-— ‘isis ANEW sPeCInCAION all ADVANCED SUBSIDIARY GCE CHEMISTRY A F322 Chains, Energy and Resources as Thureday 14 January 2010 ‘ocr jad Materiais: oa STE Shay 4 reg Duran: 1 nour 45min te Mates Reais Seis conuor Canccate Candate Forename Surname cnienmoe | | conaaioninoe | | INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES + We your name deat ncapalatrs, your Cente Number end Cand Number in ha boxes above INFORMATION FOR CANDIOATES. ‘The ner mars grenin baits ate end each esto x at aeston aint ei rd st sping, pron and amar aac oat sing a ‘ans rtematon cary ang coherent sha spec weeabay when arpepie + Youmayue sssontie carr 1 Aeprattea St Choma he a5 a naa wi ie qusion paper {short conto pape hyn ge ate Berson teat seemnmcnny Tum overT 2 ‘Answer al the questions. 1 Kerose 1 usod as a ful fr aeroplane engines. (8) Kerosene is obtsined from crude ol Name the process used to obtain kerosene from crude oll and explain why the process works. a (©) Some ofthe hydrocarbons in kerosene have the formula Hee. (©) What i the name ofthe straight chain hydrocarbon withthe formula CHa? om (W)_ Draw the skeletal formula of one branched chain ieomer withthe formula C, Hy. io} (ti) Explain why the straight chain isomer of CHa, has a higher boing point than any of its branched chain structural isomers rc) (iv) Explain why the straight chain isomer of CyoHy» ie converted by the petroleum Industry Int its branched chain isomers = TRE REO 88 S888 88SR8RR8RRR882RR RR ooo BB SS88sssessssssesgssesseaaeaaeaa eee:SSSSS S599 SSS SS SSS SSeS SSSR SSRSRSES SSeS SSS ess se ss: r 2 =| (©) When kerosene burns in an aeroplane engine very litle carbon monoxide, CO, fs formed but 2 signieant amount of nitrogen monoxide, NO, i formed. (Construct the equation to show the complete combustion of Cee. a (W)_ Suggest, wih he aid ofan equation, how NO is formed within an aeroplane engine. m (4). NO isa radical and contibutes towards ozone depletion in the stratosphere. (Whats a radicar? m0 (l) One of the processes leading tothe breakdown of ozone inthe stratosphere can be represented by the following two equation. NOja) + O,(a) —> NOG) + O46) Oya) + Og) > NOIa) + Oxo) Wats the role of the NO in this process? m1 (li) Ozone inthe stratosphere is broken down to make O, and O, Describe and explain how the concentration of ozone inthe stratosphere is maintained, i} (iv) Why is it important tole on the Earth's surface that the concentration of ozone in the ‘ratosphere is maintained? oy (Tota: 15), |2 ROSS! rT 4 “1 2 Diute aqueous hycrogen peroxide, H,0, (aq), is used to sterse contact lenses. {2}, Diute H,0,(aq) stomly decomposes at room temperature to produce axygen and water ‘The decomposition of H,O,(aq) can be made faster by: + Increasing tho concentration ofthe H,0,(aq) ‘acting small amount of manganesa(V) oxide catalyst, ‘heating the solution 1 60°C. (Construct the equation for the decomposition of H,0,. om (i) Explain wy increasing the concentration of H,O,{aq) increases the rate of ‘decomposition. Explain how the catalyst can increase the rate of decomposition of H,0, (a). a S888888888888R88ggegsessssssce seas ee agg aga Ragen aan nne [eee |4 5 7 (iv) Explain why inceeasing the temperature of H,0,{aq) increases the rate of ‘decomposton. {As part of your answer, you should add a second curve and any necessary labels to the Botzmann eitibuion of molecular kinetic energies shown below. umber of ‘molecuies wi a given energy eneray 8 Le cenne mover | 0000T ‘ 4 (©) (D Inthe past, hydrogen peroxide was manufactured by reacting barium peroxide, Ba0,, ith iee-cold ite sulfuric acid, Ba0,s) + H,S0,(aq) > BaS0,(6) + H,0,(aq) “This method required the cisposal of poleonous barium compounds Calouate Use the table of relative formula masses gven below. ‘compound B20, 1693 | H,S0, oat | 'BaS0, 2a He ‘lative formula mass ‘atom economy = Lunrne AMV atom economy fr this manufacture of hydrogen peroxide from Ba0, RI 8 BSSSSRS888888R888888889898998889 99889 8888 Oa RT gesssgsesacacscesaaaae:r 7 7 (i) Nowadays, hydrogen peroxide is manufactured using hydrogen gas, cxygen trom the air and a substance called anthraquinone stage1 H+ anthraquinone —> anthraquino! stage2 + anthraquinol > H,0, + anthraquinone Compare the manufacture of H,O, from hydrogen and exygon with the manufacture from bbarum peroxide described in b() Explain the advantages of the manufacture of H,0, from hycrogen and oxygen, 8 (6) Some reactions of HO, are exothermic. {Use ideas about the enthalpy changes tha take place during bond breaking and bond making to explain why some reactions are exothermic. 