REPORT FOR THE INTERNSHIP

PROGRAM COMPRISING OF BOTH

PART-I AND PART-II EQUIVALENT TO
FIRST AND SECOND
MID
TERM

400/220 kV TRANSMISSION
SUBSTATION
OPERATED BY:
MADE BY:ADITYA BALUNI
120070105132
B.TECH ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
DEHRADUN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEHRADUN
SUBMITTED TO:
Mr. DIGAMBAR

Assistant Professor
1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
"Gratitude is not a thing of expression; it is more a matter of feeling."

I would like to express my deep gratitude to Mr. Kumar Gautam,Manager, Mr.

Abhishek Sharma, Engineer,Mr. Sudhakar Rawat,Junior Engineer, Mr.
Dharmesh Dutt, Junior Engineer, at PGCIL Dehradun Substation for their
active support,inputs,patience,continuous guidance and constructive criticism
without which it would have been difficult for me to complete this project. They
were generous enough to take time out of their regular work to lend a helping hand
whenever I needed one and enabling me to complete this project. I also take this
opportunity to thank all the informants who agreed to help me in the study and for
taking their precious time out to provide me the material without which
compilation of this report would not have been possible.
Last but by no means the least, I am grateful to the Training and
Placement Cell of my institute, headed by Mr. Sachin Pasricha
for providing a quick turnaround time for all the requests.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.NO.
1.
2.
2.a)
2.b)
2.c)
2.d)
2.e)
2.f)
2.g)
2.h)
3.
3.a)
3.b)
3.c)
3.d)
3.d.1)
3.d.2)
3.d.3)
3.d.4)
3.d.5)
3.d.6)
3.d.7)
3.d8)
3.d.9)

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
ABOUT CORPORATION
OBJECTIVES
VISION
MISSION

Electrical Substation
Introduction
Functions of a Substation
Classifications of Substations
Substation Site Selection
Substation Parts and Equipment
Substation Protection
Formation of Substation Earthing
Lightning Protection
Overview of 400/200kv Substation Dehradun
Brief about Project
Scope of Project
AIS

Component at Site
Lightning Arrester
Capacitive Voltage transformer
Wave Trap
Gantry
Current Transformer

Disconnector
Circuit Breaker
Bus Reactor
Auto Transformer
3

PAGENO.
5
5
6-7
8
8
9-25
9
10-11
11-15
15
15-17
17-20
20-22
22-25
26-64
26
26-28
28-29
29
29-32
32-35
35-36
36
36-40
40-43
44-53
53-55
56-64

4.
4.1)
4.2)
4.3)
4.4)
4.5)
4.6)
4.7)
4.8)
4.9)
5.

Miscellaneous
Insulator
Conductor
Corona Ring

65-77
65
65-69
69-70
70-71
71
71-73
74
74-75
75-77
78

OLTC in Transformer

Marshaling Box
Switching Scheme
Bus Coupler
PLCC
SCADA
Conclusion

1. INTRODUCTION
ABOUT CORPORATION:
The Power Grid Corporation of India Limited a Navaratna Central Public
Sector Enterprise (POWERGRID), is an Indian state-owned electric utilities
company headquartered in Gurgaon, India. POWERGRID transmits about 50%
of the total power generated in India on its transmission network. Power
Grid Corporation of India Limited (POWERGRID) was
incorporated on October 23, 1989 under the Companies Act,
1956 with an authorized share capital of Rs. 5,000 Crore
(subsequently enhanced to Rs. 10,000 Crore in Financial Year
(FY) 2007-08) as a public limited company, wholly owned by
the Government of India.Its original name was the 'National Power
Transmission Corporation Limited', and it was charged with planning,
executing, owning, operating and maintaining high-voltage transmission
systems in the country. On 8 November 1990, the National Power Transmission
Corporation received its Certificate for Commencement of Business. Their
name was subsequently changed to Power Grid Corporation of India Limited,
which took effect on October 23, 1992.POWERGRID started functioning on
management basis with effect from August, 1991 and subsequently it took over
transmission assets from NTPC, NHPC, NEEPCO, NLC, NPC, THDC, SJVNL
etc. in a phased manner and it commenced commercial operation in 1992-93. In
addition to this, it also took over the operation of existing Regional Load
Dispatch Centers (RLDCs) from Central Electricity Authority (CEA), in a
phased manner from 1994 to 1996, which have been upgraded and modernized
with State of-the-art Unified Load Dispatch and Communication (ULDC)
schemes. Consequently, National Load Dispatch Centre (NLDC) was
established in 2009 for overall coordination at National level. According to its
mandate, the Corporation, apart from providing transmission system for
evacuation of central sector power, is also responsible for Establishment and
Operation of Regional and National Power Grids to facilitate transfer of power
within and across the Regions with Reliability, Security and Economy on sound
commercial principles. Based on its performance POWERGRID was
5

recognized as a Miniratna category-I Public Sector Undertaking in October

1998 and conferred the status of "Navratna" by the Government of India in May
2008. POWERGRID, as the Central Transmission Utility of the country, is
playing a major role in Indian Power Sector and is also providing Open Access
on its inter-State transmission system.

OBJECTIVES :The Corporation has set following objectives in line with its
mission and its status as Central Transmission Utility to:
Undertake transmission of electric power through Inter-State
Transmission System.
Discharge all functions of planning and coordination relating
to Inter-State Transmission System with State Transmission Utilities
Central Government
State Government
Generating Companies
6

 Regional Power Committees

Authority
Licensees
Any other person notified by the Central Government in
this
behalf.
To ensure development of an efficient, coordinated and
economical system of inter-state transmission lines for
smooth flow of electricity from generating stations to the
load centers.
Efficient Operation
Systems.

and

Maintenance

of

Transmission

Restoring power in quickest possible time in the event of

any natural disasters like super-cyclone, flood etc. through
deployment of Emergency Restoration Systems.
Provide consultancy services at national and international
levels in transmission sector based on the in-house
expertise developed by the organization.
Participate in long
business ventures.

distance

Trunk

Telecommunication

Ensure principles of Reliability, Security and Economy

matched with the rising / desirable expectation of a cleaner,
safer, healthier Environment of people, both affected and
benefited by its activities.

VISION : Keeping pace with changing business environment, POWERGRID had set
its Vision and aligned its mission and objectives as a vanguard of foresight.
7

 World Class, Integrated, Global Transmission Company with

Dominant Leadership in Emerging Power Markets Ensuring
Reliability, Safety and Economy.

MISSION :We will become a Global Transmission Company with Dominant Leadership in
Emerging Power Markets with World Class Capabilities by:
World Class: Setting superior standards in capital project management and
operations for the industry and ourselves
Global: Leveraging capabilities to consistently generate maximum value for all
stakeholders in India and in emerging and growing economies.
Inspiring, nurturing and empowering the next generation of professionals.
Achieving continuous improvements through innovation and state of the art
technology.
Committing to highest standards in health, safety, security and environment

2. ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION
a. INTRODUCTION:An electrical Network comprises of the following systems:
Generating Stations
Transmission Systems
Receiving Stations
Distribution Systems
Load Points

In all these systems, the power flow of electrical energy takes

place through Electrical Substations. An Electrical Substation is an
assemblage of electrical components including busbars,
switchgear, power transformers, auxiliaries, etc. Basically an
electrical substation consists of a number of incoming circuits and
outgoing circuits connected to common busbar system. Busbars
are conducting bars to which a number of incoming or outgoing
circuits are connected. Each circuit has certain electrical
components such as circuit-breakers, isolators, earthing switches,
current
transformers,
voltage
transformers,
etc.
These
components are connected in a definite sequence such that a
circuit can be switched off/on during normal operation by
manual/remote command and also automatically during abnormal
conditions such as short-circuits. A substation receives electrical
power from generating station via incoming transmission lines
and delivers electrical power via the outgoing transmission lines.
Substations are integral parts of a power system and form
important links between the generating stations, transmission
and distribution systems and the load points.

b. Functions of a sub-station:An electricity supply undertaking generally aims at the following:

Supply of required electrical power to all the consumers
continuously at all times.
Maximum possible coverage of the supply network over the
given geographical area.
Maximum security of supply.
Shortest possible fault duration.
Optimum efficiency of plants and the network.
9

 Supply of electrical power within targeted frequency limits.

