Chapters11 13to18

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006
1.
106 50 (− j80)
Zc = = − j80 Ω, = 42.40∠ − 32.01°Ω
j 500 × 25 50 − j80
∴ V = 84.80∠ − 32.01° V, I R = 1.696∠ − 32.01° A
I c = 1.0600∠57.99° A
ps (π / 2ms) = 84.80 cos (45° − 32.01°) 2 cos 45° = 116.85 W
pR = 50 × 1.6962 cos 2 (45° − 32.01°) = 136.55 W
pc = 84.80 cos (45° − 32.01°) = 1.060 cos (45° + 57.99°) = −19.69 W
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2.
1 2 1
(a) 4H : i = 2t 2 − 1∴ v = Li′ = 4 (4t ) = 16t , wL =
Li = × 4 (4t 4 − 4t 2 + 1)
2 2
∴ wL = 8t − 8t + 2 ∴ wL (3) − wL (1) = 8 × 3 − 8 × 3 + 2 − 8 × 1 + 8 × 1 − 2 = 576 J
4 2 4 2
t
1 t 2 ⎛2 ⎞ ⎛2 ⎞ ⎛2 ⎞
(b) 0.2 F : vc = ∫
0.2 1
(2t − 1) dt + 2 = 5 ⎜ t 3 − t ⎟ + 2 = 5 ⎜ t 3 − t ⎟ − 5 ⎜ − 1⎟ + 2
⎝3 ⎠1 ⎝3 ⎠ ⎝3 ⎠
10 10 61 61
∴ vc (2) = × 8 − 10 − + 5 + 2 = V ∴ Pc (2) = × 7 = 142.33 W
3 3 3 3
R 1
3. vc (0) = −2V, i (0) = 4A, α = = 2, ω o2 = = 3, s1,2 = −2 ± 1 = −1, − 3
2L LC
1
(a) i = Ae− t + Be−3t ∴ A + B = 4; i (0+ ) = vL (0+ ) = (−4 × 4 × +2) = −14
1
∴−A − 38 = −14 ∴ B = 5, A = −1, i = −e − t + 5e −3t A
t
∴+vc = 3∫ (−e− t + 5e−3t ) dt − 2 = 3(e− t − 5e −3t ) to − 2 = e −t − 3 − 5e −3t + 5 − 2
o
∴ vc = 3e − 5e−3t ∴ Pc (0+ ) = (3 − 5) (−1 + 5) = −8 W

−t
(b) Pc (0.2) = (3e −0.2 − 5e−0.6 ) (−e0.2 + 5e −0.6 ) = −0.5542 W
(c) Pc (0.4) = (3e −0.4 − 5e−1.2 ) (5e−1.2 − e−0.4 ) = 0.4220 W
4. We assume the circuit has already reached sinusoidal steady state by t = 0.

2.5 kΩ → 2.5 kΩ, 1 H → j1000 Ω, 4 μF → -j250 Ω, 10 kΩ → 10 kΩ
Zeq = j1000 || -j250 || 10000 = 11.10 – j333.0 Ω
(20∠30)(11.10 − j 333.0)
Veq = = 2.631∠ − 50.54o V
2500 + 11.10 − j 333.0
Veq Veq
I10k = = 0.2631 ∠ - 50.54o mA I1 H = = 2.631 ∠ - 140.5o mA
10000 j1000
Veq (20∠30)(2500)
I4 μF = = 10.52 ∠39.46o mA V2.5k = = 19.74∠37.55o V
− j 250 2500 + 11.10 − j 333.0
Thus, P2.5k =
[19.74 cos 37.55 ] o 2
= 97.97 mW
2500
[ ][
P1 H = 2.631cos(− 50.54 ) 2.631 × 10-3 cos(−140.5o ) = - 3.395 mW
o
]
[ ][
P4 μF = 2.631cos(− 50.54o ) 10.52 × 10-3 cos(39.46o ) = 13.58 mW ]
P2.5k =
[2.631cos(− 50.54 )] = o 2
279.6 μW
10000
FREQ IM(V_PRINT1) IP(V_PRINT1) FREQ VM(L,0) VP(L,0)

1.592E+02 7.896E-03 3.755E+01 1.592E+02 2.629E+00 -5.054E+01
FREQ VM(R2_5k,$N_0002)VP(R2_5k,$N_0002) FREQ IM(V_PRINT11) IP(V_PRINT11)

1.592E+02 1.974E+01 3.755E+01 1.592E+02 1.052E-02 3.946E+01
FREQ IM(V_PRINT2) IP(V_PRINT2) FREQ IM(V_PRINT12) IP(V_PRINT12)

1.592E+02 2.628E-03 -1.405E+02 1.592E+02 2.629E-04 -5.054E+01
5.
40∠ − 53.13°
is → 5∠0° A, C → − j 4 Ω, Zin = 8 (3 − j 4) =
11 − j 4
= 3.417∠ − 33.15°∴ Vs = 17.087∠ − 33.15°,
vs = 17.087 cos (25t − 33.15°) V ∴
Ps ,abs (0.1) = −17.087 cos (2.5rad − 33.147°) × 5cos 2.5rad = −23.51 W
17.087
i8 = cos (25t − 33.15°) ∴
8
i8 (0.1) = 2.136 cos (2.5rad − 33.15°) = −0.7338 A
∴ P8,abs = 0.73382 × 8 = 4.307 W;
17.087∠ − 33.15°
I3 = = 3.417∠19.98° A
3 − j4
∴ i3 (0.1) = 3.417 cos (2.5rad + 19.98°) = −3.272 A ∴
P3,abc = 3.2722 × 3 = 32.12 W
Vc = − j 4 (3.417∠19.983°) = 13.67∠ − 70.02°,
vc (0.1) = 13.670 cos (2.5rad − 70.02°) = 3.946 V
∴ Pc , abc = 3.946 (−3.272) = −12.911 W (Σ = 0)
−R t
6. For t > 0, i(t) = 8e L
= 8e −2t .
(a) p(0+) = (8)2(1) = 64 W
(b) at t = 1 s, i = 8e–2 = 1.083 A; p(1) = i2R = 1.723 W.
(c) at t = 2 s, i = 8e–4 = 146.5 mA; p(2) = i2R = 21.47 mW
−t
7. v(t ) = (3)(6000)e 30×10−3
(a) p(0+) = v2(0+)/R = (18×103)2 / 6000 = 54 kW
(b) p(0.03) = v2(0.03)/R = (18×103e–1)2 / 6000 = 7.308 kW
(c) p(0.09) = v2(0.09)/R = (18×103e–3)2 / 6000 = 134 W
8. (a) p = (30×103)2 (1.2×10–3) = 1.080 MW
(b) W = (1.080×106)(150×10–6) = 162 J
1
9. W= CV 2 . The initial voltage, v(0+), is therefore
2
2W 2(100 ×10−3 ) −t −t
v(0+ ) = = −3
= 2 V and so v(t ) = 2e RC = 2e 0.12 V .
C 100 × 10
The instantaneous power dissipated at t = 120 mS is therefore
v 2 (120 ms) 2e−2

p(120 ms) = = = 226 mW
R 1.2
The energy dissipated over the first second is given by
−2 t
v 2 (t ) 1 2e RC
RC ⎛ 2 ⎞ −2
∫0 R dt = − 2 ⎜⎝ R ⎟⎠ ⎡⎣⎢e RC − 1⎤⎥⎦ ≈ 100 mJ
1
∫0 R dt =
ΔT = Q/mc, where Q = 100 mJ, c = 0.9 kJ/kg•K, and m = 10–3 kg.
Thus, the final temperature
100 ×10−6 kJ
= 271.15 + 23 + = 271.15 + 23 + 0.1111
⎛ kJ ⎞
(10 kG ) ⎜ 0.9 kg ⋅ K ⎟
−3
⎝ ⎠
= 294.3 K, representing a temperature increase of 0.1111 K.
10. (a) p = (276)(130) = 358.8 mW
(b) v(t) = 2.76cos1000t V (given); we need to know the I-V relationship for this
(nonlinear) device.
11.
j 5(10 − j 5)
Zin = 4 + = 4 + 2.5 + j 5 = 6.5 + j 5 Ω
10
100
∴ Is = = 12.194∠ − 37.57° A
6.5 + j5
1
∴ Ps , abs = − × 100 × 12.194 cos 37.57° = −483.3 W
2
1
P4, abs = (12.194) 2 4 = 297.4 W,
2
Pcabs = 0
100 j5
I10 = = 6.097∠52.43° so
6.5 + j 5 10
1
P10,abs = (6.097) 2 × 10 = 185.87 W
2
PL = 0 (Σ = 0)
12.
40∠30°
V = (10 + j10) = 52.44∠69.18° V
5∠50° + 8∠ − 20°
1
P10, gen = × 10 × 52.44 cos 69.18° = 93.19 W
2
1
Pj10, gen = × 10 × 52.44 cos (90° − 69.18°) = 245.1 W
2
2
1 ⎛ 52.44 ⎞
P5∠50 abs = ⎜ ⎟ cos (50°) = 176.8 W
2⎝ 5 ⎠
2
1 ⎛ 52.44 ⎞
P8∠− 20 abs = ⎜ ⎟ cos (−20°) = 161.5 W (Σ gen = Σ abs )
2⎝ 8 ⎠
13.
1
ZR = 3 + = 3 + 1 + j3 = 4 + j3 Ω
0.1 − j 0.3
2 + j5 5 29
Ignore 30° on Vs , I R = 5 , IR =
6 + j8 10
2
1 ⎛ 5 29 ⎞
(a) P3 Ω = ⎜⎜ ⎟ × 3 = 10.875 W
2 ⎝ 10 ⎟⎠
(2 + j 5) (4 + j 3)
(b) Vs = 5∠0° = 13.463∠51.94° V
6 + j8
1
∴ Ps , gen = × 13.463 × 5cos 51.94° = 20.75 W
2
14.
Pj10 = P− j 5 = 0,
V10 − 50 V10 V10 − j 50
+ + =0
j10 10 − j5
∴ V10 (− j 0.1 + 0.1 + j 0.2) + j 5 + 10 = 0
∴ V10 = 79.06∠16.57° V
1 79.062
P10 Ω = = 312.5 W;
2 10
79.06∠161.57° − 50
I 50 = = 12.75∠78.69° A
j10
1
∴ P50V = × 50 × 12.748cos 78.69° = 62.50 W
2
79.06∠161.57° − j 50
I j 50 = = 15.811∠ − 7.57° :
− j5
1
Pj 50 = × 50 × 15.811cos (90° + 71.57°) = −375.0 W
2
15.
Vx − 20 Vx − Vc
+ = 2Vc [1]
2 3
and
V V − Vx
0= c + c [2]
− j2 3
which simplify to
5Vx − 14Vc = 60 [1] and

j 2Vx + (3 − j 2)Vc = 0 [2]
Solving,
Vx = 9.233∠ − 83.88° V and Vc = 5.122∠ − 140.2° V
1
Pgen = × 9.233 × ( 2 × 5.122 ) cos (−83.88° + 140.2°) = 26.22 W
2
16.
(a) X in = 0 ∴ Z L = R th + j 0
(b) R L , X L independent∴ Z L = Z∗th = R th − jX th
2
1 Vth
(c) R L fixed∴ PL = × R L ∴ Z L = R L − jX th
2 (R th + R L ) 2 + (X th + X L ) 2
2PL RL
(d) X L fixed, Let X L + Xth = a ∴ f = =
Vth
2
(R th + R L ) 2 + a 2
df R + R 2L + a 2 − 2R L (R th + R L )
= th =0
dRL ⎡⎣(R th + R L ) 2 + a 2 ⎤⎦
2
R th2 + 2R th R L + R 2L + a 2 − 2R th R L = 2R 2L = 0
∴ R L = R th2 + a 2 = R th2 + (Xth + X L ) 2
(e) X L = 0 ∴ R L = R th2 + X th2 = Zth
17.
− j10
Vth = 120 = 107.3∠ − 116.6° V
10 + j 5
− j10 (10 + j15)
Zth = = 8 − j14 Ω
10 + j 5
ZTH = ( Z L ) = 8 + j14 Ω
*
(a)
VTH 107.3∠ − 116.6°

(b) IL = = .
ZTH + ( ZTH )
*
16
( ZTH ) = (107.3∠ − 116.6° )(16.12∠ − 60.26° )

*
VL = VTH
ZTH + ( ZTH )
*
16
1 ⎡ (107.3)(16.12 ) ⎤ ⎡107.3 ⎤
PL ,max = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ cos ( −116.6° − 60.26° + 116.6° ) = 179.8 W
2 ⎣ 16 ⎦ ⎣ 10 ⎦
18.
R L = Zth ∴ R L = 82 + 142 = 16.125 Ω
1 107.332
PL = × 16.125 = 119.38 W
2 (8 + 16.125) 2 + 142
19.
− j 9.6 = −4.8 I x − j1.92 I x − +4.8I x
9.6
∴ Ix = =5
1.92
∴ V = (0.6 × 5)8 = 24 V
1
∴ Po = × 24 × 1.6 × 5 = 96 W ( gen)
2
20.
j 480 80 − j 60
(a) Z th = 80 j 60 =
80 + j 60 80 − j 60
= 28.8 + j 38.4 Ω ∴ Z L max = 28.8 − j 38.4 Ω
(b) Vth = 5(28.8 + j38.4) = 144 + j192 V,

144 + j192
∴ IL =
2 × 28.8
1 1442 + 1922
and PL ,max = × 28.8 = 250 W
2 4 × 28.82
21. Zeq = (6 – j8) || (12 + j9) = 8.321 ∠ -19.44o W
Veq = (5 ∠-30o) (8.321 ∠ -19.44o) = 41.61 ∠ -49.44o V
Ptotal = ½ (41.61)(5) cos (-19.44o) = 98.09 W
I6-j8 = Veq / (6 – j8) = 4.161 ∠ 3.69o A

I4+j2 = I8+j7 = Veq/ 12+j9 = 2.774 ∠ -86.31o A
P6-j8 = ½ (41.61)(4.161) cos (-49.44o – 3.69o) = 51.94 W
P4+j2 = ½ (2.774)2 (4) = 15.39 W

P8+j7 = ½ (2.774)2 (8) = 30.78 W
Check: Σ = 98.11 W (okay)
22.
j10 j10 (20)
Vth = 100 = 20 + j 40, Zth = = 4 + j8 Ω
20 + j10 20 + j10
∴ R L = Zth ∴ R L = 8.944 Ω
1 202 + 402
∴ PL ,max = × 8.944 = 38.63 W
2 (4 + 8.944) 2 + 64
23. We may write a single mesh equation: 170 ∠0o = (30 + j10) I1 – (10 – j50)(-λI1)
Solving,
170∠0 o
I1 =
30 + j10 + 10λ − j 50λ
170∠0 o
(a) λ = 0, so I1 = = 5.376∠ - 18.43 o A and, with the same current flowing
30 + j10
through both resistors in this case,
P20 = ½ (5.376)2 (20) = 289.0 W
P10 = ½ (5.376)2 (10) = 144.5 W
170∠0 o
(b) λ = 1, so I1 = = 3.005∠45 o A
40 − j 40
P20 = ½ (3.005)2 (20) = 90.30 W
The current through the 10-Ω resistor is I1 + λI1 = 2 I1 = 6.01 ∠ 45o so
P10 = ½ (6.01)2 (10) = 180.6 W
(c)
(a)
FREQ IM(V_PRINT3) IP(V_PRINT3)
6.000E+01 5.375E+00 -1.846E+01

6.000E+01 5.375E+00 -1.846E+01
(b)
6.000E+01 6.011E+00 4.499E+01

6.000E+01 3.006E+00 4.499E+01
(10)(1) + (−5)(1) + 0(1)

24. (a) Waveform (a): Iavg = = 1.667 A
3
1
(20)(1) + 0(1)
Waveform (b): Iavg = 2 = 5A
2
Waveform (c):
10 −3
2πt ⎛ 4 × 10 −3 ⎞ ⎛ πt ⎞
Iavg =
1
∫
10 − 3
8sin (
dt = - 8 × 10 3 ) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ cos⎜ −3 ⎟
1 × 10 −3 ⎝ 2π ⎠ ⎝ 2 × 10 ⎠
−3
0 4 × 10 0
= −
16
(0 − 1) = 16
A
π π
(100)(1) + (25)(1) + (0)(1)

(b) 2
Waveform (a): I avg = = 41.67 A 2
3
Waveform (b): i(t) = -20×103 t + 20
i2(t) = 4×108 t2 – 8×105 t + 400
2
I avg =
1 10 -3
-3 ∫ 0
(4 × 108 t 2 - 8 × 10 5 t + 400) dt
2 × 10
⎡ 4 × 10 8 −3 3 8 × 10 ⎤
( ) (10 −3 ) + 400(10 −3 )⎥ =
5
1 2 0.1333
= -3 ⎢
10 - = 66.67 A 2
2 × 10 ⎣ 3 2 ⎦ 2 × 10 -3
Waveform (c):
10 −3
2πt 3 ⎡t sin π × 10 3 t ⎤
2
I avg =
1
1 × 10 −3 ∫
10 − 3
64sin 2
4 × 10 −3
dt = 64 (
× 10 ⎢ - ) 2π × 10 3 ⎦
⎥
0
⎣2 0
⎡10 −3
sin π ⎤
(
= 64 × 10 3 ⎢ ) − 3⎥
= 32 A 2
⎣ 2 2π × 10 ⎦
25. At ω = 120π, 1 H → j377 Ω, and 4 μF → -j663.1 Ω

Define Zeff = j377 || -j663.1 || 10 000 = 870.5 ∠ 85.01o Ω
V2.5k =
(400
2∠ − 9 o 2500 )
= 520.4 ∠ - 27.61o V
2500 + 870.5 ∠85.01 o
V10k =
( )(
400 2∠ − 9 o 870.5 ∠85.01o )
= 181.2 ∠57.40 o V
2500 + 870.5 ∠85.01 o
Thus, P2.5k = ½ (520.4)2 / 2 500 = 54.16 W

P10k = ½ (181.2)2 / 10 000 = 1.642 W
P1H = 0
P4μF = 0 (A total absorbed power of 55.80 W.)
To check, the average power delivered by the source:
400 2∠ − 9 o
Isource = = 0.2081 ∠ - 27.61o A
2500 + 870.5∠85.01o
and Psource = ½ ( 400 2 )(0.2081) cos (-9o + 27.61o) = 55.78 W (checks out).
FREQ IM(V_PRINT1) IP(V_PRINT1) FREQ VM(L,0) VP(L,0)

6.000E+01 2.081E-01 -2.760E+01 6.000E+01 1.812E+02 5.740E+01
FREQ VM(R2_5k,$N_0002) VP(R2_5k,$N_0002) FREQ IM(V_PRINT11) IP(V_PRINT11)
6.000E+01 5.204E+02 -2.760E+01 6.000E+01 2.732E-01 1.474E+02
FREQ IM(V_PRINT2) IP(V_PRINT2) FREQ IM(V_PRINT12) IP(V_PRINT12)

6.000E+01 4.805E-01 -3.260E+01 6.000E+01 1.812E-02 5.740E+01
T
1 144 144
26. (a) ∫ (1 + cos 2000t ) dt = = 8.485
T 0 2 2
T
1 144 144
(b) ∫ (1 − cos 2000t ) dt = = 8.485
T 0 2 2
T
1 144 144
(c) ∫ (1 + cos1000t ) dt = = 8.485
T 0 2 2
T
(d)
1 144 ⎡
∫
T 0 2 ⎣ (
1 + cos 1000t − 176o ⎤⎦ dt = )
144
2
= 8.485
T
1 4 2
27. (a) ∫ (1 + cos 20t ) dt = = 1.414
T 02 2
T
1 4 2
(b) ∫ (1 − cos 20t ) dt = = 1.414
T 02 2
T
1 4 2
(c) ∫ (1 + cos10t ) dt = = 1.414
T 02 2
T
(d)
1 4⎡
∫
T 02 ⎣ ( )
1 + cos 10t − 64o ⎤⎦ dt =
2
2
= 1.414
28. T = 3 s; integrate from 1 to 4 s; need only really integrate from 1 to 3 s as function is zero
between t = 3 and t = 4 s.
3 3
1 100 100(2)
Vrms =
31∫ (10) 2 dt =
3 1
t =
3
= 8.165 V
29. T = 3 s; integrate from 2 to 5 s; need only really integrate from 2 to 3 s as function is zero
between t = 3 and t = 4 s.
3 3
1 49 49(1)
I rms =
32∫ (7) 2 dt =
3 2
t =
3
= 4.041 A
30. (a) 1 V
2
⎛ 1 ⎞
(b) Vrms = V 2
1eff +V 2
2eff = 1 +⎜
2
⎟ = 1.225 V
⎝ 2⎠
2
⎛ 1 ⎞
(c) Vrms = V 2
1eff +V2
2eff = 1 +⎜
2
⎟ = 1.225 V
⎝ 2⎠
31.
(a) v = 10 + 9 cos100t + 6sin100t

1 1
∴ Veff = 100 + × 81 + × 36 = 158.5 = 12.590 V
2 2
1 2
(b) Feff = (10 + 202 + 102 ) = 150 = 12.247
4
(10)(1) + (20)(1) + (10)(1) 40

(c) Favg = = = 10
4 4
32.
(a) g(t) = 2 + 3cos100t + 4cos(100t – 120o)

3.606 2
3 ∠0 + 4∠-120 = 3.606 ∠-73.90 so Geff =
o o
4+ = 3.240
2
h (t ) = 2 + 3cos100t + 4 cos (101t − 120°)

(b) 1 1
∴ H eff = 22 + 32 + 42 = 16.5 = 4.062
2 2
1 0.1 6 2
0.3 ∫0
(c) f (t ) = 100t , 0 < t < 0.1∴ Feff = 10 t dt
10 1
= ×106 × × 10−3 = 33.33
3 3
33. f (t ) = (2 − 3cos100t ) 2
(a) f (t ) = 4 − 12 cos100t + 9 cos 2 100t

∴ f (t ) = 4 − 12 cos100t + 4.5 + 4.5cos 200t ∴ Fav = 4 + 4.5 = 8.5
1 1
(b) Feff = 8.52 + × 122 + × 4.52 = 12.43
2 2
1
⎡1
( )
⎤ 2
34. (a) ieff = ⎢ 102 + (−5) 2 + 0⎥ = 6.455 A
⎣3 ⎦
1
⎡1 1 ⎤
= ⎢ ⎛⎜ ∫ [− 20t + 20] dt ⎞⎟ + 0⎥
2
(b) ieff = 5 = 2.236 A
⎣2 ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎦
1
⎡1 ⎛ 1 ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎞⎤
1
⎡ ⎛2⎞ ⎛ πt ⎞ ⎤
2
(c) ieff = ⎢ ⎜⎜ ∫ 8sin ⎜ t ⎟ dt ⎟⎟⎥ = ⎢- 8 ⎜ π ⎟ cos ⎜ 2 ⎟⎥ = 2.257 A
⎣1 ⎝
0
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎦ 0
35.
(a) A = B = 10V, C = D = 0 ∴10∠0° + 10∠ − 45° = 18.48∠ − 22.50o

1 1
∴P = × × 18.482 = 42.68 W
2 4
(b) A = C = 10V, B = D = 0, vs = 10 cos10t + 10 cos 40t ,
1 102 1 102
P= + = 25 W
2 4 2 4
(c) vs = 10 cos10t − 10sin (10t + 45°) → 10 − 10∠ − 45° = 7.654∠67.50o

1 7.6542
∴P = = 7.322 W
2 4
(d) v = 10 cos10t + 10sin (10t + 45°) + 10 cos 40t ;

10∠0° + 10∠ − 45° = 18.48∠ − 22.50o
1 1 1 1
∴ P = × 18.482 × + × 102 × = 55.18 W
2 4 2 4
102
(e) // + 10dc ∴ Pav = 55.18 + = 80.18 W
4
j 0.3Rω
36. Zeq = R || j0.3ω = . By voltage division, then, we write:
R + j 0.3Rω
j 0.1ω - 0.03ω 2 + j 0.1ωR

V100mH = 120∠0 = 120∠0
j 0.3Rω − 0.03ω 2 + j 0.4 Rω
j 0.1ω +
R + j 0.3ω
j 0.3Rω
R + j 0.3ω j 36 Rω
V300mH = 120∠0 = 120∠0
j 0.3Rω − 0.03ω2 + j 0.4 Rω
j 0.1ω +
R + j 0.3ω
(a) We’re interested in the value of R that would lead to equal voltage magnitudes, or
j 36 Rω = (
(120) - 0.03ω 2 + j 0.1ωR )
Thus, 36Rω = 12.96ω 4 + 144ω 2 R 2 or R = 0.1061 ω
(b) Substituting into the expression for V100mH, we find that V100mH = 73.47 V,
independent of frequency.
To verify with PSpice, simulate the circuit at 60 Hz, or ω = 120π rad/s, so R = 40 Ω.
We also include a miniscule (1 pΩ) resistor to avoid inductor loop warnings. We see
from the simulation results that the two voltage magnitudes are indeed the same.
FREQ VM($N_0002,$N_0003)VP($N_0002,$N_0003)
6.000E+01 7.349E+01 -3.525E+01
FREQ VM($N_0001,$N_0002)VP($N_0001,$N_0002)
6.000E+01 7.347E+01 3.527E+01
37.
(a) Vav ,1 = 30V
1
Vav ,2 = (10 + 30 + 50) = 30V
3
1 3 1 1
(b) Veff ,1 =
3 ∫0
(20t ) 2 dt =
3
× 400 × × 27 = 1200 = 34.64V
3
1 2 1
Veff ,2 = (10 + 302 + 502 ) = × 3500 = 34.16 V
3 3
(c) PSpice verification for Sawtooth waveform of Fig. 11.40a:
⎛ − j106 ⎞ − jR106
38. Zeff = R || ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ =
⎝ 3ω ⎠ 3ωR − j10
6
120∠0
=
120ω 3ωR - j106 ( )
ISRC =
−j
106
−j
R106 (
− j106 3ωR − j106 − jωR106 )
ω 3ωR − j106
R
I3μF = ISRC
106
R− j
3ω
R
(a) For the two current magnitudes to be equal, we must have = 1 . This is
106
R− j
3ω
only true when R = ∞; otherwise, current is shunted through the resistor and the two
capacitor currents will be unequal.
(b) In this case, the capacitor current is
1
120∠0 6
= j 90ω μA, or 90ω cos(ωt + 90o ) μA
10 106
−j −j
ω 3ω
(c) PSpice verification: set f = 60 Hz, simulate a single 0.75-μF capacitor, and include a
100-MΩ resistor in parallel with the capacitor to prevent a floating node. This should
resit in a rms current amplitude of 33.93 mA, which it does.

6.000E+01 3.393E-02 9.000E+01
39.
v(t ) = 10t [u (t ) − u (t − 2)] + 16e −0.5(t −3) [u (t − 3) − u (t − 5)] V
Find eff. value separately
1 2 20
V1,eff =
5 ∫0
100t 2 dt =
3
× 8 = 7.303
1 5 256 3 − t 5
V2,eff =
5 ∫3
256e − ( t −3) dt =
5
e (−e )3 = 6.654
∴ Veff = 7.3032 + 6.6542 = 9.879

1⎡ 2
256e3e− t dt ⎤
5
Veff = ∫ t dt + ∫
2
100
⎢
5⎣ 0 3 ⎥⎦
1 ⎡100 ⎤
= ⎢ × 8 + 256e3 (e −3 − e−5 ) ⎥
5⎣ 3 ⎦
1 ⎡ 800 ⎤
= ⎢ + 256 (1 − e −2 ) ⎥ = 9.879 V OK
5⎣ 3 ⎦
40. The peak instantaneous power is 250 mW. The combination of elements yields
Z = 1000 + j1000 Ω = 1414 ∠45o Ω.
Vm ∠0 Vm ∠ − 45o
Arbitrarily designate V = Vm ∠0 , so that I = = A.
Z 1414
We may write p(t) = ½ Vm Im cos φ + ½ Vm Im cos (2ωt + φ) where φ = the angle of the
current (-45o). This function has a maximum value of ½ VmIm cos φ + ½ VmIm.
Thus, 0.250 = ½ VmIm (1 + cos φ) = ½ (1414) Im2 (1.707)
and Im = 14.39 mA.
In terms of rms current, the largest rms current permitted is 14.39 / 2 = 10.18 mA rms.
41. I = 4∠35° A rms
(a) V = 20I + 80∠35° Vrms, Ps , gen = 80 × 10 cos 35° = 655.3 W
PR = I R = 16 × 20 = 320 W
2
(b)
(c) PLoad = 655.3 − 320 = 335.3 W
(d) APs , gen = 80 × 10 = 800 VA
(e) APR = PR = 320 VA
(f) I L = 10∠0° − 4∠35° = 7.104∠ − 18.84° A rms

∴ APL = 80 × 7.104 = 568.3 VA
PL 335.3
(g) PFL = cos θ L = = = 0.599
APL 568.3
since I L lags V, PFL is lagging
42.
120
(a) Is = = 9.214∠ − 26.25° A rms
j192
4+
12 + j16
∴ PFs = cos 26.25 = 0.8969 lag
(b) Ps = 120 × 9.214 × 0.8969 = 991.7W

j 48 1
(c) ZL = 4 + = 4+ (192 + j144)
3 + j4 25
11.68 − j 5.76
∴ Z L = 11.68 + j 5.76 Ω, YL =
11.682 + 5.762
j 5.76
∴ j120π C = , C = 90.09μ F
11.682 + 5.762
(d) PSpice verification
FREQ VM($N_0003,0) VP($N_0003,0)

6.000E+01 1.200E+02 0.000E+00

6.000E+01 9.215E+00 -2.625E+01 ; (a) and (b) are correct
Next, add a 90.09-μF capacitor in parallel with the source:

6.000E+01 8.264E+00 -9.774E-05 ;(c) is correct (-9.8×10-5 degrees
is essentially zero, for unity PF).
43.
Z A = 5 + j 2 Ω, Z B = 20 − j10 Ω, Z c = 10∠30° Ω = 8.660 + j 5 Ω
Z D = 10∠ − 60° = 5 − j8.660 Ω
200 −20 + j10

0 33.66 − j13.660 7265∠22.09°
I1 = = = 15.11∠3.908° A rms
25 − j8 −20 + j10 480.9∠ − 26.00°
−20 + j10 33.66 − j13.660
25 − j8 200
−20 + j10 0 200 (20 − j10)
I2 = = = 9.300∠ − 0.5681° A rms
480.9∠ − 26.00° 480.9∠20.00°
APA = I1 Z A = 15.1082 29 = 1229 VA

2
APB = I1 − I 2 Z B = 5.8812 × 10 5 = 773.5 VA

2
APC = I 2 2 ZC = 9.32 × 10 = 86.49 VA

APD = I 2 Z1 = 9.32 × 10 = 864.9 VA
2
APS = 200 I1 = 200 × 15.108 = 3022 VA
44. Z1 = 30∠15°Ω, Z 2 = 40∠40°Ω
(a) Ztot = 30∠15° + 40∠40° = 68.37∠29.31°Ω

∴ PF = cos 29.3° = 0.8719 lag
(b) V = IZtot = 683.8∠29.31o Ω so
( )
S = VI* = 683.8∠29.31o (10∠0 ) = 6838∠29.31o VA .
Thus, the apparent power = S = 6.838 kVA.
(c) The impedance has a positive angle; it therefore has a net inductive character.
45. θ1 = cos-1(0.92) = 23.07o, θ 2 = cos-1 (0.8) = 36.87o, θ 3 = 0
100 ∠23.07o
S1 = = 100 + j 42.59 VA
0.92
250 ∠36.87 o
S2 = = 250 + j187.5 VA
0.8
500 ∠0o
S3 = = 500 VA
1
Stotal = S1 + S2 + S3 = 500 + j230.1 VA = 550.4 ∠24.71o VA
Stotal 550.4
(a) Ieff = = = 4.786 A rms
Veff 115
(b) PF of composite load = cos (24.71o) = 0.9084 lagging
46.
APL = 10, 000 VA, PFL = 0.8lag, I L = 40A rms

Let I L = 40∠0° A rms; PL = 10, 000 × 0.8 = 8000 W
8000
Let Z L = R L + jX L ∴ R L = =5 Ω
402
cosθ L = 0.8lag∴θ L = cos −1 0.8 = 36.87°
∴ X L = 5 tan 36.87° = 3.75 Ω, Z L = 5 + j 3.75, Ztot = 5.2 + j 3.75 Ω
1
∴ Vs = 40 (5.2 + j 3.75) = 256.4∠35.80° V; Ytot =
5.2 + j 3.75
= 0.12651 − j 0.09124S, Ynew = 0.12651 + j (120π C − 0.09124),
PFnew = 0.9 lag,θ new = 25.84°∴ tan 25.84° = 0.4843
0.09124 − 120π C
= ∴
0.12651
C = 79.48μ F
47. Zeff = j100 + j300 || 200 = 237 ∠54.25o. PF = cos 54.25o = 0.5843 lagging.
(a) Raise PF to 0.92 lagging with series capacitance
Znew = j100 + jXC + j300 || 200 = 138.5 + j(192.3 + XC) Ω

⎛ 192.3 + X C ⎞
tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = cos 0.92 = 23.07
-1 o
⎝ 138.5 ⎠
Solving, we find that XC = -133.3 Ω = -1/ωC, so that C = 7.501 μF
(b) Raise PF to 0.92 lagging with parallel capacitance
− 100 X C
Znew = j100 || jXC + j300 || 200 = +138.5 + j92.31 Ω
j (100 + X C )
⎛ 100X C ⎞
= 138.5 + j ⎜⎜ 92.31 + ⎟ Ω
⎝ 100 + X C ⎟⎠
⎛ 100X C ⎞
⎜ 92.31 + ⎟
−1 ⎜ 100 + X C ⎟
tan = cos-1 0.92 = 23.07o
⎜ 138.5 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Solving, we find that XC = -25 Ω = -1/ωC, so that C = 40 μF
General circuit for simulations. Results agree with hand calculations
FREQ IM(V_PRINT1) IP(V_PRINT1) θ PF

