7.1 In one experiment, 6000 photos are detected in a 0.10-un- wide rip where the amplitude ofthe electromagnetic wave i 200 Vim. What th wave ampituge aa nearby 0.20-mm wide Sip where 3000 photons are detected? 8 # 1.0 10" photons pass through an experimental apparatus. How many of them land in a 0.10-mmwide sip where the probability dens is 20 m7 9.1 When 5X10" photons pass through an experimental apparatus, 2.0% 10 and in 2 0.10-mm-wide stip. Wha isthe robabilty density this point? ‘Section 39.3 The Wave Function 10.1 Whatare the units of 4? Explain TL igure ©3911 shows the probability density for anelec- "= MiRinme tron that has passed through oe ‘an experimental appara. If é 1.0X 10 electrons are used, what is the expected number “S—3Zyp Ty yt ‘that wil land in a 0.010-mum- FIGURE £x39.11 wide strip at (a) x = 0.000 mm and (6) 2.000 mmm? 12.1 In an interference experiment with electrons, you find the ‘most intense fringe is at x = 7.0cm. There are slightly weaker fringes atx = 6.0 and 8.0 em, still weaker fringes at x= 4.0 and. 10.0 em, and two very weak fringes at x = 1.0 and 13.0 em, No electrons are deteced at <0 em or x > 14 em, 1. Sketch a graph of |y(2)|* for these electrons. b. Sketch a possible graph of #2). ‘Are there other possible graphs for (2)? If 30, draw one. 13.1. mouRE €x39.13 shows the probability density for an electron that has passed through an experimental apparatus. What isthe ‘probability thatthe electron will land in a 0.010-mm-wide strip ‘t(@) x = 0.000 mm, (b) x = 0.500 mm, (c) x = 1.000 mam, and (@)x= 2.000 mm? FH 88 na) 030 (on) rigureexaes2 “32-101 FS Section 39.4 Normalization 14,1 igune €x39.14is a graph of [9 for an electron. ‘2 What isthe value of a? b. Draw a graph ofthe wavefunction 2). (There is more than cone acceptable answer) © What is the probability thatthe electron is located berween x= LOnmand x= 20am? wear FIGURE 639.14 ston) Exercises and Problems 1175 15.2. cure ex99.15is a graph of |#())? fora neuron. a. Whats the value of a? . Draw a graph ofthe wave function Y(x). (There is more than ‘one acceptable answer.) ‘c. What isthe probability thatthe neutron is located at a posi= tion with [xj = 2 fm? wen 4 1 rita FIGURE €x29.15 “ 16. 1 FcuRe €x38.16 shows the wave function of an electron, a. Whats the value of ©? b, Draw a graph of [6(0/* ‘c. What is the probability tha the electron is located between x= -10nmand x= LO nm? sam) Figure £x39.16 iGURE £39.17 17.4 iGUnE £339.17 shows the wave function of a neutron, a. Whatis the value of e? b. Draw a graph of [62/2 ©. What is the probability that the neutron is located berween x= 10mm and x= 1.0mm? Section 39.5 Wave Packets 18. | What minimum bandwidth is needed to ransmit a pulse that ‘consists of 100 cycles ofa |.00 MH2 oscillation? 19. 1 A ratio-fequency amplifier is designed to amplify signals in, the frequency range 80 MHz to 120 MHz, What isthe shorest- duration radiofrequency pulse that can be amplified. with- ‘ut distortion? 20. 1 Sound waves of 498 Hz and $02 Hz are superimposed at a temperature where the speed of sound in ar is 340 m/s. What is the length Ax of one wave packet? 21. A LS-um-wavelength laser pulse is transmitted through & 2.0-GHz-bandwidth optical fiber. How many oscillations are in the shortest-duraton laser pulse that can travel through the fiber? ‘Section 39.6 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 22. 0A thin solid barier in the 2y-plane has a 10-nm-diameter Circular hole. An electron traveling in the z-direction with v= Omls pastes through the hole. Afterward, is it certain that vis stil zero? IF not, within what range i v, ikely 1 be? 23.1 Andrea, whose mass is 50 kg, thinks she's siting at rest in her 5.0-m-long dorm room as she does her physics homework. (Can Andrea be sure she's at rest? If not, within what range is her velocity Hikely tobe?1176 cHaPTER 39- Wave Functions and Uncertainty 24.11 What is the minimum uncenainty in position, in am, of an clectron whose velocity is known to be between 3.48 X 10° mvs ‘and 3.58 10° mvs? 25.11 A proton is confined within an atomic nucleus of diameter 4.0 m, Use a one-dimensional model to estimate the smallest range of speeds you might find fora proton inthe nucleus. Problems 26.1 A 1.0-mm-diameter sphere bounces back and forth between ‘wo walls at x = 0 mm and x = 100 mn, The collisions are per- {ectly elastic, and the sphere repeats this motion over and over ‘with no oss of speed. Ata random instant of time, what is the probability thatthe center ofthe sphere is a Atexactly x= 50.0 mm? , Between x= 49.0 mm and x = $1.0mm? ©. Atx = 75 mm? 27.1 A radar antenna broadcasts electromagnetic waves with a Period of 0.100 ns. What range of frequencies would need to be superimposed to create a 1.0-ns-long radar pulse? 