Supply of electrical power within specified voltage limits.
Supply of electrical energy to the consumers at the lowest cost.

As a result of these objectives, there are various tasks which are

closely associated with the generation, transmission, distribution
and utilization of the electrical energy. These tasks are performed
by various, manual, semi-automatic and fully automatic devices
located in generating stations and substations.
The tasks associated with a major substation in the transmission
system include the following:

Controlling the exchange of energy

Protection of transmission system

Ensuring steady state and transient stability
Load shedding and prevention of loss of synchronism
Maintaining the system frequency within targeted limits
Voltage control, reducing the reactive power
compensation of reactive power, tap-changing.

flow

by

Securing the supply by providing adequate line capacity and

facility for changing the transmission paths.
Data transmission via power line carrier for the purpose of
network monitoring, control and protection.
Determining the energy transfer through transmission lines and
tie-lines.

10

 Fault analysis and pin-pointing the cause and subsequent

improvements.
Securing supply by feeding the network at various points.
All these tasks are performed by the team work of load-control
centre and control rooms of substations. The substations
perform several important tasks and are integral part of the
power system.

c. CLASSIFICATIONS OF SUB STATIONS:Based ON Nature Of Duties: Step up or primary Electrical Power substation:
Primary substations are associated with the power generating
plants where the voltage is stepped up from low voltage (3.3,
6.6, 11, 33kV) to 220kV or 400kV for transmitting the power
so that huge amount of power can be transmitted over a large
distance to load centers.
Primary Grid Electrical Power Substation:
Such substations are located at suitable load centers along
with the primary transmission lines. At primary Grid Power
Substations the primary transmission voltage (220kV or
400kV) is stepped down to secondary transmission voltages
(110kV or 220KV). This Secondary transmission lines are
carried over to Secondary Power Substations situated at the
load centers where the voltage is further stepped down to Sub
11

transmission Voltage or Primary Distribution Voltages (11kV or

33kV).

Step Down or Distribution Electrical Power Substations:

Such Power Substations are located at the load centers. Here
the Sub transmission Voltages of Distribution Voltages (11kV
or 33kV) are stepped down to Secondary Distribution
Voltages (400V or 230V). From these Substations power will
be fed to the consumers to their terminals.
Basis Of Service Rendered: Transformer Substation:
Transformers are installed on such Substations to transform
the power from
one voltage level to other voltage level.
Switching Substation:
Switching substations are meant for switching operation of
power lines without transforming the voltages. At these
Substations different connections are made between various
transmission lines. Different Switching Schemes are employed
depends on the application to transmit the power in more
reliable manner in a network.
Converting Substation:

12

Such Substations are located where AC to DC conversion is

required. In HVDC transmission Converting Substations are
employed on both sides of HVDC link for converting AC to DC
and again converting back from DC to AC. Converting Power
Substations are also employed where frequency is to be
converted from higher to lower and lower to higher. This type
of frequency conversion is required in connecting to Grid
Systems.

Based on Operation Voltage: High Voltage Electrical Power Substation:

This type of Substation associated with operating voltages
between 11kV and 66kV.
Extra High Voltage Electrical Power Substation:
This type of Substation is associated where the operating
voltage is between 132kV and 400kV.
Ultra High Voltage Electrical Power Substation:
Substations where Operating Voltages are above 400kV are
called Ultra High Voltage Substation.

Based On Substation Design: Outdoor Electrical Power Substations:

Outdoor Power Substations, the various electrical equipments
are installed in the switchyard below the sky. Electrical
13

equipment is mounted on support structures to obtain

sufficient ground clearance.
Indoor Electrical Power Substation:
In Indoor Power Substations the apparatus is installed within
the substation building. Such substations are usually for the
rating of 66kV. Indoor Substations are preferred in heavily
polluted areas and Power Substations situated near the seas
(saline atmosphere causes Insulator Failures results in
Flashovers).

Based on Design Configuration: Air Insulated Electrical Power Substation:

In Air Insulated Power Substations busbars and connectors are
visibe. In this Power Substations Circuit Breakers and Isolators,
Transformers, Current Transformers, Potential Transformers etc
are installed in the outdoor. Busbars are supported on the
post Insulators or Strain Insulators. Substations have
galvanized Steel Structures for supporting the equipment,
insulators and incoming and outgoing lines. Clearances are
the primary criteria for these substations and occupy a large
area for installation.
Gas Insulated Electrical Power Substation:
In Gas Insulated Substation Various Power Substation
equipments like Circuit Breakers, Current Transformers,
Voltage Transformers, Busbars, Earth Switches, Isolators, Surge
Arrester etc are in the form of metal enclosed SF6 gas
modules. The modules are assembled in accordance with the
required Configuration. The various Live parts are enclosed in
the metal enclosures (modules) containing SF6 gas at high
14

pressure. Thus the size of Power Substation reduces to 8% to

10% of the Air Insulated Power Substation.

Hybrid Electrical Power Substation:

Hybrid Substations are the combination of both Conventional
Substation and Gas Insulated Substation. Some bays in a
Power Substation are Gas Insulated Type and some are Air
Insulated Type. The design is based on convenience, Local
Conditions available, area available and Cost.

d. SUB-STATION SITE SELECTION:The aspects necessary to be considered for site selection are:
Fairly level ground
Right of way around the substation yard for incoming &
outgoing transmission & distribution lines.
Preferably of soil strata having low earth resistance values
Easy approach & accessibility from main roads for Heavy
equipment transportation and routine O & M of substation.
Economy / Cost

e. SUBSTATION PART AND EQUIPMENT:Outdoor Switchyard: -

- Incoming & outgoing lines

-Busbars
-Transformers
15

-Insulators
-Substation Equipment such as Circuit
breakers, Isolators, Earthing, Switches,
Surge Arresters, CTs, VTs/CVTs
-Neutral Grounding Equipment
-Station Earthing system comprising ground
mat, risers, earthing strips, earthing spikes.
-Overhead earthwire shielding against
lightning strokes, or, lightning masts.
-Galvanised steel structures for towers,
gantries, equipment supports
-PLCC Equipment including line trap, tuning
unit, coupling capacitor, etc.
-Power cables
-Control cables for protection and control
-Roads, Railway track, cable trenches
-Station lighting system
11/ 33 kV Switchgear:-

- 33 kV Outdoor Switchgear
-11 kV Indoor Switchgear

LT Panels: -

- Low voltage AC. Switchgear

- Control Panels, Protection Panels.

Battery room: equipment

- DC Battery system and charging

Distribution system.
16

Mechanical, Electrical: - Firefighting system Oil

purification system and
Other auxiliaries Substation
parts and equipment:
- Cooling water system
- Telephone system
0

-Workshop; stores etc.

Protection system: -

- CTs, CVTs
- Protective Relays
- Circuit breakers

SCADA: collection system,

-Computer/Microprocessors, Data
Data processing
- Man-machine interface
- Expert system etc.

f. SUBSTATION PROTECTION: Substation Grounding/ Earthing:

The sole purpose of substation grounding/earthing is to protect
the equipment from surges and lightning strikes and to protect
the operating persons in the substation. Hence intentional
17

earthing system is created by laying earthing rod of mild steel

in the soil of substation area. All equipments/structures which
are not meant to carry the currents for normal operating
system are connected with main earth mat .The substation
earthing system is necessary for connecting neutral points of
transformers and generators to ground and also for connecting
the non-current carrying metal parts such as structures,
overhead shielding wires, tanks, frames, etc to earth. Earthing
of surge arresters is through the earthing system. The function
of substation earthing system is to provide a grounding mat
below the earth surface in and around the substation which will
have uniformly zero potential with respect to ground and low
earth resistance.
The earthing system in a substation:
It protects the life and property from over-voltage.
To limit step & touch potential to the working staff in
substation.
It provides low impedance path to fault currents to ensure
prompt and consistent operation of protective device.
It stabilizes the circuit potentials with respect to ground and
limit the overall potential rise.
It keeps the maximum voltage gradients within safe limit
during ground fault condition inside and around substation.
Earth Resistance:
Earth Resistance is the resistance offered by the earth
electrode to the flow of current in to the ground. To provide a
sufficiently low resistance path to the earth to minimize the rise
in earth potential with respect to a remote earth fault. Persons
touching any of the non-current carrying grounded parts shall
18

not receive a dangerous shock during an earth fault. Each

structure, transformer tank, body of equipment, etc, should be
connected to earthing mat by their own earth connection.