With no compensation: 1.592E+02 4.853E-01 -5.825E+01 54.25o 0.5843 lag
With series compensation: 1.592E+02 7.641E-01 -2.707E+01 23.07o 0.9200 lag
With parallel compensation: 1.592E+02 7.641E-01 -2.707E+01 23.07o 0.9200 lag
48.
20 (1 + j 2)
Zin = − j10 + = 10.769 − j 3.846 = 11.435+ ∠ − 19.65° Ω
3 + j2
100
∴ Is = = 8.745∠19.65°
11.435∠ − 19.654°
∴ S s = − Vs I ∗s = −100 × 8.745∠ − 19.65° = −823.5 + j 294.1VA
10 + j 20
I 20 = 8.745∠19.65° × = 5.423∠49.40°
30 + j 20
∴ S 20 = 20 × 5.4322 = 588.2 + j 0 VA
20 × 5.423∠49.40
I10 = = 4.851∠ − 14.04°
10 + j 20
S10 = 10 × 4.8512 = 235.3 + j 0 VA
S j 20 = j 20 × 4.8512 = j 470.6 VA,
S − j10 = − j10 × 8.7452 = − j 764.7 VA, Σ=0
49.
Vx − 100 V V − j100
+ x + x =0
6 + j4 − j10 5
⎛ 1 ⎞ 100
∴ Vx ⎜ + j 0.1 + 0.2 ⎟ = + j 20
⎝ 6 + j4 ⎠ 6 + j4
∴ Vx = 53.35− ∠42.66° V
100 − 53.35− ∠42.66°
∴ I1 = = 9.806∠ − 64.44° A
6 + j4
1
∴ S1. gen = ×100 × 9.806∠64.44° = 211.5 + j 442.3VA
2
1
S 6, abs = × 6 × 9.8062 = 288.5 + j 0 VA
2
1
S j 4,abs = ( j 4) 9.8062 = 0 + j192.3VA
2
j100 − 53.35− ∠42.66°
I2 = = 14.99∠121.6°,
5
1
S5 abs = × 5 × 14.992 = 561.5 + j 0 VA
2
1
S 2, gen = ( j100)14.99∠ − 121.57° = 638.4 − j 392.3VA
2
1 ⎛ 53.35 ⎞
S − j10, abs = ⎜ ⎟ (− j10) = 0 − j142.3VA = 142.3∠ − 90° VA Σ=0
2 ⎝ 10 ⎠
50.
(a) 500 VA, PF = 0.75 lead∴

S = 500∠ − cos −1 0.75 = 375 − j 330.7 VA
500 W, PF = 0.75 lead∴

(b)
500
S = 500 − sin (cos −1 0.75) = 500 − j 441.0 VA
j.075
(c) −500 VAR, PF = 0.75(lead) ∴θ = − cos −1 0.75 = −41.41°

∴ P 500 / tan 41.41° = 566.9W,
S = 566.9 − j 500 VA
51. S s = 1600 + j 500 VA (gen)
1600 + j 500
(a) I ∗s = = 4 + j1.25 ∴ I s = 4 − j1.25
400
400
Ic = = j 3.333A rms∴ I L = I s − I c = 4 − j1.25 − j 3.333
− j120
∴ I L = 4 − j 4.583A rms∴
S L = 400 (4 + j 4.583) = 1600 + j1833 VA
⎛ 1833.3 ⎞
(b) PFL = cos ⎜ tan −1 +
⎟ = 0.6575 lag
⎝ 1600 ⎠
(c) S s = 1600 + j 500 = 1676∠17.35° VA ∴ PFs = cos17.35° = 0.9545 lag
52. (cos −1 0.8 = 36.87°, cos −1 0.9 = 25.84°)
(a) S tot = 1200∠36.87° + 1600∠25.84° + 900

= 960 + j 720 + 1440 + j 697.4 + 900
= 3300 + j1417.4 = 3592∠23.25° VA
3591.5
∴ Is = = 15.62 A rms
230
(b) PFs = cos 23.245° = 0.9188
(c) S = 3300 + j1417 VA
53.
(a) Ps ,tot = 20 + 25 × 0.8 + 30 × 0.75 = 70 kW
(b) 20, 000

I1 = = 80∠0° A rms
250
I 2 = 25, 000 / 250 = 100 A rms
∠I 2 = − cos −1 0.8 = −36.87 ∴ I 2 = 100∠ − 36.87 o A rms
30, 000 40, 000
AP3 = = 40, 000 VA, I 3 = = 160 A rms
0.75 250
∠ I 3 = − cos −1 0.75 = −41.41° ∴ I 3 = 160∠ − 41.41° A rms
∴ I s = 80∠0° + 100∠ − 36.87° + 160∠ − 41.41° = 325.4∠ − 30.64° A rms
∴ APs = 250 × 325.4 = 81,360 VA
70, 000
(c) PF3 = = 0.8604 lag
81,360
54. 200 kW average power and 280 kVAR reactive result in a power factor of
PF = cos (tan-1 (280/200) = 0.5813 lagging, which is pretty low.
(a) 0.65 peak = 0.65(200) = 130 kVAR

Excess = 280 – 130 = 150 kVAR, for a cost of (12)(0.22)(150) = $396 / year.
(b) Target = S = P + j0.65 P

θ = tan-1(0.65P/P) = 33.02o, so target PF = cos θ = 0.8385
(c) A single 100-kVAR increment costs $200 to install. The excess kVAR would then be
280 – 100 – 130 = 50 kVAR, for an annual penalty of $332. This would result in a
first-year savings of $64.
A single 200-kVAR increment costs $395 to install, and would remove the entire excess
kVAR. The savings would be $1 (wow) in the first year, but $396 each year thereafter.
The single 200-kVAR increment is the most economical choice.
55. Perhaps the easiest approach is to consider the load and the compensation capacitor
separately. The load draws a complex power Sload = P + jQ. The capacitor draws a
purely reactive complex power SC = -jQC.
θload = tan-1(Q/P), or Q = P tan θload
Vrms
QC = SC = Vrms = ω CVrms
2
= ω CVrms
2
(− j / ω C)
Stotal = Sload + SC = P + j(Q – QC)
⎛ Q-QC ⎞
θnew = ang(Stotal) = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ , so that Q – QC = P tan θnew
⎝ P ⎠
Substituting, we find that QC = P tan θload – P tan θnew

or
ω CVrms
2
= P (tan θload – tan θnew)
Thus, noting that θold = θload,
P ( tan θ old - tan θ new )

C =
ω Vrms
2
56. V = 339 ∠-66o V, ω = 100π rad/ s, connected to Z = 1000 Ω.
339
(a) Veff = = 239.7 V rms
2
(b) pmax = 3392 / 1000 = 114.9 W
(c) pmin = 0 W
⎛ 339 ⎞
⎛ 339 ⎞ ⎜ 2 ⎟ 2
Veff
(d) Apparent power = Veff Ieff = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = = 57.46 VA
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎜ 1000 ⎟ 1000
⎝ ⎠
(e) Since the load is purely resistive, it draws zero reactive power.
(f) S = 57.46 VA
57. V = 339 ∠-66o V, ω = 100π rad/s to a purely inductive load of 150 mH (j47.12 Ω)
V 339∠ - 66o
(a) I = = = 7.194 ∠ - 156o A
Z j 47.12
7.194
so Ieff = = 5.087 A rms
2
(b) p(t) = ½ VmIm cos φ + ½ VmIm cos(2ωt + φ)
where φ = angle of current – angle of voltage
pmax = ½ VmIm cos φ + ½ VmIm = (1 + cos(-90o)) (339)(7.194)/ 2 = 1219 W
(c) pmin = ½ VmIm cos φ - ½ VmIm = -1219 W
(d) apparent power = Veff Ieff =

339
(5.087 ) = 1219 VA
2
(e) reactive power = Q = Veff Ieff sin (θ – φ) = 1219 VA
(f) complex power = j1219 VA
58. 1 H → j Ω, 4 μF → –j250 Ω
Zeff = j || –j250 || 104 Ω = 1.004 ∠89.99o Ω
(5∠0) (1.004∠ 89.99o )

V10k = = 2.008 ∠89.97 o mV
2500 + (1.004∠89.99o )
(a) pmax = (0.002)2 / 10×103 = 400 pW
(b) 0 W (purely resistive elements draw no reactive power)
(c) apparent power = VeffIeff = ½ VmIm = ½ (0.002)2 / 10000 = 200 pVA
5∠0
( 5∠0 ) ⎜⎛ ⎞
1
(d) Ssource = ⎟ = 0.005 ∠-0.02292o VA
2 ⎝ 2500∠0.02292 ⎠
59. (a) At ω = 400 rad/s, 1 μF → -j2500 Ω, 100 mH → j40 Ω

Define Zeff = -j2500 || (250 + j40) = 256 ∠ 3.287o Ω
12000∠0
IS = = 43.48 ∠ - 3.049o A rms
20 + 256∠3.287 o
Ssource = (12000)(43.48) ∠ 3.049o = 521.8 ∠3.049o kVA
S20Ω = (43.48)2 (20) ∠0 = 37.81 ∠0 kVA
(12000∠0)(256∠3.287 o )
Veff = = 11130 ∠0.2381o V rms
20 + 256∠3.287 o
Veff
I1μF = = 4.452 ∠90.24o A rms
- j 2500
so S1μF = (11130)(4.452) ∠-90o = 49.55 ∠-90o kVA
(11130∠0.2381o )( j 40)
V100mH = = 1758 ∠81.15o V rms
250 + j 40
V100mH
I100mH = = 43.96 ∠ - 8.852o A rms
j 40
so S100μΗ = (1758)(4.43.96) ∠90o = 77.28 ∠90o kVA
(11130∠0.2381o )(250)
V250Ω = = 10990 ∠ − 8.852o V rms
250 + j 40
so S250Ω = (10990)2 / 250 = 483.1 ∠0o kVA
(b) 37.81 ∠0 + 49.55 ∠-90o +77.28 ∠90o + 483.1 ∠0o = 521.6 ∠3.014o kVA,
which is within rounding error of the complex power delivered by the source.
(c) The apparent power of the source is 521.8 kVA. The apparent powers of the passive
elements sum to 37.81 + 49.55 + 77.28 + 483.1 = 647.7 kVA, so NO! Phase angle is
important!
(d) P = Veff Ieff cos (ang VS – ang IS) = (12000)(43.48) cos (3.049o) = 521 kW
(e) Q = Veff Ieff sin (ang VS – ang IS) = (12000)(43.48) sin (3.049o) = 27.75 kVAR
60. (a) Peak current = 28 2 = 39.6 A
(b) θload = cos-1(0.812) = +35.71o (since lagging PF). Assume ang (V) = 0o.
p(t) = ( 2300 2 ) (39.6) cos (120πt ) cos (120πt - 35.71 ) o
at t = 2.5 ms, then, p(t) = 71.89 kW
(c) P = Veff Ieff cos θ = (2300)(28) cos (35.71o) = 52.29 kW
(d) S = Veff Ieff ∠θ = 64.4 ∠ 35.71o kVA
(e) apparent power = |S| = 64.4 kVA
(f) |Zload| = |V/ I| = 2300/28 = 82.14 Ω. Thus, Zload = 82.14 ∠ 35.71o Ω
(g) Q = Veff Ieff sin θ = 37.59 kVAR
Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Thirteen Solutions 10 March 2006
di1 ( t )
1. v2(t) = M21 = − M 21 (400)(120π ) sin(120π t )
dt
Taking peak values and noting sign is irrelevant, 100 = M21(400)(120π).
Thus, M21 = 663.1 μH
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to
teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
2.
di2
v1 = M 12 therefore
dt
1 ⎛ 115 2 ⎞
i2 =
1
M 12 ∫ v1 dt = ⎜⎜
M 12 ⎝ 120π ⎠
(
⎟⎟ sin 120π t − 16
o
)
1 ⎛ 115 2 ⎞
Equating peak values, M 12 = ⎜ ⎟ = 9.59 mH
45 ⎜⎝ 120π ⎟⎠
3. 1 and 3, 2 and 4
1 and 4, 2 and 3
3 and 1, 2 and 4
di1 di
4. (a) v1 = − L1 +M 2
dt dt
Substituting in i1 = 30 sin 80t and i2 = 30 cos 80t, we find that
v1 = –2400 cos 80t – 1200 sin 80t
⎛ 1200 ⎞
= – 24002 + 12002 cos ⎜ 80t − tan −1 ⎟
⎝ 2400 ⎠
= –2683 cos (80t – 26.57o) V
di2 di
(b) v2 = − L2 +M 1
dt dt
Substituting in i1 = 30 sin 80t and i2 = 30 cos 80t, we find that
v2 = 7200 sin 80t + 1200 cos 80t
⎛ 7200 ⎞
= 72002 + 12002 cos ⎜ 80t − tan −1 ⎟
⎝ 2400 ⎠
= 7299 cos (80t – 80.54o) V
⎛ di di ⎞
5. (a) v1 = − ⎜ L1 1 + M 2 ⎟
⎝ dt dt ⎠
Substituting in i1 = 3 cos 800t nA and i2 = 2 cos 800t nA,we find that
v1 = − ⎡⎣ −(22 × 10−6 )(3)(800) × 10−9 sin 800t − (5 × 10−6 )(2)(800) × 10−9 sin 800t ⎤⎦
= 60.8 sin 800t pV
⎛ di di ⎞
(b) v2 = + ⎜ L2 2 + M 1 ⎟
⎝ dt dt ⎠
Substituting in i1 = 3 cos 800t nA and i2 = 2 cos 800t nA,we find that
v1 = −(15 × 10−6 )(2)(800) ×10−9 sin 800t − (5 × 10−6 )(3)(800) ×10−9 sin 800t
= 36 sin 800t pV
di1 di
6. 8 + 0.4 2 = 5e − t [1]
dt dt
di1 di
0.4 + 8 2 = 3e −2t [2]
dt dt
Let i1 = ae −t + be−2t and i2 = ce−t + de−2t
Then from Eq. [1] we have
–8a – 0.4c = 5 [3] and –16b – 0.8d = 0 [4]
And from Eq. [2] we have
–0.4a – 8c = 0 [5] and –0.8b – 16d = 3 [6]
Solving, we find that a = –0.6266, b = 0.0094, c = 0.03133, and d = –0.1880
di1 d
(a) = ⎣⎡ −0.6266e −t + 0.0094e−2t ⎦⎤ = 0.6266e− t − 0.0188e−2t A/s
dt dt
di2 d
(b) = ⎡0.0313e −t − 0.1880e−2t ⎦⎤ = −0.0313e − t + 0.376e −2t A/s
dt dt ⎣
(c) i1 = −0.6266e −t + 0.0094e−2t A
⎛ di1 di2 ⎞ −3 −t
7. ⎜ −2 + 1.5 ⎟ ×10 = 2e [1]
⎝ dt dt ⎠
⎛ di1 di2 ⎞ −3t

⎜ −1.5 + 2 ⎟ = 4e [2]
⎝ dt dt ⎠
Let i1 = ae −t + be−3t and i2 = ce− t + de−3t
Then from Eq. [1] we have
2a – 1.5c = 2×103 [3] and 6b – 4.5d = 0 [4]
And from Eq. [2] we have
1.5a – 2c = 0 [5] and 4.5b – 6d = 4×103 [6]
Solving, we find that a = 2286, b = -1143, c = 1714, and d = –1524
di1 d
(a) = ⎡⎣ 2286e −t − 1143e−3t ⎤⎦ = −2286e − t + 3429e −3t A/s
dt dt
di2 d
(b) = ⎡⎣1714e −t − 1524e−3t ⎤⎦ = −1714e− t + 4572e−3t A/s
dt dt
(c) i2 = 1714e− t + 4572e−3t A
8.
(a) −V2 = jω 0.4 1∠0
V2 = − j100π× 0.4 × 1∠0 = 126 ∠ 90o V
Thus, v(t) = 126 cos (100πt + 90o) V
(b) Define V2 across the 2-H inductor with + reference at the dot, and a clockwise
currents I1 and I2, respectively, in each mesh. Then,
V = -V2 and we may also write
V
V2 = jωL2 I2 + jωMI1 or -V = jωL2 + jωM
10
Solving for V,
− ( j100π )(0.4) 125.7∠ − 90o 125.7∠ - 90o

V= = = = 2.000 ∠ - 179.1o
1 + ( j100π )(2 ) 1 + j 62.83 62.84∠89.09o
Thus,
v(t) = 2 cos (100πt – 179.1o) V.
(c) Define V1 across the left inductor, and V2 across the right inductor, with the “+”
reference at the respective dot; also define two clockwise mesh currents I1 and I2.
Then,
V1 = jωL1 I1 + jω M I 2
V2 = jωL2 I 2 + jω M I1
1∠0 − V1
Now I1 = and Vout = −V2
4
V
and I 2 = out
10
⎡1∠0 − V1 ⎤ V
⇒ V1 = jωL1 ⎢ ⎥ + jωM out EQN 1
⎣ 4 ⎦ 10
V ⎡1∠0 − V1 ⎤
−Vout = jωL2 out + jωM ⎢ ⎥⎦ EQN 2
10 ⎣ 4
⎡ jωL1 − j ωM ⎤ ⎡ jωL1 1∠0 ⎤
⎢1 − 4 10 ⎥ ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎢
V 4 ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥
⎢ jωM −1 +
jωL2 ⎥ ⎣Vout ⎦ ⎢ jωM 1∠0 ⎥
⎣⎢ 4 10 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 4 ⎦⎥
⎡1 − j 39 − j12.6 ⎤ ⎡ V1 ⎤ ⎡ 39.3 j ⎤
⎢ j 31.4 −1 + j 62.8⎥ ⎢V ⎥ = ⎢31.4 j ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ out ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Solving, we find that Vout (= V) = 1.20 ∠ -2.108o V and hence
v(t) = 1.2 cos (100πt – 2.108o) V.
9.
(a) 100 = (50 + j 200) I1 + j300 I2 , (2000 + j 500) I2 + j 300 I1 = 0
− j3 ⎛ 900 ⎞
∴ I2 = , 100 = ⎜ 50 + j 200 + ⎟ I1
20 + j 5 ⎝ 20 + j 5 ⎠
900 + j 4250
∴100 = I1 ∴ I1 = 0.47451 ∠ − 64.01° A
20 + j 5
1
∴ PS ,abS = − × 100 × 0.4745cos 64.01° = −10.399 W
2
2
1 1 − j3
(b) P50 = × 50 × 0.47452 = 5.630 W, P2000 = × 2000 × 0.47452 × = 4.769 W
2 2 20 + j 5
(c) 0 each
(d) 0
10. iS 1 = 4t A, iS 2 = 10t A
(a) v AG = 20 × 4 + 4 ×10 = 120 V
(b) vCG = −4 × 6 = −24 V
(c) vBG = 3 × 10 + 4 × 4 − 6 × 4 = 30 + 16 − 24 = 22 V
11.
100
(a) Vab ,oc = (− j 300) = 145.52∠ − 165.96° V
50 + j 200
100 = (50 + j 200) I1 + j 300 I2SC , j 500 I2SC + j 300 I1 = 0
5 ⎡ ⎛ 5⎞ ⎤
∴ I1 = − I2 SC , 100 = ⎢ (50 + j 200) ⎜ − ⎟ + j 300 ⎥ I2 SC ∴ I2 SC = 1.1142∠158.199° A
3 ⎣ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎦
145.52∠ − 165.96°
∴ Zth = Vab ,bc / I2 SC = = 130.60∠35.84° = 105.88 + j 76.47 Ω
1.1142∠158.199°
145.52
(b) Z L = 105.88 − j 76.47 Ω ∴ IL = = 0.6872 A
2 × 105.88
1
∴ PL max = × 0.68722 × 105.88 = 25.00 W
2
12.
KVL Loop 1 100 ∠0 = 2(I1 – I2) + jω3 (I1 – I3) + jω2 (I2 – I3)
KVL Loop 2 2(I2 – I1) + 10I2 + jω4 (I2 – I3) + jω2 (I1 – I3) = 0
KVL Loop 3 5I3 + jω3 (I3 – I1) + jω2 (I3 – I2) + jω4 (I3 – I2) + jω2 (I3 – I1) = 0
∴LINEAR EQUATIONS
⎡ 2 + jω 3 − 2 + jω 2 − jω 5 ⎤ ⎡ I1 ⎤ ⎡100∠0⎤
⎢− 2 + jω 2 12 + jω 4 − jω 6 ⎥ ⎢I ⎥ = ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 2⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ − jω 5 jω 2 5 + j11⎥⎦ ⎢⎣I 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦
Since ω = 2πf = 2π(50) = 314.2 rad/s, the matrix becomes
⎡ 2 + j 942.6 − 2 + j 628.4 − j1571 ⎤ ⎡ I1 ⎤ ⎡100∠0⎤

⎢− 2 + j 628.4 12 + j1257 − j1885 ⎥ ⎢I 2 ⎥ = ⎢⎢ 0 ⎥⎥
⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢
⎢⎣ − j1571 j 628.4 5 + j 3456⎥⎦ ⎢⎣I 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦
Solving using a scientific calculator or MATLAB, we find that

I1 = 278.5 ∠ -89.65o mA, I2 = 39.78 ∠ -89.43o mA, I3 = 119.4 ∠ -89.58o mA.
Returning to the time domain, we thus find that
i1(t) = 278.5 cos (100πt – 89.65o) mA, i2(t) = 39.78 cos (100πt – 89.43o) mA, and
i3(t) = 119.4 cos (100πt – 89.58o) mA.
13.
10t 2u (t ) 1000t 2
vs = = 0.01i ′ ∴ i ′ = u (t )
t 2 + 0.01 t 2 + 0.01
S S
15t 2 1500t 2
′
vx = 0.015i S = 2 u (t ), 100vx = 2 u (t )
t + 0.01 t + 0.01
d ⎛ 15t 2 ⎞ (t 2 + 0.01)2t − t 2 × 2t
∴ iC = 100 × 10−6 v′x = 10−4 ⎜ 2 u (t ) ⎟ = 15 × 10−4 u (t )
dt ⎝ t + 0.01 ⎠ (t 2 + 0.01) 2
0.02t 30t
∴ iC = 15 × 10−4 ∴ iC (t ) = 2 μA, t>0
(t + 0.01)
2 2
(t + 0.01) 2
14.
(a) v A (t ) = L1i′1 − Mi′2, vB (t ) = L1i1′ − Mi′2 + L 2i′2 − Mi1′
(b) V1(jω) = jωL1 IA + jωM(IB + IA)
V2(jω) = jωL2 (IB + IA) + jωMIA
15.
(a) 100 = j5ω (I1 – I2) + j3ωI2 + 6(I1 – I3) [1]
(4 + j4ω)I2 + j3ω (I1 – I2) + j2ω (I3 – I2) + j6ω (I2 – I3) – j2ω I2 + j5ω (I2 – I1)
– j3ω I2 = 0 [2]
6 (I3 – I1) + j6ω (I3 – I2) + j2ω I2 + 5 I3 = 0 [3]
Collecting terms,
(6 + j5ω) I1 – j2ω I2 – 6 I3 = 100 [1]
-j2ω I1 + (4 + j5ω) I2 – j4ω I3 = 0 [2]
-6 I1 - j4ω I2 + (11 + j6ω) I3 = 0 [3]
(b) For ω = 2 rad/s, we find
(6 + j10) I1 – j4 I2 – 6 I3 = 100
-j4 I1 + (4 + j10) I2 – j8 I3 = 0
-6 I1 – j8 I2 + (11 + j12) I3 = 0
Solving, I3 = 4.32 ∠ -54.30o A
16.
(a)
Va = jωL1 I a + jωM I b I a = I1
Vb = jωL2 I b + jωM I a Ib = − I 2
V1 = I1 R1 + Va
= I1 R1 + jω L1 I a + jωM I b
= I1 R1 + jω L1 I1 − jωM I 2
V2 = I 2 R2 − Vb
= I 2 R2 − jω L2 I b − jωM I a
= I 2 R2 + jω L2 I 2 − jωM I1
(b) Assuming that the systems connecting the transformer are fully isolated.
Va = jωL1 I a + jωMI b I a = − I1
Vb = jωL2 I b + jωMI a Ib = − I 2
V1 = I1 R − Va
= I1 R − jωL1 I a − jωM I b
= I1 R + jωL1 I1 + jωM I 2
V2 = Vb + I b R2
= − I 2 R2 + jω L2 I b + jωM I a
= − I 2 R2 − jω L2 I 2 − jωM I1
17.
(a)
ω2 (0.2) 2
Z = 2 + jω0.1 +
5 + jω 0.5
5ω2 (0.2) 2 jω0.5 ω2 (0.2) 2
= 2 + jω 0.1 + 2 − 2
5 + (ω0.5) 2 5 + (ω0.5) 2
0.2ω2 ⎡ 0.02ω2 ⎤
= 2+ + ω ⎢ −
25 + 0.25ω2 ⎥⎦
j 0.1
25 + 0.25ω2 ⎣
(b)
(c) Zin(jω) at ω = 50 is equal to 2 + 0.769 + j(50)(0.023) = 2.77 + j1.15 Ω.
18.
ω2 M 2
Z in = Z11 +
Z 22
ω2 M 2
= jω50 ×10−3 +
8 + jω10 × 10−3
ω2 M 2 8 jω10 ×10−3 ω2 M
⇒ Z in = jω50 ×10−3 + −
82 + (ω10 × 10−3 ) 2 82 + (ω10 × 10−3 ) 2
ω2 M 2 8 ⎡ −3 10 ×10−3 ω2 M 2 ⎤
= 2 + jω ⎢50 × 10 − 2 ⎥
8 + (ω10 × 10−3 ) 2 ⎣ 8 + (ω10 ×10−3 ) 2 ⎦
In this circuit the real power delivered by the source is all consumed at the speaker, so
2
1
⎛ 20 ⎞
2
V
P = rms ⇒ 3.2 = ⎜ × ω M 28
2
⎟ −3 2
⎝ 2 ⎠ 8 (ω10 ×10 )
2
R
ω2 M 2 8 202
⇒ 2 = = 62.5 W
8 + (ω10 × 10−3 ) 2 2 × 3.2
19. iS 1 = 2 cos10t A, iS 2 = 1.2 cos10t A
(a) v1 = 0.6(−20sin10t ) − 0.2(−12sin10t ) + 0.5(−32sin10t ) + 9.6 cos10t

∴ v1 = 9.6 cos10t − 25.6sin10t = 27.34 cos (10t + 69.44°) V
(b) v2 = 0.8(−12sin10t ) − 0.2(−20sin10t ) − 16sin10t + 9.6 cos10t

∴ v2 = 9.6 cos10t − 21.6sin10t = 23.64 cos (10t + 66.04°) V
1 1
(c) PS 1 = × 27.34 × 2 cos 69.44° = 9.601 W, PS 2 = × 23.64 × 1.2 cos 66.04° = 5.760 W
2 2
20.
Va = jω8 I a + jω4 I b
* Vb = jω10 I b + jω4 I a = jω10 I b + jω5 I c
Vc = jω6 I c + jω5 I b
Also I = − I a = − I b = I c
Now examine equation *.
− jω10 I − jω4 I = − jω10 I + jω5 I c
∴ the only solution to this circuit is I = and hence
v(t ) = 120 cos ωt V.
21.
100 = j10 I1 − j15 I2
0 = j 200 I2 − j15 I1 − j15 IL
0 = (5 + j10) IL − j15 I2
5 + j10 1+ j2 ⎛ 1+ j2 ⎞
∴ I2 = IL = IL ∴ 0 = j 200 ⎜ − j15 ⎟ IL − j15 I1
j15 j3 ⎝ j3 ⎠
⎛ 400 200 ⎞ j118.33 + 66.67
∴0 = ⎜ j − j15 + ⎟ IL − j15 I1 ∴ I1 = IL
⎝ 3 3 ⎠ j15
⎡2 ⎤
∴100 = ⎢ (66.67 + j118.33) − 5 − j10 ⎥ IL = (39.44 + j 68.89) IL
⎣3 ⎦
∴ IL = 1.2597∠ − 60.21° A
22. is = 2 cos10t A, t = 0
1 1
(a) a − b O.C. ∴ w(0) = × 5 × 22 + × 4 × 22 = 10 + 8 = 18 J
2 2
1
(b) a − b S.C. ω = 10, IS = 2∠0° A, M = 12 = 3 H
2
j 20 3
( j 30 + 5) I2 − j10 3 × 2, ∴ I2 = = 1.1390∠9.462°A ∴ i2 = 1.1390 cos (10t + 9.462°) A
5 + j 30
1
∴ i2 (0) = 1.1235− ∴ w(0) = 10 + 8 − 3 × 2 × 1.1235 + × 3 × 1.12352 = 16.001 J
2
23.
Vs = 12∠0° V rms, ω = 100 rad/s
12 = (6 + j 20) I1 + j100(0.4K) I2 , (24 + j80) I2 + j 40K I1 = 0
3 + j10 ⎡ 3 + j10 ⎤
∴ I1 = I2 ∴12 = ⎢(6 + j 20) + j 40K ⎥ I2
− j 5K ⎣ − j 5K ⎦
18 − 200 + j 60 + j 60 + 200K 2 − j 60K
∴12 = I2 ∴ I2 =
− j 5K −182 + 200K 2 + j120
602 K 2 24 86, 400 K 2 2.16K 2
∴ P24 = = = W
(200K 2 − 182) 2 + 1202 40, 000K 4 − 72,800K 2 + 47,524 K 4 − 1.82K 2 + 1.1881
24. M
• • 2Ω M
k=
Zin → L1 L2
ω = 250k rad / s
j10 Ω
M = L1 L2 = 2 × 80 × 10−6
= 12.6μH
ω2 M 2 R22 − jM 2 ω2 X 22
Zin n = Z11 + +
R222 + X 222 2
R22 + X 222
Z11 = j × 250 ×103 × 2 ×10−6 R22 = 2Ω

= j 0.5 X 22 = (250 × 103 ) (80 ×10−6 )
= 20
Thus, Zin = j0.5 + 19.8/404 – j198/ 404
= 0.049 + j0.010 Ω.
25. ω = 100 rad/s
(a) K1 → j 50Ω, K 2 → j 20Ω, 1H → j100 Ω

100 = j200 I1 − j 50 I2 − j 20 I3
0 = (10 + j100) I2 − j 50 I1
0 = (20 + j100) I3 − j 20 I1
j2 j5 ⎡ j5 j2 ⎤
∴ I3 = I1 , I2 = I1 ∴10 = ⎢ j 20 − j 5 − j2
2 + j10 ⎥⎦
I1
2 + j10 1 + j10 ⎣ 1 + j10
⎛ 25 4 ⎞
∴10 = ⎜ j 20 + + ⎟ I1 ∴ I1 = 0.5833 ∠ − 88.92° A, I2 = 0.2902∠ − 83.20° A,
⎝ 1 + j10 2 + j10 ⎠
I3 = 0.11440 ∠ − 77.61° A ∴ P10Ω = 0.29022 ×10 = 0.8422 W
(b) P20 = 0.11442 × 20 = 0.2617 W
(c) Pgen = 100 × 0.5833cos88.92° = 1.1039 W
26.
M
(a) k=
L1 L2
⇒ M = 0.4 5 × 1.8
= 1.2H
(b) I1 + I 2 = I 3
⇒ I 2 = I 3 − I1
−t −t
= 5 × 10 − 4 × 10
5 10
(c) The total energy stored at t = 0.
I1 = 4 A I 2 = 1A
1 1
W total = L1 I12 + L2 I 22 + M 12 I1 I 2
2 2
1 1
= × 5 × 16 + × 1.8 × 1 − 1.2 × 4 × 1
2 2
= 40 + 0.9 − 4.8
= 36.1J
27.
K → j1000K L1L 2 , L1 → j1000L1 , L 2 → j1000L 2
∴ Vs = (2 + j1000L1 ) I1 − j1000K L1L 2 I2
0 = − j1000K L1L 2 I1 + (40 + j1000L 2 ) I2
40 + j1000L 2
ω = 1000 rad/s ∴ I1 = I2
j1000K L1L 2
(2 + j1000L1 )(40 + j1000L 2 ) + 106 K 2 L1L 2
∴ Vs = I2
j1000K L1L 2
j1000K L1L 2
∴ I2 =
80 + j 40, 000L1 + j 2000L 2 − 106 L1L 2 (1 − K 2 )
V2 j 40, 000K L1L 2
∴ =
Vs 80 − 10 L1L 2 (1 − K 2 ) + j (40, 000L1 + 2000L 2 )
6
V2 j 40 × 5 j 200
(a) L1 = 10−3 , L2 = 25 ×10−3 , K = 1 ∴ = = = 1.6609∠41.63°
Vs 80 − 0 + j (40 + 50) 80 + j 90
(b) V2 j 40, 000 × 0.99 × 5

L1 = 1, L 2 = 25, K = 0.99 ∴ =
V3 80 − 25 ×10 (1 − 0.992 ) + j (40, 000 + 50, 000)
6
V2 j198, 000
∴ = = 0.3917∠ − 79.74°
VS 80 − 497,500 + j 90, 000
V2 j 40, 000 × 5 j 200, 000

(c) L1 = 1, L 2 = 25, K = 1 ∴ = = = 2.222∠0.05093°
Vs 80 − 0 + j 90, 000 80 + j 90, 000
28.
(a) L AB ,CDOC = 10 mH, LCD , ABOC = 5 mH
L AB ,CDSC = 8 mH
∴ L1 = 10 mH, L 2 = 5 mH, 8 = 10 − M + M (5 − M) (mH)
M(5 − M)
∴ 8 = 10 − M + , ∴ 5M = (10 − 8)5 + 5M − M 2 ∴ M = 3.162 mH (= 10)
5
3.162
∴K = ∴ K = 0.4472
50
(b) Dots at A and D, i1 = 5 A, wtot = 100 mJ

