 27000 28000 28000 30000 40000 46000
Mode:
28000
Range:
46000 - 21000 = 25000
Max. Number:
46000
Min. Number:
21000
Median:
28000
Quartiles:
Q1- 27000
Q2- 28000
Q3- 40000
IQR:
40000 - 27000 = 13000

Stop and Frisks of Hispanic People in NYC (2003-2009)

37000 75000 90000 110000 120000 138000 145000

Mode:
None
Range:
145000 - 37000 =108000
Max. Number:
145000
Min. Number:
37000
Median:
110000
Quartiles:
Q1- 75000
Q2- 110000
Q3- 138000
IQR:
145000 - 37000 = 108000

Total and Average Stop and Frisks of Black People in NYC

(2003-2009)
Total: 80000 + 170000 + 211000 + 270000 + 297000 + 305000 + 346000 =
1679000
Average: 1679000/7 = 239857.143
But, since it is measured in people, it cannot be a decimal:
Average: 239857

Total and Average Stop and Frisks of White People in NYC

(2003-2009)

Total: 20000 + 25000 + 40000 + 50800 + 52000 + 52000 + 60000 = 384800

Average: 384800/7 = 54971.4286
But, since it is measured in people, it cannot be a decimal:
Average: 54971

Total and Average Stop and Frisks of Asian/Others in NYC

(2003-2009)
Total: 21000 + 27000 + 28000 + 28000 + 30000 + 40000 + 46000 = 220000
Average: 220000/7 = 31428.5714
But, since it is measured in people, it cannot be a decimal:
Average: 31428

Total and Average Stop and Frisks of Hispanic People in NYC

(2003-2009)
Total: 37000 + 75000 + 90000 + 110000 + 120000 + 138000 + 145000 = 715000
Average: 715000/7 = 102142.857
But, since it is measured in people, it cannot be a decimal:
Average: 102142

Total Number of Stop and Frisks (2003-2009)

80000 + 170000 + 211000 + 270000 + 297000 + 305000 + 346000 = 1679000
20000 + 25000 + 40000 + 50800 + 52000 + 52000 + 60000 = 384800

21000 + 27000 + 28000 + 28000 + 30000 + 40000 + 46000 = 220000

37000 + 75000 + 90000 + 110000 + 120000 + 138000 + 145000 = 715000
1679000 + 384800 + 220000 + 715000 = 2998800
Then, I took the total of stop and frisks of each race and I found what percentages
they were of the total number of stop and frisks in NYC from 2003 to 2009.

Percentage of Black People Stop and Frisks of Total in NYC

(2003-2009)
1679000/2998800 = 55.99%

Percentage of White People Stop and Frisks of Total in NYC

(2003-2009)
384800/2998800 = 12.83%

Percentage of Asian/Others Stop and Frisks of Total in NYC

(2003-2009)
220000/2998800 = 7.34%

Percentage of Hispanic People Stop and Frisks of Total in NYC

(2003-2009)
715000/2998800 = 23.84%

55.99% of the total stop and frisks from 2003-2009 in NYC were
black people.
12.83% of the total stop and frisks from 2003-2009 in NYC were
white people.

7.34% of the total stop and frisks from 2003-2009 in NYC were
Asian/other race.
23.84% of the total stop and frisks from 2003-2009 in NYC were
Hispanic people.

My Visual Representations
Pie Chart

Table

Year

Black

White

Asian/Other

Hispanic

2003

80,000

20,000

21,000

37,000

2004

170,000

25,000

40,000

75,000

2005

211,000

40,000

40,600

90,000

2006

297,000

52,000

28,000

120,000

2007

270,000

52,000

30,000

110,000

2008

305,000

60,000

28,000

138,000

2009

346,000

50,800

27,000

145,000

Probability & Odds

The independent probability of being stopped as a black person for the year
2003 in NYC is 79/40.
Total Number of People Stopped in 2003: 80,000 + 20,000 + 21,000 + 37,000 =
158000
158000/80000
= 79/40
The dependent probability of being a black or Hispanic person stopped in
2004 is 62/49.