Step Potential and Touch Potential:

Grounding system in an electrical system is designed to
achieve low earth resistance and also to achieve safe Step
Potential and Touch Potential.
Step Potential:
Step potential is the potential difference between the feet of a
person standing on the floor of the substation, with 0.5 m
spacing between the feet (one step), through the flow of earth
fault current through the grounding system.
Touch Potential:
Touch potential is a potential difference between the fingers of
raised hand touching the faulted structure and the feet of the
person standing on the substation floor. The person should not
get a shock even if the grounded structure is carrying fault
current, i.e. The Touch Potential should be very small.
Usually, in a substation a surface layer of 150 mm of rock
(Gravel) of 15 mm to 20 mm size shall be used for the following
reasons:
1. To provide high resistivity for working personnel.
2. To minimize hazards from reptiles.
3. To discourage growth of weed.

19

4. To maintain the resistivity of soil at lower value by retaining

moisture in the under laying soil.
5. To prevent substation surface muddy and water logged.

g. FORMATION OF SUBSTATION EARTHING: The main earth mat shall be laid horizontally at a regular
spacing in both X & Y direction(9m) based upon soil resistivity
value and substation layout arrangement .The main earth mat
shall be laid at a depth of 600 mm from ground. The earth mat
shall be connected to the following in substation
i.

Lightning down conductor, peak of lightning mast

ii.

Earth point of SA, CVT

iii.

Neutral point of power Transformer and Reactor

iv.

Equipment framework and other non-current carrying parts

20

v.

Metallic frames not associated with equipments.

vi.

Cable racks, cable trays and cable armor.

Equipment and Structure Earthing in Substation: i) Earthing pads are provided for the apparatus/equipments at
accessible position. The connection between earthing pads and
the earthing grid is made by two short earthing leads (one direct
and another through the support structure) free from kinks and
splices by 75 mm x 12 mm GS earth flat. The GS earth flat is
welded to a MS Rod riser which is connected to the earth mat in
ground.
ii) All steel/RCC columns, metallic stairs etc. are connected to the
nearby earthing grid conductor by two earthing leads. Electrical
continuity is ensured by bonding different sections of rails and
metallic stairs.
iii) Metallic pipes, conduits and cable tray sections for cable
installation are bonded to ensure electrical continuity and
connected to earthing conductors at regular interval. Apart from
intermediate connections, beginning points are also connected to
earthing system.
iv) A separate earthing conductor should be provided for earthing
the lighting fixtures, receptacles, switches, junction boxes,
lighting conduits etc.
v)
A continuous ground conductor of 16 SWG GI wire is run all
along each conduit run and bonded at every 600 mm by not less
than two turns of the same size of wires. The Conductor is
connected to each panel ground bus, all junction boxes,
receptacles, lighting fixtures etc.
21

vi) Railway tracks within switchyard are earthed at a spacing of

30 m and also at both ends
vii) 50 mm x 6 mm MS (or of specified size) flat runs on the top
tier and all along the cable trenches and the same is welded to
each of the racks. Further this flat is earthed at both ends at an
interval of 30 mtrs. The M.S. flat is finally painted with two coats
or Red oxide primer and two coats of Post Office red enamel paint
or of specified material.
viii) In isolator the base frame is connected to the earth mat.

h. LIGHTNING PROTECTION: The protection from the lightning is done with the help of shield
wire and lightning mast (high lattice structure with a spike on
top).

Shield wire
Shield wire lightning protection system will be generally used in
smaller sub stations of:
Lower voltage class, where number of bays is less, area of the
substation is small, & height of the main structures is of normal
height. The major disadvantage of shield wire type lightning
protection is, that it causes short circuit in the substation or may
even damage the costly equipments in case of its failure
(snapping ).

22

 Lightning masts (LM)

This type of protection will be generally used in large, extra high
voltage sub stations where number of bays is more. It has the
following advantages:
- It reduces the height of main structures, as peaks for shield wire are not required
- It removes the possibility of any back flashover with the nearby
equipments/structure, etc. During discharge of lightning strokes
- Provides facility for holding the lightning fixtures in the substation for
illumination purposes
- Aesthetic look.
Selection of LM height:
The factors to be considered are:
The height of the LM will be decided, depending upon the height of equipment to
be protected
The protection zone or coverage area of LM increases with the increase of its
height. Hence LMs height depends upon the height of equipment to be protected.
The protection zone of same LM would be more if the equipment height to be
protected is less.
The numbers of lightning masts in substation can be reduced by increasing the
height of LM, but this will cause increase in cost of structure and civil
foundations.
The detailed analysis and experience revealed that 30mtr. LM height is
economical proposition & hence to be limited to this height.
The installed LM in the substation covers an area of 44.96m die circle. It has
2.5m high spike.
23

 Earth wire
Overhead power lines are often equipped with a ground conductor
(shield wire or overhead earth wire). A ground conductor is a
conductor that is usually grounded (earthed) at the top of the
supporting structure to minimize the likelihood of direct lightning
strikes to the phase conductors. The ground wire is also a parallel
path with the earth for fault currents in earthed neutral circuits.
Very high-voltage transmission lines may have two ground
conductors. These are either at the outermost ends of the highest
cross beam, at two V-shaped mast points, or at a separate cross
arm. By protecting the line from lightning, the design of apparatus
in substations is simplified due to lower stress on insulation.
Shield wires on transmission lines may include optical fibers
(OPGW), used for communication and control of the power
system.
7/3.66 mm wire is used for providing earthing in lightning mast
and towers.
The main function of Earth wire/ Ground wire is to provide
protection against direct lightening strokes to the line conductors
or towers. In addition Ground wire reduces the induced voltage on
parallel telecom lines under fault condition

Ground wire must meet the following requirements:

- It must be able to carry the maximum lightening current
without undue overheating.
- It must be strong mechanically.
24

- It must be high enough to afford protection to all the line

conductors. This function is called shielding.
- It must have enough clearance above the line conductors at
mid-span to prevent a side flashover to a line conductor.
- Tower footing resistance should be low.

3. AN OVERVIEW OF 400/220KV AIS SUBSTATION

SHERPUR

DEHRADUN

25

a. BRIEF ABOUT PROJECT:

This project is envisaged under Northern Region Strengthening
Scheme-XVIII (NRSS-XVIII) DEHRADUN-BAGPAT 400 KV D/C line
(170km).The project is in its construction phase. This substation
takes incoming from Bagpat at 400 KV and provide an
arrangement of six secondary 220KV lines via two interconnecting transformer (ICT) of 315 MVA each making total
capacity of 630 MVA which is then distributed to the state agency.
This Substation is proposed with Breaker and Half scheme with I
26

type layout arrangement for 400KV voltage level and Double Main
and Transfer Bus (DMT) scheme for 220KV voltage level.