1 1
∴100 ×10−3 = × 10 × 10−3 × 25 + × 5 × 10−3 i22 − 10 × 5i2 × 10−3
2 2
2 10 ± 40 − 40
100 = 125 + 2.5i22 − 5 10 i2 ∴ i22 − 2 10 i2 + 10 = 0, i2 = = 10
2
∴ i2 = 3.162 A
29. Define coil voltages v1 and v2 with the “+” reference at the respective dot.
Also define two clockwise mesh currents i1 and i2. We may then write:
dI1 dI
v1 = L1 +M 2
dt dt M = k L1 L2
dI dI
v2 = L2 2 + M 1 ω = 2π60 rad / s
dt dt
or, using phasor notation,
V1 = jωL1 I1 + jωM I 2
V2 = jωL2 I 2 + jωM I1
100∠0 = 50 I1 + jωL1 I1 + jωM I 2

−25 I 2 = jωL2 I 2 + jωM I1
Rearrange: [50 + jωL1 ] I1 + jωMI 2 = 100∠0

jωMI1 [−25 + jωL2 ] I 2 = 0
or ⎡50 + jωL1 jωM ⎤ ⎡ I1 ⎤ ⎡100∠0 ⎤
⎢ jωM =
⎣ −25 + jωL2 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ I 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦
We can solve for I2 and V2 = −25I2:

j1.658
V2 = −
k L1L 2 + 1
30.
i1 = 2 cos 500t A Wmax at t = 0

1 1 1
∴ wmax = × 4 × 22 + × 6 × 22 + × 5 × 22 + 3 × 22
2 2 2
= 8 + 12 + 10 + 12 = 42 J
ω 2M 2
31. (a) Reflected impedance = .
Z 22
Z 22 = 2 + 7∠320 + jω10−2 where ω = 100π
Thus, the reflected impedance is 4.56 – j3.94 nΩ (essentially zero).
(b) Zin = Z11 + reflected impedance = 10 + jω(20×10–2) + (4.56 – j3.94)×10–9
= 10 + j62.84 Ω (essentially Z11 due to small reflected impedance)
ω 2M 2 ω 2M 2
32. Reflected impedance = = .
Z 22 3.5 + j (ω L2 + X L )
ω 210−6
We therefore require 1 + jω ( 3 ×10−3 ) = .
3.5 + j (10−3 ω + X L )
Thus,
⎡ ω 210−6 ⎤
XL = − j ⎢ − 3.5 − j10 −3
ω ⎥ = −0.448 + j 3.438 .
(
⎢⎣1 + jω 3 × 10−3 ) ⎥⎦
This is physically impossible; to be built, XL must be a real number.
33. M = 5 H.
L1 – M = 4 H, therefore L1 = 9 H
L2 – M = 6 H, therefore L2 = 11 H.
34. Lz = L1 – M = 300 – 200 = 100 mH
Ly = L2 – M = 500 – 200 = 300 mH
Lx = M = 200 mH
35.
(a) All DC: L1− 2 = 2 − 1 = 1 H
(b) AB SC: L1− 2 = −1 + 2 8 = 0.6 H
(c) BC SC: L1− 2 = 2 + ( −1) 9 = 2 − 9 / 8 = 0.875 H
(d) AC SC: L1− 2 = (2 − 1) (1 + 2) = 1 3 = 0.750 H
36.
IL 1 ⎛ j 2ω ⎞
(a) = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
VS j 2ω (20 + jω ) ⎝ 20 + j 3ω ⎠
15 + j 3ω +
20 + j 3ω
j 2ω
=
300 − 11ω 2 + j145ω
−145 ± 1452 − 13, 200

(b) vs (t ) = 100u (t ), is (0) = 0, iL (0) = 0, s1,2 = = −2.570, − 10.612
22
iL = iLf + iLn , iLf = 0, ∴ iL = Ae −2.57 t + Be −10.61t , ∴ 0 = A + B
100 = 15is + 5i′s − 2i′L , 0 = 20iL + 3i′L − 2i′s At t = 0 + : 100 = 0 + 5i′s (0 + ) − 2i′L (0 + ) and
0 = 0 + 3i′L (0+ ) − 2i′s (0+ ) ∴ i′s (0+ ) = 1.5i′L (0+ ) ∴100 = 7.5i′L (0+ ) − 2i′L (0+ ) = 5.5i′L (0+ )
∴ i′L (0+ ) = 18.182 A/s ∴18.182 = −2.57A − 10.61B = −2.57A + 10.61A = 8.042A
∴ A = 2.261, B = −2.261, iL (t ) = 2.261(e −2.57 t − e−10.612t ) A, t > 0
37.
(a) Open-Circuit
Z ocT × A = jω4 M Ω
Z ocT × B = jω4 M Ω
(b) Short-Circuit
T×A T ×B
Z SS = Z SS = − jω4 M Ω + jω8 jω10 M Ω
(c) If the secondary is connected in parallel with the primary
Z inT × A = − jω4 − jω10 + jω8 M Ω

Z inT ×B = jω26 jω12 − jω8 M Ω
38. Define three clockwise mesh currents I1, I2, and I3 beginning with the left-most mesh.
Vs = j8ω I1 – j4ω I2
0 = -4jω I1 + (5 + j6ω) I2 – j2ω I3
0 = -j2ω I2 + (3 + jω) I3
Solving, I3 = jω / (15 + j17ω). Since Vo = 3 I3,
Vo j 3ω
=
VS 15 + j17ω
39. Leq = 2/ 3 + 1 + 2 + 6/5 = 4.867 H
Z(jω) = 10 jω (4.867)/ (10 + jω4.867)
= j4.867ω/ (1 + j0.4867ω) Ω.
40.
ω = 100 rad/s
Vs = 100∠0° V rms
j 400(10 − j 200) 80, 000 + j 4, 000

(a) Zina −b = 20 + j 600 + = 20 + j 600 +
10 + j 200 10 + j 200
= 210.7∠73.48o V and Voc = 0.
100( j 400)
(b) VOC ,cd = = 39.99∠1.146° V rms
20 + j1000
j 400(20 + j 600) −240, 000 + j8, 000
Zincd , VS = 0 = − j 200 + = − j 200 + = 40.19∠85.44°Ω
20 + j1000 20 + j1, 000
41. L1 = 1 H, L 2 = 4 H, K = 1, ω = 1000 rad/s
106 × 1× 4
(a) Z L = 1000 Ω ∴ Zin = j1000 + = 24.98 + j 0.6246 Ω
j 4000 + 100
4 × 106
(b) Z L = j1000 × 0.1 ∴ Zin = j1000 + = j 24.39 Ω
j 4000 + j100
4 × 106
(c) ZL = − j100 ∴ Zin = j1000 + = − j 25.46 Ω
j 4000 − j100
42.
L1 = 6 H, L 2 = 12 H, M = 5 H
#1, LinAB ,CDOC = 6 H
#2, LinCD , ABOC = 12 H
#3, LinAB ,CDSC = 1 + 7 5 = 3.917 H
#4, LinCD , ABSC = 7 + 5 1 = 7.833 H
#5, LinAC , BDSC = 7 + 1 = 8 H
#6, LinAB , ACSC , BDSC = 7 1 + 5 = 5.875 H
#7, LinAD , BCSC = 11 + 17 = 28 H
#8, LinAB , ADSC = −5 + 11/17 = 1.6786 H
43.
ω2 M 2
Z in = Z11 +
R22 + jX 22
1 1
= 31.83 ⇒ ω = = 314 rad / s
ωC 31.83 × C
ie. a 50Hz system
ω2 k 2 L1 L2
Z in = 20 + jω100 × 10−3 +
2 − j 31.83
ω2 k 2 L1 L2 2 jω2 k 2 L1 L2 31.83
Z in = 20 + jω100 × 10−3 + −
22 + 31.832 22 + 31.832
⎡ 493 7840 ⎤ 2
= 20 + j 31.4 + ⎢ −j k
⎣1020 1020 ⎥⎦
= 20 + j 31.4 + [0.483 − j 7.69]k 2
(a) Z in (k = 0) = 20 + j 31.4 Ω
(b) Z in (k = 0.5) = 20.2 + j 27.6 Ω
(c) Z in (k = 0.9) = 20.4 + j 24.5 Ω
(d) Z (k = 1.0) = 20.5 + j 23.7 Ω
in
44. ↑ L1 → 125 H, L 2 → 20 H, K = 1, ∴ M = 2500 = 50 H, jωM = j 5000 Ω
j 5000(10 − j 3000)
(a) Zina −b = 20 + j 7500 +
10 + j 2000
15 × 106 + j 50, 000
= 20 + j 7500 + = 82.499∠0.2170° Ω
10 + j 2000
= 82.498 + j 0.3125− Ω VOC = 0
100( j 5000)
(b) VOC ,cd = = 39.99995∠0.09167° V rms
20 + j12,500
j 5000(20 + j 7500)
Zincd , VS = 0 = − j 3000 + = 3.19999 + j 0.00512 Ω
20 + j12,500
45.
280
∴ Ia = × 2 = 0.438A
1280
1000
Ib = × 2 = 1.56A
1280
∴ I1 = 1.56A
⇒ I 2 = 5 × 1.56 = 7.8A
⇒ I 3 = 1.5 × 7.8 A = 11.7A
⇒ P(1k ) = I a2 R
= 0.4382 × 1× 103
= 192W
⇒ P(30Ω) = I12 R = (1.56) 2 × 30
= 73W
⇒ P(1Ω) = I R = 7.82 ×1
2
2
= 60.8W
⇒ P(4Ω) = I 32 R = 11.7 2 × 4
= 548W
46.
(a) R L sees 10 × 42 = 160 Ω ∴ use R L = 160 Ω
2
⎛ 100 ⎞
PL max =⎜ ⎟ ×10 = 250 W
⎝ 20 ⎠
(b) R L = 100 Ω
V2 − V1 3V1
I 2 = I1 / 4, V2 = 4 V1 ∴ I X = =
40 40
⎛ 3V ⎞ I 3V 4V
∴100 = 10 ⎜ I1 1 ⎟ + V1 , 1 = 1 + 1
⎝ 40 ⎠ 4 40 100
100
∴ I1 = 0.46V1 ∴100 = 10(0.46V1 − 0.075V1 ) + V1 = 4.85 V1 ∴ V1 =
4.85
400 82.47 2
∴ V2 = 4V1 = = 82.47 V ∴ PL = = 68.02 W
4.85 100
47.
V2 V
I2 = ∴ I1 = 2 , V1 = 5V2
8 40
∴100 = 300(C + 0.025) V2 + 5V2
100
∴ V2 =
12.5 + 300C
82
(a) C = 0 ∴ V2 = 8 V ∴ PL = = 8 W
8
2
100 ⎛ 100 ⎞ 1
(b) C = 0.04 ∴ V2 = ∴ PL = ⎜ ⎟ = 2.082 W (neg. fdbk )
24.5 ⎝ 24.5 ⎠ 8
100 2002
(c) C = −0.04 ∴ V2 = = 200 V ∴ PL = = 5000 W (pos. fdbk )
0.5 8
48.
Apply Vab = 1 V ∴ Ix = 0.05 A, V2 = 4 V
4 −1
∴ 4 = 60 I2 + 20 × 0.05 ∴ I2 = = 0.05 A
60
∴ I1 = 0.2 A ∴ Iin = 0.25 A ∴ R th = 4 Ω, Vth = 0
49.
Pgen = 1000 W, P100 = 500 W
500
∴ IL = = 5 A, VL = 100 5 V
100
1000
IS = = 10 A ∴ V1 = 100 − 40 = 60 V
100
100
Now, P25 = 1000 − 500 − 102 × 4 = 100W ∴ I X = = 2 A; also
25
2
Ix = b 5 = 2, b = = 0.8944
5
1 300
Around center mesh: 60a = 2 × 25 + 100 5 ∴a = =5
0.8944 60
50. 2
(a) ⎛ 4 ⎞ 16 16 22 22 2
3× ⎜ ⎟ = Ω, +2= Ω, (3) = 66 Ω
⎝ 3⎠ 3 3 3 3
100
66 + 25 = 91Ω = 1.0989∠0° A = I1
91
(b) I2 = 3I1 = 3.297∠0° A
4
(c) I3 = − × 3.297 = 4.396∠180° A
3
(d) P25 = 25 ×1.09892 = 30.19 W
(e) P2 = 3.297 2 × 2 = 21.74 W
(f) P3 = 4.3962 × 3 = 57.96 W
51.
V1 = 2.5 V2 , I1 = 0.4 I2 , I50 = I2 + 0.1 V2
60 + 2.5 V2
∴ 60 = 40(0.4 I2 ) − 2.5V2 ∴ I2 =
16
Also, 60 = 50 ( I2 + 0.1 V2 ) + V2 = 50 I2 + 6V2
⎛ 60 + 2.5 V2 ⎞
∴ 60 = 50 ⎜ ⎟ + 6 V2 = 187.5 + (7.8125 + 6) V2
⎝ 16 ⎠
60 − 187.5
∴ V2 = = −9.231 V
13.8125
52.
400
= 16 Ω, 16 48 = 12Ω, 12 + 4 = 16 Ω
52
16 10
= 4 Ω ∴ Is = = 2 A ∴ P1 = 4 W
2 2
4 +1
2
= 1 A ∴ P4 = 4 W, 10 − 2 × 1 = 8 V
2
8 × 2 = 16 V, 16 − 4 × 1 = 12 V, 122 / 48 = 3 W = P48 , 12 × 5 = 60 V
602
P400 = =9 W
400
53.
I1 = 2I 2 , 2I 2 = I s + I x ∴ I x + I s − 2I 2 = 0
1
100 = 3I s + (4I 2 + 20I 2 − 20I x )
2
∴10I x − 3I s − 12I 2 = −100
100 = 3 I s − 5I x + 20I 2 − 20I x
∴ 25I x − 3I s − 20I 2 = −100
0 1 −2
−100 −3 −12
−100 −3 −20 0 + 100(−26) − 100(−18) −800

∴IX = = = = 4.819 A
1 1 −2 1(60 − 36) − 10(−20 − 6) + 25(−12 − 6) −166
10 −3 −12
25 −3 −20
54.
(a) 25 25 100
50 10 = Ω ∴ VAB = 1× 4 × = V
3 3 3
2
⎛ 100 ⎞ 1 1000
∴ P10AB = ⎜ ⎟ = = 111.11 W
⎝ 3 ⎠ 10 9
25 252
VCD = 1× 3 × = 25 V, P10CD = = 62.5 W
3 10
(b) Specify 3 A and 4 A in secondaries
I AB = I f + 4
25 25
ICD = − Ib − 3 ∴ (I f + 4) = (−I f − 3)
3 3
∴ 2I f = −7, I f = −3.5 A
25 25
∴ VAB = VCD = (−3.5 + 4) = V
3 6
2
⎛ 25 ⎞ 1
∴ P10 AB = P10CD =⎜ ⎟ = 1.7361 W
⎝ 6 ⎠ 10
55. Corrections required to the problem text: both speakers that comprise the load
are 4-Ω devices. We desire a circuit that will connect the signal generator (whose
Thévenin resistance is 4 Ω) to the individual speakers such that one speaker receives
twice the power delivered to the other. One possible solution of many:
We can see from analysing the above circuit that the voltage across the right-most
1.732
speaker will be or 2 times that across the left speaker. Since power is
1.225
proportional to voltage squared, twice as much power is delivered to the right
speaker.
56. (a) We assume Vsecondary = 230∠0o V as a phasor reference. Then,

8000 o
Iunity PF load = ∠0 = 34.8∠0o A and
230
I0.8 PF load =
15000
230
( )
∠ − cos −1 0.8 = 65.2∠ − 36.9o A
Thus, Iprimary =
230
2300
(
34.8∠0o + 65.2∠ - 36.9o )
= 0.1 (86.9 – j39.1) = 9.5 ∠-24.3o A
(b) The magnitude of the secondary current is limited to 25×103/230 = 109 A.

If we include a new load operating at 0.95 PF lagging, whose current is
I0.95 PF load = | I0.95 PF load | ∠ (-cos-1 0.95) = | I0.95 PF load | ∠ -18.2o A,
then the new total secondary current is
86.9 – j39.1 + | I0.95 PF load | cos 18.2o – j | I0.95 PF load | sin 18.2o A.
Thus, we may equate this to the maximum rated current of the secondary:
109 = (86.9 + | I 0.95 PF load | cos 18.2o )

2
+ (39.1 + | I 0.95 PF load | sin 18.2o )
2
Solving, we find
- 189 ± 189 2 + (4)(2800)
| I 0.95 PF load |2 =
2
So, |I0.95 PF load | = 13.8 A (or –203 A, which is nonsense).
This transformer, then, can deliver to the additional load a power of
13.8×0.95×230 = 3 kW.
57. After careful examination of the circuit diagram, we (fortunately or unfortunately)

determine that the meter determines individual IQ based on age alone. A simplified
version of the circuit then, is simply a 120 V ac source, a 28.8-kΩ resistor and a
(242)RA resistor all connected in series. The IQ result is equal to the power (W)
dissipated in resistor RA divided by 1000.
2
⎛ 120 ⎞
P = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ × 576R A
⎝ 28.8 × 10 + 576R A ⎠
3
2
1 ⎛ 120 ⎞
Thus, IQ = ⎜⎜ ⎟ × 576 × Age
1000 ⎝ 28.8 × 10 + 576 × Age ⎟⎠
3
(a) Implementation of the above equation with a given age will yield the “measured”
IQ.
(b) The maximum IQ is achieved when maximum power is delivered to resistor RA,
which will occur when 576RA = 28.8×103, or the person’s age is 50 years.
(c) Well, now, this arguably depends on your answer to part (a), and your own sense
of ethics. Hopefully you’ll do the right thing, and simply write to the Better Business
Bureau. And watch less television.
58. We require a transformer that converts 240 V ac to 120 V ac, so that a turns ratio of
2:1 is needed. We attach a male european plug to the primary coil, and a female US
plug to the secondary coil. Unfortunately, we are not given the current requirements
of the CD writer, so that we will have to over-rate the transformer to ensure that it
doesn’t overheat. Checking specifications on the web for an example CD writer, we
find that the power supply provides a dual DC output: 1.2 A at 5 V, and 0.8 A at 12 V.
This corresponds to a total DC power delivery of 15.6 W. Assuming a moderately
efficient ac to DC converter is being used (e.g. 80% efficient), the unit will draw
approximately 15.6/0.8 or 20 W from the wall socket. Thus, the secondary coil
should be rated for at least that (let’s go for 40 W, corresponding to a peak current
draw of about 333 mA). Thus, we include a 300-mA fuse in series with the
secondary coil and the US plug for safety.
59. You need to purchase (and wire in) a three-phase transformer rated at
( )3 (208)(10) = 3.6 kVA. The turns ratio for each phase needs to be 400:208 or
1.923.
60. (a) The input to the left of the unit will have the shape:
and the output voltage will be:
We need to reduce the magnitude from 115-V (rms) to a peak voltage of 5 V. The
corresponding peak voltage at the input will be 115 2 = 162.6 V, so we require a
transformer with a turns ratio of 162.6:5 or about 32.5:1, connected as shown:
115 V
±
rms ac
a = 1/ 32.5
(b) If we wish to reduce the “ripple” in the output voltage, we can connect a capacitor
in parallel with the output terminals. The necessary size will depend on the maximum
allowable ripple voltage and the minimum anticipated load resistance. When the input
voltage swings negative and the output voltage tries to reduce to follow, current will
flow out of the capacitor to reduce the amount of voltage drop that would otherwise
occur.
Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Fourteen Solutions 10 March 2006
1. (a) s = 0;
(b) s = ± j9 s-1;
(c) s = -8 s-1;
(d) s = -1000 ± j1000 s-1;
(e) v(t) = 8 + 2 cos t mV cannot be attributed a single complex frequency. In a circuit

analysis problem, superposition will need to be invoked, where the original function v(t)
is expressed as v(t) = v1(t) + v2(t), with v1(t) = 8 mV and v2(t) = 2 cos t mV. The complex
frequency of v1(t) is s = 0, and the complex frequency of v2(t) is s = ± 2 s-1.
2. (a) s = 0
(b) s = ± j77 s–1
(c) s = –5 s–1
(d) s = 0.5 s–1, –5 ± j8 s–1
3. (a) 8e–t
(b) 19
(c) 9 + j7 = 11.4∠37.87o
(d) e− jωt → 1∠0o
(e) cos 4t → 1∠0o
(f) sin 4t → 1∠0o
(g) 88∠9o
4. (a) (6 – j)* = 6 + j
(b) (9)* = 9
(c) (-j30)* = +j30
(d) (5 e-j6)* = 5 e+j6
(e) (24 ∠ -45o )* = 24 ∠ 45o
*
⎛ 4 − j18 ⎞ ⎛ 4 + j18 ⎞ 18.44 ∠77.47o
(f) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = = 5.303 ∠ 94.19o
⎝ 3.33 + j ⎠ ⎝ 3.33 − j ⎠ 3.477 ∠ - 16.72o
* *
⎛ 5 ∠0.1o ⎞ ⎛ 5 ∠0.1o ⎞
(g) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ o ⎟
( )
⎟ = 0.6202 ∠60.36o * = 0.6202 ∠ − 60.36o
⎝ 4 − j7 ⎠ ⎝ 8.062∠ − 60.26 ⎠
(h) (4 – 22 ∠ 92.5o)* = (4 + 0.9596 – j21.98)* = (4.9596 – j21.98)* = 4.9596 + j21.98
5. Q = 9∠43o μ C, s = j 20π . Thus, q = 9 cos(20π t + 43o ) μ C.
(a) At t = 1, q(1) = q (1) = 9 cos(20π + 43o ) μ C = 6.582 μ C.
(b) Maximum = 9 μC
(c) NO. The indication would be a negative real part in the complex frequency.
6. (a) The missing term is Vx*e( −2− j 60)t = (8 + j100)e( −2− j 60)t . We can tell it is missing since
vx(t) is not purely real as written; the complex conjugate term above was omitted.
(b) s = –2 ± j60 s–1
(c) This means simply that the sine term amplitude is larger than the cosine term
amplitude.
(d) This indicates that the source is oscillating more strongly than it is decaying.
7. Re { i (t )} = i (t ) . No units provided.
(a) ix (t ) = (4 − j 7) e( −3+ j15)t = (8.062∠ − 60.26°) e−3t e j15t = 8.062e−3t e j (15t −60.26° )
∴ ix (t ) = Re ix (t ) = 8.062e−3t cos(15t − 60.26°)
(b) iy (t ) = (4 + j 7)e−3t (cos15t − j sin15t ) = 8.062e−3t e− j15t + j 60.26°

∴ i y (t ) = 8.062e−3t cos(15t − 60.26°)
(c) iA (t ) = (5 − j8)e( −1.5t + j12)t = 9.434e− j 57.99°e−1.5t e j12t = 9.434e−1.5t e j (125−57.99°)

∴ Re iA (0.4) = 9.434e−0.6 cos(4.8rad − 57.99°) = −4.134
(d) iB (t ) = (5 + j8)e( −1.5+ j12) t = 9.434e j 57.99°e −1.5t e− j12t = 9.434e−1.5t e− j (12t −57.99°)
∴ Re iB (0.4) = −4.134
8. (a) ω = 279 Mrad/s, and ω = 2 πf. Thus, f = ω/2π = 44.4 MHz
(b) If the current i(t) = 2.33 cos (279×106 t) fA flows through a precision 1-TΩ resistor,
the voltage across the resistor will be 1012 i(t) = 2.33 cos (279×106 t) mV. We may write
this as 0.5(2.33) cos (279×106 t) + j (0.5)2.33 sin (279×106 t) + 0.5(2.33) cos (279×106 t)
- j (0.5)2.33 sin (279×106 t) mV
= 1.165 e j279×106 t + 1.165 e -j279×106 t mV
9. (a) vs(0.1) = (20 – j30) e(-2 + j50)(0.1) = (36.06 ∠ -56.31o) e(-0.2 + j5)
= 36.06e-0.2 ∠ [-56.31o + j5(180)/ π] = 29.52 ∠230.2o V (or 29.52 ∠-129.8o V).
(b) Re{ vs } = 36.06 e-2t cos (50t – 56.31o) V.
(c) Re{ vs(0.1) } = 29.52 cos (230.2o) = -18.89 V.
(d) The complex frequency of this waveform is s = -2 + j50 s-1
(e) s* = (-2 + j50)* = -2 – j50 s-1
10. ( )
Let vS forced = 10∠3o est . Let i forced = I m est .
di di
(a) vS (t ) = Ri + L, so vS forced (t ) = Ri forced + L forced , a superposition of our actual
dt dt
voltages and currents with corresponding imaginary components.
Substituting, 10∠3o est = RIest + Lsest I [1]

10∠3 o
10∠3o
or I = = = 0.1∠2.99o
R + sL 100 + ( −2 + j10 ) 2 × 10−3
Thus, i(t) = Re{Iest} = 0.1e–2t cos (10t + 2.99o) A.
(b) By Ohm’s law, v1(t) = 100i(t) = 10 e–2t cos (10t + 2.99o) V.
We obtain v2(t) by recognising from Eq. [1] that V2 est = Lsest I ,

or
( )
V2 = (2×10–3)(–2 + j10) 0.1∠2.99o = 2.04∠104.3o mV
Thus, v2(t) = 2.04e–2t cos (10t + 104.3o) mV
11. (a) Let the complex frequency be σ + jω. V = Vm ∠θ . I = I m ∠θ
RESISTOR v = Ri
Vm eσ t e j (ωt +θ ) = RI m eσ t e j (ωt +θ )
Thus, Vm ∠θ = RI m ∠θ or V = RI
which defines an impedance R.
di
INDUCTOR v(t ) = L . Let i = I m est = I m eσ t e j (ωt +θ ) .
dt
v(t ) = (σ + jω ) LI m eσ t e j (ωt +θ ) = Vm eσ t e j (ωt +θ )
Thus, Vm ∠θ = (σ + jω ) LI m ∠θ or V = Z LI
which defines an impedance ZL = sL = (σ + jω ) L.
dv
CAPACITOR i (t ) = C . Let v = Vm est = Vm eσ t e j (ωt +φ ) .
dt
i (t ) = (σ + jω )CVm eσ t e j (ωt +θ ) = I m eσ t e j (ωt +θ )
Thus, I m ∠θ = ⎡⎣(σ + jω ) C ⎤⎦ (Vm ∠θ ) or V = ZC I
1 1
which defines an impedance ZC = =
(σ + jω )C sC
(b) ZR = 100 Ω. ZL = (–2 + j10)(0.002) = 20.4 ∠101.3o Ω .
1
(c) Yes. Z R → R; Z L → jω L; ZC →
jωC
12. (a) s = 0 + j120π = + j120π
(b) We first construct an s-domain voltage V(s) = 179 ∠ 0o with s given above.
The equation for the circuit is
di di
v(t) = 100 i(t) + L = 100 i(t) + 500×10-6
dt dt
and we assume a response of the form Iest.
Substituting, we write (179 ∠ 0o) est = 100 Iest + sL Iest
Supressing the exponential factor, we may write
179∠0o 179∠0o 179∠0o

I = = = = 1.79 ∠ -0.108o A
100 + s500 × 10 -6
100 + j120π (500 × 10 ) 100∠0.108
-6 o
Converting back to the time domain, we find that

i(t) = 1.79 cos (120πt – 0.108o) A.
13.
(a) vs = 10e −2t cos(10t + 30°) V ∴ s = −2 + j10, Vs = 10∠30° V

10 5 −1 − j 5 −5 − j 25 (−25 − j125) / 26
Zc = = = , Zc 5 =
−2 + j10 −1 + j 5 26 26 (−5 − j 25 + 130) / 26
−25 − j125 −1 − j 5
∴ Zc 5 = = = − j1 ∴ Zin = 5 + 0.5(−2 + j10) − j1 = 4 + j 4 Ω
125 − j 25 5 − j1
10∠30° (−5 − j 25) / 26 10∠30° −5 − j 25 5∠30° −5 − j 25 1∠30° −1 − j5
∴ Ix = × = = =
4 + j 4 5 + (−5 − j 25) / 26 4 + j 4 130 − 5 − j 25 2 + j 2 125 − j 25 2 + j 2 5 − j1
1∠30°
∴ Ix = (− j1) = 0.3536∠ − 105° A
2 2∠45°
(b) ix (t ) = 0.3536e −2t cos(10t − 105°) A
14. (a) s = 0 + j100π = + j100π

(b) We first construct an s-domain voltage V(s) = 339 ∠ 0o with s given above.
The equation for the circuit is
dv dv
v(t) = 2000 i(t) + vC(t) = 2000 C C + vC(t) = 0.2 C + vC(t)
dt dt
and we assume a response of the form VCest.
Substituting, we write (339 ∠ 0o) est = 0.2s VCest + VCest
Supressing the exponential factor, we may write
339∠0o 339∠0o 339∠0o

VC = = = = 5.395 ∠ -89.09o A
1 + 0.2s 1 + j100π (0.2) 62.84∠89.09 o
Converting back to the time domain, we find that

vC(t) = 5.395 cos (100πt – 89.09o) V.
dvC
and so the current is i(t) = C = –0.1695 sin(100πt – 89.09o) A
dt
= 169.5 cos (100πt + 0.91o) mA.
15. iS 1 = 20e −3t cos 4t A, iS 2 = 30e−3t sin 4t A
(a) IS 1 = 20∠0°, IS 2 = − j 30, s = −3 + j 4

10 −3 − j 4
∴ Zc = = 0.4(−3 − j 4) = −1.2 − j1.6, Z L = −6 + j8
−3 + j 4 − 3 − j 4
5(7.2 + j 6.4) −6 + j 8 (−6 + j8)(3.8 − j1.6)
∴ Vx = 20 × − j 30
−2.2 + j 6.4 −7.2 + j 6.4 −2.2 + j 6.4
−600 + j800 − j 30(−22.8 + 12.8 + j 30.4 + j 9.6) −600 + j800 − j 30(−10 + j 40)
= =
−2.2 + j 6.4 −2.2 + j 6.4
−600 + 1200 + j1000 600 + j1000
= = = 185.15− ∠ − 47.58° V
−2.2 + j 6.4 −2.2 + j 6.4
(b) vx (t ) = 185.15− e−3t cos(4t − 47.58°) V
16. (a) If v(t) = 240 2 e-2t cos 120πt V, then V = 240 2 ∠0o V where s = -2 + j120π.
240 2 ∠0o
Since R = 3 mΩ, the current is simply I = −3
= 113.1 ∠0o kA. Thus,
3 × 10
i(t) = 113.1e-2t cos 120πt kA
(b) Working in the time domain, we may directly compute

i(t) = v(t) / 3×10-3 = (240 2 e-2t cos 120πt ) / 3×10-3 = 113.1e-2t cos 120πt kA
(c) A 1000-mF capacitor added to this circuit corresponds to an impedance