2 (Tota: 15), |in : 3 Glucose, C,H,,0,, can be completely combusted to give carbon dloxide and wate. OH .04(8) + 60,19) —> 6C0,(q) + 6H,01) {Inthe body, the conversion of gucase ino carbon oxide and water takes place in a number of stages catalysed by enzymes, What name is given to this oxidation process in the body? (©) A student ‘carios out an experiment to determine the enthalpy change of combustion of cose In the exporiment, 0.831 g of glucose is burned. The energy released is used to haat 100cm? ‘of water Wom 237°C to 41.0°C. () Calculate the energy released, in kd, during combustion of 0.831 g glucose sig? energy = (W)Caleuate the amount, in moles of glucose that is burned (Gi) Celoutate the enthalpy change of combustion of glucose Give your answer to three significant figures. SS (Ov 5 AUGARBARSSS 1 2) SS888888RR88R8ggegsees ss sesssscasaaacesgaae nana ks mot fa} _l ect berrv : T (0) 7 sandr ont change of combs gcse can ao be tare chy Calais stndaseray charge cobvatont fone ving be radeon See remmciannoe caoeance | ant iesear [cou | ome “Ho eHaOele) + 60,{9) ~> 600,69) + 6H,010 newer = ks mor (3) (@) Suggest two reasons why standard enthalpy changes of combustion determined ‘experimentally are les exothermic than the calculated theoretical values. a (otal: 12] ee ramever _]Tr ” “I 4. A easton mechanism shows the inavidual steps that tak place during a reacton. (@) Methane reacts with bromine inthe presence of ultraviolet radiation to form several products, “Two of hese products are bromomethane and hydrogen brome, (0) Wete an equation forthe reaction between methane and bromine to make bromomethane “and hydrogen bromide, 7 seve] Name one other bromine-contaning erganic product which is formed when methane reacts wih bromine, m (li) The mechanism for this reaction is called raccalsubstiuton. Describe the mechanism for the radical substitution of methane by bromine to make ‘bromomethane Use the mechanism to suggest why @ small amount of ethane is aleo formes. vO Me ye sod rpree our anew and ee core ecincl ime, B88 RSBRBRgaeesesgsssesacseenona: 8: 888. 88 oer OCR oor er er Lucerne AMO1 7 (b) The ‘curly arrows’ model ie used in reaction mechanisms to show the movement of electron pals during chemical reactions. (choose a reaction mechanism that you have studed involving the cut atow model [Name and deseribe your chosen reaction mechanism. In your answer, include: ‘+ an example ofthe reaction withthe chosen mechanism, + the typeof bond fission that occurs, + relevant dipoles. S a i = BS = a a es a FS = He = a = = & = = = = a Sea oes Sea 2 Scr a " oat trot: 15) = = _ a ES Ba = Arc 5 2 ml ‘Alkanes are a very useful series of hydrocarbons used widely in synthesis, Alkenes are more ‘reactive than akanes. (2) Whats the name ofthe process used to convert long chain alkanes nto more useful shorter chain alkenes? m (©) Ethene and steam can be converted into ethanol ‘The equilrium is shown below. CHa) + H,019) = C,HjOH(g) AH =—46 kd mor" le Chateler’ principle can be used to predict the effect of changing conditions onthe position of equilibrium. (Name the catalyst used in this reaction. 0 (Stato le Chatotors principle, m1 (i) Using lo Chatoiers principle, predict and explain the conditions that would give the ‘maximum equitorium yield of ethanol from ethene and steam, co) (lv) The actual conditions used are 60 atmospheres pressure at 300°C in he presence of a Catalyst. Compare these conditions with your answer to (i) and comment on why these Conaltons ara used. ALL BIBS SESBSSBRsgggegegggegsssssasssssssssasassasgaggeseesssy, ckSSSSSSSSE9 33888) SSPQSI IIIS ISS SSS SsSs sso oss r @ © ® 1 ‘Alkenes aro used to make edition polymers. ‘The repeat unit for an addin polymers shown below. — ; i nl \What athe name ofthe monomer used to make this polymer? i) Fobjchieroatone) has the repeat unit below. Hol | coe | Hon |n “This repeat unit can be writen as —CH,CHCI— (One way to depose of poly(chlorothene) sto react with oxygen a hightemperature. This is called incineration. (Complete the ‘following equation that shows the reaction taking place during Incineration —cH,cHeI— Og Penn CO, + nee MYO + eee HCL MD (i) Research chemists have reduced the environmental impacto incineration by removing the HCI formed from the waste gases. ‘Suggest a type of reactant hat could be used to remove the HCI. m1 “The disposal of polymers causes environmental damage. Research chemists are developing polymers tat wil feduce ths environmental damage and increase sustainably. Describe two ways in which chemists can reduce this environmental damage. 