b. SCOPE OF PROJECT:
The scope of this specification covers the following:
Construction of 400/220 KV Dehradun substation with the
provisions of following bays as per SLD
a. 400 KV bays for two (2) nos.400/220/33 KV, 315 MVA Auto
transformers.
b. 400 KV bays for termination of 400 KV Bagpat D/C line.
c. 400 KV bay for 1 no. 420 KV 80 MVAR Bus reactor.
d. 220 KV bays for termination of six (6) nos. 220 KV lines.
e. 220 KV Transfer Bus Coupler Bay and 220 KV bus coupler bay 1
no. each.
Requirement of the Dehradun substation:
a. 400 KV and 220 KV circuit breakers, isolators, current
transformer, CVT, surge arrester.
b. 630 KVA 33/0.433 KV Auxiliary Transformer along with 33KV
isolator, 30KV surge arrester & 33KV horn gap fuse to be
connected on SEB supply.
c. 3 nos. kiosk for 400 KV and 5 nos. for 220 KV,BCU for
controlling and monitoring of auxiliary system 1 no.
d. Relay and protection system.
e. PLCC system
f. Wave Traps
27

g. Fire Protection System

h. Air Conditioning System
i. LT switchgear (AC/DC distribution board)
j. DG set.
k. Batteries and Battery Chargers.
l. 1.1KV grade power and control cables and 33 kV grade power
cables.
m. Lattice and Pipe structures (galvanized) towers, beams,
supporting structure.
n. Bus Post Insulators, insulators strings, clamps and connectors.
o. Earth mats and Lighting and illumination system for switchyard
and areas.
p. CO2 type 4.5 kg fire extinguishers in each kiosk.
q. Other equipments required for the mentioned requirements.

c. Air Insulated Substation (AIS):

The AIS uses air as the primary dielectric from phase to phase,
and phase to ground insulation. They have been in use for years
before the introduction of GIS.
Actually, most substations across all regions are AIS. They are in
extensive use in areas where space, weather conditions, seismic
occurrences, and environmental concerns are not an issue such
as rural areas, and favorable offsite terrain.
The indoor AIS version is only used in highly polluted areas, and
saline conditions, as the air quality is compromised.

28

Advantages:
1. The primary choice for areas with extensive space
2. With quality design, the system is viable due to the low construction costs and
cost of switchgear
3. Less construction time, thereby more suited for expedited installations
4. Easy maintenance as all the equipment is within view. It is easy to notice and
attend to faults.
5. Scope of future expansion.

d. COMPONENTS AT SITE:
1. LIGTHNING ARRESTOR

29

It is the first equipment in a substation. Substation design involves more than one
installing apparatus, protective devices and equipment. The significant momentary
investment and required reliable continuous operation of the facility requires
detailed attention to preventing surges from entering the substation facility. The
effects of disturbances with limiting in a power system, which if allowed to persist,
may damage plant and interrupt the supply of electrical energy. Lightning is one of
the most serious causes of over voltage. If the power equipment especially at
outdoor substation is not protected, the over-voltage will cause burning of
insulation. Thus it results into complete shutdown of the power and the loss may
run into cores of kyat. Electrical equipment can be damaged due to over-voltage
such as switching surge over-voltage, Lightning surge over-voltage, transient
recovery voltage and power frequency temporary over-voltage in transmission line
and receiving end of substation. It is important to protect power equipment against
30

them wherever possible. Lightning Arrester can protect the damages of electrical
equipments.

i.

Rating:
S.

Description

Rating

No.
KV(rms)

400

220

420

220

1.

Rated voltage of arrester

2.

Rated frequency

50

50

3.

No. of poles

4.

Max ambient temperature (centigrade)

50

50

5.

Min. Creepage distance (mm)

10500

6125

6.

Full insulation level for arrester housing , kV(peak)

1425

1050

7.

Switching impulse withstand voltage (250/2500micro

1050

630

460

second) dry and wet KV (peak).

8.

1 minute power frequency (dry) withstand voltage of

arrestor (kV rms)

31

9.

Max radio interference voltage for frequency between

500

500

0.5 Mhz and 2Mhz at 266 KV rms (micro volts)

10.

Effectively Effectiv
ely
earthed
earthed

System neutral earthing

ii. Operating Principle:

Lightening arrester works on a principle of non-Linear resistance. The ZnO(Zinc
Oxide) inside the LA, connects the corner ring with the ground. In normal voltage
ZnO behaves as insulator. However, when impulse voltage like Lightening/surge
strikes on transmission line, ZnO melts down and creates a conductive path of Zn
between line and ground. Thus it dispatches extra charge to ground.
iii. Where Found:
LA is found in all phase line of each bay in feeder circuit. Moreover, it is found at
the inlet and outlet of Main Transformer.
iv. Remarks:
LA cannot bear any mechanical stress perpendicular to its axis. So, it cant be
moved horizontal at all.

2. CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

32

A capacitor voltage transformer consists of a Capacitor Voltage Divider (CVD) and

an inductive Intermediate Voltage Transformer (IVT). The IVT voltage level of
capacitor voltage transformers is about 22/3 kV, and the rated voltage of the
complete capacitor voltage transformer determines the ratio at the capacitor
voltage divider.
It is more convenient to make an Inductive voltage transformer for lower voltage
levels and let the CVD take care of the high voltage.
The ratio of the capacitive divider is

33

The ratio of the intermediate voltage transformer is

The total ratio factor is therefore

K1 is normally chosen to give E2 = 22/3 kV.

Thus for different primary voltages, only C1 differs and a standard intermediate
transformer can be used for all primary voltages. The intermediate voltage
transformer (IVT) also contains reactors for compensation of the capacitive voltage
regulation.
The capacitor voltage transformer has a double function,
metering/protection and one for power line communications (PLC).
i.

one

Rating:

S.

Description

Rating

No.
KV(rms)

400

220

420

220

1.

Rated voltage of CVT

2.

Rated frequency

50

50

3.

No. of poles

4.

Max ambient temperature (centigrade)

50

50

5.

Min. Creepage distance (mm)

10500

6125

6.

Full insulation level between lines and ground of

1425

1050

34

for

CVT , kV(peak)
7.

Switching impulse withstand voltage (250/2500micro

1050

630

460

second) dry and wet between lines and ground of

CVT KV (peak)
8.

1 minute power frequency (dry) withstand voltage(kV

rms)

9.

Corona extinction voltage(KV rms)

10.

Max radio interference voltage for frequency between

320min
1000

_
1000

0.5 Mhz and 2Mhz at 266 KV rms (micro volts)

11.

Effectively Effectiv

System neutral earthing

earthed

ely
earthed

ii. Operating Principle:

The simplified circuit for CVT is-

CVT are used to step down EHV by using capacitors to provide low voltage signal
either for measurement or to operate a protective relay. Capacitance split the EHV
and maximum voltage appears across it. L tunes the device to line frequency.
In practice, C1 is a series of various small capacitors.
iii. Where Found:
CVT are found in each phase of Feeder circuit.
iv. Remarks:
CVT are also used in PLCC. Combination of CVT and WT are used for filtering
HF communication signal.
35

3. WAVE TRAP

It is also called "LINE trap". It is connected in series with the power line. It blocks
the high frequency carrier waves (24 kHz to 500 kHz) and let power waves (50 Hz
- 60 Hz) to pass through. It is basically an inductor of rating in milli henry. .
i. Where Found:
At the end of each feeder there are two WT are installed (Connecting phase will be
same for all feeders).
36

4. GANTRY
The incoming or outgoing electrical circuit terminates on gantry.
5. CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
The current transformers incorporated into the AIS are used for
protective relaying and metering and are of metal-enclosed type.
The secondary windings are air insulated and mounted inside
metal enclosure. The Current transformers are provided with the
transformation ratio of: 500/1 A to 3000/1 A for 400 KV and 800/1
to 1600/1for220KV.
electromagnetic

All

shields

current
to

transformers

protect

against

have
high

effective
frequency

transients. The current transformers are periodically cleaned from

outside to avoid dust layer formation. The current transformers
are provided in all the incoming bays. The secondary windings of
these CTs are connected to protection and measurement circuits.

37

38

1. Protective cap
2. Below
3. Primary terminals
4. Active part
5. Insulator

i. Rating:
39

S.

Description

Rating

No.
KV(rms)

400

220

420

220

1.

Rated voltage of CT

2.

Type

3.

Insulation level

4.