1 1 1
= = Ω in parallel with the 3-mΩ
sC (-2 + j120π )(1000 × 10 )
-3
- 2 + j120π
resistor. However, since the capacitor has been added in parallel (it would have been
more interesting if the connection were in series), the same voltage still appears across its
terminals, and so
i(t) = 113.1e-2t cos 120πt kA as before.
∞
∞ ∞ ∞ − K − st
17. L {K u (t )} = ∫ - Ke u (t )dt = K ∫ - e u (t )dt = K ∫ e dt =
− st −st −st
e
0 0 0 s 0
⎛ − K − st ⎞ ⎛K ⎞
= lim ⎜ e ⎟ + lim ⎜ e − st ⎟
t →∞
⎝ s ⎠ t → 0
⎝s ⎠
If the integral is going to converge, then lim (e − st ) = 0 (i.e. s must be finite). This leads
t →∞
to the first term dropping out (l’Hospital’s rule assures us of this), and so
L {K u (t )} =
K
s
∞
∞ ∞ ∞ − 3 −st
18. (a) L {3 u (t )} = ∫ - 3e u (t )dt = 3∫ - e u (t )dt = 3∫ e dt =
− st − st − st
e
0 0 0 s 0
⎛ − 3 − st ⎞ ⎛3 ⎞
= lim ⎜ e ⎟ + lim ⎜ e −st ⎟
t →∞
⎝ s ⎠ t →0 ⎝ s ⎠
t →∞
3
L {3 u (t )} =
s
∞
∞ − 3 −st ∞
(b) L {3 u (t − 3)} = ∫ - 3e u (t − 3)dt = 3∫ e dt =
− st
e −st
0 3 s 3
⎛ − 3 −st ⎞ ⎛3 ⎞
= lim ⎜ e ⎟ + ⎜ e − 3s ⎟
t →∞
⎝ s ⎠ ⎝s ⎠
t →∞
3 − 3s
L {3 u (t − 3)} = e
s
(c)
∫0 [3u(t − 3) − 3]e dt
∞ ∞ ∞
L {3 u (t − 3) − 3} = -
− st
= 3∫ e −st dt - 3∫ - e −st dt
3 0
∞ ∞
− 3 −st − 3 −st
= e - e
s 3 s 0−
Based on our answers to parts (a) and (b), we may write
L {3 u (t − 3) − 3} =
3 − 3s
s
e −
3
s
=
3 − 3s
s
e -1 ( )
(d)
3
∞ − 3 −st
L {3 u (3 − t )}
3
= 3∫ - e u (3 − t )dt = 3∫ - e dt =
−st
e − st
0 0 s 0-
− 3 − 3s
=
s
e −1 ( ) =
3
s
(
1 − e − 3s )
∞
− 5 − st
∫ - e [2 + 3u (t )]dt =
∞ ∞
19. (a) L {2 + 3 u (t )} = − st
∫ 5e − st dt = e
0 0 s 0
⎛ − 5 − st ⎞ ⎛5 ⎞
= lim ⎜ e ⎟ + lim ⎜ e − st ⎟
t →∞
⎝ s ⎠ t →0 ⎝ s ⎠
t →∞
5
L {2 + 3 u (t )} =
s
∞
− 3 − (8 + s ) t
(b) L {3 e } ∞ ∞
∫ ∫
- 8t − st − (8 + s ) t
-8t
= 3 e e dt = 3e dt = e
0- 0- s+8 0−
⎛ − 3 − ( s + 8) t ⎞ ⎛ 3 − ( s + 8)t ⎞ 3 3
= lim ⎜ e ⎟ + lim ⎜ e ⎟ = 0+ =
t →∞
⎝s+8 ⎠ t →0 ⎝ s + 8 ⎠ s+8 s+8
0-
(c) L { u (−t )} =
∞ 0
∫ - e u (−t )dt = ∫ - e u(−t )dt = ∫
− st − st
(0) e − st dt = 0
0 0 0-
∞
∞ ∞ ∞ − K − st
(d) L {K } = ∫ Ke dt = K ∫ - e dt = K ∫
− st − st − st
e dt = e
0- 0 0 s 0
⎛ − K − st ⎞ ⎛K ⎞
= lim ⎜ e ⎟ + lim ⎜ e − st ⎟
t →∞
⎝ s ⎠ t → 0
⎝s ⎠
t →∞
L {K } =
K
s
20. (a) The frequency-domain representation of the voltage across the resistor is (1)I(s)
{
where I(s) = L 4e-t u (t ) = }4
s +1
A . Thus, the voltage is
4
s +1
V.
(b)
21. (a)
∞
L {5 u (t ) − 5 u (t − 2)} ∫ [5 u(t ) − 5 u(t − 2)] e
− st
= dt
0-
∞ ∞
∞ ∞ −5 − st 5 −st
= 5∫ e − st dt − 5∫ e− st dt = e + e
0 2 s s
0 2
⎛ − 5 − st ⎞ ⎛5 ⎞ −5
= lim ⎜ e ⎟ + lim ⎜ e −st ⎟ + lim ⎛⎜ e −st ⎞⎟ − ⎛ 5 −2 s ⎞
⎜ e ⎟
t →∞
⎝ s ⎠ t →0 ⎝ s ⎠ t →∞
⎝ s ⎠ ⎝s ⎠
t →∞
to the first and third terms dropping out (l’Hospital’s rule assures us of this), and so
5
L {5 u (t ) − 5 u (t − 2)} =
s
(
1 − e −2 s )
(b) The frequency domain current is simply one ohm times the frequency domain voltage,
or
5
s
1 − e −2s ( )
22.
∞
(a) f(t) = t + 1 ∴ F( s ) = ∫ − (t + 1) e − ( σ+ jω)t dt ∴ σ > 0
0
∞
(b) f (t ) = (t + 1) u (t ) ∴ F( s ) = ∫ − (t + 1) e − ( σ+ jω) t dt ∴ σ > 0
0
∞
(c) f (t ) = e50t u (t ) ∴ F( s ) = ∫ − e50t e − ( σ+ jω)t dt ∴σ > 50
0
∞
(d) f (t ) = e50t u (t − 5) ∴ F( s ) = ∫ − e50t u (t − 5) e − ( σ+ jω)t dt ∴ σ > 50
0
∞
(e) f (t ) = e −50t u (t − 5) ∴ F( s ) = ∫ − e −50t u (t − 5) e − ( σ+ jω)t dt ∴ σ < 50
0
23.
(a)
f (t ) = 8e −2t [u (t + 3) − u (t − 3)]
∞ 3 8
F( s ) = ∫ f (t )e − st dt = ∫ 8e( −2+s )t dt = [1 − e −6−3s ]
0 0 2+s
(b)
f (t ) = 8e 2t [u (t + 3) − u (t − 3)]
∞ 3
F(s) = ∫ − f (t )e − st dt = ∫ 8e(2−s )t dt
0 0
8 8
= [e6−3s − 1] = ⎡⎣1 − e6 e −3s ⎤⎦
2−s s−2
(c)
−2 t
f (t ) = 8e [u (t + 3) − u (t − 3)]
∞ 3 8
F(s) = ∫ − f (t )e − st dt = ∫ − 8e( −2−s )t dt = ⎡⎣1 − e −6−3s ⎤⎦
0 0 s+2
⎧ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎫ 1
24. (a) L ⎨L-1⎜ ⎟⎬ =
⎩ ⎝ s ⎠⎭ s
{
(b) L 1 + u (t ) + [u (t )]2 } =
1 1 1
+ + =
s s s
3
s
1 3
(c) L {t u (t ) − 3} = −
s2 s
1
(d) L {1 - δ (t ) + δ (t − 1) − δ (t − 2)} = − 1 + e − s − e − 2s
s
25. (a) f(t) = e-3t u(t)
(b) f(t) = δ(t)
(c) f(t) = t u(t)
(d) f(t) = 275 δ(t)
(e) f(t) = u(t)
26.
∫ [ f (t ) + f 2 (t )]e − st dt =
∞ ∞ ∞
L { f1 (t ) + f 2 (t )} = - 1 ∫ -
f1 (t )e − st dt + ∫ f 2 (t )e − st dt
0 0 0-
= L { f1 (t )} + L { f 2 (t )}
27. ∞
∞ −2 st 2 −2 s
(a) f (t ) = 2u (t − 2) ∴ F( s ) = 2∫ e − st dt + e = e ; s = 1+ j2
2 s s
2
2
∴ F(1 + j 2) = e−2 e − j 4 = 0.04655+ + j 0.11174
1+ j2
(b) f (t ) = 2δ (t − 2) ∴ F( s ) = 2e −2 s , F (1 + j 2) = 2e −2 e − j 4 = −0.17692 + j 0.2048
∞
−∞ 1 1 −2 s − 2
(c) f (t ) = e u (t − 2) ∴ F( s) = ∫ e
−t − ( s +1) t
dt = e − ( s +1)t = e
2 −s + 1 2 s +1
1 4
∴ F(1 + j 2) = e−2 e −2 e− j = (0.4724 + j 6.458)10−3
2 + j2
∞
28. (a) ∫ −∞
8 sin 5t δ (t − 1) dt = 8 sin 5 × 1 = - 7.671
∞
∫ (t − 5) δ (t − 2)dt (2 − 5) 2
2
(b) = = 9
−∞
∞
∫
−4
(c) 5e − 3000tδ (t − 3.333 × 10− 4 )dt = 5e − 3000( 3.333×10 )
= 1.840
−∞
∞
(d) ∫
−∞
Kδ (t − 2)dt = K
29.
∞
(a) f (t ) = [u (5 − t )] [u (t − 2)] u (t ), ∴ F( s ) ∫ − [u (5 − t )] [u (t − 2)] u (t ) e − st dt
0
5
5 1 1 −2 s −5 s
∴ F( s) = ∫ e − st dt = − e− st = (e − e )
2 s s
2
∞ 4
(b) f (t ) = 4u (t − 2) ∴ F( s ) = 4∫ e − st dt = e −2 s
2 s
∞
∞ −4 − ( s +3) t
(c) f (t ) = 4e−3t u (t − 2) ∴ F( s ) = 4 ∫ e− ( s +3)t dt = e
2 s+3 2
4 −2 s −6
∴ F( s) = e
s+3
∞ 2+
(d) f (t ) = 4δ (t − 2) ∴ F( s) = 4∫ − δ (t − 2) e − st dt = 4 ∫ e−2 s δ (t − 2) dt = 4e−2 s
0 2
0+
(e) f (t ) = 5δ (t ) sin (10t + 0.2π) ∴ F( s ) = 5∫ − δ(t ) [sin 0.2π] X 1dt = 5sin 36°
0
∴ F( s ) = 2.939
∞
30. (a) ∫ −∞
cos 500t δ (t ) dt = cos 500 × 0 = 1
∞
∫ (t ) δ (t − 2)dt (2) 5
5
(b) = = 32
−∞
∞
(c) ∫ 2.5e − 0.001tδ (t − 1000)dt = 2.5e − 0.001(1000 ) = 0.9197
−∞
∞
(d) ∫
−∞
− K 2δ (t − c)dt = - K2
31.
(a) f(t) = 2 u(t – 1) u(3 – t) u(t3)

3
2
F(s) = ∫ e − st dt = - e − st =
s
3
1 s
(e - e − 3s )
2 −s
1
∞ −2 2
(b) f (t ) = 2u (t − 4) ∴ F( s ) = 2 ∫ e − st dt = (0 − e−4 s ) = e−4 s
4 s s
∞ 3 −4 s −8
(c) f (t ) = 3e−2t u (t − 4) ∴ F( s) = 3∫ e − ( s + 2)t dt = e
4 s+2
∞
(d) f (t ) = 3δ (t − 5) ∴ F( s ) = 3∫ − δ(t − 5) e − st dt = 3e −5 s
0
(e) f (t ) = 4δ (t − 1) [cos πt − sin πt ]

∞
∴ F( s) = 4∫ − δ (t − 1) [cos πt − sin πt ] e− st dt ∴ F( s) = −4e− s
0
32. (a) F(s) = 3 + 1/s; f(t) = 3δ(t) + u(t)
(b) F(s) = 3 + 1/s2; f(t) = 3δ(t) + tu(t)
1 1 1
(c) F(s) = = − ; f(t) = ⎡⎣ e−3t − e −4t ⎤⎦ u (t )
( s + 3)( s + 4 ) ( s + 3) ( s + 4 )
1 1/ 2 1 1/ 2
(d) F(s) = = − + ;
( s + 3)( s + 4 )( s + 5) ( s + 3) ( s + 4 ) ( s + 5 )
⎡1 1 ⎤
f(t) = ⎢ e−3t − e−4t + e−5t ⎥ u (t )
⎣2 2 ⎦
33. (a) G(s) = 90 – 4.5/s; g(t) = 90δ(t) – 4.5u(t)
(b) G(s) = 11 + 2/s; g(t) = 11δ(t) + 2u(t)
1
(c) G(s) = ; g(t) = te− t u (t )
( s + 1)
2
1 1/ 2 1 1/ 2 ⎡1 1 ⎤
(d) G(s) = = − + ; g(t) = ⎢ e− t − e−2t + e−3t ⎥ u (t )
( s + 1)( s + 2 )( s + 3) ( s + 1) ( s + 2 ) ( s + 3) ⎣2 2 ⎦
34. (a) f(t) = 5 u(t) – 16 δ(t) + e-4.4t u(t)
(b) f(t) = δ(t) – u(t) + t u(t)
5 88 a b
(c) F(s) = + + +
s+7 s s+6 s +1
17 17
where a = = - 3.4 and b = = 3.4 .
s + 1 s = -6 s + 6 s = -1
Thus,
f(t) = 5 e-7t u(t) + 88 u(t) –3.4 e-6t u(t) + 3.4 e-t u(t)
Check with MATLAB:

EDU» T1 = '5/(s+7)';
EDU» T2 = '88/s';
EDU» T3 = '17/(s^2 + 7*s + 6)';
EDU» T = symadd(T1,T2);
EDU» P = symadd(T,T3);
EDU» p = ilaplace(P)
p=
5*exp(-7*t)+88-17/5*exp(-6*t)+17/5*exp(-t)
EDU» pretty(p)
5 exp(-7 t) + 88 - 17/5 exp(-6 t) + 17/5 exp(-t)
5
35. If V(s) = , then v(t) = 5 u(t) V. The voltage at t = 1 ms is then simply 5 V, and the
s
current through the 2-kΩ resistor at that instant in time is 2.5 mA.
5
36. I( s) = pA, so i(t) = 5 e-10t u(t) pA. The voltage across the 100-MΩ resistor is
s + 10
therefore 500 e-10t u(t) μV.
(a) The voltage as specified has zero value for t < 0, and a peak value of 500 μV.
(b) i(0.1 s) = 1.839 pA, so the power absorbed by the resistor at that instant = i2R
= 338.2 aW. (A pretty small number).
(c) 500 e-10t1% = 5

Taking the natural log of both sides, we find t1% = 460.5 ms
37.
s +1 2 1 2
(a) F(s) = + = 1+ + ⇔ δ(t ) + u (t ) + 2e− t u (t )
s s +1 s s +1
(b) F(s) = (e − s + 1) 2 = e−2s + 2e− s + 1 ⇔ δ (t − 2) + 2δ (t − 1) + δ(t )
(c) F(s) = 2e− (s +1) = 2e −1 e−2s ⇔ 2e−1 δ (t − 1)
(d) F(s) = 2e-3s cosh 2s = e-3s (e2s + e-2s) = e-s + e-5s ⇔ δ(t – 1) + δ(t – 5)
38. N(s) = 5s.

N(s) 5s 5s a b
(a) D(s) = s2 – 9 so = 2 = = +
D(s) s -9 (s + 3)(s - 3) (s + 3) (s − 3)
5s - 15 5s 15
where a = = = 2.5 and b = = = 2.5 . Thus,
(s − 3) s = -3 - 6 (s + 3) s = 3 6
f(t) = [2.5 e-3t + 2.5 e3t] u(t)
(b) D(s) = (s + 3)(s2 + 19s + 90) = (s + 3)(s + 10)(s + 9) so

N(s) 5s a b c
= = + +
D(s) (s + 3)(s + 10)(s + 9) (s + 3) (s + 10) (s + 9)
5s - 15 5s - 50
a = = = - 0.3571, b = = = - 7.143
(s + 10)(s + 9) s = -3
(7)(6) (s + 3)(s + 9) s = -10 (-7)(-1)
5s - 45
c = = = 7.5. ∴ f(t) = [-0.3571 e-3t - 7.143 e-10t + 7.5 e-9t] u(t)
(s + 3)(s + 10) s = -9
(-6)(1)
(c) D(s) = (4s + 12)(8s2 + 6s + 1) = 32(s + 3)(s + 0.5)(s + 0.25) so
N(s) ⎛ 5 ⎞ s a b c
= ⎜ ⎟ = + +
D(s) ⎝ 32 ⎠ (s + 3)(s + 0.5)(s + 0.25) (s + 3) (s + 0.5) (s + 0.25)
⎛ 5 ⎞ s ⎛ 5 ⎞ s
a = ⎜ ⎟ = − 0.06818, b = ⎜ ⎟ = 0.125
⎝ 32 ⎠ (s + 0.5)(s + 0.25) s = -3 ⎝ 32 ⎠ (s + 3)(s + 0.25) s = - 0.5
⎛ 5 ⎞ s
c =⎜ ⎟ = - 0.05682
⎝ 32 ⎠ (s + 3)(s + 0.5) s = - -0.25
∴ f(t) = [-0.06818 e-3t + 0.125 e-0.5t – 0.05682e-0.25t] u(t)

(d) Part (a): Part (b): Part (c):
EDU» N = [5 0]; EDU» N = [5 0]; EDU» N = [5 0];
EDU» D = [1 0 -9]; EDU» D = [1 22 147 270]; EDU» D = [32 120 76 12];
EDU» [r p y] = residue(N,D) EDU» [r p y] = residue(N,D) EDU» [r p y] = residue(N,D)
r= r=
r= -7.1429 -0.0682
2.5000 7.5000 0.1250
2.5000 -0.3571 -0.0568
p= p= p=
3 -10.0000 -3.0000
-3 -9.0000 -0.5000
-3.0000 -0.2500
y= y= y=
[] [] []
39.
5
(a) F( s) = ↔ 5e −t u (t )
s +1
5 2
(b) F( s) = − ↔ (5e− t − 2e −4t ) u (t )
s +1 s + 4
18 6 6
(c) F( s) = = − ↔ 6 (e −t − e −4t ) u (t )
( s + 1) ( s + 4) s + 1 s + 4
18s −6 24
(d) F( s ) = = + ↔ 6 (4e−4t − e −t ) u (t )
( s + 1) ( s + 4) s + 1 s + 4
18s 2 6 96
(e) F( s) = = 18 + − ↔ 18δ (t ) + 6 (e − t − 16e−4t ) u (t )
( s + 1) ( s + 4) s +1 s + 4
40. N(s) = 2s2.

N(s) 2s 2 2s 2 a b
(a) D(s) = s2 – 1 so = 2 = = + +2
D(s) s -1 (s + 1)(s - 1) (s + 1) (s − 1)
2s 2 2 2s 2 2
where a = = = - 1 and b = = = 1 . Thus,
(s − 1) s = -1
-2 (s + 1) s = 1 2
f(t) = [2δ(t) – e–t + et] u(t)
(b) D(s) = (s + 3)(s2 + 19s + 90) = (s + 3)(s + 10)(s + 9) so
N(s) 2s 2 a b c
= = + +
D(s) (s + 3)(s + 10)(s + 9) (s + 3) (s + 10) (s + 9)
2s 2 18 2s 2 200
a = = = 0.4286, b = = = 28.57
(s + 10)(s + 9) s = -3
(7)(6) (s + 3)(s + 9) s = -10 (-7)(-1)
2s 2 162
c = = = - 27. ∴ f(t) = [0.4286 e-3t + 28.57 e-10t - 27 e-9t] u(t)
(s + 3)(s + 10) s = -9
(-6)(1)
(c) D(s) = (8s + 12)(16s2 + 12s + 2) = 128(s + 1.5)(s + 0.5)(s + 0.25) so
N(s) ⎛ 2 ⎞ s2 a b c
= ⎜ ⎟ = + +
D(s) ⎝ 128 ⎠ (s + 1.5)(s + 0.5)(s + 0.25) (s + 1.5) (s + 0.5) (s + 0.25)
⎛ 2 ⎞ s2 ⎛ 2 ⎞ s2
a=⎜ ⎟ = 0.02813, b = ⎜ ⎟ = - 0.01563
⎝ 128 ⎠ (s + 0.5)(s + 0.25) s = -1.5 ⎝ 128 ⎠ (s + 1.5)(s + 0.25) s = - 0.5
⎛ 2 ⎞ s2
c =⎜ ⎟ = 0.003125
⎝ 128 ⎠ (s + 1.5)(s + 0.5) s = - 0.25
∴ f(t) = 0.02813 e-1.5t – 0.01563 e-0.5t + 0.003125e-0.25t] u(t)

(d) Part (a): Part (b): Part (c):
EDU» N = [2 0 0]; EDU» N = [2 0 0]; EDU» N = [2 0 0];
EDU» D = [1 0 -1]; EDU» D = [1 22 147 270]; EDU» D = [128 288 160 24];
EDU» [r p y] = residue(N,D) EDU» [r p y] = residue(N,D) EDU» [r p y] = residue(N,D)
r= r=
r= 28.5714 0.0281
-1.0000 -27.0000 -0.0156
1.0000 0.4286 0.0031
p= p= p=
-1.0000 -10.0000 -1.5000
1.0000 -9.0000 -0.5000
-3.0000 -0.2500
y= y= y=
2 [] []
41.
2 3
(a) F( s ) = − so f(t) = 2 u(t) – 3 e-t u(t)
∴
s s +1
2 s + 10 4
(b) F( s ) = = 2+ ↔ 2δ(t ) + 4e−3t u (t )
s+3 s+3
(c) F( s ) = 3e−0.8 s ↔ 3δ (t − 0.8)
12 3 3
(d) F( s) = = − ↔ 3(e −2t − e−6t ) u (t )
( s + 2) ( s + 6) s + 2 s + 6
12 3 A 0.75
(e) F( s ) = = + +
( s + 2) ( s + 6) ( s + 2) s + 2 s + 6
2 2
12 3 A 0.75
Let s = 0 ∴ = + + ∴ A = −0.75
4× 6 4 2 6
3 0.75 0.75
∴ F( s ) = − + ↔ (3te −2t − 0.75e −2t + 0.75e −6t ) u (t )
( s + 2) s + 2 s + 6
2
1 π
42. F(s) = 2 − + 3
s s + 4s + 5s + 2
2
1 π
= 2 − +
s (s + 2)(s + 1) 2
1 a b c
= 2 − + + +
s (s + 2) (s + 1) 2
(s + 1)
π
where a = = π
(s + 1) 2 s = −2
π
b = = π
(s + 2) s = −1
d ⎡ π ⎤ d ⎡ π ⎤ ⎡ π ⎤
⎢( s + 1)
2
and c = ⎥ = = ⎢− = −π
ds ⎢ (s + 2) ( s + 1)
2
⎥ ds ⎣⎢ (s + 2) ⎦⎥ 2⎥
⎣ (s + 2) ⎦ s = −1
⎣ ⎦s = −1 s = −1
Thus, we may write
f(t) = 2 δ(t) – u(t) + πe–2t u(t) + πte–t u(t) – πe–t u(t)
(s + 1)(s + 2) a b
43. (a) F(s) = = 1+ +
s(s + 3) s (s + 3)
(s + 1)(s + 2) 2 (s + 1)(s + 2) (-2)(-1) 2

a = = and b = = = -
(s + 3) s = 0 3 s s = -3 -3 3
so
2 2 −3t
f(t) = δ (t ) + u (t ) − e u (t )
3 3
(s + 2) a b c c*
(b) F(s) = = + + +
s (s 2 + 4)
2
s 2
s (s + j 2) (s − j 2)
(s + 2) 2
a = = = 0.5
(s 2 + 4) s =0
4
d ⎡ (s + 2) ⎤ ⎡ (s 2 + 4) − 2s(s + 2) ⎤ 4
b = ⎢ 2 ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ = 2 = 0.25
⎣ (s + 4) ⎦ s = 0 ⎣ (s + 4)
2 2
ds ⎦s = 0 4
(s + 2)
c = = 0.1768∠ − 135o (c* = 0.1768∠135o)
s (s − j 2)
2
s = − j2
so
o o
f(t) = 0.5 t u(t) + 0.25 u(t) + 0.1768 e–j135 e-j2t u(t) + 0.1768 ej135 ej2t u(t)
The last two terms may be combined so that
f(t) = 0.5 t u(t) + 0.25 u(t) + 0.3536 cos (2t + 135o)
44. (a) G(s) is not a rational function, so first we perform polynomial long division (some
intermediate steps are not shown):
12s − 36 −36
( s 2
+ 3s + 2 ) 12s 3
( s + 3s + 2 ) −36s − 24s
2 2
− 36s 2 − 24s , and 84s +72
84s + 72 12 96
so G(s) = 12s − 36 + = 12s − 36 − +
(s + 1)(s + 2) s +1 s + 2
d
Hence, g(t) = 12 δ (t ) − 36δ (t ) − 12e− t u (t ) + 96e−2t u (t )
dt
(b) G(s) is not a rational function, so first we perform polynomial long division (some
intermediate steps are not shown):
12
( s + 4s + 5s + 2 ) 12s
3 2 3
12s3 + 48s 2 + 60s + 24 ,

− 48s 2 − 60s − 24
48s 2 + 60s + 24 A B C
so G(s) = 12 − = 12 + + +
(s + 2s + 1)(s + 2) ( s + 1) s + 1 s + 2
2 2
Where A = –12, B = 48 and C = –96.
Hence, g(t) = 12δ (t ) − 12te−t u (t ) + 48e − t u (t ) − 96e−2t u (t )
(c) G(s) is not a rational function, so first we perform polynomial long division on the
second term (some intermediate steps are not shown):
12
(
s + 6s + 11s + 6 12s
3 2 3
)
12s3 + 72s 2 + 132s + 72 ,
− 72s − 132s − 72
2
72s 2 + 132s + 72 A B C
so G(s) = 3s − 12 + = 3s − 12 + + +
(s + 1)(s + 2)(s + 3) s +1 s + 2 s + 3
Where A = 6, B = –96 and C = 162.
d
Hence, g(t) = 3 δ (t ) − 12δ (t ) + 6e−t u (t ) − 96e −2t u (t ) + 162e−3t u (t )
dt
s +1 1
45. (a) H(s) = = 1− , hence h(t) = δ(t) – e–2t u(t)
s+2 s+2
s+3 2 1
(b) H(s) = = − , hence h(t ) = ⎡⎣ 2e − t − e −2t ⎤⎦ u (t )
( s + 1)( s + 2 ) s + 1 s + 2
(c) We need to perform long division on the second term prior to applying the method of
residues (some intermediate steps are not shown):
s−5
3
(
s + 5s + 7s + 3 s
2 4
)
18s 2 + 32s + 15
18s 2 + 32s + 15 A B C
Thus, H(s) = 3s − s + 5 − + 1 = 2s + 6 + + +
(s + 1) (s + 3) ( s + 1) s + 1 s + 3
2 2
where A = –1/2, B = 9/4, and C = –81/4.
d 1 9 81
Thus, h(t) = 2 δ (t ) + 6δ (t ) − te −t u (t ) + e−t u (t ) − e−3t u (t )
dt 2 4 4
46.
4
(a) 5[sI(s) – i(0-)] – 7[s2I(s) – si(0-) – i'(0-)] + 9I(s) =
s
(b) m[s2P(s) – sp(0-) – p'(0-)] + μf [sP(s) – p(0-)] + kP(s) = 0
ΔN p (s ) GL
(c) [s ΔNp(s) – Δnp(0-)] = − +
τ s
47.
15u (t ) − 4δ(t ) = 8 f (t ) + 6 f ′(t ), f (0) = −3
15 15 − 4s 15 − 4 s
∴ − 4 = 8F( s ) + 6sF( s) + 18 = ∴ F( s) (6 s + 8) = 18 +
s s s
−22s + 15 15 / 8
∴ F( s ) = = ∴ f (t ) = (1.875 − 5.542e −4t / 3 ) u (t )
6s ( s + 4 / 30) s + 4 / 3
48.
diL
(a) -5 u(t – 2) + 10 iL(t) + 5 = 0
dt
− 5 − 2s
(b) e + 10 I L (s) + 5 [sI L (s) - iL (0- )] = 0
s
5 − 2s
e + 5 iL (0- )
s e −2s + 5 × 10-3 s
IL(s) = =
5s + 10 s (s + 2 )
⎡a − 2s b ⎤ 5 × 10-3
(c) IL(s) = e ⎢ + ⎥ + s+2
⎣s s + 2 ⎦
1 1 1 1
where a = = , and b = = - , so that we may write
s + 2 s=0 2 s s = -2 2
1 − 2s ⎡ 1 1 ⎤ 5 × 10-3
IL(s) = e ⎢ − ⎥ + s+2
2 ⎣s s + 2⎦
Thus, iL(t) =
1
2
[ ]
u (t − 2) − e − 2(t − 2 ) u (t − 2) + 5 × 10-3 e - 2t u (t )
=
1
2
[ ]
1 − e − 2 (t − 2 ) u (t − 2) + 5 × 10-3 e- 2t u (t )
49.
(a) vc (0− ) = 50 V, vc (0+ ) = 50 V
(b) 0.1 vc′ + 0.2 vc + 0.1(vc − 20) = 0

2
(c) ∴ 0.1 vc′ + 0.3 vc = 2, 0.1sVc − 5 + 0.3Vc =
s
2 5s + 2
∴ Vc (0.1s + 0.3) = 5 + =
s s
5s + 2 20 / 3 130 / 3 ⎛ 20 130 −3t ⎞
∴ Vc ( s ) = = + ∴ vc (t ) = ⎜ + e ⎟ u (t ) V
s (0.1s + 0.3) s s+3 ⎝ 3 3 ⎠
50.
diL
(a) 5 u(t) – 5 u(t – 2) + 10 iL(t) + 5 = 0
dt
5 5
(b) − e − 2s + 10 I L (s) + 5 [sI L (s) - iL (0- )] = 0
s s
5 −2 s 5
e − + 5 iL (0- )
e −2s + 5 ×10−3s − 1
IL(s) = s s =
5s + 10 s (s + 2)
⎡a b ⎤ c d
(c) IL(s) = e − 2s ⎢ + ⎥ + + where
⎣s s + 2 ⎦ s s+2
1 1 1 1 5 × 10−3 s − 1 1
a = = ,b = =- , c = = − , and
s + 2 s=0 2 s s = -2 2 s+2 s =0
2
−3 −3
5 × 10 s − 1 −10 × 10 − 1
d = = = 0.505 ,
s s = −2
−2
so that we may write

1 ⎡1 1 ⎤ 0.505 ⎛ 1 ⎞1
IL(s) = e −2s ⎢ − ⎥ + − ⎜ ⎟
2 ⎣s s + 2⎦ s+2 ⎝2⎠s
1 ⎡ 1
Thus, iL(t) = ⎣ u (t − 2) − e −2( t − 2) u (t − 2) ⎤⎦ + 0.505e-2t u (t ) − u (t )
2 2
51.
12
12 u (t ) = 20 f 2′ (t ) + 3 f 2 (0− ) = 2 ∴
= 20sF2 − 20 (2) + 3F2
s
12 12 + 40 s 2s + 0.6
∴ + 40 = (20s + 3) F2 = ∴ F2 ( s ) =
s s s ( s + 0.15)
4 2
∴ F2 ( s ) = − ↔ (4 − 2e −0.15t ) u (t )
s s + 0.15
52. (a) f(t) = 2 u(t) - 4δ(t)
(b) f(t) = cos ( 99 t )