28.11 Ultrasound pulses with a frequency of 1.000 MHz are trans- mitted into water, where the speed of sound is 1500 mis. The spatial length of each pulse is 12 mn. ‘4. How many complete cycles are contained in one pulse? '. What range of frequencies must be superimposed to create ‘each pulse? 29, bFIGURE 38.28 shows a pulse rain. The period of the pulse rain is T= 2A1, where Av is the duration of each pulse. What isthe ‘maximum pulse-transmission rate (pulses per second) through ‘an electronics system with # 200 kHz bandwidth? (This i the ‘bandwidth alloned to each FM radio station.) OOONN Peed T= 2 igure P39.23 30.1 Consider a single-slit diffraction experiment using electrons. (Gingle-sit diffraction was described in Section 22.4.) Using Figure 39.5 as « model, draw 1. A dot picture showing the arrival positions ofthe frst 40 or 0 electrons. . Agraph of (2) forthe electrons onthe detection screen. €. A graph of #() forthe electrons. Keepin mind that yas @ ‘wave-like funtion oscillates between postive and negative. 31.1. Am experiment finds electrons 0 be uniformly disvibuted over the interval Ocm = x = 2em, with no electrons falling, outside this interval. 4. Draw a graph of |¥(3)]*for these electrons. 'b. What isthe probability that an electron wil land within the interval 079 10081 cm? € IF 10* electrons are detected how many will be detected in the imerval 0.79 100.81 em? 44. Whats the probability density at x= 0.80 cm? 32.0 In an experiment with 10,000 electrons, which land sym- rmetrcaly on both sides of x= cm, 5000 are detected in the range -1.0em 5 x 5 +1.0cm, 7300 are detected in the range ~2.0 cm = x = +20cm, and al 10,000 are detected in the range ~3.0cm 5 x 5 +3.0em. Draw a graph of a prob- bility density that is consistent with these daa. There may be ‘more than one acceptable answer.) 3s, "HGURE 29.33 shows [4(2)]? forthe electron in an experiment, Is te electron wave function normalized? Explain. Draw a graph of (x) over this same interval. Provide ‘numerical scale on both axes. There may be more than one. ‘acceptable answer.) What isthe probability that an electron will be detected in (0.0010-cm-wide region at x = 0.00 em? At x= 0.50cm? At += 0999 em? 4. If 10" electrons are detected, how many are expected to land in the interval -0.30.cm = x = 0:30em? HP fon FlouRE P39.33 FiguRe 939.36 | FiGunE £39.34 shows the wave function of a panicle coafined between x= Onm and x= LO nm. The wave function is 20 ‘outside this region. a Determine the value of the constant ¢, a6 defined in the ‘gure. , Draw a graph of the probability density Px) = [yea Draw a dot picture showing where the frst 40 or 50 particles might be found. 4. Caleutate the probability of finding the panicle inthe interval Onm sx 025am. 1b FIGURE #38.5 shows the wave function ofa particle confined between x= 4.0 mm and x= 4.0 mm. The wave function is 2210 outside this region. a. Determine the value of the constant cas defined inthe figure b. Draw a graph of the probability density P(x) = |9(x)|* ¢. Draw a dot picture showing where the first 40 or 50 particles might be found. 4 Calculate the probability of finding the particle in the imerval -20mm sx = 20mm. laure P39.25 1QURE P39.36 1 FIGURE £3836 shows the probability density for finding a pa ticle at position x ‘a. Determine the value of the constant a, as defined in the figure. '. At what value of x are you mos likely to find the particle? Explain, e. Within what range of positions centered on your answer 10 bare you 75% certain of finding the particle? 