Rated continuous current

3600A

5.

Short time current rating

40/50 kA/1 sec

6.

SF6 gas weight/ Oil weight

7.

Rated frequency

50

50

8.

No. of poles

9.

Max ambient temperature (centigrade)

50

50

SAS 420
630/1425KV

48 kg

OSKF-245
460/1050KV
_
40KA/1 sec
160Kg

10. Min. Creepage distance (mm)

10500

6125

11. Full insulation level between lines and

1425

1050

1050

630

460

ground of CT , kV(peak)
12. Switching impulse withstand voltage
(250/2500micro second) dry and wet
between lines and ground of CVT KV
(peak)
13. 1

minute

power

frequency

(dry)

withstand voltage(kV rms)

40

14.

Corona extinction voltage(KV rms)

15.

Max radio interference voltage for

320min

1000

1000

frequency between 0.5 Mhz and 2Mhz

at 266 KV rms (micro volts)
16.

System neutral earthing

Effectively

Effectively

earthed

Earthed

Core no.
Ratio
Primary
Terminal

Secondary
Terminal

II

III

IV

3000-2000- 3000-2000- 3000-2000- 3000-2000- 3000-2000500/1

500/1
500/1
500/1
500/1
P1- P2

P1- P2

P1- P2

1S11S2:500/1

2S11S2:500/1

3S11S2:500/1

1S11S3:2000/1

2S11S3:2000/1

3S11S3:2000/1

1S11S4:3000/1

2S11S4:3000/1

3S11S4:3000/1

Burden
(VA)

Class

PS

ISF/ALF

P1- P2

P1- P2

4S15S1-1S2:500/1
1S2:500/1
5S14S11S3:2000/1
1S3:2000/1
5S14S11S4:3000/1
1S4:3000/1

20

PS

0.2S

PS

PS

<5

ii. Operation:
41

CT steps down primary current to a measureable value, by

means electro-magnetic induction. Current in secondary circuit
is directly proportional to primary current.
The secondary current is measured by meters or it operates
relay to trip a CB when abnormal current flows in the circuit.
iii. Where Found:
CT can be found in the switchyard and at ICT terminals.
iv. Remarks:
The entire secondary terminal should be shorted when CT is not
in use, for testing and or before disconnecting burden.
6. DISCONNECTOR OR ISOLATOR:

Fig: A DBR Type Disconnector with

Earth switch
Isolator is a device which is used to isolate the circuit after
opening the breaker. In order to maintenance purpose of breaker
42

we will use isolator. In isolator we dont have any arc quenching

medium so we cannot eliminate the arc in isolator. So after
opening the breaker only we should open the isolator, so we
should design some interlocks like below...
Breaker close condition
isolator should not open.
Breaker open condition
isolator can close or open.
Different types of isolators which are using at field...
1. Double break type.
2. Knee type.
3. Single break type.
Earth switch is very important equipment as per safety of
humans. While taking down of any Equipment first we have to
discharge the charge stored in it before doing any work on that.
Earthing switches are mounted on the base of mainly line side
isolator. Earthing switches are normally vertically break switches.
Earthing arms (contact arm of earthing switch) are normally
aligned horizontally at off condition. During switching on
operation, these earthing arms rotate and move to vertical
position and make contact with earth female contacts fitted at the
top of the post insulator stack of isolator at its outgoing side. The
earthing arms are so interlocked with main isolator moving
contacts that it can be closed only when the main contacts of
isolator are in open position. Similarly the main isolator contacts
can be closed only when the earthing arms are in open position.
i. Rating:
S.

Description

Rating

No.

420

220

1.

Rated voltage

420

245

2.

Type

DBR

HDB

43

3.

Current:

2000/3150

1600

4.

STC (kA-sec-kAp):

50-1-125

40-1-125

5.

Impulse

1425KV

1050

6.

P.F voltage

610KV

460

7.

Frequency

50Hz

50Hz

8.

Operating device

Motor

Motor

9.

DC Voltage

220

220

10. AC Voltage

415

220

11.. No. of poles

12.. Max ambient temperature (centigrade)

50

50

10500

6125

1425

1050

1425

1200

13. Min. Creepage distance (mm)

14. Full

wave

impulse

withstand

voltage(1.2/50 microsec) between lines

and ground, kV(peak)
Between terminals(open)
15. Switching impulse withstand voltage

1050

(250/2500micro second) dry and wet

between lines and ground KV(peak)
900

Between terminals (Open)

44

16. 1

minute

power

frequency

(dry)

withstand voltage between lines and

460

520

ground (kV rms)

610

Between terminals (Open)

17.

Corona extinction voltage(KV rms)

18.

Max radio interference voltage for

320min
1000

460
_
1000

frequency between 0.5 Mhz and 2Mhz

at 266 KV rms (micro volts)
19.

System neutral earthing

Effectively
Earthed

Effectively
earthed

ii. Operation:
This disconnecting device can be operated manually or
automatically via motors. When abnormal current appears in
circuit it isolates CB from circuit.
iii. Where Found:
It is connected across each CB in switchyard and before and after
ICT

7. Circuit breaker:

45

Fig: SF6 Circuit Breaker at the Substation

A circuit breaker is an automatically-operated electrical switch
designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by
overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault
condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately
discontinue electrical flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once
and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset
(either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation.
Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices
that protect an individual household appliance up to large
switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an
entire city. Once a fault is detected, contacts within the circuit
breaker must open to interrupt the circuit; some mechanicallystored energy (using something such as springs or compressed
air) contained within the breaker is used to separate the
46

contacts, although some of the energy required may be obtained

from the fault current itself. Small circuit breakers may be
manually operated; larger units have solenoids to trip the
mechanism, and electric motors to restore energy to the springs.
The circuit breaker contacts must carry the load current
without excessive heating, and must also withstand the heat of
the arc produced when interrupting the circuit. Contacts are
made of copper or copper alloys, silver alloys, and other
materials. When a current is interrupted, an arc is generated.
This arc must be contained, cooled, and extinguished in a
controlled way, so that the gap between the contacts can again
withstand the voltage in the circuit. Different circuit breakers use
vacuum, air, insulating gas or oil as the medium in which the arc
forms. Different techniques are used to extinguish the arc
including:

Lengthening of the arc

Intensive cooling (in jet chambers)

Division into partial arcs

Zero point quenching (Contacts open at the zero current

time crossing of the AC waveform, effectively breaking no load
current at the time of opening. The zero crossing occurs at
twice the line frequency i.e. 100 times per second for 50Hz ac
and 120 times per second for 60Hz ac )

Connecting capacitors in parallel with contacts in DC circuits

Finally, once the fault condition has been cleared, the
contacts must again be closed to restore power to the
interrupted circuit.
Types of circuit breaker:

47

Many different classifications of circuit breakers can be made,

based on their features such as voltage class, construction type,
interrupting type, and structural features.
Electrical power transmission networks are protected and
controlled by high-voltage breakers. The definition of high
voltage varies but in power transmission work is usually thought
to be 72.5 kV or higher, according to a recent definition by the
International Electro technical Commission (IEC). High-voltage
breakers are nearly always solenoid-operated, with current
sensing protective relays operated through current transformers.
In substations the protection relay scheme can be complex,
protecting equipment and busses from various types of overload
or ground/earth fault.
High-voltage breakers are broadly classified by the medium
used to extinguish the arc.