Total Number of People Stopped in 2004: 170,000 + 25,000 + 40,000 + 75,000 =

310,000
170,000 + 75,000 = 245,000
310,000/245,000
= 62/49
The odds in favor of being a white person stopped in 2009 are 127/1295.
Total Number of People Stopped in 2009: 346,000 + 50,800 + 27,000 + 145,000 =
568,800
Failures: 568800 - 50800 = 518,000
Successes: 50,800
50,800/518,000
= 127/1295

Ella Sources
"Stop & Frisk."
Morningside Center for Teaching Social Responsibility
. N.p., n.d. Web.
08 Jan. 2016

Onas
Individual Part

Many in today's world rely on public transportation and aviation to arrive at

their destinations. A report from Globetrotting Galore
(w
ww.garfors.com/2014/06/100000
flights

day
.html
)
shows that on average there are
30,000 flights per day in the United States. International Air Transport Association
found that more than 8 million people fly out a day. This is very important for my
data because an abundance amount of people rely on air transportation. This
means that security in airports must be efficient to secure the safety of
passengers. Searches are required for each passenger but due to racial profiling
extensive searches are conducted on people of different ethnicities and
backgrounds. Below are two graphs that depict statistics for Black, Latino, and
White people searched and found with contraband at airports by their ethnicity.
The data is taken from 2004- 2010 for both of the data. So Im basically analyzing
the percentage of people searched versus the people that were actually found
with contraband.

To find the central tendency I used this data below. the percents for each
race in the years 2004-2009
Black
Latino
White
2004 - 9.6%
2004- 6.5%
2004- 4.4%
2005- 10%
2005- 8.2%
2005- 4.5%
2006 - 10.2%
2006- 9.6%
2006- 5.2%
2007- 8.3%
2007- 11.1%
2007- 4.5%
2008- 9.4%
2008- 10.2%
2008- 4.1%
2009- 9.8%
2009 -9%
2009- 4.15%
2010- 8.95%
2010- 6.2%
2010- 3.5%

Searches of Black People (2005-2010)

8.3% 8.95% 9.4% 9.6% 9.8% 10% 10.2%
Mode:
None
Range:
10.2% - 8.3% =
1.9%
Max. Number:
10.2%
Min. Number:
8.3%
Median:
9.6%
Quartiles:
Q1- 8.95%
Q2- 9.6%
Q3- 10%
IQR: 1.05%

Searches of Latino People (2005-2010)

6.2% 6.5% 8.2% 9% 9.6% 10.2% 11.1%
Mode:
None

Range:
11.1% - 6.2%=
4.9%
Max. Number:
11.1%
Min. Number:
6.2%
Median:
9%
Quartiles:
Q1- 6.5%
Q2- 9%
Q3- 10.2%
IQR: 3.7%

Searches of White People (2005-2010)

3.5% 4.1% 4.15% 4.4% 4.5% 4.5% 5.2%
Mode:
4.5%
Range:
5.2% - 3.5%=
1.7%
Max. Number:
5.2%
Min. Number:
3.5%
Median:
4.4%
Quartiles:
Q1- 4.1%
Q2- 3.5 %
Q3- 4.5%
IQR: 0.4%

Total Average Search of Black People (2005-2010)

9.5%
Total Average Search of Latino People (2005-2010)

8.7%
Total Average Search of White People (2005-2010)
4.3%
Black
2004 - 21%
2005- 23%
2006 - 27%
2007- 28%
2008- 25.5%
2009- 29%
2010- 26.1%

Latino
2004- 19.5 %
2005- 23.1%
2006- 25%
2007- 25.3%
2008- 18.5%
2009 -23%
2010- 23.6%

White
2004- 27.5%
2005- 28%
2006- 31%
2007- 33.1%
2008- 31.5%
2009- 33.3%
2010- 36.2%

Black People Found with Contraband

(2005-2010)
21% 23% 25.5% 26.1% 27% 28% 29%

ode:
M
None
Range:
8%
Max. Number:
29% - 21% = 5.2%
Min. Number:
21%
Median:
29%
Quartiles:
Q1- 23%
Q2- 26.1 %
Q3- 28%
IQR: 5%

Latinos Found With Contraband

(2005-2010)
18.5% 19.5% 23% 23.1% 23.6% 25% 25.3%
Mode:
None
Range:
25.3%-18.5 =
6.8
Max. Number:
25.3%
Min. Number:
18.5%
Median:
23.1%
Quartiles:
Q1- 19.5%
Q2- 23.1 %
Q3- 25%
IQR: 0.5%