2 (ota: 14), Lisennn ranever _]r 6 “ This question is about the six aleoho below. butan-2-01 cethane-+,2-dio! 2.methylpentan-s-ol 2.methylpropan-2-o1 propanst-ol propan-2-ol (8) Which alcoho is an example ofa tertiary aleohol? (8) raw the skeletal formula for 2-methyipertan-$0. (6) Butan-201 and 2-methypropan-2-0 are structural Isomers, (9) What is meant bythe term structural isomer? (1) Draw another structural isomer ofthese two alcohols (€) Ethane-1,2ol can be dissolved in waterto act as an ant-sreeze in car radiators, Explain why ethane-t,2-dol i very soluble in waterSSSSSSSSSS SSIS SSS SSS SSS ER TUT TSSSS SSS esse ses ss: SSE883885 ‘ocr cr es r 6 5 (@) Ethane-1,2lol is heated under reflux with ethanoic acid and a small amount of H,SO, ‘catalyl. Compound A is formed with molecular formula CHO, raw the structure of compound A (9 Butan2.olis heated with H,SO, catalyst o o w Li venie Amiure of three alkenes forms, B,C and D. ‘The akenes B and C ate storeoisomers. Draw the structures ofthe wo stereoisomers B and C What typeof starecizomeritm is shown by B and C? Draw the stuctur ofthe other alkane D, thats formed inthis reaction, of] m1 venom* “1 {g) Alcohol E is one of the folowing alcohols, butan-2-01 cethane-1,2-Aio! 2methylpentan-s-ol ‘2methylpropan2-ol propanst-ol propan-2-0l {A student oxidises alcohol E by heating under reflux with excess aciaied potassium <échromata(V1). An organic product Fis isolated, ‘The mass spectrum of the aleohol Eis shown below. 100 80 relative © intensity 40 20 ° 1 Lott ett 1 is 20S so edo 4s Se mie “The infrared spectrum ofthe organic product F is shown below, $90] transmittance A) so Oo 4000 ‘000 ‘2000 "1600 "000 00 wavenumber em" Luce I MUASHS888 998 SSS SSS EERE ESSE SS SS SSS SS SUIS SRS ESAS Sek RS: SBSS88S99095 ® T + Name oF draw the structures ofthe alcohol E and the organic product F. “+ Witte an equation forthe reaction of aloohol E with aiid potassium dichromate). Use [0] to represent the oxcsing ager, acid potassium dichromate(V). In your answer, you should mako clear how each structure fits with the information given above m (otal: 19) Leeann wow IOUT" “TE & 7 Thore is much international concern that an increase in atmospheric concentrations of carbon 23 Clone end metane ay lee ogbalwaring and clnate ange a (0) Caron coxid and methane are btn reerhouse gases e é (© Wat pe of racaton is absorbed by methane molecules and what atet coos tis $B radiabon have on these molecules? es cy (2) Some sits are more concerned bout carbon donde a8 a gratnhouse ga han smathane, 1 (©) Describe ways that research chemists are trying to minimise clmate change resulting trom _gobal warming caused by tho release of greenhouse gases. sSSS888Ssaagssaagagssegasesass. io}T * 71 (6) Research scientists working nthe Antarctichave measured the concentration of carbon oxide Inthe le, Tis study has alowed the scientists to estimate the elmospheric concentration of tcaben dioxide over many thousands of years. “The graphs below show these atmospheric concentrations and the cortesponding average _surlags temperature 30 200 260: costopm 20 220: 200: 160) 160: 0, 6 TIS to 4a 0 30 40 60 80 160 150 140 180 ‘age (thousands of yoars betore presen!) change in temperature " bebbone ‘0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 ‘age (thousands of years before presen!) Do the graphs provide reliable evidence that an increase In atmospheric carbon dfoxide ‘concantation wit result in global warming? Explain your answer S88 SSS SESE RESSSSSSSISSsas sss ea see e eee e SREB SER SSS: SSSS9SS299099) oa 10 Loew END OF QUESTION PAPER from 30) :ocr* == PLEASE DO NOT WRITE ONTHIS PAGE MOT RAISE NOT WaTE WE ARS Bases sae aaegegessscossascs, 888838! 8 cr 8