Bulk oil

Minimum oil

Air blast

Vacuum

SF6
Oil Circuit Breaker
A high-voltage circuit breaker in which the arc is drawn in oil to
dissipate the heat and extinguish the arc; the intense heat of the
arc decomposes the oil, generating a gas whose high pressure
produces a flow of fresh fluid through the arc that furnishes the
necessary insulation to prevent a restrike of the arc.
The arc is then extinguished, both because of its elongation upon
parting of contacts and because of intensive cooling by the gases
and oil vapor.
48

Air blast circuit breaker

Fast operations, suitability for repeated operation, auto reclosure, unit type multi break constructions, simple assembly,
and modest maintenance are some of the main features of air
blast circuit breakers. A compressor plant necessary to maintain
high air pressure in the air receiver. The air blast circuit breakers
are especially suitable for railways and arc furnaces, where the
breaker operates repeatedly. Air blast circuit breakers are used
for interconnected lines and important lines where rapid
operation is desired.
High pressure air at a pressure between 20 to 30 kg /cm2 stored
in the air reservoir. Air is taken from the compressed air system.
Three hollow insulator columns are mounted on the reservoir
with valves at their basis. The double arc extinguished chambers
are mounted on the top of the hollow insulator chambers. The
current carrying parts connect the three arc extinction chambers
to each other in series and the pole to the neighboring
equipment. Since there exist a very high voltage between the
conductor and the air reservoir, the entire arc extinction
chambers assembly is mounted on insulators.
SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER:
In such circuit breaker, sulphar hexafluoride (SF6) gas is used as
the arc quenching medium. The SF6 is an electronegative gas
and has a strong tendency to absorb free electrons. The SF6
circuit breaker have been found to a very effective for high
power and high voltage service.
It consists of fixed and moving contacts. It has chamber, contains
SF6 gas. When the contacts are opened, the mechanism permits
a high pressure SF6 gas from reservoir to flow towards the arc
49

interruption chamber. The moving contact permits the SF6 gas to

let through these holes.
Vacuum Circuit Breaker
Vacuum circuit breakers are circuit breakers which are used to
protect medium and high voltage circuits from dangerous
electrical situations. Like other types of circuit breakers, vacuum
circuit breakers literally break the circuit so that energy cannot
continue flowing through it, thereby preventing fires, power
surges, and other problems which may emerge. These devices
have been utilized since the 1920s, and several companies have
introduced refinements to make them even safer and more
effective.
In this Dehradun substation only SF6 circuit breaker is used.
The breaker uses SF6 (Sulphar Hexa fluoride) gas for arc
extinction purpose. This gas has excellent current interrupting
and insulating properties, chemically, it is one of the most stable
compound in the pure state and under normal condition it is
physically inert, non-flammable, non-toxic and odorless and there
is no danger to personnel and fire hazard. Its density is about. 5
times that of air insulating strength is about 2-3 times that of air
and exceeds that of oil at 3 Kg/Cm pressure.
SF6 breaker called as maintenance free breaker, has simple
construction with few moving parts: The fission products created
during breaking and not fully recombined are, either precipitated
as metallic fluoride or absorbed by a static filter which also
absorbs the residual moisture.
Since no gas is exhausted from the breaker and very little
compressed air is required for operation, noise during the
operation is also very Jess.
50

Since SF6 gas is inert and stable at normal temperature,

contacts do not settler from oxidization or other chemical
reactions, whereas in air or oil type breakers oxidation of
contacts would cause high temperature rise. SF6 gas circuit
breakers, designed to conform to the same standards as air or oil
breakers, but in operation it is possible to get better service even
at higher fault levels.
Sulphur hexafluoride gas is prepared by burning coarsely
crushed roll sulphur in the fluorine gas, in a steel box, provided
with staggered horizontal shelves, each bearing about 4 kg of
sulphur. The steel box is made gas tight. The gas thus obtained
contains other fluorides such as S2F10, SF4 and must be purified
further SF6 gas generally supplier by chemical firms. The cost of
gas is low if manufactured in large scale.

51

During the arcing period SF6 gas is blown axially along the arc.
The gas removes the heat from the arc by axial convection and
radial dissipation. As a result, the arc diameter reduces during the
decreasing mode of the current wave. The diameter becomes
small during the current zero and the arc is extinguished. Due to
its electro negativity, and low arc time constant, the SF6 gas
regains its dielectric strength rapidly after the current zero, the
rate of rise of dielectric strength is very high and the time
constant is very small.

52

53

i.

Rating:

S.No. Description

Rating
400

220

1.

Rated voltage KV

420

245

2.

Rated lightening impulse withstand voltage KVP

1425

1050

3.

Rated

610

460

4.

KV(rms)
Rated Frequency Hz

50

50

5.

Rated normal current A

4000

3150

6.

Rated Short circuit making current KAp

125

125

power

frequency

withstand

54

voltage

7.
8.
9.
10.

Rated short circuit breaking current Isc KA(rms)

Rated short circuit duration tth
Rated out of phase breaking current Id
First pole to clear factor

11.
12.

Rated line-charging breaking current It A

Design ambient temperature C

13.

14.

50
3s
12.5KA
1.3

50
3s
12.5
1.3

600
50

125
50

Normal voltage supply to auxiliary circuits

i) Control Voltage

DC 220 V

DC 220 V

ii) Operating mechanism voltage

AC 240 V

AC 240 V

iii) Heating Voltage

SF6 Gas System

AC 240 V

AC 240 V

7 bar at

6.5 bar at

20C

20C

51 kg

16.5 kg

i) Normal operating pressure

ii) Weight of gas per breaker

ii. Operation:
CB is basically a switch which can interrupt circuit when fault
current flows or when power flows in reverse direction. A
circuit breaker essentially consists of fixed and moving
contacts. These contacts can be opened manually or by
remote control whenever desired. When a fault occurs on
any part of the system, the trip coils of breaker get
energized and the moving contacts are pulled apart by some
mechanism, thus opening the circuit. As the switching is
done under SF6 gas environment, the arcing is limited and
does not damage equipment. It protects the transformer
from fault current.
iii. Where Found:
55

It is found in the switchyard before and after of ICT in accordance

with respective switchyard schemes and ratings.
8. Shunt reactor for bus voltage:

In EHV substations, it is a common practice to use breaker

switched bus reactors to maintain the bus voltage within
permissible limits under varying load conditions. With the
development of Controlled Shunt Reactor (CSR) which is a
thyristor controlled high impedance transformer, a stable bus
voltage can be maintained by providing variable reactive power
based on the bus voltage deviations due to the load variations.
The high impedance transformer which is also known as reactor
transformer (RT) can be made to any size without any limitation
unlike gapped core shunt reactors. As a single CSR of large
capacity can be realized with suitable control mechanism, this
56

approach proves to be technically superior and economical

compared to the existing practice of breaker switched bus
reactors.
The CSR mentioned above is based on a high impedance
transformer known as Reactor Transformer (RT) with a provision to
control from the secondary side through thyristor valves. As RT of
any large capacity can be realized as a single three phase unit or
three single phase units, it is possible to provide variable reactive
power support by controlling the firing angle of the thyristor
valves. This continuously variable CSR as bus reactor offers
following advantages.
1. Continuously variable reactive power based on the voltage
variation.
2. Fast Response to dynamic conditions like load throw off
3. Reduced losses with optimized reactive power support.
4. Better economy in terms of substation space and auxiliary
equipment
Here in this substation a BHEL made 80 MVAR bus reactor has
been used whose ratings are as follow:
i. Ratings:
S.N Description:

Rating

o
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

ONAN
420
80
109.97
45

Types of cooling
Rated Voltage KV
Rated Power MVAR
Rated Current Amp
Temp. Rise winding C
57

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

Temp. rise oil C

Phase
Frequency
Connection symbol
Insulation level:
Core and Coil mass
Untanking Mass
Mass of Oil
Total Mass

40
3
50
YN
SI 1050 LI 1300-LI 550 AC 230
63360 Kg
63360 Kg
36720 Kg
133710 Kg

9. AUTO TRANSFORMER:
Auto transformer is kind of electrical transformer where primary
and secondary shares same common single winding.

58

Theory of Auto Transformer

In Auto Transformer, one single winding is used as primary
winding as well as secondary winding. But in two windings
transformer two different windings are used for primary and
secondary purpose. A diagram of auto transformer is shown
below. The winding AB of total turns N1 is considered as primary
59

winding. This winding is tapped from point C and the portion BC

is considered as secondary. Let's assume the number of turns in
between points B and C is N 2. If V1 voltage is applied across the
winding i.e. in between A and C.