1 a b
(c) F(s) = - 5 = + - 5
s + 5s + 6
2
s−3 s−2
1 1
where a = = 1 and b = = -1
s−2 s=3 s−3 s=2
Thus,
f(t) = e-3t u(t) – e-2t u(t) – 5δ(t)
(d) f(t) = δ '(t) (a “doublet”)
(e) f(t) = δ'"(t)
53.
x′ + y = 2u (t ), y′ − 2 x + 3 y = 8u (t ), x(0− ) = 5, y (0− ) = 8
2 8 1⎛ 2 ⎞ 2 5 Y
sX − 5 + Y = , sY − 8 − 2X + 3Y = ∴ X = ⎜ + 5 − Y ⎟ = 2 + −
s s s⎝s ⎠ s s s
4 10 2Y 8 ⎛ 2 ⎞ 4 18
∴ sY + 3Y − 2
− + = 8+ ∴ Y⎜s + 3+ ⎟ = 2 + +8
s s s s ⎝ s⎠ s s
⎛ s 2 + 3s + 2 ⎞ 4 + 18s + 8s 2 8s 2 + 18s + 4 2 6 0
Y⎜ ⎟ = , Y( s ) + = + +
⎝ s ⎠ s 2
s ( s + 1) ( s + 2) s s + 1 s + 2
1 1
∴ y (t ) = (2 + 6e − t ) u (t ); x(t ) = [ y′ + 3 y − 8u (t )] = y′ + 1.5 y − 4u (t )
2 2
1
∴ x(t ) = [−6e −t u (t )] + 1.5 [2 + 6e − t ] u (t ) − 4u (t )
2
∴ x(t ) = 6e − t u (t ) − u (t ) = (6e − t − 1) u (t )
8
54. (a) F(s) = 8s + 8 + , with f(0-) = 0. Thus, we may write:
s
f(t) = 8 δ(t) + 8 u(t) + 8δ ' (t)
s2
(b) F(s) = -s + 2.
(s + 2)
f(t) = δ ' (t) - 2δ(t) + 4e-2t u(t) - δ ' (t) + 2δ(t) = 4e-2t u(t)
55.
40 − 100
(a) ic (0− ) = 0, vc (0) = 100 V, ∴ ic (0+ ) = = −0.6 A
100
∞
(b) 40 = 100 ic + 50 ∫ − ic dt + 100
0
(c) 60 50
− = 100 Ic ( s ) + Ic ( s)
s s
6 10 s + 5 −6 −0.6
∴ = Ic , Ic ( s) = = ↔ ic (t ) = −0.6e −0.5t u (t )
s s 10 s + 5 s + 0.5
4s
56. (a) 4 cos 100t ↔
s + 1002
2
2 × 103 3s
(b) 2 sin 103t – 3 cos 100t ↔ - 2
s + 10
2 6
s + 1002
14s 2 sin 8o
(c) 14 cos 8t - 2 sin 8o ↔ -
s 2 + 64 s
6
(d) δ(t) + [sin 6t ]u(t) ↔ 1 +
s + 36
2
4 1
(e) cos 5t sin 3t = ½ sin 8t + ½ sin (-2t) = ½ (sin 8t – sin 2t) ↔ - 2
s + 64 s + 4
2
t
57. is = 100e −5t u (t ) A; is = v′ + 4v + 3∫ − vdt
0
v 1 t 1 1
(a) is = + Cv′ + ∫ − vdt ; R = Ω, C = 1F, L = H
R L 0 4 3
(b) 100 3
= sV( s ) + 4V( s ) + V( s )
s+5 s
⎛ 3⎞ s 2 + 4 s + 3 100 100s
V( s ) ⎜ s + 4 + ⎟ = V( s ) = , V( s ) =
⎝ 4⎠ s s+5 ( s + 1) ( s + 3) ( s + 5)
−12.5 75 62.5
∴ V( s ) = + − , v(t ) = (75e −3t − 12.5e − t − 62.5e−5t ) u (t ) V
s +1 s + 3 s + 5
58.
7 e −2 s
(a) V(s) = + V
s s
e −2s
(b) V(s) = V
s +1
(c) V(s) = 48e-s V
59.
∞
4 u (t ) + ic + 10 ∫ − ic dt + 4 [ic − 0.5δ (t )] = 0
0
4 10 ⎛ 10 ⎞ 4 2s − 4
∴ + Ic + Ic + 4Ic = 2, Ic ⎜ 5 + ⎟ = 2 − +
s s ⎝ s ⎠ s s
2s − 4 1.6
∴ Ic = = 0.4 −
5s + 10 s+2
∴ ic (t ) + 0.4δ (t ) − 1.6e −2t u (t ) A
60.
t
v′ + 6v + 9 ∫ − v( z ) dz = 24 (t − 2) u (t − 2), v′(0) = 0
0
9 1 s 2 + 6s + 9 ( s + 3) 2
∴sV( s ) − 0 + 6 V( s ) + V( s) = 24e −2 s 2 = V( s ) = V( s )
s s s s
1 s ⎡1/ 9 1/ 9 1/ 3 ⎤
∴ V( s ) = 24e −2 s = 24e −2 s ⎢ − −
s ( s + 3)
2 2
⎣ s s + 3 ( s + 3) 2 ⎥⎦
⎡8 / 3 8 8 ⎤ 8
∴ V( s) = e −2 s ⎢ − − 2⎥
↔ [u (t − 2) − e −3( t − 2) u (t − 2)]
⎣ s s + 3 ( s + 3) ⎦ 3
⎡8 8 ⎤
−8(t − 2) e −3(t − 2) u (t − 2) ∴ v(t ) = ⎢ − e−3( t − 2) − 8(t − 2) e−3(t − 2) ⎥ u (t − 2)
⎣3 3 ⎦
61. (a) All coefficients of the denominator are positive and non-zero, so we may apply the
Routh test:
1 47
13 35
44.308 0 [(13)(47) – 35]/13
35 [35(44.308) – 0]/44.308
No sign changes, so STABLE.
(b) All coefficients of the denominator are positive and non-zero, so we may apply the
Routh test:
1 1
13 35
–1.69 0 [13 – 35]/13
No need to proceed further: we see a sign change, so UNSTABLE.
Routh test:
1 8
3 0
8 [(3)(8) – 0]/3
1
2
3 ⎛3⎞ 3 ⎛ 23 ⎞ 2
Verification: roots of D(s) = − ± ⎜ ⎟ − 8 = − ± j ⎜ ⎟ , which have negative real
2 ⎝2⎠ 2 ⎝ 4 ⎠
parts, so the function is indeed stable.
Routh test:
1 1
2 0
1 [(2)(1) – 0]/2
Verification: roots of D(s) = –1, –1, which have negative real parts, so the function is
indeed stable.
Routh test:
1 3 1
3 3 0
2 1 [(3)(3) – 3]/3
1.5 [6 – 3]/2
Routh test:
1
3
64. (a) v(t ) = 7u (t ) + 8e −3t u (t ) Therefore
7 8 15s + 21
V (s) = + = .
s s + 3 s(s + 3)
21
15 +
15s + 21 s = 15 V
lim sV (s) = lim = lim
s →∞ s →∞ s+3 s →∞ 3
1+
s
(b) v(0) = 7 + 8 = 15 V (verified)
65. (a) v(t ) = 7u (t ) + 8e −3t u (t ) Therefore
7 8 15s + 21
V (s) = + = .
s s + 3 s(s + 3)
15s + 21
lim sV (s) = lim = 7V
s→0 s →0 s+3
(b) v(∞) = 7 + 0 = 7 V (verified)
66. 5( s 2 + 1) lim 5s ( s 2 + 1)
+
(a) F( s) = 3 ∴ f (0 ) = =5
( s + 1) s →∞ s3 + 1
lim 5s ( s 2 + 1)
f (∞ ) = , but 1 pole in RHP ∴ indeterminate
s →0 s3 + 1
(b) 5( s 2 + 1) +
lim 5s ( s 2 + 1)
F( s) = ∴ f (0 ) = =0
s 3 + 16 s→∞ s 4 + 16
f (∞) is indeterminate since poles on jω axis
( s + 1) (1 + e−4 s ) +
lim s ( s + 1) (1 + e −4 s )
(c) F( s) = ∴ f (0 ) = =1
s2 + 2 s →∞ s2 + 2
f (∞) is indeterminate since poles on jω axis
⎛ 2s 2 + 6 ⎞
67. (a) f(0+) = lim[s F(s)] = lim⎜⎜ 2 ⎟ = 2
s →∞ s → ∞ s + 5s + 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 2s 2 + 6 ⎞ 6
f(∞) = lim[s F(s)] = lim⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ = = 3
s →0 s → 0 s + 5s + 2 2
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 2se − s ⎞
(b) f(0+) = lim[s F(s)] = lim⎜⎜ ⎟ = 0
s →∞ s →∞ s + 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 2se − s ⎞
f(∞) = lim[s F(s)] = lim⎜⎜ ⎟ = 0
s →0 s →0 s + 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎡ s(s 2 + 1)⎤
(c) f(0+) = lim[s F(s)] = lim ⎢ 2 ⎥ = ∞
s →∞ s →∞
⎣ s +5 ⎦
f(∞) : This function has poles on the jω axis, so we may not apply the final value
theorem to determine f(∞).
68.
5( s 2 + 1) +
lim 5s ( s 2 + 1)
(a) F( s ) = ∴ f (0 ) = =5
( s + 1)3 s →∞ ( s + 1)3
⎡ 5(s 2 + 1) ⎤
f (∞) = lim ⎢s = 0 (pole OK)
s→0 ⎣ (s + 1)3 ⎥⎦
5( s 2 + 1) + 5( s 2 + 1)
(b) F( s ) = ∴ f (0 ) = l im =0
s ( s + 1)3 s→∞ ( s + 1)3
5( s 2 + 1)
f (∞) = lim = 5 (pole OK)
s→0 ( s + 1)3
(c) (1 − e − 3 s ) + 1 − e −3s
F(s ) = ∴ f (0 ) = l im =0
s2 s →∞ s
⎡ 1 − e −3s ⎤
f ( ∞ ) = l im ⎢ = (using L'Hospital's rule) l im ( 3e − 3 s ) = 3
s→ 0 ⎣ s ⎥⎦ s→ 0
69.
1
f (t ) = (eat − e− bt ) u (t )
t
1 ∞ 1 1
(a) Now,
t
f (t ) ↔ ∫
s
F( s) ds ∴ e− at u (t ) ↔
s+a
, − e− bt u (t ) ↔ −
s+b
∞ ∞
1 ∞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ s+a s+a s+b
∴ (e− at − e− bt u (t ) ↔
t ∫s ⎜ − ⎟ ds = ln
⎝ s+a s+b⎠ s+b s
= ln
s+b s
= ln
s+a
(b) lim 1 − at −bt lim 1 − at + ... − 1 + bt

( e − e ) u (t ) = =b−a
t →0+ t t →0+ t
lim s + b lim ln ( s + b) − ln ( s + a)
sln =
s→∞ s + a s→∞ 1/ s
lim 1/( s + b) − 1/( s + a) lim ⎡ 2 ( a − b) ⎤
Use l′ Hospital. ∴ sF( s) = = ⎢ −s =b−a
s→∞ −1/ s 2 s →∞
⎣ ( s + b) ( s + a) ⎥⎦
70. 8s − 2 lim s (8s − 2)

(a) F( s) = ∴ f (0+ ) = =8
s + 6s + 10
2 s →∞ s 2 + 6 s + 10
lim s (8s − 2) ⎛ −6 ± 36 − 40 ⎞
f (∞ ) = = 0 ⎜⎜ poles: s = , LHP, ∴ OK ⎟⎟
s →0 s + 6 s + 10
2
2
⎝ ⎠
(b) 2 s 3 − s 2 − 3s − 5 +
lim 2 s 3 − s 2 − 3s − 5
F( s) = ∴ f (0 ) = =∞
s 3 + 6 s 2 + 10s s →∞ s 2 + 6 s + 10
lim 2 s 3 − s 2 − 3s − 5
f (∞ ) = = −0.5 (poles OK)
s →0 s 2 + 6 s + 10
8s − 2 lim s (8s − 2)
(c) F( s) = ∴ f (0+ ) = =8
s − 6 s + 10
2 s →∞ s 2 − 6 s + 10
lim s (8s − 2) 6 ± 36 − 40
f (∞ ) = , s= RHP ∴ indeterminate
s →0 s − 6 s + 10
2
2
8s 2 − 2
(d) F(s) = ∴ f (0+ ) = lim sF(s) = 0
(s + 2) (s + 1) (s + 6s + 10)
2 2 s→∞
s (8s 2 − 2)
f ( ∞ ) = lim = 0 (pole OK)
s→0 (s + 2) 2 (s + 1) (s 2 + 6s + 10)
Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Fifteen Solutions 10 March 2006
1. Note that iL(0+) = 12 mA. We have two choices for inductor model:
= 0.032s Ω
12
0.032s Ω mA
= 384 μV s
2. iL(0-) = 0, vC(0+) = 7.2 V (‘+’ reference on left). There are two possible circuits, since
the inductor is modeled simply as an impedance:
1 Ω
0.002s
73 Ω 1 Ω 7.2
0.002s V 73 Ω
s + 14.4 mA +
0.03s Ω V(s) V(s)
0.03s Ω
- -
3.
(a) 2s 2000 / s 20s 1000

Z m (s) = + = +
20 + 0.1s 2 + 1000 / s s + 200 s + 500
20s 2 + 10, 000s + 1000s + 200, 000 20s 2 + 11, 000s + 200, 000
= =
s 2 + 700s + 100, 000 s 2 + 700s + 100, 000
(b) Zin(-80) = - 10.95 Ω
−128, 000 + j880, 000 + 200, 000

(c) Zin ( j80) = = 8.095∠54.43° Ω
−6400 + j 56, 000 + 100, 000
1 10 s + 200
(d) YRL = + =
20 s 20s
1 s + 500
(e) YRC = + 0.001s =
2 1000
s + 200
+ 0.5 + 0.001s
YRL + YRC s + 200 + 10s + 0.02s 2
(f) = 20s =
YRL YRC (s + 200) 0.001s 2 + 0.7s + 100
(0.001s + 0.5)
20s
20s 2 + 11, 000s + 200, 000
= = Z(s)
s 2 + 700s + 100, 000
4.
1 1
2 × 10−3 s 2 × 10−3 s
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
Zin = ⎜ 20 + −3 ⎟
|| ⎜ 40 + −3 ⎟
= (20 + 500s-1) || (40 + 500s-1)
⎝ 2 × 10 s ⎠ ⎝ 2 × 10 s ⎠
80s 2 + 3000s +25000

=
6s 2 + 100s
50 16(0.2s) 50 16s 16s 2 + 50s + 4000

5. (a) Zin = + = + =
s 16 + 0.2s s s + 80 s 2 + 80s
−1024 + 4000 + j 400

(b) Zin ( j8) = = 0.15842 − j 4.666 Ω
−64 + j 640
16(4 − 36 − j 24) − 100 + j 300 + 4000

(c) Zin (−2 + j 6) = = 6.850∠ − 114.3° Ω
−32 − j 24 − 160 + j 480
(d) 50 0.2 sR 0.2Rs 2 + 10s + 50R

Zin = + = ,
s R + 0.2s 0.2s 2 + Rs
5R − 50 + 50 R
Zin (−5) = ∴ 55R = 50, R = 0.9091 Ω
5 − 5R
(e) R = 1Ω
1
6. 2 mF → Ω, 1 mH → 0.001s Ω,
2 × 10−3 s
Zin = (55 + 500/ s) || (100 + s/ 1000) =

⎛ 500 ⎞ ⎛ s ⎞
⎜ 55 + ⎟ ⎜100 + ⎟ 55s 2 + 5.5005 × 106 s + 5 × 107
⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ 1000 ⎠
=
500 s s 2 + 5 × 105 s + 1.55 × 105
155 + +
s 1000
7. We convert the circuit to the s-domain:

1/sCμ Ω
Vπ
1/sCπ Ω Vπ
rπ R B
Defining Zπ = RB || rπ || (1/sCπ) = and
rπ + R B + rπ R BCπ s
ZL = RC || RL = RCRL/ (RC + RL), we next connect a 1-A source to the input and write two
nodal equations:
1 = Vπ/ Zπ + (Vπ – VL)Cμ s [1]
-gmVπ = VL/ ZL + (VL – Vπ)Cμ s [2]
Solving,
rπ R B (1 + Z L C μ s )
Vπ =
Z L rπ R BCπ C μ s 2 + (g m Z L rπ R BC μ + rπ R BCπ + rπ R BC μ + Z L rπ C μ +Z L R BC μ )s + rπ + R B
Since we used a 1-A ‘test’ source, this is the input impedance. Setting both capacitors to
zero results in rπ || RB as expected.
8.
0.115s Ω 460 μV
2 I
V
s
2
+ 460 × 10−6
s 2.162 9400
V(s) = 4700 = +
4700 + 0.115s 0.115s + 4700 s (0.115s + 4700)
18.8 81740 18.8 a b

= + = + +
s + 40870 s (s + 40870) s + 40870 s s + 40870
81740 81740
where a = = 2 and b = = -2
s + 40870 s =0 s s = -40870
18.8 2 2
Thus, V(s) = + - . Taking the inverse transform of each term,
s + 40870 s s + 40870
v(t) = [16.8 e-40870t + 2] u(t) V
9. v(0-) = 4 V
4
303030 V
Ω s
s
I(s)
9
s
9 4
−
s s 5 4.545 × 10-6
I(s) = = =
303030 1.1 × 106 + 303030 s +0.2755
+ 1.1 × 106
s
Taking the inverse transform, we find that i(t) = 4.545 e-0.2755t u(t) μA
10. From the information provided, we assume no initial energy stored in the inductor.
(a) Replace the 100 mH inductor with a 0.1s-Ω impedance, and the current source with a
25 × 10−6
A source.
s
0.1s Ω
25 V
s
25 × 10−6 ⎡ 2 (0.1s) ⎤ 5 × 10-6 5 × 10-5

(b) V(s) = ⎢ 2 + 0.1s ⎥ = = V
s ⎣ ⎦ 0.1s + 2 s + 20
Taking the inverse transform,
v(t) = 50 e-20t mV
The power absorbed in the resistor R is then p(t) = 0.5 v2(t) = 1.25 e-40t nW
11. We transform the circuit into the s-domain, noting the initial condition of the capacitor:
V1 V2
2/s 4/s Ω 6/s
2/s V
Writing our nodal equations,
V1 − 2 V1 + 2
s + V1 − V2 + s =0 [1]
1 1 4
2 s
V2 − V1 V2
+ =6 [2]
1 1
2
−6 ( s − 12 ) −5.6 3.6
We may solve to obtain V1 = = +
s ( 3s + 20 ) s + 6.67 s
2 ( s + 44 ) −3.73 4.4
and V1 = = +
s ( 3s + 20 ) s + 6.67 s
Taking the inverse transforms, v1(t) = –5.6e–6.67t + 3.6 V, t ≥ 0

and v2(t) = –3.73e–6.67t + 4.4 V, t ≥ 0
12. We transform the circuit into the s-domain, noting the initial condition of the inductor:
V1 V2
(a) Writing our nodal equations,
2 2/s 9s Ω 4/s A
4V1 − 3V2 = [1]
s
and 36 V
V2 + 36 4
−3V1 + 3V2 + =
9s s
or [2]
⎛ 1⎞
−3V1 + ⎜ 3 + ⎟ V2 = 0
⎝ 9s ⎠
⎛ ⎞
2 ( 27s + 1) 3 ⎜ 1 ⎟ 1 ⎛1⎞
We may solve to obtain V1 = = ⎜ ⎟+ ⎜ ⎟
s ( 27s + 4 ) 2 ⎜ s + 4 ⎟ 2 ⎝ s ⎠
⎝ 27 ⎠
54 2
and V2 = =
27s + 4 s + 4
27
Taking the inverse transforms, v1(t) = 1.5–0.1481t + 0.5 V, t ≥ 0

and v2(t) = 2e–0.1481t V, t ≥ 0
(b)
13. (a) We transform the circuit into the s-domain, noting the initial condition of the
capacitor:
1/s Ω
12/s I1 I2
9/s V
Writing the two required mesh equations:
⎛ 1⎞ 1 3
⎜ 6 + ⎟ I1 − I 2 = [1]
⎝ s⎠ s s
1 ⎛ 1⎞ 9
− I1 + ⎜12 + ⎟ I 2 = [2]
s ⎝ s⎠ s
2 ⎡ ( 3s + 1) ⎤ 2 1 ⎜⎛ 1 ⎟⎞
Solving yields I1 = ⎢ ⎥= −
3 ⎢⎣ s ( 4s + 1) ⎥⎦ 3s 6 ⎜ s + 1 ⎟
⎝ 4⎠
1 ⎡ ( 9s + 2 ) ⎤ 2 1 ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟
and I 2 = ⎢ ⎥= +
3 ⎣⎢ s ( 4s + 1) ⎦⎥ 3s 12 ⎜ s + 1 ⎟
⎝ 4⎠
Thus, taking the inverse Laplace transform, we obtain
2 1 −t4 2 1 − t4
i1 (t ) = − e A, t ≥ 0 and i2 (t ) = + e A, t ≥ 0
3 6 3 12
(b)
14. (a) We transform the circuit into the s-domain, noting the initial condition of the
inductor:
9/s I1 sΩ I2
8V
Writing the two required mesh equations:
9
( 2 + s ) I1 − sI 2 = +8 [1]
s
−sI1 + (10 + s ) I 2 = −8 [2]
⎡ ⎤
1 ⎢ ( 89s + 90 ) ⎥ 35 ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ 4.5
Solving yields I1 = = +
⎢⎣ (
3 ⎥⎦ ⎝)
12 ⎢ s s + 5 ⎥ 12 ⎜ s + 5 ⎟ s
3⎠
⎡ ⎤
−7 ⎢ 1 ⎥ 7 ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟
and I 2 = =−
12 ⎢ s + 5 ⎥
⎢⎣ (
3 ⎥⎦ )
12 ⎜ s + 5 ⎟
⎝ 3⎠
Thus, taking the inverse Laplace transform, we obtain
35 −1.667 t 7 −1.667 t
i1 (t ) = e + 4.5 A, t ≥ 0 and i2 (t ) = − e A, t ≥ 0
12 12
(b)
15. v(t) = 10e-2t cos (10t + 30o) V
o scos30o -10sin30o 0.866s - 5

cos (10t + 30 ) ⇔ 2
= 2
s +100 s + 100
-at
L {f(t)e } ⇔ F(s + a), so
0.866 ( s + 2 ) - 5 8.66s - 16.34
V(s) = 10 =
(s + 2)
2
+ 100 s + 100
The voltage across the 5-Ω resistor may be found by simple voltage division. We first
50
note that Zeff = (10/s) || 5 = Ω. Thus,
5s + 10
⎛ 50 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ Vs
⎝ 5s + 10 ⎠ 50 Vs 50 Vs
V5Ω = = =
0.5s + 5 + ⎜
⎛ 50 ⎞ ( 0.5s + 5) ( 5s + 10 ) + 50 2.5s + 30s + 100
2
⎟
⎝ 5s + 10 ⎠
V 0.866s - 3.268 34.64s - 130.7
(a) Ix = eff = 40 =
5 ⎡( s + 2 ) + 100 ⎤ ⎡s 2 + 12s + 40 ⎤
2
⎡( s + 2 ) + 100 ⎤ ⎡( s + 6 )2 + 100 ⎤
2
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
(b) Taking the inverse transform using MATLAB, we find that
ix(t) = e-6t [0.0915cos 2t - 1.5245 sin 2t] - e-2t [0.0915 cos10t - 0.3415 sin 10t] A
16.
2
V1 Ω V2
s
3 5 5
VC1 Ω 8s Ω V
s s s
Node 1: 0 = 0.2 (V1 – 3/ s) + 0.2 V1 s + 0.5 (V1 – V2) s

Node 2: 0 = 0.5 (V2 – V1) s + 0.125 V2 s + 0.1 (V2 + 5/ s)
Rewriting, (3.5 s 2 + s) V1 + 2.5 s 2 V2 = 3 [1]
-4 s 2 V1 + (4 s 2 + 0.8 s + 1) V2 = -4 [2]
Solving using MATLAB or substitution, we find that
−20s 2 + 16s + 20
V1 (s) =
40s 4 + 68s3 + 43s 2 + 10s
⎛ 1 ⎞ −20s 2 + 16s + 20
= ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 40 ⎠ s ( s + 0.5457 - j 0.3361)( s + 0.5457 + j 0.3361)( s + 0.6086 )
which can be expanded:

a b b* c
V1 (s) = + + +
s s + 0.5457 - j 0.3361 s + 0.5457 + j 0.3361 s + 0.6086
Using the method of residues, we find that

a = 2, b = 2.511 ∠101.5o, b* = 2.511∠-101.5o and c = -1.003.
Thus,taking the inverse transform,

v1(t) = [2 – 1.003 e-0.6086t + 5.022 e-0.5457t cos (0.3361t – 101.5o)] u(t) V
17. With zero initial energy, we may draw the following circuit:
2 s-1 Ω
3 5
V 8sΩ V
s 5 s-1 Ω s
Define three clockwise mesh currents I1, I2, and I3 in the left, centre and right meshes,
respectively.
Mesh 1: -3/s + 5I1 + (5/s)I1 – (5/s)I2 = 0
Mesh 2: -(5/s)I1 + (8s + 7/s)I2 – 8s I3 = 0
Mesh 3: -8sI2 + (8s + 10)I3 – 5/s = 0
Rewriting,
(5s + 5) I1 – 5 I2 = 3 [1]
-5 I1 + (8s2 +7) I2 – 8s2 I3 = 0 [2]
- 8s2 I2 + (8s2 + 10s) I3 = 5 [3]
Solving, we find that
2
I2(s) = 20s 2 + 32s + 15 = ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ 20s + 32s + 15
40s + 68s + 43s + 10 ⎝ 40 ⎠ ( s + 0.6086 )( s + 0.5457 - j 0.3361)( s + 0.5457 + j 0.3361)
3 2
= a b b*
+ +
( s + 0.6086 ) ( s + 0.5457 - j 0.3361) ( s + 0.5457 + j 0.3361)
where a = 0.6269, b = 0.3953∠-99.25o, and b* = 0.3955∠+99.25o
Taking the inverse tranform, we find that

o o
i2(t) = [0.6271e-0.6086t + 0.3953e-j99.25 e(-0.5457 + j0.3361)t + 0.3953ej99.25 e(-0.5457 - j0.3361)t ]u(t)
= [0.6271e-0.6086t + 0.7906 e-0.5457t cos(0.3361t + 99.25o)] u(t)
18. We choose to represent the initial energy stored in the capacitor with a current source:
2
V1 Ω V2
s
•
3 5
V 5 ↑ 1.8 A V
s Ω 8s Ω s
s
•
3
V1 -
Node 1: 1.8 = s + s V + s (V - V )
1 1 2
5 5 2
5
V2 +
s 1 s
Node 2: 0 = (V2 - V1 ) + V2 +
2 8s 10
Rewriting, (5s2 + 4s) V1 – 5s2 V2 = 18s + 6 [1]

-4s2 V1 + (4s2 + 0.8s + 1)V2 = -4 [2]
360s3 + 92s 2 + 114s + 30

Solving, we find that V1(s) =
s(40s3 + 68s 2 + 43s + 10)
a b c c*
= + + +
s s + 0.6086 s + 0.5457 - j 0.3361 s + 0.5457 + j 0.3361
where a = 3, b = 30.37, c = 16.84 ∠136.3o and c* = 16.84 ∠-136.3o
Taking the inverse transform, we find that
o
v1(t) = [3 + 30.37e-0.6086t + 16.84 ej136.3 e-0.5457t ej0.3361t
o
+ 16.84 e-j136.3 e-0.5457t e-j0.3361t ]u(t) V
= [3 + 30.37e-0.6086t + 33.68e-0.5457t cos (0.3361t + 136.3o]u(t) V
19. We begin by assuming no initial energy in the circuit and transforming to the s-domain:
V1
10
Ω
s+3 s 4
20 A 2s Ω
Vx 30 A
(s + 3) 2 + 16 (s + 3)2 + 16
(a) via nodal analysis, we write:

20s + 60 s V
2
= ( V1 - Vx ) + 1 [1] and
(s + 3) + 16 10 5
120 V s
2
= x + ( Vx − V1 ) [2]
(s + 3) + 16 2s 10
Collecting terms and solving for Vx(s), we find that
Vx(s) = 200s(s 2 + 9s + 12)

2s 4 + 17s3 + 90s 2 + 185s + 250
200s(s 2 + 9s + 12)
=
( s + 3 - j 4 )( s + 3 + j 4 )( s + 1.25 - j1.854 )( s + 1.25 + j1.854 )
(b) Using the method of residues, this function may be rewritten as
a a* b b*
+ + +
( s + 3 - j 4 ) ( s + 3 + j 4 ) ( s + 1.25 - j1.854 ) ( s + 1.25 + j1.854 )
with a = 92.57 ∠ -47.58o, a* = 92.57 ∠ 47.58o, b = 43.14 ∠106.8o, b* = 43.14 ∠-106.8o

Taking the inverse transform, then, yields
o o
vx(t) = [92.57 e-j47.58 e-3t ej4t + 92.57 ej47.58 e-3t e-j4t
o o
+ 43.14ej106.8 e-1.25t ej1.854t + 43.14e-j106.8 e-1.25t e-j1.854t] u(t)
= [185.1 e-3t cos (4t - 47.58o) + 86.28 e-1.25t cos (1.854t + 106.8o)] u(t)
20. We model the initial energy in the capacitor as a 75-μA independent current source:
0.005s Ω
162.6s ↑
V 106 V
s 2 + 4π 2 Ω
s 75 μA
s
First, define Zeff = 106/s || 0.005s || 20 = -6 2
Ω
10 s + 0.005s + 200
V (s) 1 ⎛ 162.6s ⎞
Then, writing a single KCL equation, 75 ×10-6 = + ⎜ V (s) - 2 ⎟
Zeff 20 ⎝ s + 4π 2 ⎠
which may be solved for V(s):
75s ( s 2 + 1.084 × 105s + 39.48 )

V(s) =
s 4 + 5.5 × 104s3 + 2 × 108s 2 + 2.171× 106s + 7.896 × 109
=
(
75s s 2 + 1.084 ×105s + 12.57 )
( s + 51085)( s + 3915)( s - j 6.283)( s + j 6.283)
(NOTE: factored with higher-precision denominator coefficients using MATLAB to
obtain accurate complex poles: otherwise, numerical error led to an exponentially
growing pole i.e. real part of the pole was positive)
a b c c*
= + + +
( s + 51085 ) ( s + 3915 ) ( s - j 2π ) ( s + j 2π )
where a = -91.13, b = 166.1, c = 0.1277∠89.91o and c* = 0.1277∠-89.91o.
Thus, consolidating the complex exponential terms (the imaginary components cancel),
v(t) = [-91.13e-51085t + 166.1e-3915t + 0.2554 cos (2πt + 89.91o)] u(t) V
(b) The steady-state voltage across the capacitor is V = [255.4 cos(2πt + 89.91o)] mV
This can be written in phasor notation as 0.2554 ∠89.91o V. The impedance across
which this appears is Zeff = [jωC + 1/jωL + 1/20]-1 = 0.03142 ∠89.91o Ω, so
Isource = V/ Zeff = 8.129∠-89.91o A.
Thus, isource = 8.129 cos 2πt A.
(c) By phasor analysis, we can use simple voltage division to find the voltage division to
find the capacitor voltage:
(162.6∠0 ) ( 0.03142∠89.91o )
VC(jω) = = 0.2554∠89.92o V which agrees with
20 + 0.03142∠89.91o
our answer to (a), assuming steady state. Dividing by 0.03142 ∠89.91o Ω, we find
isource = 8.129 cos 2πt A.
21. Only the inductor appears to have initial energy, so we model that with a voltage source:
I1
I4
I2
0.001s Ω
1 mV
1333/s Ω 1000/s Ω
5.846s + 2.699 6s
V 2
V
s2 + 4 I1 I3 s +4
5.846s + 2.699 ⎛ 1333 ⎞ 1333

Mesh 1: 2
= ⎜2 + ⎟ I1 - I 2 - 2I 3
s +4 ⎝ s ⎠ s
Mesh 2: 0 = 0.005I1 – 0.001 + (0.001s + 1333/s) I2 – (1333/s)I1 – 0.001sI4
6s
Mesh 3: 0 = (2 + 1000/s)I3 – 2I1 – (1000/s)I4 + 2
s +4
Mesh 4: 0 = (0.001s + 1000/s) I4 - 0.001sI2 – (1000/s)I3 + 0.001
154s − 2699
Solving, we find that I1 = −0.2 and
s2 + 4
154s 4 - 7.378 × 107 s3 - 1.912 × 1010s 2 - 4.07 × 1013s + 7.196 × 1014
I2 = 0.001
2333s 4 + 6.665 × 105s3 + 1.333 × 109s 2 + 5.332 × 109
0.4328∠ − 166.6o 0.4328∠ + 166.6o
= +
s + 142.8 + j 742 s + 142.8 - j 742
135.9∠ − 96.51o 135.9∠ + 96.51o
+ + + 6.6 ×10-5
s - j2 s + j2
Taking the inverse transform of each,
i1(t) = 271.7 cos (2t – 96.51o) A and
i2(t) = 0.8656 e-142.8t cos (742.3t + 166.6o) + 271.8 cos (2t – 96.51o) + 6.6×10-5 δ(t) A
Verifying via phasor analysis, we again write four mesh equations:
6∠-13o = (2 – j666.7)I1 + j667I2 – 2I3
0 = (0.005 + j666.7)I1 + (j2x10-3 – j666.7)I2 – j2×10-3I4
-6∠0 = -2I1 + (2 – j500)I3 + j500I4
0 = -j2×10-3I2 + j500I3 + (j2×10-3 – j500)I4
Solving, we find I1 = 271.7∠-96.5o A and I2 = 272∠-96.5o A. From the Laplace analysis,
we see that this agrees with our expression for i1(t), and as t → ∞, our expression for i2(t)
→ 272 cos (2t – 96.5o) in agreement with the phasor analysis.
22. With no initial energy storage, we simply convert the circuit to the s-domain:
V2
I2
V2
1667/s Ω 2000/s Ω
-2
s I1 0.002s Ω
V2 I3
Writing a supermesh equation,

1 1 2000 2000
= 100I1 + −4
I1 + I 3 + 0.002sI 3 - I2
s 2
6 × 10 s s s
we next note that I2 = -5V2 = -5(0.002s)I3 = -0.01sI3
and I3 – I1 = 3V2 = 0.006sI3, or I1 = (1 – 0.006s)I3, we may write
1
I3 =
−0.598s + 110s 2 + 3666s
3
1
V2(s) = I3/ 0.002s =
−0.0012s + 0.22s3 + 7.332s 2
4
7.645 ×10−5 4.167 × 10−3 4.091×10−3 0.1364

=− + − +
s − 212.8 s + 28.82 s s2
Taking the inverse transform,
v2(t) = -7.645×10-5 e212.8t + 4.167×10-3 e-28.82t – 4.091×10-3 + 0.1364 t] u(t) V
(a) v2(1 ms) = -5.58×10-7 V

(b) v2(100 ms) = -1.334×105 V
(c) v2(10 s) = -1.154×10920 V. This is pretty big- best to start running.
23. We need to write three mesh equations:
5.846s + 2.699 ⎛ 1333 ⎞

Mesh 1: 2
= ⎜2 + ⎟ I1 - 2I 3
s +4 ⎝ s ⎠
6s
Mesh 3: 0 = (2 + 1000/s)I3 – 2I1 – (1000/s)I4 +
s +4 2
Mesh 4: 0 = (0.001s + 1000/s) I4 – (1000/s)I3 + 10-6

Solving,
I1 = −0.001s
(154s 3
- 2.925 ×106s 2 + 1.527 × 108s - 2.699 × 109 )
2333s 4 + 6.665 ×105s3 + 1.333 × 109s 2 + 2.666 × 106s + 5.332 × 109
0.6507∠12.54o 0.6507∠ − 12.54o

= +
s + 142.8 − j 742.3 s + 142.8 + j 742.3
0.00101∠ − 6.538o 0.00101∠6.538o
+ + − 6.601× 10-5
s − j2 s + j2
which corresponds to
i1(t) = 1.301 e-142.8t cos (742.3t + 12.54o) + 0.00202 cos (2t – 6.538o) – 6.601×10-5 δ(t) A
and
I3 = −0.001
(154s 4
+ 3.997 × 106s3 + 1.547 × 108s 2 + 3.996 × 1012s - 2.667 ×106 )
(s 2
)(
+ 4 2333s + 6.665 ×10 s + 1.333 ×10
2 5 9
)
0.7821∠ − 33.56o 0.7821∠33.56o
= +
s + 142.8 − j 742.3 s + 142.8 + j 742.3
1.499∠179.9o 1.499∠ − 179.9o
+ +
s − j2 s + j2
which corresponds to
i3(t) = 1.564 e-142.8t cos (742.3t – 33.56o) + 2.998 cos (2t + 179.9o) A
2
The power absorbed by the 2-Ω resistor, then, is 2 ⎡⎣i1 (t ) − i3 (t ) ⎤⎦ or
p(t) = 2[1.301 e-142.8t cos (742.3t + 12.54o) + 0.00202 cos (2t – 6.538o) – 6.601×10-5 δ(t)
- 1.564 e-142.8t cos (742.3t – 33.56o) - 2.998 cos (2t + 179.9o)]2 W
rπ R B
24. (a) We first define Zeff = RB || rπ || (1/sCπ) = . Writing two nodal
rπ + R B + rπ R B Cπ s
equations, then, we obtain:
0 = (Vπ – VS)/ RS + Vπ (rπ + RB + rπ RBCπs)/rπRB + (Vπ – Vo)Cμ s
and
-gmVπ = Vo(RC + RL)/RCRL + (Vo – Vp) Cμ s
Solving using MATLAB, we find that
Vo
= rπ R B R C R L (-g m + C μ s) [R s rπ R B R C R L Cπ C μ s 2 + (R s rπ R B R C Cπ + R s rπ R B R C C μ
Vs
+ R s rπ R B R L Cπ + R s rπ R B R L C μ + rπ R B R C R L C μ + R s rπ R C R L C μ
+ R s R B R C R L C μ + g m R s rπ R B R C R L C μ )s
+ rπ R B R C + R s rπ R C + R s R B R C + rπ R B R L + R s rπ R L + R s R B R L ]−1
(b) Since we have only two energy storage elements in the circuit, the maximum number
of poles would be two. The capacitors cannot be combined (either series or in parallel),
so we expect a second-order denominator polynomial, which is what we found in part (a).
25.
(a)
I IC
3/s 500/s Ω
0.001s Ω
2500s + 0.5
(b) ZTH = (5 + 0.001s) || (500/ s) = Ω
0.001s 2 + 5s + 500
7.5 × 106s + 1500