4. errr your newer to pa by dang the probe ‘density graph and sheding the appropriate region.37.1 An electron that is confined to x = O am has the normalized ‘wave function 0 x<0am vo fatemrtemem Soe where xis in am, ‘Whats the probability of finding the electron in 20.010-0m- wide region at x = 1.0 arn? '. What isthe probability of finding the electron in the inerval 050nm = x = 1.50nm? 138. A particle is described by the wave function eet es mm wo (ee TE oan where L= 2.0 mm. 4 Sketch graphs ofboth the wave function and the probability density as functions of x '. Determine the normalization constant c, © Calculate the probability of finding the particle within 1.0 mm of the origin. 4. Interpret your answer to part b by shading the region epre- senting this probability on the appropriate graph in part a. 39. 1 Consider the electron wave function | s tem lel = Lem where xis in em. ‘4, Determine the normalization constant c. b. Draw a graph of (x) over the interval -2em L ws) 4. Determine the normalization constant. Your answer will be interms of L b, Draw a graph of Y(x) over the inerval ~L = x 21, ‘¢, Draw a graph of |9(2)|? over the interval -L = x 5 2L. 4. What is the probability that an electron is in the imerval OsxsL3? 41. 1 The probability density for finding « panicle at position xis -Imm s x<0mm Ommsx< 1mm and zero elsewhere. ‘8, You will lar in Chapter 40 thatthe wave function must be a contiauous function. Assuming that to be the cate, what can you conclude about the relationship between a and b? b. Determine values for a and & ©. Draw a graph of the probability density over the interval 2mm 5x5 2mm. 4. What isthe probability thatthe particle will be found to the left ofthe origin? Exercises and Problems 1177 42. 1A pulse of ight is created by the superposition of many waves that span the frequency ange fo- Af /= fo+ $f where ‘Ji IAs called the center frequency ofthe pulse. Laser tech ology can generate a pulse of light tht has a wavelength of 600 nm and lasts a mere 6.0 (1 {8 = | femiosecond = 10"? 5) 4, Whatis the center frequency ofthis pulse of ight? '. How many cycts, of oscillations ofthe light wave are com- pleted during the 6. fs pulse? . What range of frequencies must be superimposed to create this pulse? 4 What i the spatial length of the laser pulse 28 it travels through space? Draw a snapshot graph ofthis wave packet. 43, 4| What isthe smallest one-dimensional box in which you can confine an elecron if you want to know for certain thatthe elec- tons sped is no more than 10 mus? 44.4 A small speck of dust with mass 1.0% 10" g has fallen nto the hole shown in icure ras. and appears to be a rest. Accord- ing to the uaceranty principle, could this particle have enough energy to get out ofthe hole? If not, what isthe deepest hole of this width From which it would have a good chance to escape? iid = VL fm fGUne P29.48 tm 45. 1 You leamed in Chapter 37 that, except for hydrogen, the mass. ‘of a nucleus with atomic number 2 is larger than the mass ofthe Z protons. The additional mass was ultimately discovered to be {due to neutrons, but prior ro the discovery of the neuron it was suggested that a nucleus with mass number A might contain A protons and (A ~ Z) electrons. Such a nucleus would have the ‘mass of A protons, but its net charge would be only Ze. a. We know that the diameter of a aucleus is approximately 10 fm, Model the nucleus 2s a one-dimensional box and find the minimum range of speeds that an electron would have in sch a box. ', What does your answer imply about the possibility thatthe nucleus cotains electrons? Explain. 46, 8 a. Staring with te expression Aft = | for u wave packet, find an expression for the product AE Ar fora photon 'b. Incerpret your expression. What does itll you? «. The Bobr model of atomic quantization says that an atom in an excited state can jump to a lowerenergy state by ‘emitting a photon. The Bohr model says nothing about how Jong this process takes. You'll learn in Chapter 41 that the time any particular atom spends inthe excited state before emitting a photon is unpredictable, but the average life- time Ast of many atoms can be determined. You can think ‘of A as being the uncertainty in your knowledge of how Tong the atom spends in the excited state. A typical value is ‘Ar = 10 ns, Consider an atom that emits a photon with a '500 nm wavelength a it jomps down from an excited sate, ‘What is the uncertsinty in the energy ofthe photon’ Give your answer in eV. 4. What is the fractional uncertainty AEIE in the photon's energy?