Hence, the voltage across the portion BC of the winding, will be,

As BC portion of the winding is considered as secondary, it can

easily be understood that value of constant k is nothing but turns
ratio or voltage ratio of that auto transformer.
When load is connected between secondary terminals i.e.
between B and C, load current I 2 starts flowing. The current in

60

the secondary winding or common winding is the difference of I 2 &

I1.
Copper Savings in Auto Transformer
Now we will discuss the savings of copper in auto transformer
compared to conventional two winding transformer.
We know that weight of copper of any winding depends upon its
length and cross - sectional area. Again length of conductor in
winding is proportional to its number of turns and cross - sectional
area varies with rated current. So weight of copper in winding is
directly proportional to product of number of turns and rated
current of the winding. Therefore, weight of copper in the section
AC proportional to,
61

And similarly, weight of copper in the section BC proportional to,

Hence, total weight of copper in the winding of auto transformer
proportional to,

In similar way it can be proved, the weight of copper in two

winding transformer is proportional to,

N1I1 + N2I2
2N1I1

(Since, in a transformer N1I1 = N2I2)

Let's assume, Wa and Wtw are weight of copper in auto

transformer and two winding transformer respectively,

62

 saving of copper in auto transformer compared to two winding

transformer,

Auto transformer employs only single winding per phase as

against two distinctly separate windings in a conventional
transformer.

Advantages

of

using

auto

transformer.

For

transformation ratio = 2, the size of the auto transformer would

be approximately 50% of the corresponding size of two winding
transformer. For transformation ratio say 20 however the size
would be 95%. The saving in cost is of course not in the same
proportion. The saving of cost is appreciable when the ratio of
transformer is low, that is lower than 2.
Disadvantages of Using Auto Transformer:
But auto transformer has the following disadvantages:

63

1. Because of electrical conductivity of the primary and secondary

windings the lower voltage circuit is liable to be impressed
upon by higher voltage. To avoid breakdown in the lower
voltage circuit, it becomes necessary to design the low voltage
circuit to withstand higher voltage.
2. The leakage flux between the primary and secondary windings
is small and hence the impedance is low. This results into
severer short circuit currents under fault conditions.
3. The connections on

primary

and secondary

sides have

necessarily to be same, except when using interconnected

starring connections. This introduces complications due to
changing primary and secondary phase angle particularly in
the case-by-case of delta / delta connection.
4. Because of common neutral in a star / star connected auto
transformer it is not possible to earth neutral of one side only.
Both their sides have to have their neutrality either earth or
isolated.
5. It is more difficult to preserve the electromagnetic balance of
the winding when voltage adjustment tappings are provided. It
should be known that the provision of adjusting tapping on an
auto transformer increases considerably the frame size of the
transformer. If the range of tapping is very large, the
advantages gained in initial cost is lost to a great event.
In this Substation an Alstom made two nos. 315 MVA Auto
transformer is used whose ratings are as follows:
64

i. Rating:
Specification

of

315

MVA

400/220

KV

3-

auto

transformer :
S.N Description:

Rating

o
1.
2.

Types of cooling
Rating of H.V. & I.V.

ONAN
189

ONAF
252

OFAF
315

3.
4.
5.
6.

(MVA)
Rating of L.V. (MVA)
Line current H.V.(Amps)
Line current I.V. (Amps)
Line
current
L.V.

63
273.12
496.58
1103.52

84
364.16
662.11
1471.36

105
455.20
827.64
1639.20

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

(Amps)
No load voltage H.V
No load voltage I.V
No load voltage L.V
Temp. Rise winding C
Temp. rise oil C
Phase
Frequency
Connection symbol
Insulation level:

55

400
220
33
55
50
3
50
YNa0d11

HV

SI 1050 LI 1300 AC 38

IV

LI 950 AC 38

LV
16. Core and Coil mass
17. Tank and Fitting Mass

LI 250 AC 95
1,34,000 Kg
71,000 Kg
65

55

18. Mass of Oil

19. Total Mass

7,2900 Kg
2,77900Kg

Vector group:
1U

2U

3U
3V
2W
1W
2V
1V
3W

ii. Operating principle:

Basically, this Interconnecting Transformer is auto transformer
because it saves conductor cost and makes OLTC easy. It works on
the principle of electro-magnetic induction evident.

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Fig: Circuit diagram of transformer circuit.

iii. Where Found:
Two ICT are installed between the 400kv AIS and 220 kV AIS.
iv. Remarks:
Probably, these ICTs are the most valuable equipment in a
substation. So, every kind of protection is adapted like Fire
Fighting, LA,Arcing horn, buchholzs relay etc.

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4. Miscellaneous:
1. INSULATORS:

The insulator serves two purposes. They support the conductors

(bus bar) and confine the current to the conductors. The most
common used material for the manufacture of insulator is
porcelain. There are several types of insulators (e.g. pin type,
suspension type, post insulator etc.) and their use in substation
will depend upon the service requirement. For example, post
insulator is used for bus bars. A post insulator consists of a
porcelain body, cast iron cap and flanged cast iron base. The hole
in the cap is threaded so that bus bars can be directly bolted to
the cap.
2. CONDUCTORS USED IN SUBSTATION DESIGN:
An ideal conductor should fulfill the following requirements:
It should be capable of carrying the specified load currents and
short time currents.
It should be able to withstand forces on it due to its situation.
These forces comprise self-weight, and weight of other conductors
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and equipment, short circuit forces and atmospheric forces such

as wind and ice loading.
It should be corona free at rated voltage.
It should have the minimum number of joints.
It should need the minimum number of supporting insulators.
It should be economical.
All the conductors found in the site can be divided into two
categories.

Conductor

Bundled
Conductor

Insulated
Conductor

i. Bundled Conductor (Overhead transmission):

All the overhead conductors are bundled, i.e., there are two
standard conductors per phase clamped by aluminum strip. All
these conductors are bare, i.e., no outer insulation.
A typical standard conductor cross section is-

a. Rating:
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Type- ACSR (Alluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced)

ACAR (Alluminium Conductor Alloy Reinforced)
AACR (All Alluminium Conductor reinforced)
Conductor layer: 4
Highest system voltage: 420 kV ACSR: 54 Al/7st
Here 4*moose conductor are used for 400 KV side and 2*moose
conductor for 220KV side.
b. Operation:
The overhead transmission lines are standard and bundled to
prevent Corona
Loss, when surface potential gradient of a conductor exceeds
dielectric strength of the surrounding air. This causes ionization of
the local air near the conductor. By adding more wires instead of
solid one, the surface area increases which decreases surface
potential gradient. Thus Corona loss prevented.
c. Where Found:
In all overhead connection
ii. Insulated Conductor:

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These conductors are mainly utilized in AC power

distribution network and control cable network
a. Rating:
Highest system voltage: 110 V
Type:
AYFY (Alluminium PVC Insulated Flat Steel Strip Armour and PVC
Outer sheath Cable)
AWY (Alluminium Steel round Wire Armour PVC Outer Sheath
cable)
b. Operation:
C/s area of Insulated 4c cable.

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Power cable connectionFrom Conventional transformers to main Switch Board(MSB);

1c x 630 mm2
1.

From Diesel Generator to AC Distribution Board (ACDB) ; 3.5c

x mm2
2.

These insulated cables are gone through cable trench.

Inside Cable TrenchUpper Tiers- Power cable

Size

(Cross Sectional Areal)

C Core

Control
2c x 2.5
3c x 2.5
4c x 2.5

cable
mm2
mm2
mm2

Power Cable
2c x 6 mm2
4c x 6 mm2
4c x 16 mm2

7c x 2.5 mm2
10c x 2.5 mm2

3.5c x 35 mm2
3.5c x 70 mm2

14c x 2.5 mm2

3.5c x 300 mm2

19c x 2.5 mm2

1c x 250 mm2

5c x 2.5 mm2

2c x 10 mm2

1c x 630 mm2

Control cable connection:

This cable is inter-connected to various CB, Isolators, relays, LCC
Panel, SAS Room.