VTH = (3/ s)ZTH = V
(
s s 2 + 5000s + 5 × 105 )
1 7.5 ×106s + 1500
(c) V1Ω = VTH =
⎛ 2500s + 0.5 ⎞
s ( s 2 + 505000 ) ⎜1 +
1 + Z TH
2 ⎟
⎝ 0.001s + 5s + 500 ⎠
2.988 10.53∠-89.92 o
10.53∠+89.92 o
=− + +
s + 2.505 × 10 6
s + j 710.6 s − j 710.6
2.956 2.967 × 10-3
+ +
s + 0.1998 s
6
Thus, i1Ω = v1Ω(t) = [-2.988 e-2.505×10 t + 2.956 e-0.1998t + 2.967×10-3
+ 21.06 cos(710.6t + 89.92o)] u(t)
26.
(a)
I IC
±
20/s 500/s Ω
0.001s Ω
(b) ZTH = 0, VTH = 20/ s V so IN = ∞
⎛ 20 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
(c) IC = ⎝ ⎠ = 0.04 A . Taking the inverse transform, we obtain a delta function:
s
⎛ 500 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ s ⎠
iC(t) = 40δ(t) mA.
This “unphysical” solution arises from the circuit above

attempting to force the voltage across the capacitor to change in zero time.
⎛ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎞
⎜ ⎜ 3 + ⎟ ||10s ⎟ ⎛ 1 ⎞
⎛7⎞ ⎜ ⎟ 70
= ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎝
s⎠ ⎟⎜ s ⎟ =
27. VTH V
⎝ s ⎠ ⎜ 3 + ⎛ 3 + 1 ⎞ ||10s ⎟ ⎜ 3 + 1 ⎟ 60s + 19s + 3
2
⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎝ s⎠
⎝ ⎝ s⎠ ⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 9 + 60s ⎞
⎛1⎞ ⎛ 30s ⎞ ⎝⎜ s ⎠⎝ ⎟⎜ ⎟
3 + 10s ⎠ 9 + 60s
ZTH = ⎜ ⎟ || ⎜ 3 + ⎟ = = Ω
⎝s⎠ ⎝ 3 + 10s ⎠ 1 9 + 60s 60s 2
+ 19s + 3
+
s 3 + 10s
9 + 60s 420s 4 + 133s3 + 21s 2 + 60s + 9

ZTotal = +7s 2
= Ω
60s 2 + 19s + 3 60s 2 + 19s + 3
Thus,
⎛ 70 ⎞⎛ 60s 2 + 19s + 3 ⎞
I (s) = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟A
⎝ 60s + 19s + 3 ⎠ ⎝ 420s + 133s + 21s + 60s + 9 ⎠
2 4 3 2
70
= A
420s + 133s + 21s 2 + 60s + 9
4 3
28. We begin by noting that the source is not really a dependent source – it’s value is not
based on a voltage or current parameter. Therefore, we should treat it as an independent
source.
2
(2s + 10)
2 s 2s + 10
Zth = || (2s + 10) = = 2 Ω
2
s + (2s + 10) s + 5s + 1
s
⎛ 2 ⎞
⎜ s ⎟ ⎡⎛ 9 ⎞ ⎤ 90
Vth = ⎜ ⎟ ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ (10) ⎥ = 2 V
2
⎜ 10 + 2s + ⎟ ⎣ ⎝ s ⎠ ⎦ s (s + 5s + 1)
⎝ s⎠
29. Beginning with the source on the left (10/s V) we write two nodal equations:
⎛ ′ 10 ⎞ 1 s V1′ − V2′
⎜ V1 - ⎟ + V1′ + = 0
⎝ s ⎠ 47000 30303 56 + 336 × 10-6s
V2′ s V2′ − V1′

+ V2′ + = 0
47000 10870 56 + 336 × 10-6s
Solving,
′ 303030(0.3197 ×1013 + 0.1645 ×1011s + 98700s 2 )
V1 =
s(0.4639 × 1010s3 + 0.7732 ×1015s 2 + 0.5691×1018s + 0.1936 ×1018 )
0.9676 ×1018
V2′ =
s(0.4639 ×1010s3 + 0.7732 ×1015s 2 + 0.5691×1018s + 0.1936 ×1018 )
Shorting out the left source and activating the right-hand source (5 – 3/s) V:
1 s V1′′ − V2′′
V1′′ + V1′′ + = 0
47000 30303 56 + 336 ×10-6s
3
V2′′ - 5 +
s V2′′ − V1′′
s + V2′′ + = 0
47000 10870 56 + 336 ×10-6s
Solving,
0.9676 ×1017 (5s − 3)
V1′′ =
s(0.4639 ×1010s3 + 0.7732 ×1015s 2 + 0.5691×1018s + 0.1936 ×1018 )
7609(705000s3 + 0.1175 × 1012s 2 + 0.6359 × 1014s - 0.3819 ×1014 )
V2′′ =
s(0.4639 × 1010s3 + 0.7732 ×1015s 2 + 0.5691×1018s + 0.1936 ×1018 )
Adding, we find that
30303(0.2239 ×1013 + 0.1613 ×1013s + 98700s 2 )
V1 =
s(0.4639 ×1010s3 + 0.7732 ×1015s 2 + 0.5691×1018s + 0.1936 ×1018 )
7609(705000s3 + 0.1175 ×1012s 2 + 0.6359 ×1014s + 0.8897 ×1014 )
V2 =
s(0.4639 ×1010s3 + 0.7732 × 1015s 2 + 0.5691×1018s + 0.1936 ×1018 )
(b) Using the ilaplace() routine in MATLAB, we take the inverse transform of each:
v1(t) = [3.504 + 0.3805×10-2 e-165928t – 0.8618 e-739t – 2.646 e-0.3404t] u(t) V
v2(t) = [3.496 – 0.1365×10-2 e-165928t + 0.309 e-739t – 2.647 e-0.3404t] u(t) V
30. (10/ s)(1/47000) = 2.128×10-4/ s A

(5 – 3/s)/ 47000 = (1.064 – 0.6383/ s)×10-4 A
1.424 ×109
ZL = 47000 || (30303/ s) = Ω
47000s + 30303
5.109 ×108
ZR = 47000 || (10870/ s) = Ω
47000s + 10870
Convert these back to voltage sources, one on the left (VL) and one on the right (VR):
-4 ⎛ 1.424 ×109 ⎞ 3.0303 × 105
VL = (2.128×10 / s ) ⎜ ⎟ = V
⎝ 47000s + 30303 ⎠ s ( 47000s + 30303)
⎛ 5.109 ×108 ⎞
VR = (1.064 – 0.6383/ s)×10-4 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 47000s + 10870 ⎠
54360 32611
= -
47000s + 10870 s ( 47000s + 10870 )
VL − VR
Then, I56Ω =
Z L + Z R + 336 × 10-6s +56
2.555 × 109s 2 - 1.413 × 1010s - 4.282 × 109
= −6250
(
s 4.639 × 109 s3 + 7.732 × 1014s 2 + 5.691× 1017s + 1.936 ×1017 )
−18
0.208 0.0210 1.533 × 10
= − −
s + 1.659 ×10 s + 739 s + 0.6447
5
2.658 ×10-5 2.755 × 10−18 1.382 ×10−4

+ + +
s + 0.3404 s + 0.2313 s
Thus,
i56Ω(t) = [0.208 exp(-1.659×105t) – 0.0210 exp(-739t) – 1.533×10-18 exp(-.06447t)
+ 2.658×10-5 exp(-0.3404t) + 2.755×10-18 exp(-0.2313t) + 1.382×10-4] u(t) A.
The power absorbed in the 56-Ω resistor is simply 56 [i56Ω(t)]2 or
56 [0.208 exp(-1.659×105t) – 0.0210 exp(-739t) – 1.533×10-18 exp(-.06447t)

+ 2.658×10-5 exp(-0.3404t) + 2.755×10-18 exp(-0.2313t) + 1.382×10-4]2 W
31. (a) Begin by finding ZTH = ZN:
ZTH = 47000 + (30303/ s) || [336×10-6 s + 56 + (10870/ s) || 47000]
4.639 ×109s3 + 7.732 ×1014s 2 + 5.691×1017s + 1.936 ×1017

= Ω
98700s3 + 1.645 ×1010s 2 + 1.21×1013s + 2.059 ×1012
To find the Norton source value, define three clockwise mesh currents I1, I2 and I3 in the
left, centre and right hand meshes, such that IN(s) = -I1(s) and the 10/s source is replaced
by a short circuit.
(47000 + 30303/ s) I1 - (30303/ s) I2 =0

(10870/ s + 56 + 336×10-6 s + 30303/ s) I2 - (30303/ s) I1 – (10870/ s)I3 =0
(47000 + 10870/ s) I3 - (10870/ s)I2 = -5 + 3/ s
Solving,
2.059 ×1012 (5s - 3)
IN = -I1 =
s(4.639 ×109s3 + 7.732 ×1014s 2 + 5.691×1017s + 1.936 ×1017 )
(b) Isource = (10/ s) (1/ ZTH) - IN(s)
= 0.001(0.4579 × 1013s6 + 0.1526 ×1019s5 + 0.1283 ×10 24s 4 + 0.1792 × 1027s3

+ 0.6306 × 1029s 2 + 0.3667 × 1029s + 0.5183 ×1028 )[s(4639s3 + 0.7732 ×109s 2
+ 0.5691×1012s + 0.1936 ×1012 )(0.4639 ×1010s3 +0.7732 × 1015s 2 + 0.5691× 1018s
+ 0.1936 × 1018 )]-1
Taking the inverse transform using the MATLAB ilaplace() routine, we find that
isource(t) = 0.1382×10-3 + 0.8607×10-8 exp(-165930t) + 0.8723×10-7exp(-739t)
+ 0.1063×10-3 exp(-0.3403t) – 0.8096×10-7 exp(-165930t)
+ 0.1820×10-4 exp(-739t) – 0.5×10-4 exp(-0.3404t)
isource(1.5 ms) = 2.0055×10-4 A = 200.6 μA
5s
32. We begin by shorting the 7 cos 4t source, and replacing the 5 cos 2t source with .
s +4 2
(a) Define four clockwise mesh currents I1, I2, I3 and Ix in the top left, top right, bottom
left and bottom right meshes, respectively. Then,
5s
= (12 + 1/2s) I3 – 7 I1 – (1/ 2s) Ix [1]
s +42
0 = -4 Ix + (9.5 + s) I1 – s I2 – 7 I3 [2]
0 = (3 + s + 2/ s) I2 – s I1 – 3 Ix [3]
0 = (4 + 3s + 1/2s) Ix – 3 I2 – (1/2s) I3 [4]
V1′ = (I3 – Ix) (2s) [5]
Solving all five equations simultaneously using MATLAB, we find that
20s3 (75s3 + 199s 2 + 187s + 152)

V1′ =
1212s6 + 3311s5 + 7875s 4 + 15780s3 + 12408s 2 + 10148s + 1200
7s
Next we short the 5 cos 2t source, and replace the 7 cos 4t source with .
s + 16 2
Define four clockwise mesh currents I1, I2, I3 and Ix in the bottom left, top left, top right
and bottom right meshes, respectively (note order changed from above). Then,
0 = (12 + 1/2s) I1 – 7 I2 – (1/ 2s) Ix [1]
0 = -4 Ix + (9.5 + s) I2 – s I3 – 7 I1 [2]
7s
− = (3 + s + 2/ s) I3 – s I2 – 3 Ix [3]
s + 16
2
0 = (4 + 3s + 1/2s) Ix – 3 I3 – (1/2s) I1 [4]

V1′′ = (I1 – Ix) (2s) [5]
Solving all five equations simultaneously using MATLAB, we find that
-56s 4 (21s 2 - 8s - 111)

V1′′ =
(1212s 6 + 3311s5 + 22420s 4 + 55513s3 + 48730s 2 + 40590s + 4800 )
The next step is to form the sum V1(s) = V1′ + V1′′ , which is accomplished in MATLAB
using the function symadd(): V1 = symadd(V1prime, V1doubleprime);
4s3 (81s5 + 1107s 4 + 7313s3 + 17130s 2 + 21180s + 12160)

V1(s) =
( )(
s 2 + 4 1212s 6 + 3311s5 + 22420s 4 + 55513s 3 + 48730s 2 + 40590s + 4800 )
(b) Using the ilaplace() routine from MATLAB, we find that
v1(t) = [0.2673 δ(t) + 6.903×10-3 cos 2t – 2.403 sin 2t – 0.1167 e-1.971t
– 0.1948 e-0.3315t cos 0.903t + 0.1611 e-0.3115t sin 0.903t – 0.823×10-3 e-0.1376t
+ 3.229 cos 4t + 3.626 sin 4t] u(t) V
33. (a) We can combine the two sinusoidal sources in the time domain as they have the same
frequency. Thus, there is really no need to invoke source transformation as such to find
the current.
65s
65 cos 103t ⇔ , and 13 mH → 0.013s Ω
s + 106
2
We may therefore write
⎛ 65s ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 5000s
I(s) = ⎜ 2 6 ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 2
⎝ s + 10 ⎠ ⎝ 83 + 0.013s ⎠ ( s + 106 ) ( s + 6385 )
0.7643 0.3869∠ − 8.907 o 0.3869∠8.907o
=− + +
( s + 6385) (
s - j103 ) (
s + j103 )
(b) Taking the inverse transform,
i(t) = [-0.7643 e-6385t + 0.7738 cos (103t – 8.907o)] u(t) A
(c) The steady-state value of i(t) is simply 0.7738 cos (103t – 8.907o) A.
34. (a)
7
7s 7 3
= =
(
s 3s − 9s + 4
2
) (
3 s − 3s + 4
2
3 ) ⎛ 3
⎜s − +
11 ⎞ ⎛ 3
⎟⎜s − −
11 ⎞
⎟
⎝ 2 12 ⎠ ⎝ 2 12 ⎠
3 11
Poles at ± , double zero at ∞ .
2 12
(b) 2
s2 − 1
=
( s + 1)( s − 1)
( )( )
( s + 2s + 4 )( s2 + 1) s + 1 + j 3 s + 1 − j 3 ( s + j )(s − j )
Zeroes at s = –1, + 1, ∞
Poles at −1 + j 3, − 1 − j 3, ± j
35. (a)
3s 2 3s
=
( )
s s + 4 ( s − 1) ( s + j 2 )( s − j 2 )( s − 1)
2
Poles at ± j 2, 1 ; zeroes at s = 0, ∞ .
(b) 2
s 2 + 2s − 1
=
(s + 1 + 2 )(s + 1 − 2 )
( )(
s 4s 2 + 2s + 1 s 2 − 1 ) ⎛ 1
s2 ⎜ s + + j
3 ⎞⎛ 1
⎟⎜ s + − j
3⎞
⎟ ( s + 1)( s − 1)
⎝ 4 4 ⎠⎝ 4 4 ⎠
1 3
Poles at s = ±1, − ± j , double at s = 0
4 4
Zeroes at −1 ± j 2, ∞
36.
⎛ 5⎞
⎜ 5 + ⎟ (2 + 5s) (5s + 5)(2 + 5s) 25s 2 + 35s + 10
Z in = ⎝
(a) s⎠
= =
5s + 7 + 5 / s 5s 2 + 7s + 5 5s 2 + 7s + 5
5s 2 + 7s + 5
∴ Yin (s) =
25s 2 + 35s + 10
(b) −1.4 ± 1.96 − 1.6

Poles: s 2 + 1.4s + 0.2 = 0, s = = −1, − 0.4s −1
2
−1.4 ± 1.96 − 4
Zeros: s 2 + 1.4s + 1 = 0, s = = −0.7 ± j 0.7141s −1
2
(c) Poles: same; s = -1, -0.4 s-1
(d) Zeros: same; s = −0.7 ± j 0.7141 s −1
37. (a) Regarding the circuit of Fig. 15.45, we replace each 2-mF capacitor with a 500/ s Ω
impedance. Then,
⎛ 500 ⎞⎛ 500 ⎞
⎜ 20 + ⎟⎜ 40 + ⎟ (s + 25)(s + 12.5)
Zin(s) = ⎝ s ⎠⎝ s ⎠
= 13.33
100 s(s + 1.667)
60 +
s
Reading from the transfer function, we have
zeros at s = -25 and -12.5 s-1, and
poles at s = 0 and s = -1.667 s-1.
(b) Regarding the circuit of Fig. 15.47, we replace the 2-mF capacitor with a 500/ s Ω
impedance and the 1-mH inductor with a 0.001s-Ω impedance. Then,
⎛ 500 ⎞ 500
⎜ 55 + ⎟ (100 + 0.001s ) (s + )(s + 105 )
Zin(s) = ⎝ s ⎠
= 55 55
155 +
500
+ 0.001s ( s + 1.55 × 105 ) (s + 3.226)
s
Reading from the transfer function, we have
zeros at s = -9.091 and -105 s-1, and
poles at s = -1.55×10 and s = -3.226 s-1.
5
38. Y(s) : zeros at s = 0; − 10; poles at s = −5, − 20 s −1 ; Y(s) → 12 S as s → ∞
(a) Ks(s + 10)

Y (s) = , K = 12 ∴
(s + 5)(s + 20)
12s(s + 10) 12s 2 + 120s
Y (s) = = 2
(s + 5)(s + 20) s + 25s + 100
−1200 + j1200
∴ Y ( j10) = = 4.800 + j 4.800 = 6.788∠45° S
−100 + j 250 + 100
(b) Y ( − j10) = 6.788∠ − 45° S
12(−15)(−5)
(c) Y(−15) = = − 18 S
(−10)5
12s 2 + 120s 17s 2 + 245s + 500 −245 ± 2452 − 68(500)
(d) 5 + Y (s) = 5 + = , s =
s 2 + 25s + 100 (s + 5)(s + 20) 34
Zeros: s = −2.461 and − 11.951 s -1 ; Poles: s = −5, − 20 s -1
39.
1 1 0.2(6s + 9) 5(s + 1)(s + 4)
(a) Yin = + = ∴ Zin =
4 + s 5 + 5s (4 + s)(1 + s) 6(s + 1.5)
(b) Poles: s = − 1.5, ∞; Zeros: s = -1, -4 s-1
s+2
40. H(s) =
(s + 5)(s 2 + 6s + 25)
s+2
(a) δ(t) ⇔ 1, so the output is
(s + 5)(s 2 + 6s + 25)
s+2
(b) e-4t u(t) ⇔ 1 / (s + 4), so the output is
(s + 4)(s + 5)(s 2 + 6s + 25)
2s 2s ( s + 2 )
(c) 2 cos 15t u(t) ⇔ , so the output is 2
2
s + 225 (s + 225)(s + 5)(s 2 + 6s + 25)
s+2
(d) t e-t u(t) ⇔ 1/ (s + 1), so the output is
(s + 1)(s + 5)(s 2 + 6s + 25)
(e) poles and zeros of each:

(a): zero at s = -2, poles at s = -5, -3 ± j4
(b): zero at s = -2, poles at s = -4, -5, -3 ± j4
(c): zeros at s = 0, -2, poles at s = ± j15, -5, -3 ± j4
(d): zero at s = -2, poles at s = -1, -5, -3 ± j4
41. h(t) = 5 [u(t) – u(t – 1)] sin πt x(t) = 2[u(t) – u(t – 2)]
∞
y(t) = ∫ h(λ ) x ( t − λ ) d λ
0−
t < 0: y(t) = 0
t
10 10
(1 − cos π t )
t
0 < t < 1: y(t) = ∫ 10sin πλ d λ
0
= -
λ
cos πλ
0
=
π
1 20
1 < t < 2: y(t) = ∫ 10sin πλ d λ
0
=
π
1
10 10
[ −1 − cos(π t − 2π )]
1
2 < t < 3: y(t) = ∫t −2
10sin πλ d λ = -
π
cos πλ
t −2
= -
π
= (10/ π) (1 + cos πt)
t > 3: y(t) = 0
42. f1(t) = e-5t u(t), f2(t) = (1 – e-2t) u(t)
∞
(a) f1 * f2 = ∫ f1 ( λ ) f 2 ( t − λ ) d λ
0-
t < 0: f1 * f2 = 0
( ) ∫ (e )
t t
∫ e −5λ 1 − e2λ − 2t d λ = −5 λ
t > 0: f1 * f2 = -
− e−2t e−3λ d λ
0 0-
t t
1 1 ⎛1 2 1 ⎞
= − e−5λ + e−2t e−3λ = ⎜ + e−5t − e −2t ⎟ u (t )
5 0 3 0 ⎝ 5 15 3 ⎠
(b) F1(s) = 1/ (s + 5), F2(s) = 1/s – 1/ (s + 2)

1 1 a b c
F1(s) F2(s) = − = + +
s ( s + 5) ( s + 5)( s + 2 ) s s+2 s+5
Where a = 0.2, b = -1/3, and c = -1/5 + 1/3 = 2/15.
⎛1 2 1 ⎞
Taking the inverse transform, we find that f1 * f2 = ⎜ + e −5t − e −2t ⎟ u (t )
⎝ 5 15 3 ⎠
43. The impulse response is vo(t) = 4u(t) – 4u(t – 2) V,

so we know that h(t) = 4u(t) – 4u(t – 2). vi(t) = 2u(t - 1), and vo(t) = h(t) * vi(t).
∞ ∞
Thus, vo(t) = ∫ h(λ )v ( t − λ ) d λ = 8∫ [u(λ ) − u(λ − 2)] u ( t − λ − 1) d λ
0 i 0
∞
or vo(t) = 8∫ [1 − u (λ − 2)] u ( t − λ − 1) d λ . [1]
0
For λ > 2, this integral is zero.

Also, the second step function results in a zero value for the integral except
when t – λ – 1 > 0, or λ < t – 1.
With a lower limit of λ = 0, this means that t > 1. When t > 3, however, we do not must
be careful to constrain λ to less than 2, so we split the integration into two parts:
t −1
1 < t < 3: vo = ∫ 0
8 d λ = 8t − 8 V vo (V)
2
t > 3: vo = ∫ 0
8 d λ = 16 V 16
and, of course, for t < 1, the output is zero.
1 3 t (s)
44. h(t) = 2e-3t u(t), x(t) = u(t) – δ(t)

∞
(a) y(t) =
∫ 0−
h(λ ) x(t − λ )d λ
t < 0 : y (t ) = 0
⎡ 1 t
⎤
t > 0 : y (t ) = 2 ∫ − e −3λ [1 − δ (t − λ ) ] d λ = 2 ⎢ - e −3λ u (t )
t
- e−3t u (t ) ⎥
0
⎢⎣ 3 0 ⎥⎦
2 ⎛2 8 ⎞
= (1 − e −3t )u (t ) − 2e−3t u (t ) = ⎜ − e−3t ⎟ u (t )
3 ⎝3 3 ⎠
(b) 2 1
H (s) = X(s) = -1
s+3 s
2 (1 - s ) 2 ⎛1⎞ 8⎛ 1 ⎞
thus, Y(s) = = ⎜ ⎟ - ⎜ ⎟
s ( s + 3) 3⎝s⎠ 3⎝ s + 3⎠
2 8 −3 t
Taking the inverse transform, we find that y(t) = u (t ) − e u (t )
3 3
5
45. h(t) = 5 u(t) - 5 u(t – 2), so H(s) = - 5e-2s
s
(a) vin(t) = 3δ(t), so Vin(s) = 3

15
Vout(s) = Vin(s) H(s) = - 15e-2s . vout(t) = L-1{Vout(s)} = 15 u(t) – 15 u(t - 2)
s
3
(b) vin(t) = 3u(t), so Vin(s) =
s
⎛ 3⎞⎛ 5 ⎞ 15 15 -2s
Vout(s) = Vin(s) H(s) = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ - 5e-2s ⎟ = 2 - e .
⎝ s ⎠⎝ s ⎠ s s
vout(t) = L-1{Vout(s)} = 15 t u(t) – 15 u2(t - 2) = 15 t u(t) – 15 u (t - 2)
3
(c) vin(t) = 3u(t) – 3u(t – 2), so Vin(s) = - 3e-2s
s
⎛3 ⎞⎛ 5 ⎞ 15 30 -2s
Vout(s) = Vin(s) H(s) = ⎜ - 3e -2s ⎟ ⎜ - 5e-2s ⎟ = 2 - e + 15e −4s .
⎝s ⎠⎝ s ⎠ s s
-1 2 2
vout(t) = L {Vout(s)} = 15 t u(t) – 30 u (t - 2) + 15 u (t – 4)
= 15 t u(t) – 30 u (t - 2) + 15 u(t)
3s
(d) vin(t) = 3 cos 3t, so Vin(s) = 2
s +9
15 15s -2s
Vout(s) = Vin(s) H(s) = 2
- 2 e .
s +9 s +9
vout(t) = L-1{Vout(s)} = 5 sin 3t u(t) – 15 cos [3(t – 2)] u(t - 2)
46. (a) Since vo(t) = vin(t), H(s) = 1. Thus, h(t) = δ(t).
∞ ∞
(b) vo (t ) = ∫ vin ( x)h(t − x)dx = ∫ vin ( x)δ (t − x)dx = vin (t ) = 8u (t ) V
−∞ −∞
47. (a) Since vo(t) = vin(t), H(s) = 1. Thus, h(t) = δ(t).
∞ ∞
(b) vo (t ) = ∫ vin ( x)h(t − x)dx = ∫ vin ( x)δ (t − x)dx = vin (t ) = 8e−t u (t ) V
−∞ −∞
48.
Vin Vin
I in = =
10 ⎛ 10 ⎞ 10 20(20 + 10 / s)
+ 20 20 ⎜ 20 + ⎟ +
s ⎝ s ⎠ s 40 + 10 / s
Vin Vin 40s 2 + s
= = = V
10 40s + 20 40s 2 + 60s + 10 in
40s 2 + 60s + 10
+
s 4s + 1 4s 2 + s
20 2s 2s 2
∴ I top = I in = I in = Vin ;
10 4s + 1 40s 2 + 60s + 10
40 +
s
10 ⎡ 4s + 1 4s 2 ⎤
Vout = I in + 20I top = Vin ⎢ 2 + 2 ⎥∴
s ⎣ 4s + 6 s + 1 4s + 6 s + 1 ⎦
Vout 4s 2 + 4s + 1 s 2 + s + 0.25 (s + 0.5) 2
H (s) = = 2 = 2 = ∴
Vin 4s + 6s + 1 s + 1.5s + 0.25 (s + 0.19098)(s + 1.3090)
zeros: s = −0.5, s = −0.5; poles: s = −1.3090, − 0.19098
49.
(a) H (s) = V2 (s) / V1 (s), H(0) = 1
K(s + 2) K(s + 2)
∴ H(s) = = 2
(s + 1 + j 4)(s + 1 − j 4) s + 2s + 17
K
1= 2 , so K=8.5
17
8.5(s + 2)
Thus, H(s) = 2
s + 2s + 17
8.5(σ + 2)
Let ω = 0 ∴ H (σ) = 2
σ + 2σ + 17
ω2 + 4
(b) H ( j ω) = 8.5
(17 − ω2 ) 2 + 4ω2
(c) By trial & error: H ( jω) max = 4.729 at ω = 4.07 rad/s
50. (a) pole-zero constellation (b) elastic-sheet model
jω
X 3
2
(2 zeros)
O σ
-1
X 3
−
2
( s + 1) ( s + 1)
2 2
=
⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 3⎞ s2 + s + 1
⎜ s + 0.5 + j ⎟ ⎜ s + 0.5 - j ⎟
(c) H(s) = 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠
⎝
s 2 + 2s + 1 s
= 2 =1+ 2
s + s+1 s + s+1
We can implement this with a 1-Ω resistor in series with a network having the impedance
given by the second term. There are two energy storage elements in that network (the
denominator is order 2). That network impedance can be rewritten as
s 1
= , which can be seen to be equal to the parallel combination of a 1-Ω
s + s + 1 s +1+ 1
2
s
resistor, a 1-H inductor, and a 1-F capacitor.
1Ω
1H
1Ω 1F
51. H (s) = (10s 2 + 55s + 75) /(s 2 + 16)
(s + 3)(s + 2.5)
(a) H (s) = 10 . Critical frequencies: zeros at –3, -2.5; poles at ± j4.
( s + j 4 )( s − j 4 )
jω
X 4
OO
σ
3 2 1
X -4
75
(b) H (0) = = 4.688, H (∞ ) = 10
16
(c) H (0) = 4.679 K = 3, so K = 0.64

−90 + 75 + j165 0.64
∴ H ( j 3) = 0.64 = −15 + j165 = 15.15 cm
7 7
(d)
52. (a) Y (s) =

5s 2 + 5s + 2
=
( s + 0.5 + j 0.3873)( s + 0.5 - j 0.3873)
2
5s + 15s + 2 ( s + 2.86 )( s + 0.1399 )
Zeros: s = -0.5 ± j0.3873 jω
Poles: s = -2.86, s = -0.1399
+1
O
X X
σ
-3 -2 -1 O
-1
(b) elastic sheet model
(c) lattitude 5o5’2”, longitude 5o15’2” puts it a little off the coast of Timbuktu.
I0
53. H(s) = ; H(−2) = 6
IM
(a) (s − 1)(s + 1)(s + 3)

H (s) = K
(s + 3 + j 2)(s + 3 − j 2)
(−3)(−1)K 3K
H (−2) = 6 = = ∴ K = 10,
(1 + j 2)(1 − j 2) 5
(s 2 − 1)(s + 3) 10s3 + 30s 2 − 10s − 30
Thus, H (s) = 10 =
s 2 + 6s + 13 s 2 + 6s + 13
30
(b) H (0) = − = −2.308, H (∞ ) = ∞
13
(c) 1: ( s − 1) = ( j 2 − 1) = 2.236∠116.57°
−1: ( s + 1) = ( j 2 + 1) = 2.236∠63.43°
−3 : ( s + 3) = j 2 + 3 = 3.606∠33.69°
−3 − j 2 : j 2 + 3 + j 2 = 5.000∠53.13°
−3 + j 2 : j 2 + 3 − j 2 = 3∠0°
54.
Z A : zero at s = −10 + j 0; Z A + 20 : zero at s = −3.6 + j 0
R/sC R 1/ C 5s + 5 / RC + 1/ C
∴ ZA = 5 + = 5+ = 5+ =
R + 1/ SC sCR + 1 s + 1/ RC s + 1/ RC
5(s + 1/ RC + 1/ 5C)
∴ ZA =
s + 1/ RC
1 1
Thus, using the fact that Z A = 0 at s = -10, we may write + = 10
RC 5C
25 1 25 ⎛ s + 1 + 1 ⎞
25s + + ⎜ ⎟
1/ C RC C = ⎝ RC 25C ⎠
Also, Z B = 25 + =
s + 1/ RC s + 1/ RC 1
s+
RC
1 1 4
∴ + = 3.6 or = 6.4,
RC 25C 25C
1
C= = 25 mF,
40
40 40 40
+ = 10, = 2, so R = 20 Ω
R 5 R
55. H (s) = 100(s + 2) /(s 2 + 2s + 5)
−2 ± 4 − 20
(a) zero at s = -2, poles at s = = −1 ± j 2
2
X j2
O
3 2 1
X -j2
100(2 + j ω)
(b) H ( j ω) =
(5 − ω2 ) + j 2ω
ω2 + 4
(c) H( j ω) = 100
ω4 − 6ω2 + 25
(d)
2 2
(e) H ( j ω) ω2 + 4 d H ( j ω) (ω4 − 6ω2 + 25)2ω − (ω2 + 4)(4ω3 − 12ω)
= 4 , =
10 000 ω − 6ω2 + 25 dω etc
∴ ω − 6ω + 25 = (ω + 4)(2ω − 6), ω − 6ω + 25 = 2ω + 2ω2 − 24, ω4 + 8ω2 − 49 = 0
4 2 2 2 4 2 4
−8 ± 64 + 196
∴ ω2 = = 4.062 ∴ ωmar = 2.016 rad/s, H( j 2.016) = 68.61
2
5s + 20
56. Z in (s) = Ω
s+2
(a) 5(s + 4)
vab (0) = 25 V; Zin (s) = , Vab = Zin I in
s+2
5(s + 4)
∴ H (s) = , single pole at s = −2 ∴ vab (t ) = 25e −2t V, t > 0
s+2
Vs I 1 s+2
(b) iab (0) = 3A ∴ I ab = ∴ H (s) = ab = = single pole at s = −4
Zin Vin Zin 5(s + 4)
∴ iab (t ) = 3e−4t A, t > 0
57. Z in (s) = 5(s 2 + 4s + 20) /(s + 1)
(a) vab = 160e−6t V ∴ Vab = 160 V, s = −6