Whites Found With Contraband

27.5% 28%31% 31. 1% 33.1% 33.3% 36.2%
Mode:
None
Range:
36.2%- 27.5% =
8.7
Max. Number:
36.2%
Min. Number:
27.5%
Median:
31.1
Quartiles:
Q1- 28%

Q2- 31.1 %
Q3- 33.3%
IQR: 5.3%

Total Average of Black People found with Contraband

(2005-2010)
26%
Total Average of Latino People found with Contraband
(2005-2010)
23%
Total Average of White People found with Contraband
(2005-2010)
32%

Analysis
I made a bar graph to show the percents of Blacks, Latinos, and Whites
searches versus the amount of Blacks, Whites, and Latinos actually found with
contraband. I added all the percents for each race for each year for both searched
and those found with contraband.

Searches
Black
8.3% 8.95% 9.4% 9.6% 9.8% 10% 10.2% = 66.25
Latino
6.2% 6.5% 8.2% 9% 9.6% 10.2% 11.1% = 60.8
White
3.5% 4.1% 4.15% 4.4% 4.5% 4.5% 5.2% = 30.7

Contraband

Black
21% 23% 25.5% 26.1% 27% 28% 29%= 179.6%
Latino
18.5% 19.5% 23% 23.1% 23.6% 25% 25.3% = 158%

White
27.5% 28%31% 31. 1% 33.1% 33.3% 36.2% = 220.2%

From this graph I created I found that amount of people who were searched
was greater than the amount of people that were found with contraband. The
blacks had the highest percentages for being searched and the whites were the
lowest for being searched off of just their ethnicity. But in finding contraband the
whites had the highest percentage.
Probability & Odds
The dependent probability of being black and Latino and getting
searched in 2010 is 66.25%.

The probability of being black and having contraband is

The odds of being white and having contraband is

Onas Sources
Autostraddle, At Last, Obama Gives America Some Real Talk On Racism | Autostraddle, July
19, 2013, January 08, 2015

http://www.autostraddle.com/at-last-obama-gives-america-real-talk-on-racism-186079/

100,000 Flights a Day, Globetrotting Galore by Gunnar Garfors, January 08,

2016
www.garfors.com/2014/06/100000-flights-day.html

Husain Individual
My individual portion for this project is focusing on is who gets hired the most
and who gets payed less based on race. On numerous equations I found that
Latinos were hired the most but they were payed less along with african
americans . In, one study it showed caucasians got payed more than any other
ethnicity group, followed by asians, then lations, lastly african americans.

In 2013:
7 million people worked for the labor union
By Ethnicity:
African American:
Male: 15.8% = 110,600
Female: 13.5% = 945,000
Pay: $957/weekly

White:
Male: 12.6% = 882,000
Female: 11.4% = 798,000
Pay: $1,273/weekly

Latino/a:
Male: 10.4% = 728,000
Female: 10.1% = 707,000
Pay: $1,002/weekly
Asian:
Male: 10.6% = 742,000
Female: 12.6% = 882,000
Pay: $1,408/weekly
Median: 770,000
Mode: 882,000
Range: 834,400
Maximum: 945,000
Minimum: 110,600
IQR: 147,000

Visual Representation

Husain Sources
http://www.dol.gov/_sec/media/reports/hispaniclaborforce/
"TheLatinoLaborForceintheRecovery."

DOLSpecialReports
.23Jan.2015.Web.

8Jan.2016.

http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2011/ted_20110914.htm
"EarningsandEmploymentbyOccupation,Race,Ethnicity,andSex,2010:The
EconomicsDaily:U.S.BureauofLaborStatistics."
U.S.BureauofLaborStatistics
.U.S.
BureauofLaborStatistics.Web.8Jan.2016.
<http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2011/ted_20110914.htm>.

Vaughn Individual:

In the United States:

For my data, I analyzed a number of percentages from the source below

(brandongaille.com). This data shows the percentages of recipients on welfare
based of race in America in 2013. The recipients include white, blacks, hispanics,
asians, and other groups.
Some errors was that my numbers were too big, so I had to convert them. Also
because they were too big, my box and whisker plot didnt come out how I
wanted it to.