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Control cable bears dc signal from DC distribution board to

various control element
c. Where Found:
Inside Control Room and cable Trench
3. Corona ring:
A corona ring, also called anti-corona ring, is a toroid of (typically)
conductive material located in the vicinity of a terminal of a high
voltage device. It is electrically insulated. Stacks of more spaced
rings are often used. The role of the corona ring is to distribute
the electric field gradient and lower its maximum values below
the corona threshold, preventing the corona discharge.
Corona rings are typically installed on very high voltage power
line insulators. Manufacturers suggest a corona ring on the line
end of the insulator for above 230 kV and on both ends for above
500 kV. Corona rings prolong lifetime of insulator surfaces by
suppressing the effects of corona discharge.

73

Fig: Corona ring

4. OLTC in a transformer:
On load Tap Changer (OLTC) is used with higher capacity
transformers where HT side voltage variation is frequent and a
nearly constant LT is required. OLTC is fitted with the transformer
itself. Multiple tappings from HV windings are brought to the OLTC
chamber and connected to fixed contacts. Moving contacts
rotates with the help of rotating Mechanism having a spindle. This
spindle can be rotated manually as well as electrically with a
motor. Motor is connected in such a way that it can rotate in both
the directions so as to rotate the OLTC contacts in clockwise and
anticlockwise direction. Two push buttons are fitted on the LCP
(local control panel) to rotate the motor and hence the OLTC
contacts in clockwise and anti-clockwise direction. This movement
of contacts thus controls the output LV voltage of the transformer.
So rotating of OLTC contacts with spindle or push buttons in this
way is a manual process. In case this process of rotating the OLTC
contacts and hence controlling the LV side voltage is to be done
automatically then a RTCC (Remote Tap Changer Controller) is
installed with the transformer HT Panel. The RTCC sends signals to
LCP and LCP in turn rotates the motor as per the signals received
from the RTCC.
5. Marshaling box:
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It has two meter which indicate the temperature of the oil and
winding of main tank. If temperature of oil or winding exceeds
than specified value, relay operates to sound an alarm. If there is
further increase in temperature then relay completes the trip
circuit to open the circuit breaker controlling the transformer.
6. Switching schemes:
The factors considered for selection of switching schemes
Reliability factor
Availability of the space
Economics (project cost)
There can be several combinations in which the equipments,
busbars, structures

etc. can be arranged to achieve a

particular switching scheme.

The switching schemes can be made more flexible by making
minor modifications like providing sectionalization using by-pass
path etc.
The various types of switching schemes are:

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76

77

7. BUS COUPLER:
The bus coupler consists of circuit breaker and isolator. Each generator and feeder
may be connected to either main bus bar or spar bus bar with the help of bus
coupler. Repairing, maintenance and testing of feeder circuit or other section can
be done by putting them on spar bus bar, thus keeping the main bus bar
undisturbed. Bus coupler is a device which is used switch from one bus to the other
without any interruption in power supply and without creating hazardous arcs. It is
achieved with the help of circuit breaker and isolators
8. POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION:
Introduction:
Reliable & fast communication is necessary for safe efficient & economic power
supply. To reduce the power failure in extent & time, to maintain the
interconnected grid system in optimum working condition; to coordinate the

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operation of various generating unit communication network is indispensable for

state electricity board.
In state electricity boards, the generating & distribution stations are generally
located at a far distance from cities. Where P & T communication provided through
long overhead lines in neither reliable nor quick.
As we have available very reliable physical paths viz. the power lines, which
interconnected, hence power line carrier communication is found to be most
economical and reliable for electricity boards.
APPLICATIONS:
The PLCC can be used for the following facilities:
Telephony
Teleprotection
Remote control or indication
Telemetry
Teleprinting

9. SCADA:
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Fig: Scada
The task of supervision of machinery and industrial processes on
a routine basis can be an excruciatingly tiresome job. Always
being by the side a machine or being on a 24x7 patrol duty
around the assembly line equipment checking the temperature
levels, water levels, oil level and performing other checks would
be considered a wastage of the expertise of the technician on
trivial tasks. But, to get rid of this burdensome task, the engineers
devised equipments and sensors that would prevent or at least
reduce the frequency of these routine checks. As a result of that,
control systems and its various off springs like SCADA systems
were formed. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
(SCADA) offers the ease of monitoring of sensors placed at
distances, from one central location.
SCADA systems are used to monitor and control a plant or
equipment in industries such as telecommunications, water and
waste control, energy, oil and gas refining and transportation. A
SCADA system gathers information, such as where a leak on a
pipeline has occurred, transfers the information back to a central
site, alerting the home station that the leak has occurred, carrying
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out necessary analysis and control, such as determining if the

leak is critical, and displaying the information in a logical and
organized fashion. SCADA systems can be relatively simple, such
as one that monitors environmental conditions of a small office
building, or incredibly complex, such as a system that monitors all
the activity in a nuclear power plant or the activity of a municipal
water system.
SCADA systems were first used in the 1960s.

Parts of a SCADA System:

There are many parts of a working SCADA system. A SCADA
system includes signal hardware (input and output), controllers,
networks, user interface (HMI), communications equipment and
software. All together, the term SCADA refers to the entire central
system. The central system monitors data from various sensors
that are either in close proximity or off site (sometimes miles
away).For the most part, the brains of a SCADA system are
performed by the Remote Terminal Units(Sometimes referred
to as the RTU). The Remote Terminal Units consists of a
programmable logic controller. The RTU are set to specific
requirements, however, most RTU allow human intervention, for
instance, in a factory setting, the RTU might control the setting of
a conveyer belt, and the speed can be changed or overridden at
any time by human intervention. In addition, any changes or
errors are automatically logged for and/or displayed. Most often, a
SCADA system will monitor and make slight changes to function
optimally; SCADA systems are considered closed loop systems
and run with relatively little human intervention. One of key
processes of SCADA is the ability to monitor an entire system in
real time. This is facilitated by data acquisitions including meter
reading, checking statuses of sensors, etc. that are
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communicated at regular intervals depending on the system.

Besides the data being used by the RTU, it is also displayed to a
human that is able to interface with the system to override
settings or make changes when necessary.
SCADA can be seen as a system with many data elements called
points. Each point is a monitor or sensor. Points can be either hard
or soft. A hard data point can be an actual monitor; a soft point
can be seen as an application or software calculation. Data
elements from hard and soft points are always recorded and
logged to create a time stamp or history.
SCADA system includes a user interface, called Human Machine
Interface (HMI). The HMI of a SCADA system is where data is
processed and presented to be viewed and monitored by a human
operator. This interface controls where the individual can interface
with the SCADA system.
HMI's are an easy way to standardize the facilitation of monitoring
multiple RTU's or PLC's (programmable logic controllers). RTU's or
PLC's will run a preprogrammed process, but monitoring each of
them individually can be difficult, because they are spread out
over the system. Because RTU's and PLC's historically had no
standardized method to display or present data to an operator,
the SCADA system communicates with PLC's throughout the
system network and processes information that is easily
disseminated by the HMI.
HMI's can also be linked to a database, which can use data
gathered from PLC's or RTU's to provide graphs on trends, logistic
info, schematics for a specific sensor or machine or even make
troubleshooting guides accessible. In the last decade, practically
all SCADA systems include an integrated HMI and PLC device
making it extremely easy to run and monitor a SCADA system
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5. CONCLUSION:I got acquainted with the Electrical department engaged here in the Commissioning
of such a massive project and came to know about their working. These people
work day and night to lighten the world and in particular us so that we have all the
means to do our work with utmost ease. By virtue of this training program I came
to know about various technical aspects and implications of such Substation
project starting from ground zero to the level it is now, the technical equipments
required for the same the implications arising with the utilization of those with the
idea in the mind to utilize each and every bit used to it full potential with longest
possible life from along with the hard work and expertise of the officials and
workers which they put in to make this massive project sustained, running and
maintaining the reputation of its existence.

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