Vab 160(s + 1) 32(−5)
Ia = = = = −5 A ∴ ia (t ) = −5e−6t A (all t )
Zin 5(s + 4s + 20) 3b − 24 + 20
2
(b) Ia 1 s +1
vab = 160e−6t u (t ), ia (0) = 0, ia′ (0) = 32 A/s ∴ H (s) = = =
Vs Zin 5(s + 4s + 20)
2
−4 ± 16 − 80
s= = −2 ± j 4 ∴ ia (t ) = −5e −6t + e−2t (A cos 4t + Bsin 4t ) ∴ 0 = −5 + A, A = 5
2
ia′ (0) = 32 = 30 − 10 + 4B ∴ B = 3 ∴ ia (t ) = [−5e −6t + e−2t (5cos 4t + 3sin 4t )] u (t ) A
58.
0.5 250s
(a) H (s) = I c / I s = = 2
0.5 + 0.002s + 500 / s s + 250s + 25 000
1
(b) s= (−250 ± 62 500 − 106 ) = −125 ± j 484.1s −1
2
R 0.5
(c) α= = = 125 s -1 , ωo = 106 /4= 500 s -1 , ωd = 25×104 -15,625 = 484.1 s -1
2L 0.004
(d) I s = 1, s = 0 ∴ I c = 0 ∴ icf = 0
(e) ic ,n = e−125t ( A cos 484t + Bsin 484t )
1
(f) iL (0) = 0 ∴ ic (0+ ) = 0, vc (0) = 0 ∴1× = 2 × 10−3 i (0+ ) + 0 ∴ i (0+ ) = 250 A/s
2
(g) ∴ A = 0, 484B = 250, B = 0.5164 ∴ ic (t ) = (0.5164e −125t sin 484.1t ) u (t ) A
59.
1 1 10s + 20
(a) H (s) = I in / Vin = = =
Zin 50 + 6s(4s + 20) 24s + 620s + 1000
2
10s + 20
1
∴s = (−620 ± 6202 − 96, 000) = −1.729 and − 24.10 s-1
48
(b) Note that the element labeled 6 H should be an inductor, as is suggested by the context of
the text (i.e. initial condition provided). Convert to s-domain and define a clockwise mesh
current I2 in the right-hand mesh.
Iin
500 4s Ω
V 6s Ω
s
-30 V -8 V
Mesh 1: 0 = -500/ s + (50 + 6s) Iin – 30 - 6s I2 [1]

Mesh 2: 0 = 30 + (20 + 10s) I2 – 6s Iin – 8 [2]
Solving, we find that 42s 2 + 1400s + 2500 7s 2 + 233.3s + 416.7

I in = =
(
s 6s 2 + 155s + 250 ) s ( s + 24.10 )( s + 1.729 )
a b c
= + +
s ( s + 24.10 ) ( s + 1.729 )
where a = 10, b = -2.115 and c = -0.8855. Thus, we may write
iin(t) = [10 – 2.115 e-24.10t – 0.885 e-1.729t] u(t) A
60.
V 50(1000 / s) 1000
(a) H (s) = = =
I s 50 + (1000 / s) s + 20
(b)
2 ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1000 ⎞ 2000 a b
Is = so V (s) = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = = +
s ⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ ( s + 20 ) ⎠ s ( s + 20 ) s s + 20
2000 2000
a= = 100; b = a = = −100
( s + 20 ) s=0 ( s ) s=−20
100 100
Thus, V (s) = - and v (t ) = 100 ⎡⎣1 - e-20t ⎤⎦ u (t ) V
s s + 20
(c) This function as written is technically valid for all time (although that can’t be possible
physically). Therefore, we can’t use the one-sided Laplace technique we’ve been
studying. We can, however, use simple s-domain/ complex frequency analysis:
1000
is = 4e −10t A ∴ I s = 4 A, s = 10 ∴ V = 4H (−10) = 4 × = 400 V ∴
10
v(t ) = 400e −10t V (all t )
4 ⎛ 4 ⎞ ⎛ 1000 ⎞ a b
(d) 4e-10t u(t) ⇔ , so V(s) = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = +
s + 10 ⎝ s + 10 ⎠ ⎝ s + 20 ⎠ s + 10 s + 20
a = 400 and b = -400, so v(t) = 400 [e-10t – e-20t] u(t) V
61.
(a)
100 ⎛ 100 ⎞ 25
⎜ 20 + ⎟
s ⎠ s ⎡ (20s + 100)25 ⎤
×⎝
V s
H (s) = c 2 = / ⎢50 +
Vs 20 + 100 20 +
125 ⎣ s(20s + 125) ⎥⎦
s s
2500 s(20s + 125)
∴ H (s) =
s(20s + 125) 1000s + 6250s + 500s + 2500
2
2.5
∴ H (s) = 2
s + 6.75s + 2.5
1
(b) No initial energy stored in either capacitor. With vs = u(t), Vs(s) = , so
s
2.5 a b c
VC2 = = + +
s ( s + 6.357 )( s + 0.3933) s s + 6.357 s + 0.3933
Where a = 1, b = 0.06594 and c = -1.066. Thus,
vC2(t) = [1 + 0.06594 e-6.357t – 1.066 e-0.3933t ] u(t) V
62.
1 1
Zin (s) = =
1 0.05s
0.1 + 0.025s + 0.1 + 0.025s +
20 + (80 / s) s+4
s+4 40(s + 4) 40(s + 4)
= = 2 = Ω
0.025s + 0.25s + 0.4 s + 10s + 16 (s + 2)(s + 8)
2
20 ⎛ 20 ⎞ ⎡ 40(s + 4) ⎤ a b c
20u(t) ⇔ , so Vin(s) = ⎜ ⎟ ⎢ ⎥ = + +
s ⎝ s ⎠ ⎣ (s + 2)(s + 8) ⎦ s s+2 s+8
a = 200, b = -133.3 and c = -66.67, so vin(t) = [200 – 133.3 e-2t – 66.67 e-8t] u(t) V
63.
Zf
H (s) = −
Z1
(a) 108 5000 5000s

Z1 = 103 + , Z f = 5000 ∴ H(s) = − =−
s 1000 + (10 / s)
8
1000s + 108
−5s
∴ H( s) =
s + 105
103 + 108 / s 1000s + 108 R + 105
(b) Z1 = 5000, Z f = 103 + 108 / s ∴ H(s) = − =− =−
5000 5000s 5s
104 + 108 / s 104 s + 108 10s + 105

(c) Z1 = 103 + 108 / s, Z f = 104 + 108 / s ∴ H(s) = − = − = −
1000 + 108 / s 1000s + 108 s + 105
64.
Vout ⎛ 1 ⎞
R f = 20 kΩ, H (s) = = − R f C1 ⎜ s + ⎟
Vin ⎝ R1C1 ⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞
∴ H (s) = − 2 × 104 C1 ⎜ s + ⎟
⎝ R1C1 ⎠
2 × 104
(a) H (s) = −50 ∴ C1 = 0, = 50, R1 = 400 Ω
R1
(b) ⎛ 1 ⎞
H (s) = −10−3 (s + 104 ) = −2 × 104 C1 ⎜ s + ⎟ ∴ 2 × 10 C1 = 10
4 −3
⎝ R1C1 ⎠
1
∴ C1 = 50 nF; −9
= 104 , so R1 = 2 k Ω
50 × 10 R1
⎛ 1 ⎞
(c) H (s) = −10−4 (s + 1000) = −2 ×104 C1 ⎜ s + −4
⎟ ∴ 2 × 10 C1 =10 , C1 = 5 nF
4
⎝ R1C1 ⎠
1 1
= 103 ∴ R 1 = = 200 kΩ
R1C1 (
5 ×10 103
-9
)( )
(d) Stage 1: Need a simple inverting amplifier with gain of –1, so select C1 = 0, and
R1 = Rf = 20 kΩ.
103
Stage 2: -103 = -2‰104C1 \ C1 = = 50 mF
2 ×104
1 1
= 105 ∴ R1 = = 200 μΩ
R1C1 ( )( )
50 ×10-3 105
65.
(a) Vout
H (s) = = −50,
Vin
−1/ R1C f
H (s) = , R f = 20 kΩ
s + 1/ R f C f
Rf 20 × 103
set C f = 0 ∴ −50 = − ∴ R1 = = 400 Ω
R1 50
(b) 1000 1/ R1C f 1
H (s) = − = ∴10 000 =
s + 10 000 s + 1/ 20 000 C f 20 000 C f
1 1
Cf = = 5 nF We may then find R1 : 1000 = ∴ R1 = 200 kΩ
2 × 108
5 × 10−9 R1
(c) 10 000 1/ R1C f 1

H (s) = − = ∴1000 = C f = 50 nF
s + 1000 s + 1/ 20 000 C f 20 000 C f
1
= 1000, R1 = 200 kΩ
5 × 10−9 R1
Vout 100
(d) H (s) = =
Vin s + 105
⎡ 1 ⎤⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢
= -
R1A CfA ⎥ ⎢- R1B CfB ⎥
= ⎢- R1A CfA ⎥ ⎡ - R fB ⎤
⎢ s+ 1 ⎥⎢ s + 1 ⎥ ⎢ s+ 1 ⎥ ⎢⎣ R1B ⎥⎦
⎢⎣ R fA CfA ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ R fB CfB ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ R fA CfA ⎥⎦
R fB
We may therefore set = 100
R1B R1A CfA
and 1 = 105. Arbitrarily choosing R fA = 1 kΩ, we find that CfA = 10 nF.
R fA CfA
Arbitrarily selecting R fB = 100 Ω, we may complete the design by choosing
R1B = R1A = 10 kΩ
66.
−10−4 s(s + 100) [−K A s][− K B (s + 100)]

H (s) = =
s + 1000 ⎛ KC ⎞
⎜ − s + 1000 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Let H A (s) = −K A s . Choose inverting op amp with parallel RC network at inverting input.
-Vi V
0= (1+ sC1A ) - o
R1A Rf a
R fA R fA
∴ H A (s) = − (1 + sR1 A C1 A ) = − − sR fA C1 A = −K A s. Set R1A = ∞. Then
R1 A R1 A
− R fA C1 A s = −104 C1 A s
R fB
Same configuration for H B (s) ∴ H B (s) = − K B (s + 100) = − (1 + sR1B C1B )
R1B
For the last stage, choose an inverting op amp circuit with a parallel RC circuit in the feedback loop.
1 R fC 1
Let H C (s) = − K C = −
s + 1000 R1C (1 + sR FC C FC )
Cascading these three tranfer functions, we find that
⎡ ⎛ R ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ R ⎞ 1 ⎤
HA HB HC = ⎡⎣ −sR fA C1 A ⎤⎦ ⎢ − ⎜ R fB C1B s + fB ⎟ ⎥ ⎢ − ⎜ fC ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ R 1B ⎠ ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎝ R 1C ⎠ R fc Cfc s + 1 ⎥⎦
Choosing all remaining resistors to be 10 kΩ, we compare this to our desired transfer function.
(Rfc Cfc)-1 = 1000 so Cfc = 100 nF

R fB
Next, = 100 so C1B = 1 μF.
R1B R fB C1B
Finally, RfAC1ARfBC1BRfC (R1CRfCCfC) = 10-4, so C1A = 1 nF
Rfa Rfb Rfc
R1a R1b
Cfc
R1c
C1a C1b
67. Design a Wien-bridge oscillator for operation at 1 kHz, using only standard resistor
values. One possible solution:
ω = 2πf = 1/RC, so set (2πRC)-1 = 1000
If we use a 1-μF capacitor, then R = 159 Ω. To construct this using standard resistor
values, connect a 100-Ω, 56-Ω and 3-Ω in series.
To complete the design, select Rf = 2 kΩ and R1 = 1 kΩ.
PSpice verification:
The feedback resistor was set to

2.05 kΩ to initiate oscillations
in the simulation. The output
waveform shown below exhibits
a frequency of 1 kHz as desired.
68. Design a Wien-bridge oscillator for operation at 60 Hz. One possible solution:
ω = 2πf = 1/RC, so set (2πRC)-1 = 60
If we use 10-nF capacitors, then R = 265.3 kΩ.
The simulated output of the circuit

shows a sinusoidal waveform
having period 54.3 ms – 37.67 ms =
0.01663 ms, which corresponds to a
frequency of 60.13 Hz, as desired.
69. Design a Wien-bridge oscillator for operation at 440 Hz, using only standard resistor
values. One possible solution:
ω = 2πf = 1/RC, so set (2πRC)-1 = 440
If we use 100-nF capacitors, then R = 3.167 kΩ. To construct this using standard resistor
values, connect a 3.6-kΩ, 16-Ω and 1-Ω in series. (May not need the 1-Ω, as we’re using
5% tolerance resistors!). This circuit will produce the musical note, ‘A.’
Simulation results show a sinusoidal

output having a period of approximately
5.128 – 2.864 = 2.264 ms, or a frequency
of approximately 442 Hz. The error is
likely to uncertainty in cursor placement;
a higher-resolution time simulation
would enable greater precision.
70. Design a Wien-bridge oscillator for 440 Hz: ω = 2πf = 1/RC, so set (2πRC)-1 = 440
Design a Wien-bridge oscillator for 220 Hz:ω = 2πf = 1/RC, so set (2πRC)-1 = 220
Using a summing stage to add the two waveforms together:
Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Sixteen Solutions 10 March 2006
1. We have a parallel RLC with R = 1 kΩ, C = 47 μF and L = 11 mH.

(a) Qo = R(C/L)½ = 65.37
(b) fo = ωo/ 2π = (LC)-½ / 2π = 221.3 Hz
(c) The circuit is excited by a steady-state 1-mA sinusoidal source:
10-3∠0o A
jωL
-j/ ωC
The admittance Y(s) facing the source is Y(s) = 1/R + 1/sL + sC

= C(s2 + s/RC + 1/LC)/ s so Z(s) = (s/C) / (s2 + s/RC + 1/LC) and
Z(jω) = (1/C) (jω) / (1/LC – ω2 + jω/RC).
Since V = 10-3 Z, we note that |V| > 0 as ω → 0 and also as ω → ∞.
2. (a) R = 1000 Ω and C = 1 μF.

Qo = R(C/L)½ = 200 so L = C(R/ Qo)2 = 25 μH
(b) L = 12 fH and C = 2.4 nF

R = Qo (L/ C)½ = 447.2 mΩ
(c) R = 121.7 kΩ and L = 100 pH

C = (Qo / R)2 L = 270 aF
3. We take the approximate expression for Q of a varactor to be
Q ≈ ωCjRp/ (1 + ω2 Cj2 Rp Rs)
(a) Cj = 3.77 pF, Rp = 1.5 MΩ, Rs = 2.8 Ω
(b) dQ/dω = [(1 + ω2 Cj2 Rp Rs)(Cj Rp) - ωCjRp(2ωCj2 Rp Rs)]/ (1 + ω2 Cj2 RpRs)
Setting this equal to zero, we may subsequently write

CjRp (1 + ω2 Cj2 Rp Rs) - ωCjRp(2ωCj2 Rp Rs) = 0
Or 1 – ω2 Cj2 Rp Rs = 0. Thus, ωo = (Cj2 RpRs)–½ = 129.4 Mrad/s = 21.00 MHz
Qo = Q(ω = ωo) = 366.0
4. Determine Q for (dropping onto a smooth concrete floor):
(a) A ping pong ball: Dropped twice from 121.1 cm (arbitrarily chosen).
Both times, it bounced to a height of 61.65 cm.
Q = 2πh1/ (h1 – h2) = 12.82
(b) A quarter (25 ¢). Dropped three times from 121.1 cm.
Trial 1: bounced to 13.18 cm
Trial 2: bounced to 32.70 cm
Trial 3: bounced to 16.03 cm. Quite a bit of variation, depending on how it struck.
Average bounce height = 20.64 cm, so
Qavg = 2πh1/ (h1 – h2) = 7.574
(c) Textbook. Dropped once from 121.1 cm. Didn’t bounce much at all- only 2.223 cm.
Since the book bounced differently depending on angle of incidence, only one trial was
performed.
Q = 2πh1/ (h1 – h2) = 6.4
All three items were dropped from the same height for comparison purposes. An
interesting experiment would be to repeat the above, but from several different heights,
preferrably ranging several orders of magnitude (e.g. 1 cm, 10 cm, 100 cm, 1000 cm).
5.
α = 80Np/s, ω d = 1200 rad/s, Z(−2α + jω d ) = 400 Ω

ωo
ω o = 12002 + 802 = 1202.66 rad/s ∴ Qo = = 7.517
2α
( s + α − jω d )( s + α + jω d ) (−α )(−α + j 2ω d )
Now, Y( s ) = C ∴ Y(−2α + jω d ) = C
s −2α + jω d
−80(−80 + j 2400) 1 −1 + j 30
∴ Y(−160 + j1200) = C ∴ Y(−160 + j1200) = = 80C
−160 + j1200 400 −2 + j15
1 229 1 1
∴C = = 15.775− μ F; L = 2 = 43.88 mH; R = = 396.7 Ω
32, 000 901 ωo C 2α C
6.
1 1 2 − j 0.1ω jω
Yin = + 0.2 + = + 0.2 +
2 + j 0.1ω 1 + 1000 / jω 4 + 0.01ω 2
1000 + j10
2 − j 0.1ω ω 2 + j1000ω −0.1ω 1000ω
= + 0.2 + ∴ + 2 =0
4 + 0.1ω 2
10 + ω
6 2
4 + 0.01ω ω + 106
2
∴ 0.1ω 3 + 105ω = 4000ω + 10ω 3 ∴ 9.9ω 2 = 96, 000 ∴ω = 98.47 rad/s
7. Parallel: R = 106 , L = 1, C = 10−6 , Is = 10∠0° μ A
1
(a) ωo = = 1000 rad/s; Qo = ω o RC = 103+ 6−6 = 1000
LC
⎛ 1⎞ I ⎡ ⎛ ω 1000 ⎞ ⎤
(b) Y = 10−6 + j ⎜ 10−6 − ⎟ , V = = 10−5 /10−3 ⎢10−3 + j ⎜ −
⎝ ω⎠ Y ⎣ ⎝ 1000 ω ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦
10−2 10−2
∴V = , V =
⎛ ω 1000 ⎞ ⎛ ω 1000 ⎞
2
0.001 + j ⎜ − −6
+ −
ω ⎟⎠ ⎜
ω ⎟⎠
10
⎝ 1000 ⎝ 1000
ω V
995 0.993
996 1.238
997 1.642
998 2.423
999 4.47
1000 10.0
1001 4.47
1002 2.428
1003 1.646
1004 1.243
1005 0.997
999.5 7.070
1000.5 7.072
8.
5(100 / jω ) j 0.1ω
(a) Zin = +2+
5 + (100 / jω ) 10 + j 0.01ω
500 j10ω 100 j10ω 100(20 − jω ) j10ω (1000 − j )
= +2+ = +2+ = +2+
100 + j 5ω 1000 + jω 20 + jω 1000 + jω ω + 400
2
ω 2 + 106
−100ω 104 ω
∴ + = 0 ∴ω 2 + 106 = 100ω 2 + 40, 000, 99ω 2 = 960, 000
ω + 400 ω + 10
2 2 6
∴ω o = 960, 000 / 99 = 98.47 rad/s
2000 10ω o2
(b) Zin (ω o ) = + 2 + = 2.294 Ω
ω o2 + 400 ω o2 + 106
9.
(a) α = 50 s −1 , ω d = 1000 s −1 ∴ω o2 = α 2 + ω d2 = 1, 002,500 ∴ω o = 1001.249

1 106 + 1 106
L= 2 = = 0.9975 H; R = = = 10 k Ω
ω o C 1, 002,500 2α C 100
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
(b) Y = 10−4 + j ⎜ 10−6 ω − ⎟ , ω = 1000 ∴ Z = = 9997∠1.4321° Ω
⎝ 0.9975ω ⎠ Y
10.
f min = 535 kHz, f max = 1605 kHz, Qo = 45 at one end and

Qo ≤ 45 for 535 ≤ f ≤ 1605 kHz
1 1
f o = 1/ 2π LC ∴ 535 × 103 = ,1605 × 103 =
2π L max C 2π L min C
2
⎛ 1 ⎞
∴ L max / L min = 3; L max C = ⎜ 3 ⎟
= 8.8498 × 10−14
⎝ 2π × 535 ×10 ⎠
ωo
ω o RC ≤ 45,535 × 103 ≤ ≤ 1605 × 103. Use ω o max
2π
∴ 2π × 1605 ×103 × 20 × 103 C = 45 ∴ C = 223.1pF
8.8498 ×10−14 L
∴ L max = −12
= 397.6 μ H, L min = max = 44.08 μ H
223.1× 10 9
11.
(a) Apply ± 1V. ∴ IR = −10−4 A

1
∴ Yin = Iin = + 10−4 + (1 − [105 (−10−4 )])10−8 s
4.4 × 10−3 s
1000 −4 −8 48.4 × 10−8 s 2 + 4.4 × 10−4 s + 1000
∴ Yin = + 10 + 11× 10 s =
4.4 s 4.4 s
1000 − 48.4 × 10 ω + j 4.4 ×10 ω
−8 2 −4
∴ Yin ( jω ) =
j 4.4ω
(b) At ω = ω o , 1000 = 48.4 × 10−8 ω o2 , ω o = 45.45− krad/s

−1
⎛ j 4.4 ×10−4 ω o ⎞
Zin ( jω o ) = ⎜ ⎟ = 10 k Ω
⎝ j 4.4ω o ⎠
1 ω
12. ω0 = = 24 = 4.9 rad/s or f0 = 0 = 780 mHz
LC 2π
1 1 ω0
13. ω0 = = = 200 rad/s or f0 = = 31.99 Hz
2π
LC 1
1.01
(
25 × 10−6 )
1 1 103
14. (a) α = ∴ R= = =5Ω
2 RC 2α C 200
1 1 ω
ω0 = = = 1000 rad/s or f0 = 0 = 159.2 Hz
LC 10−6 2π
Zin(ω0) = R = 5 Ω
(b) We see from the simulation result that the ratio of the test source voltage to its current
is 5 Ω at the resonant frequency; the small error is due to the series resistance PSpice
required.
1
15. (a) α = = 50 s -1 and ωd = ω02 − α 2 = 5000 rad/s
2RC
Zin(ω0) = R so find R.
C= 2 = 2
1 1
= 40 μ F . R =
1
=
L ωd2 + α 2
= 250 Ω
( )
(
ω0 L ωd + α 2 L ) 2α C 2(50)
1
(b) The resonant frequency is = 5000 rad/s or f 0 = 795.8 Hz .
LC
We see from the simulation result that the ratio of the test source voltage to its current
is 250 Ω at the resonant frequency; the small error is due to the series resistance PSpice
required.
16. ω o = 1000 rad/s, Qo = 80, C = 0.2 μ F
1 106 80
(a) L= 2 = = 5 H, Qo = ω o RC ∴ R = 3 = 400 k Ω
ω o C 0.2 ×10 6
10 × 0.2 ×10−6
(b) B = ω o / Q o = 1000 / 80 = 12.5

1
∴ B = 6.25 rad/s
2
ω − ωo ⎛ ω − ωo ⎞
2
∴ Z = R / 1+ j = 400 × 10 / 1 + ⎜ 3
⎟
B/2 ⎝ 6.25 ⎠
17.
ω1 = 103rad/s, ω 2 = 118,
Z( j105) = 10 Ω
ω o2 = ω1ω 2 = 103 ×118
ωo
110.245+
∴ω o = 110.245 , B = 118 − 103 = 15 rad/s, Qo =
+
= = 7.350
B 15
7.350 1 1
∴ 7.350 = ω o RC ∴ RC = = 66.67 × 10−3 , LC = 2 =
110.2451 +
ω o 12,154
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 12,154 ⎞
Y( j105) = 0.1 = + j ⎜ 105C − ⎟ = 15C + j ⎜105C − C ⎟ = 18.456 C
R ⎝ 105L ⎠ ⎝ 105 ⎠
0.1 1 1
∴C = = 5.418 mF, R = C = 12.304 Ω, L = = 15.185− mH
18.456 15 12,154C
18. ω o = 30 krad/s, Qo = 10, R = 600 Ω,
ωo
(a) B= = 3 krad/s
Qo
ω − ωo 28 − 30
(b) N= = = −1.3333
B/ 2 1.5
(c) Zin(j28 000) = 600 / (1 – j1.333) = 360 ∠ 53.13o Ω
−1
⎡ 1 1 ⎤ Q 10
(d) Zin ( j 28, 000) = ⎢ + j 28, 000C − j ⎥ ,C = o =
⎣ 600 28, 000L ⎦ ω o R 30, 000 × 600
−1
R 600 1 30, 000 ×10 ⎡ 1 ⎛ 28 10 30 10 ⎞ ⎤
L= = , = ∴ Zin = ⎢ + j⎜ × − ⎟⎥
ω o Qo 30, 000 ×10 L 600 ⎣ 600 ⎝ 30 600 28 600 ⎠ ⎦
600
Zin = = 351.906∠54.0903°Ω
⎛ 28 30 ⎞
1 + j10 ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 30 28 ⎠
approx-true 360 − 351.906
(e) magnitude: 100% = 100% = 2.300%
true 351.906
53.1301° − 54.0903°
angle: 100% = −1.7752%
54.0903°
19. f o = 400 Hz, Qo = 8, R = 500 Ω, IS = 2 ×10−3 A ∴ B = 50 Hz
f − 400
(a) V = 2 × 10−3 × 500 / 1 + N 2 = 0.5 ∴1 + N 2 = 4, N = ± 3 =
50 / 2
∴ f = 400 ± 25 3 = 443.3 and 356.7 Hz
v 1 1
(b) IR = = × = 0.5 × 10−3 ∴ 1 + N 2 = 4, N 2 = 15, N = ± 15
R 1+ N 2 500
∴ f = 400 ± 25 15 = 496.8 and 303.2 Hz
20. ω o = 106 , Qo = 10, R = 5 × 103 , p.r.
R 5 ×103
(a) Qo = ∴L = = 0.5 mH
ωo L 10 × 106
ω − 106
(b) Approx: 2 = 5 / 1 + N 2
∴ N = 2.291 = ∴ω = 1.1146 Mrad/S
106 / 20
1⎡ ⎛ ω ωo ⎞⎤
2
⎛ 1⎞
Exact: Y = ⎢1 + jQo ⎜ − ⎟ ⎥ ∴ 0.5 = 0.2 1 + 100 ⎜ ω − ⎟ (ω in Mrad/S)
R⎣ ⎝ ωo ω ⎠⎦ ⎝ ω⎠
1 1
∴ 6.25 = 1 + 100(ω 2 − 2 + 1/ ω 2 ), ω 2 − 2 + 2 = 0.0525, ω 2 + 2 = 2.0525
ω ω
ω 4 − 2.0525ω 2 + 1 = 0, ω 2 =
1
2
( )
2.0525 + 2.05252 − 4 = 1.2569, ω = 1.1211 Mrad/s
ω −1
(c) Approx: ∠Y = 30° ∴ tan −1 N = 30°, N = 0.5774 = , ω = 1.0289 Mrad/s
1/ 20
1 ⎡ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤ ⎛ 1⎞
Exact: Y = ⎢1 + j10 ⎜ ω − ⎟ ⎥ (in Mrad/s) ∴ tan 30° = 0.5774 = 10 ⎜ ω − ⎟
5000 ⎣ ⎝ ω ⎠⎦ ⎝ ω⎠
1 0.05774 + 0.057742 + 4
∴ω − = 0.05774, ω 2 − 0.05774ω − 1 = 0, ω = = 1.0293 Mrad/s
ω 2
21.
1
(a) C = 3 + 7 = 10 nF ∴ω o = = 106 rad/s
−4 −8
10 10
(b) Q o = ω o CR = 10610−85 5 × 103 = 50

B = ω o / Q o = 20 krad/s
1∠0°
Parallel current source is = jω 3 × 10−9 At ω o , I s = j106 −9 × 3
Z3
∴ V1,0 = j 3 × 10−3 × 5 × 103 = 15∠90° V
15 ×103 15∠90°
(c) ω − ω o = 15 × 103 ∴ N = = 1.5 ∴ V1 = = 8.321∠33.69° V
10 × 10 3
1 + j1.5
22.
(5 + 0.01s )(5 + 106 / s ) (5 + 0.01s )(5s + 106 )
(a) Zin ( s ) = =
10 + 0.01s + 106 / s 0.01s 2 + 10 s + 106
0.05s 2 + 25s + 104 s + 5 × 106
Zin ( s ) =
0.01s 2 + 10 s + 106
5 ×106 − 0.05ω 2 + j10, 025ω
∴ Zin ( jω ) =
106 − 0.01ω 2 + j10ω
10, 025ω o 10ω o
At ω = ω o , = 6 , 10.025 × 109 − 100.25 ω o2 = 5 × 107 − 0.5 ω o2
5 × 10 − 0.05ω o 10 − 0.01ω o
6 2 2
∴ 99.75ω o2 = 9.975 × 109 , ω o = 10, 000 rad/s
25 + 10, 000
(b) Zin ( jω o ) = (5 + j100) (5 − j100) = = 1002.5 Ω
10
23. , f o = 1000 Hz, Qo = 40, Zin ( jω o ) = 2k Ω ∴ B = 25 Hz
2000 f − 1000
(a) Zin(jω) = , N= , f = 1010, ∴ N = 0.8
1 + jN 12.5
Zin = 2000 / (1 + j0.8) = 1562 ∠ -38.66o Ω
(b) 0.9 f o < f < 1.1 f o ∴ 900 < f < 1100 Hz
24. Taking 2–½ = 0.7, we read from

Fig. 16.48a: 1.7 kHz – 0.6 kHz = 1.1 kHz
Fig. 16.48b: 2×107 Hz – 900 Hz = 20 MHz
25. Bandwidth = 2π f 0 = 2π 106 = ω2 − ω1 , where ω1 = 2π ( 5.5 )103 .
(a) ω2 = ω1 + B , therefore f2 = 5.5 + 103 kHz = 1.0055 MHz
(b) f 0 = f1 f 2 = ( 5.5 )(1005.5) = 74.37 kHz
f 0 74.37 ×103
(c) Q0 = = = 0.074
B 106
26. Bandwidth = 109 Hz = f 2 − f1 , where f1 = 75.3 ×106 Hz.
(a) f 2 = f1 + B , therefore f2 = 1.0753 GHz
(b) f 0 = f1 f 2 = ( 75.3 ×10 )(1.0753 ×10 ) =

6 9
284.6 MHz
f 0 284.6 × 106
(c) Q0 = = = 0.2846
B 109
27. (a) To complete the sketch, we need to first find ω0, which we obtain in part (b).
(b) ω0 = ω1ω2 = 2000 rad/s or f 0 = 318.3 Hz
(c) B = ω2 − ω1 = 3000 rad/s or 477.5 Hz
ω0 2000
(d) Q = = = 0.667
ω2 − ω1 3000
28. (a) We begin by labelling the series string with the capacitor as string 1, and the other as
string 2. We next find the parallel equivalent of each, and determine the frequency where
Xp1 + Xp2 = 0.
R12 + X 12 R22 + X 22
Then X p1 = , and similarly X p2 = .
X1 X2
R12 + X 12 R22 + X 22
For X p1 + X p2 = 0 we have + =0 [1]
X1 X2
1024
52 +
ω02 ( 330 )
2
1 R12 + X 12
At ω0, X 1 = − ∴ = .
ω0C X1 −1012
330ω0
R22 + X 22 52 + 10−4 ω02

At ω0, X 2 = ω0 L ∴ = .
X2 10−2 ω0
1022 − ( 25 ) (330)1012
Enforcing Eq. [1], then, leads to ω0 = = 550.5 krad/s
(330)108 − 25(33) 2
or f0 = 87.61 kHz.
(b) We see the simulation result agrees reasonably, with a resonant frequency of 87.6 kHz
29. (a) We design for a bandwidth of 5.5 kHz, a low-frequency cut-off of 500 Hz, and a
resonant impedance of 1 kΩ (no value was specified). Thus, we need to specify values
for R, L, and C.
f 2 = f1 + B = 6 kHz
f0 = f1 f 2 = ( 0.5 ) (6) = 3 kHz
f0 3 × 103
Q0 = =
B 5.5 × 103
Q0 1
Q0 = ω0 RC so C = = = 28.9 nF
( )
ω0 R 5.5 × 10 ( 2π )103
3
L=
1
=
(
5.5 ×103 103 )
= 292 mH and, of course, R = 1 kΩ
ω02C (
2π 3 × 106 )
(b) From the simulation, we observe a bandwidth of 5.5 kHz, a lower frequency cutoff of
approximately 500 Hz, and a peak impedance of 1000 Ω, as desired.
1 1 1 1
30. (a) f 0 = = = 4.38 kHz
2π LC 2π ( )(
400 × 10−6 3.3 × 10−6 )
ω0 L 1 L 1 400
(b) Q0 = = = = 1.10
R LC R 10 3.3
(c) Z at resonance = R = 10 Ω
(d) Z at 0.438 kHz =

⎡ ⎤
(
10 + j ⎢ 2π ( 438 ) 400 × 10−6 − ) 1
⎥ = 10 − j109.01 Ω
⎢⎣ (
2π ( 438 ) 3.3 × 10−6 ) ⎥⎦
(e) Z at 43.8 kHz =

⎡ ⎤
(
10 + j ⎢ 2π ( 438 ) 400 × 10−4 − ) 1
⎥ = 10 − j108.98 Ω
⎢⎣ (
2π ( 438 ) 3.3 × 10−4 ) ⎥⎦
31. Bandwidth = 3 MHz, f1 = 17 kHz.
(a) f 2 = f1 + B = 3.017 MHz
(b) f 0 = f1 f 2 = 226.5 kHz
f0
(c) Q0 = = 0.0755
B
32. (a) Z0 = 1 Ω by definition
1 103
(b) ω0 = = = 707 rad/s = 112.5 Hz
LC 2
(c) PSpice simulation verifies an impedance of 1 Ω at f = 112.6 Hz.
33. (a) Z0 = 1 kΩ by definition
1 106
(b) ω0 = = = 707 krad/s = 112.5 kHz
LC 2
(c) PSpice simulation verifies an impedance of 1 kΩ at f = 112.8 kHz.
34.
(a) 20A 6Ω, 3 6 = 2, 40 V in series with 2 + 1 = 3 Ω