Recipients of welfare based on race:

(38.8%) 49,640,000 Whites
(39.8%) 50,440,000 Blacks
(15.7%) 20,960,000 Hispanics
(2.7%) 30,720,000 Asians
(3.3%) 42,240,000 Other
My Numbers from Least to Greatest
1
2
3
4
5
30,720,000 42,240,000
200,960,000

496,640,000

500,440,000

Mean: 25,420,000
Mode: None
Range: 46,972,000

Maximum: 50,044,000
Minimum: 30,720,000
Median: 20,096,000
Q1: 36,480,000
Q2: 20,096,000
Q3: 49,854,000
IQR: 50,044,000 - 30,720,000 = 46,972,000
Probability
The probability of whites being on welfare in the U.S. is
49,640,000/315,000,000
The probability of blacks being on welfare in the U.S. is
50,440,000/315,000,000
The probabiltiy of hispanics being on welfare in the U.S. is
20,960,000/315,000,000
The probabiltiy of asians being on welfare in the U.S. is
30,720,000/315,000,000
The probability of other races being on welfare in the U.S. is
42,240,000/315,000,000
Odds
The odds of whites being on welfare in the U.S.
The odds of blacks being on welfare in the U.S.
The odds of hispancs being on welfare in the U.S.
The odds of hispanics being on welfare in the U.S.
The odds of othe rraces being on welfare in the U.S.

My Visual Representations:
Box and Whisker Plot:

(Millions)
Pie Chart:

Vaughns Sources:

Gaille, Brandon. "Welfare Statistics by Race."

Brandongaille.com
. Brandon Gaille, 30
Nov. 2013. Web. 6 Jan. 2016.

Brandon Individual- Incarceration rates of blacks and latinos compared to other

races?
- 40% of the US incarcerated population are blacks
- 39% of the US incarcerated population are hispanic
- 19% of the US incarcerated population are white
- In Pennsylvania, of 100,000 prisoners, 3,269 of them were black, 2001 were
hispanic, 375 of them were white and 1,032 of them were native american
- In the US, of 100,000 prisoners, 2,207 of them were black, 966 of them
were hispanic and 380 of them were white
Numbers I used:
375,380,966,1032,2001,2207,3269
Mean: 1,461.42857
Median: 1032
Mode: no mode
Range:2,894
Max: 3,269
Min: 375
First Quartile: 380
Second Quartile: 1032
Third Quartile: 2,207
IQR: 1,827
Percentages of incarceration based on race (out of 10,000) for the US population:
White: .038%
Black: .2207%
Hispanic: .0966%
Percentages of incarceration based on race (out of 10,000) for Pennsylvania:
White: .0375%

Black: .3269%
Hispanic: .2001%
Native American: .1032%

Probability and Odds of incarceration based on race in the U.S. statements:

-

The probability of a black person to be incarcerated in the U.S. is

2207/100,000 or
The probability of a hispanic person to be incarcerated in the U.S.
966/100,000 or
The probability of a white person to be incarcerated in the U.S. is
380/100,000

The odds of a black person to be incarcerated in the U.S. is 2207/97,793

The odds of a hispanic person to be incarcerated in the U.S. is 966/99,034
The odds of a white person to be incarcerated in the U.S. is 380/99,620

Probability and Odds of incarceration based on race in Pennsylvania statements:

-

The probability of a black person to be incarcerated in Pennsylvania is

3,269/100,000
The probability of a white person to be incarcerated in Pennsylvania is
375/100,000
The probability of a hispanic person to be incarcerated in Pennsylvania is
2001/100,000
The probability of a native american person to be incarcerated in
Pennsylvania is 1,032/100,000

The odds of a black person to be incarcerated in Pennsylvania is a

3,269/96,731 chance
The odds of a white person to be incarcerated in Pennsylvania is a
375/99,625 chance

The odds of a hispanic person to be incarcerated in Pennsylvania is a

2001/97,999 chance
The odds of a native american person to be incarcerated in Pennsylvania is
a 1,032/98,968 chance

These were the two graphs that I analyzed and from there, I found data on the
incarceration rates based on race for the year 2010. However, since the scale of
the prisoners is very large, I decided to scale it down to 10,000 as opposed to
100,000 to get bigger percentages.

Brandon Sources:
http://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/rates.html
http://www.prisonpolicy.org/profiles/PA.html
BreakingDownMass."
BreakingDownMassIncarcerationinthe2010Census
.Web.8
Jan.2016.<
http://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/rates.html
>.

qBreakingDownMass."
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