1 ω L 60
ωo = = 10 rad/s, Qo = o = = 20 Ω
LC R 3
10 1
B= = 0.5, B = 0.25, Vout ( jω o ) = 40Qo = 800 V
20 2
⎛ ω − 10 ⎞
2
∴ Vout ( jω ) = 800 / 1 + ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0.25 ⎠
(b) ω = 9 rad/s
800
(Approx: Vout ( j 9) = = 194.03V
17
40 600
Exact: Vout = ×
3 + j (6ω − 600 / ω ) jω
24, 000
∴ Vout ( j 9) = = 204.86∠ − 13.325− V
9[3 + j (54 − 66.67)]
35. Series: R = 50 Ω, L = 4 mH, C = 10−7
(a) ω o = 1/ 4 × 10−3−7 = 50 krad/s
(b) f o = 50 ×103 / 2π = 7.958 kHz
ωo L 50 ×103 × 4 × 10−3
(c) Qo = = =4
R 50
(d) B = ω o / Qo = 50 × 103 / 4 = 12.5 krad/s
(e) ω1 = ω o ⎡ 1 + (1/ 2Qo ) 2 − 1/ 2Qo ⎤ = 50 ⎡⎣ 1 + 1/ 64 − 1/ 8⎤⎦ = 44.14 krad/s

⎣ ⎦
(f) ω 2 = 50 ⎡⎣ 65 / 64 + 1/ 8⎤⎦ = 56.64 krad/s
(g) Zin ( j 45, 000) = 50 + j (180 − 107 −3 / 45) = 50 − j 42.22 = 65.44∠ − 40.18°Ω
(h) Zc / Z R 45,000
= 107 / j 45, 000 × 50 = 4.444
36. Apply 1 A, in at top. ∴ VR = 10 V

108 1.2 ×108
(a) Vin = Zin = 10−3 s + 10 + (0.5 ×10 + 1) = 10−3 s + 10 +
5s s
Zin ( jω ) = 10 + j (10 ω − 1.2 × 10 / ω ) ∴10 ω o = 1.2 × 10 / ω o
−3 8 −3 8
∴ω o2 = 1.2 × 1011 , ω o = 346.4 krad/s
ωo L 346.4 ×103−3
(b) Qo = = = 34.64
R 10
37. Find the Thévenin equivalent seen by the inductor-capacitor combination:
⎛ V ⎞
SC : 1.5 = V1 + 10 ⎜ 1 − 0.105 V1 ⎟ ∴ V1 = 50 V
⎝ 125 ⎠
50
∴↓ ISC = = 0.4 A
125
1.5
OC :V1 = 0 ∴ VOC = 1.5 V ∴ R th = = 3.75 Ω
0.4
1000 × 4
∴ω o = 1/ 4 × 0.25 × 10−6 = 1000, Qo = = 1066.7
3.75
1000 1
B = ω o / Qo = = 0.9375, B = 0.4688 rad/s
1066.7 2
VC max = Qo Vth = 1066.7 ×1.5 = 1600 V
Therefore, keep your hands off!
j
−
To generate a plot of |VC| vs. frequency, note that VC(jω) = 1.5 ωC
j
3.75 + jωL −
ωC
38. Series, f o = 500 Hz, Qo = 10, X L ,0 = 500 Ω
1 2π
(a) 500 = ω o L = 2π (500)L ∴ L = 0.15915+ H, C = = = 0.6366 μ F
ω o L (2π × 500) 2
2
X L ,0 500
Qo = 10 = = ∴ R = 50 Ω
R R
⎛ 1 106 × 0.5π ⎞ ⎛ 250, 000 ⎞

(b) 1 = I ⎜ 50 + j 2π f × −j ⎟ = I ⎜ 50 + j f − j ⎟
⎝ 2π 2π f ⎠ ⎝ f ⎠
10 × 0.5π
6
∴ I = 1/ 50 + j ( f − 250, 000 / f ), Vc = I
j 2π f
− j 250, 000 / f
VC = ∴ Vc (2π × 450) = 4.757 V
50 + j ( f − 250, 000 / f )
Vc (2π × 500) = 10, 000 V Vc (2π × 550) = 4.218 V
39.
X : s = 0, ∞, 0 : s = −20, 000 ± j80, 000 s −1 , Zin (−104 ) = −20 + j 0 Ω ∴ SERIES

1
α = 20, 000, ω d = 80, 000 ∴ω o = (64 + 4)108 = 82, 462 rad/s, = ω o2 = 68 × 108
LC
R R 1 L 68 ×108 1
= α = 20, 000 ∴ = 40, 000, × = = 170, 000; Z(σ ) = R + σ L +
2L L1 LC R 40, 000 σC
1 1 170, 000
∴−20 = R − 10, 000L − =R− R− R ∴ R = 1.2308 Ω
10, 000C 4 10, 000
1.2308 1
∴L = = 30.77 μ H, C = = 4.779 μ F
40, 000 170, 000 ×1.2308
40.
−3− 7 105−3
ωo 1/ 10 = 10 rad/s, Q L =
5
= 100, R PL = 10, 000 Ω
1
1
Qc = 5− 7
= 500, R PC = 5002 × 0.2 = 50, 000 Ω
10 × 0.2
50 10 = 8.333 k Ω ∴ Q o = ωo CR = 105−7 × 8333 = 83.33
100, 000
B= = 1200 rad/s, Zin ( jωo ) = 8333 Ω
83.33
(99 − 100)103 8.333
ω = 99, 000 ∴ N = = −1.6667, Zin ( j 99, 000) =
600 1 − j1.667
= 4.287 ∠ 59.04o kΩ
41. Req = Qo/ ωo C = 50 / 105-7 = 5000 Ω.

Thus, we may write 1/5000 = 1/8333 + 1/Rx so that
Rx = 12.5 kΩ.
42.
1
3mH 1.5 mH = 1mH, 2 μF + 8 μF = 10 μF, ∴ωo = = 10 krad/s
10−3−5
3 × 10−3 ×104
Q= = 100, R p = 1002 × 0.3 = 3 k Ω
0.3
1.5 × 10−3 × 104
Q= = 60, R p = 60 × 0.25 = 900 Ω
0.25
692.3
900 3000 = 692.3 Ω ∴ Q L = 4−3 = 69.23
10
692.3
∴ R LS = = 0.14444 Ω
69.232
106
Q= 4 = 125, R pc = 1252 × 0.1 = 1562.5 Ω 10 μF
10 × 0.1× 8
1562.5
∴ Qc = 104 × 10−5 × 15625 = 156.25 ∴ R SC = = 0.064 Ω
(156.25) 2
∴ R S ,tot = 0.14444 + 0.064 = 0.2084 Ω = Zin min
, ωo = 10 krad/s
43.
(a) ωo 1/ 2 × 0.2 ×10−3 = 50 rad/s

QleftL = 50 × 2.5 / 2 = 62.5, 2 × 62.52 = 7812.5 Ω
50 ×10
Q rightL = = 50, 10 × 502 = 25 k Ω
10
1000
Qc = = 100, 1002 ×1 = 10 k Ω, R p = 7.8125 25 10 = 3731Ω
50 × 0.2 ×1
50 1
Qo = 50 × 3731× 0.2 ×10 −3 = 37.31; B = = 1.3400, B = 0.6700
37.31 2
−3
∴ V o = 10 × 3731 = 3.731V
|V| (volts)
3.731 V
2.638 V
↔
1.34 rad/s
50 ω (rad/s)
(b) V = 10−3 [(2 + j125) (10 + j500) (1 − j100)]

10−3
= = 3.7321∠ − 0.3950+ ° V
1 1 1
+ +
2 + j125 10 + j 500 1 − j100
44.
1000
(a) ωo = 2000 rad/s, Qc = 2000 × 2 ×10−6 × 25 ×103 = 100
0.25
R 20 ×104
∴ R C , S = 25, 000 /1002 = 2.5 Ω; Q L = = = 40
ωo L 2000 × 0.25
20, 000
∴ R L,S = = 12.5 Ω ∴ R tot = 12.5 + 2.5 = 15 Ω
1600
2000 × 0.25 1
∴ Qo = = 33.33 ∴ Vx = 1× 33.33 × = 16.667 V
15 2
20, 000 × j 500

(b) 20, 000 j 500 = = 12, 4922 + j 499.688 Ω
20, 000 + j 500
25, 000(− j 250)
25, 000 − j 250 = = 2.4998 − j 249.975
25, 000 − j 250
∴ Zin = 12.4922 + 2.4998 + j 499.688 − j 250 − j 249.975 = 14.9920 − j 0.2870 Ω
∴ I = 1/ 14.9920 − j 0.2870 = 66.6902 mA ∴ Vx = 250 × 66.6902 ×10−3 = 16.6726 V
RP Q2 X P
45. Q = ωCR, RS = , and X =
1 + Q2 1 + Q2
S
1 1 1 + Q2
XS = − , XP = − ∴ CS = C P
ωCS ωCP Q2
(a) ω = 103 rad/s, Q = 5
Therefore, RS = 5/26 = 192 Ω, CS = 26/25 μF = 1.06 μF
(b) ω = 104 rad/s, Q = 50
Therefore, RS = 5/2501 = 2 Ω, CS = 2501/2500 μF = 1.0004 μF
(c) ω = 105 rad/s, Q = 500
Therefore, RS = 5000/250001 = 20 mΩ, CS = 250001/250000 μF = 1.0 μF
1 + Q2
46. ( )
RP = RS 1 + Q 2 , and X P = X S
Q2
Q2
C P = CS
1 + Q2
(a) ω = 103 rad/s, Q = 0.2
Therefore, RP = 5(1 + 0.04) = 5.2 kΩ, CP = 38.5 nF
(b) ω = 104 rad/s, Q = 50
Therefore, RP = 5(1 + 0.0004) = 5.002 kΩ, CP = 400 pF
(c) ω = 105 rad/s, Q = 500
Therefore, RP = 5(1 + 4×10–6) = 5 kΩ, CP = 4 pF
R RP Q2 X P Q2
47. Q= , RS = , and X = . L = L
ωL 1 + Q2
S
1 + Q2
S P
1 + Q2
(a) ω = 103 rad/s, Q = 142.4×103
Therefore, RS = 470/(1 + Q2) = 23.2 nΩ, LS = 3.3 μH
(b) ω = 104 rad/s, Q = 14.24×103
Therefore, RS = 470/(1 + Q2) = 23.2 μΩ, LS = 3.3 μH
(c) ω = 105 rad/s, Q = 1.424×103
Therefore, RS = 470/(1 + Q2) = 232 μΩ, LS = 3.3 μH
⎛ 1 + Q2 ⎞
48. ( )
RP = RS 1 + Q 2 , and X P = X S ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ Q ⎠
⎛ 1 + Q2 ⎞
LP = LS ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ Q ⎠
(a) ω = 103 rad/s, Q = 7.02×10–6
Therefore, RP = 470(1 + Q2) = 470 Ω, LP = 67 mF
(b) ω = 104 rad/s, Q = 50
Therefore, RP = 470(1 + Q2) = 470 Ω, LP = 670 μF
(c) ω = 105 rad/s, Q = 500
Therefore, RP = 470(1 + Q2) = 470 Ω, LP = 6.70 μF
R 470
49. (a) For the left parallel circuit, Q = ≈ 7 −6 = 47 . Since Q > 5, the series
ω L 10 10
equivalent is a 10/47 Ω resistor in series with 1 μH.
For the right parallel circuit, Q = ωCR ≈ 10710−8 ( 200 ) = 20 . Again, Q > 5, so the series
equivalent is
a 10/20 Ω = 500 mΩ resistor in series with 10 nF.
We may therefore approximate the network as a 700 mΩ resistor in series with a 10 nF

capacitor, in series with a 1 μH inductor, in series with the 10 μH inductor of interest.
At the resonant frequency the network connected in series with the inductor has an
impedance of 700 mΩ. The inductor present an impedance of 100 Ω. Thus, |Vx| = 1 V.
1
R2
(b) ZL =
( 470 ) ( j10710−6 ) = 0.213 + j9.995 Ω . Z L =
jωC2
= 0.499 − j9.975 Ω
470 + j10 R2 +
1
jωC2
Z3 = j100 Ω.
Z3 j100
Thus, Vx = (1∠0 ) = = 0.99745 + j 0.0071 V
Z1 + Z L + Z3 0.714 + j 0.02
So that |Vx| = 0.99977 V . Our approximation was pretty accurate, at least at this
frequency.
50.
50 20 × 103
(a) Km = = 0.5 K f = = 0.02
100 106
1 0.5
∴ 9.82 μH → 0.5 × 9.82 × = 24.55 μH, 31.8 μH → × 31.8 = 795 μH
0.02 0.02
2.57
2.57 nF → = 257 nF
0.5 × 0.02
(b) same ordinate; divide numbers on abscissa by 50
51.
(a) Apply 1 V ∴ I1 = 10A ∴ 0.5 I1 = 5A ↓; 5A 0.2 Ω can be replaced by 1 V in series with 0.2 Ω
1 − (−1) 2s 4s + 20 20( s + 5) s + 10
∴ Iin → = 10 + = 10 + = = ∴ Zin ( s) =
0.2 + 2 / s 0.2s + 2 0.2s + 2 s + 10 20( s + 5)
2( s / 5 + 10) 0.1( s + 50)

(b) K m = 2, K f = 5 ∴ Zin ( s ) → =
20( s / 5 + 5) s + 25
(c) 0.1Ω → 0.2 Ω, 0.2 Ω → 0.4 Ω, 0.5F → 0.05 F, 0.5 I1 → 0.5 I1
52.
(a) ωo 1/ (2 + 8)10−310−6 = 104 rad/s

−3 104
Q L ,8 = 10 / 8 ×10 10 = 125 ∴ R L , S
4 4
= = 0.64 Ω
1252
104 ×10 × 10−3
2 + 8 = 10 mH ∴ Q L = = 156.25
0.64
1
∴ R L , P = 0.64 × 156.252 = 15.625 k Ω; QC = = 100, R C , P = 1002 × 1 = 10 k Ω
10 ×10−6 4
∴ R P = 20 15.625 10 = 4.673 k Ω ∴ Qo = 104 × 10−6 × 4.673 × 103 = 46.73
(b) K f = 106 /104 = 100, K m = 1 ∴ R ′s stay the same; 2 mH → 20 μH, 8mH → 80 μH,1μF → 10 nF
106
(c) ωo = 106 rad/s, Qo stays the same, ∴ B = = 21.40 krad/s
46.73
53.
0.1
(a) K m = 250, K f = 400 ∴ 0.1F → = 1μF
250 × 400
2 × 250
5Ω → 1250 Ω, 2H → = 1.25 H, 4 Ix → 103 Ix
400
1.25 H
1 μF 103
1250 Ω
1
(b) ω = 103. Apply 1 V ∴ I x = 10−6 s, ↓ I1250 =
1250
−3 1 − 10−3 s
∴1000 I x = 10 s ∴→ I L =
1.25s
1 0.8 0.8
∴ Iin = 10−6 s + + (1 − 10−3 s ) = 10−6 s + ; s = j103
1250 s s
−3
0.8 ×10 1 1000
∴ Iin = j10−3 + = j 0.2 × 10−3 ∴ Zth = = = − j 5 k Ω Voc = 0
j Iin j 0.2
54.
(a) Is = 2∠0° A, ω = 50 ∴ Vout = 60∠25° V
(b) Is = 2∠40° A, ω = 50 ∴ Vout = 60∠65° V
(c) Is = 2∠40° A, ω = 200, ∴ OTSK
(d) K m = 30, IS = 2∠40° A, ω = 50 ∴ Vout = 1800∠65° V
(e) K m = 30, K f = 4, Is = 2∠40° A, ω = 200 ∴ Vout = 1800∠65° V
55.
(a) H /( s) = 0.2 ∴ H dB = 20 log 0.2 = −13.979 dB
(b) H( s ) = 50 ∴ H dB = 20 log 50 = 33.98dB
12 26 6 13 292 + j 380
(c) H( j10) = + ∴ H dB = 20 log + = 20 log = 6.451dB
2 + j10 20 + j10 1 + j 5 10 + j 5 −60 + j 220
(d) H dB = 37.6 dB ∴ H( s) = 1037.6 / 20 = 75.86
(e) H dB = −8dB ∴ H( s ) = 10−8/ 20 = 0.3981
(f) H dB = 0.01dB ∴ H( s ) = 100.01/ 20 = 1.0012
56. (d) MATLAB verification- shown adjacent to Bode plots below.

20( s + 1) 0.2(1 + s )
(a) H( s ) = = , 0.2 → −14 dB
s + 100 1 + s /100
1 10 100
2000( s + 1) s 0.2 s(1 + s)

(b) H( s ) = = , 0.2 → −14 dB
( s + 100) 2
(1 + s /100) 2
(c) 200 s 2 + 45s + 200 ( s + 5)( s + 40) 200(1 + s / 5)(1 + s / 40)

H( s ) = s + 45 + = = = , 200 → 46 dB
s s s s
57.
VC (20 + 2 s)(182 + 200 / s) 200 / s

H( s ) = = ×
IR 202 + 2 s + 200 / s 182 + 200 / s
400( s + 10) 200(10 + s )
= =
2( s + 101s + 100) (1 + s)(100 + s )
2
20(1 + s /10)
H( s ) = , 20 → 26 dB
(1 + s )(1 + s /100)
58.
5 ×108 s ( s + 100) 2.5s (1 + s /100)
(a) H( s ) = = , 2.5 → 8dB
( s + 20)( s + 1000) 3
(1 + s / 20)(1 + s /1000)3
(b) Corners: ω = 20, 34 dB;
ω = 100, 34 dB;
ω = 1000, 54 dB
Intercepts: 0 dB, 2.5ω = 1, ω = 0.4

2.5ω (ω /100) 2.5ω2 (20)109
ω = 1, 8dB; 0 dB, = = 1 ∴ω = 22,360 rad/s
(ω / 20)(ω /1000)3 100ωω3
(c) Corners: ω = 20, 31.13dB

1 + (ω /100) 2
ω = 100, 36.69 dB H dB = 20 log 2.5ω
[1 + (ω / 20) 2 ][1 + (ω /1000) 2 ]3
ω = 1000, 44.99 dB
59.
5 × 108 s ( s + 100) 2.5s (1 + s /100)
(a) H( s ) = = ,
( s + 20)( s + 1000) 3
(1 + s / 20)(1 + s /1000)3
(b) ω = 2 : ∠ = 90°
⎛ 10 ⎞
ω = 10 : ∠ = 90° − ⎜ 45° + 45° log ⎟ = 58.5°
⎝ 20 ⎠
⎛ 100 ⎞ ⎛ 100 ⎞
ω = 100 : ∠ = 90° − ⎜ 45° + 45° log ⎟ + ⎜ 45° + 45° log ⎟ = 58.5°
⎝ 20 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠
⎛ 200 ⎞ ⎛ 200 ⎞
ω = 200 : ∠ = 90° − 90° + ⎜ 45° + 45° log ⎟ − 3 ⎜ 45° + 45° log ⎟ = 17.9°
⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠
⎛ 1000 ⎞
ω = 1000 : ∠ = 90° − 90° + 90° − 3 ⎜ 45° + 45° log ⎟ = −45°
⎝ 1000 ⎠
ω = 10, 000 : ∠ = 90° − 90° + 90° − 3 × 90° = −180°
(c) ω = 2 : ∠ = 90° + tan −1 0.02 − tan −1 0.1 − 3 tan −1 0.002 = 85.09°
ω = 10 : ∠ = 90° + tan −1 0.1 − tan −1 0.5 − 3 tan −1 0.01 = 67.43°
ω = 100 : ∠ = 90° + tan −1 1 − tan −1 5 − 3 tan −1 0.1 = 39.18°
ω = 200 : ∠ = 90° + tan −1 2 − tan −1 10 − 3 tan −1 0.2 = 35.22°
ω = 1000 : ∠ = 90° + tan −1 10 − tan −1 50 − 3 tan −1 1 = −49.56°
ω = 10, 000 : ∠ = 90° + tan −1 100 − tan −1 500 − 3 tan −1 10 = −163.33°
60.
20 400 s 2 + 20 s + 400
(a) H( s ) = 1 + + 2 = Hdb
s s s2
1 + 2 × 0.5( s / 20) + ( s / 20) 2
= 400
s2
∴ω o = 20, ζ = 0.5
20 log 400 = 52dB
Correction at ω o is 20 log 2 ζ = 0 dB
(b) ω = 5 : H dB = 52 − 2 × 20 log 5 = 24.0 dB (plot)
H dB = 20 log 1 − 16 + j 4 = 23.8dB (exact)
ω = 100 : H dB = 0 dB (plot)
H dB = 20 log 1 − 0.04 + j 0.2 = −0.170 dB (exact)
(c)
61.
VR 25 25s 0.025s
(a) H( s ) = = = =
V5 10 s + 25 + 1000 / s 10 s + 25s + 1000
2
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ s ⎞ ⎛ s ⎞
2
1 + 2 ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 8 ⎠⎝ 10 ⎠ ⎝ 10 ⎠
⎛ 1⎞
(b) ∴ω o = 10, ζ = 1/ 8 ∴ correction = −20 log ⎜ 2 × ⎟ = 12 dB
⎝ 8⎠
0.025 → −32 dB
HdB ang(H)
j 0.5
(c) ω = 20, H( j 20) = ∴ H dB = −15.68 dB ∠H( j 20) = −80.54°
1 − 4 + j 0.5
62.
−1/(50 ×103 ×10−6 ) −20
1st two stages, H1 ( s ) = H 2 ( s ) = −10; H 3 ( s ) = −6
=
s + 1/(200 × 10 × 10 ) s + 5
3
⎛ −20 ⎞ −400
∴ H( s ) = (−10)(−10) ⎜ ⎟=
⎝ s + 5 ⎠ 1+ s / 5
−400 → 52 dB
63.
(a) 1st stage: C1 A = 1 μ F, R1 A = ∞, R fA = 105 ∴ H A (S) = − R fA C1 A s = −0.1 s
−1/ R1B C fB
2nd stage: R 1B = 105 , R fB = 105 , C fB = 1 μ F ∴ H B ( s ) =
s + 1/ R fB C fB
1/(105 × 10−6 ) 10
∴ H B (s) = −6
=−
s + 1/(10 × 10 )
5
s + 10
3rd stage: same as 2nd
⎛ −10 ⎞ ⎛ −10 ⎞ 0.1s
∴ H( s ) = (−0.1s ) ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟=−
⎝ s + 10 ⎠ ⎝ s + 10 ⎠ (1 + s /10) 2
20log10(0.1) = -20 dB
(b) (c)
64. An amplifier that rejects high-frequency signals is required. There is some ambiguity in
the requirements, as social conversations may include frequencies up to 50 kHz, and
echolocation sounds, which we are asked to filter out, may begin below this value.
Without further information, we decide to set the filter cutoff frequency at 50 kHz to
ensure we do not lose information. However, we note that this decision is not necessarily
the only correct one.
Our input source is a microphone modeled as a sinusoidal voltage source having a peak
amplitude of 15 mV in series with a 1-Ω resistor. Our output device is an earphone
modeled as a 1-kΩ resistor. A voltage of 15 mV from the microphone should correspond
to about 1 V at the earphone according to the specifications, requiring a gain of 1000/15
= 66.7.
Rf
If we select a non-inverting op amp topology, we then need = 66.7 - 1 = 65.7
R1
Arbitrarily choosing R1 = 1 kΩ, we then need Rf = 65.7 kΩ. This completes the
amplification part. Next, we need to filter out frequencies greater than 50 kHz.
Placing a capacitor across the microphone terminals will “short out” high frequencies.
1
We design for ωc = 2πfc = 2π(50×103) = . Since Rmic = 1 Ω, we require
Rmic C filter
Cfilter = 3.183 μF.
65. We choose a simple series RLC circuit. It was shown in the text that the “gain” of the
ωRC
circuit with the output taken across the resistor is AV =
[( ]
.
)
1
1 - ω LC + ω R C
2 2 2 2 2 2
This results in a bandpass filter with corner frequencies at

-RC + R 2 C 2 + 4 LC RC + R 2 C 2 + 4 LC
ωc = and ωc =
L
2 LC H
2 LC
If we take our output across the inductor-capacitor combination instead, we obtain the
opposite curve- i.e. a bandstop filter with the same cutoff frequencies. Thus, we want
-RC + R 2 C 2 + 4 LC RC + R 2 C 2 + 4 LC
2π(20) = and 2π(20×103) =
2 LC 2 LC
Noting that ω cH – ω cL = R/L = 125.5 krad/s, we arbitrarily select R = 1 kΩ, so that L =

7.966 mH. Returning to either cutoff frequency expression, we then find C = 7.950 μF
PSpice verification. The circuit

performs as required, with a
lower corner frequency of about
20 Hz and an upper corner
frequency of about 20 kHz.
66. We choose a simple RC filter topology:
Vout 1 Vout 1
Where = and hence = . We desire a cutoff
Vin 1 + jωRC Vin 1 + (ωRC )
2
frequency of 1 kHz, and note that this circuit does indeed act as a low-pass filter (higher
frequency signals lead to the capacitor appearing more and more as a short circuit).
Thus,
1 1
= = where ωc = 2πfc = 2000π rad/s.
1 + (ω c RC )
2
2
A small amount of algebra yields 1 + [2π(1000)RC]2 = 2 or 2000πRC = 1. Arbitrarily

setting R = 1 kΩ, we then find that C = 159.2 nF. The operation of the filter is verified in
the PSpice simulation below:
67. We are not provided with the actual spectral shape of the noise signal, although the
reduction to 1% of its peak value (a drop of 40 dB) by 1 kHz is useful to know. If we
place a simple high-pass RC filter at the input of an op amp stage, designing for a pole at
2.5 kHz should ensure an essentially flat response above 25 kHz, and a 3 dB reduction at
2.5 kHz. If greater tolerance is required, the 40 dB reduction at 1 kHz allows the pole to
be moved to a frequency even closer to 1 kHz. The PSpice simulation below shows a
1
filter with R = 1 kΩ (arbitrarily chosen) and C = = 63.66 nF .
2π (2.5 × 10 3 )(1000)
At a frequency of 25 kHz, the filter shows minimal gain reduction, but at 1 kHz any
signal is reduced by more than 8 dB.
We therefore design a simple non-inverting op amp circuit such as the one below, which
with Rf = 100 kΩ and R1 = 1 kΩ, has a gain of 100 V/V. In simulating the circuit, a gain
of approximately 40 dB at 25 kHz was noted, although the gain dropped at higher
frequencies, reaching 37 dB around 80 kHz. Thus, to completely assess the suitability of
design, more information regarding the frequency spectrum of the “failure” signals would
be required.
68. We select a simple series RLC circuit with the output taken across the resistor to serve as
a bandpass filter with 500 Hz and 5000 Hz cutoff frequencies. From Example 16.12, we
know that
R 1
ωc L = - + R 2C 2 + 4LC = 2π (500)
2L 2LC
and
R 1
ωcH = + R 2C 2 + 4LC = 2π (5000)
2L 2LC
With ω cH - ω cL = 2p(5000 – 500) = R/L, we (arbitrarily) select R = 1 kΩ, so that L

= 35.37 mH. Substituting these two values into the equation for the high-frequency
cutoff, we find that C = 286.3 nF. We complete the design by selecting R1 = 1 kΩ and Rf
= 1 kΩ for a gain of 2 (no value of gain was specified). As seen in the PSpice simulation
results shown below, the circuit performs as specified at maximum gain (6 dB or 2 V/V),
with cutoff frequencies of approximately 500 and 5000 KHz and a peak gain of 6 dB.
69. For this circuit, we simply need to connect a low-pass filter to the input of a non-
inverting op amp having Rf/R1 = 9 (for a gain of 10). If we use a simple RC filter, the
cutoff frequency is
1
ωc = = 2π (3000)
RC
Selecting (arbitrarily) R = 1 kΩ, we find C = 53.05 nF. The PSpice simulation below
shows that our design does indeed have a bandwidth of 3 kHz and a peak gain of 10 V/V
(20 dB).
70. We require four filter stages, and choose to implement the circuit using op amps to isolate each filter sub-
circuit. Selecting a bandwidth of 1 rad/s (no specification was given) and a simple RLC filter as suggested
in the problem statement, a resistance value of 1 Ω leads to an inductor value of 1 H (bandwidth for this
type of filter = ωH – ωL = R/L). The capacitance is found by designing each filter’s respective resonant
frequency ( 1 LC ) at the desired “notch” frequency. Thus, we require CF1 = 10.13 μF, CF2 = 2.533 μF,
CF3 = 1.126 μF and CF4 = 633.3 nF.
The Student Version of PSpice® will not permit more than 64 nodes, so that the total solution must be
simulated in two parts. The half with the filters for notching out 50 and 100 Hz components is shown
below; an additional two op amp stages are required to complete the design.
71. Using the series RLC circuit suggested, we decide to design for a bandwidth of 1 rad/ s
(as no specification was provided). With ωH – ωL = R/ L, we arbitrarily select R = 1 Ω so
that L = 1 H. The capacitance required is obtained by setting the resonant frequency of
the circuit ( 1 LC ) equal to 60 Hz (120π rad/s). This yields C = 7.04 μF.
vin 1Ω vout
1H
7.04 μF
Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Seventeen Solutions 10 March 2006
⎡ 4 −8 9 ⎤ ⎡ I1 ⎤ ⎡12 ⎤
1. (a) ⎢⎢ 5 0 −7 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢I 2 ⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢ 4 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ 7 3 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ I 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦
4 −8 9
(b) Δz = 5 0 −7 = 4(21) + 8(5 + 49) + 9(15) = 651
7 3 1
0 −7
(c) Δ11 = = 21
3 1
12 −8 9
4 0 −7
0 3 1 (12)(21) + 8(4) + 9(12)
(d) I1 = = = 0.602 A
Δz 651
4 −8 12
5 0 4
7 3 0 4(−12) + 8(−28) + 12(15)
(e) I1 = = = − 0.141 A
Δz 651
2.
17 −8 −3
Δ Z = −8 17 −4 = 17(273) + 8(−148) − 3(83) = 3208 Ω 3
−3 −4 17
Δ Z 3208 1002
(a) Zin1 = = = 11.751 Ω ∴ P1 = = 851.0 W
Δ11 273 11.751
Δ Z 3208 1002
(b) Zin 2 = = = 11.457 Ω ∴ P2 = = 872.8 W
Δ 22 280 11.457
Δ Z 3208 1002
(c) Zin 3 = = = 14.258 Ω ∴ P3 = = 701.4 Ω
Δ 33 225 14.258
3.
0.35 −0.1 −0.2
ΔY = −0.1 0.5 −0.15 = 0.35(0.3525) + 0.1(−0.105) − 0.2(0.115) = 0.089875 S3
−0.2 −0.15 0.75
ΔY 0.089875 102
(a) Yin1 = = = 0.254965 ∴ P1 = = 392.2 W
Δ11 0.3525 0.254965
ΔY 0.089875 102
(b) Yin 2 = = = 0.403933 ∴ P2 = = 247.6 W
Δ 22 0.2225 0.403933
0.089875 100
(c) Yin 3 = = 0.544697 S ∴ P3 = = 183.59 W
0.165 0.544697
4.
⎡ 3 −1 − 2 0⎤
⎢ −1 4 1 −1 − 2 0 −1 − 2 0
3 ⎥⎥
4 1 3
[R] = ⎢ (Ω) = 3 2 5 2 + 1 2 5 2 − 2 4 1 3
⎢ −2 2 5 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ −3 −2 6 −3 −2 6 −3 −2 6
⎣ 0 −3 −2 6⎦
= 3[4(34) − 2(12) − 3(−13)] + [−1(34) − 2(−12) − 3(−4)] = 2[−1(12) − 4(−12) − 3(−6)]
Δ 161
= 3(73) + (−22) − 2(18) = 161 Ω 4 ∴ R in = R = = 2.205+ Ω
Δ11 73
5. Define a counter-clockwise current I2 in the left-most mesh, and a counter-clockwise

current I1 flowing in the right-most mesh. Then,
V1 = 4 I2 ∴ 0.2V1 = 0.8 I2
Vin = I1s + 5( I1 + 0.8 I2 − I2 ) = ( s + 5) I1 − I2
Also, I2 (2 s + 4) − 5( I1 + 0.8 I2 − I2 ) = 0
or 0 = −5 I1 + (5 + 2 s) I2
∴ Δ Z = ( s + 5)(5 + 2 s ) − 5 = 2 s 2 + 15s + 20, Δ11 = 5 + 2s
2s 2 + 15s + 20
∴ Zth =
2s + 5
6. Define a clockwise mesh current I1 flowing in the bottom left mesh, a clockwise mesh
current I2 flowing in the top mesh, and a clockwise mesh current I3 flowing in the
bottom right mesh. Then,
(a) Vin = 10( I1 − I2 ) − 0.6 × 8 I2 = 10 I1 − 14.8 I2

0 = 50 I2 − 10 I1 − 12 I3 = −10 I1 + 50 I2 − 12 I3
0 = 4.8 I2 + 17 I3 − 12 I2 = −7.2 I2 + 17 I3
10 −14.8 0
5120
∴Δ Z = −10 50 −12 = 10(763.6) + 10(−251.6) = 5120 ∴ Zin = = 6.705+ Ω
763.6
0 −7.2 17
(b) V1 − V2 V1 − 0.6Vx
Iin = + = 0.13571 V1 − 0.03571V2 − 0.06Vx
28 10
V − V1 V2 − 0.6Vx V2
0= 2 + + = −0.03571V1 + 0.31905V2 − 0.05Vx
28 12 5
V V − Vx − V1
0=− x + 2 = −0.05V1 + 0.05V2 − 0.175Vx
8 20
0.13571 −0.03571 −0.06
∴Δ y = −0.03571 0.31905− −0.05 = 0.13571(−0.05583 + 0.0025) + 0.03571(0.00625 + 0.003)
−0.05 0.05 −0.175
−0.05(0.00179 + 0.01914) = −0.00724
Δy −0.007954
∴Δ y = 0.007954, Δ11 = −0.05333 ∴ Ym = = = 0.14926 S
Δ11 −0.05333
1
∴ Zin = = 6.705+ Ω
0.14926
7.
Vx sVx s
+ − 0.1 + (Vx − 1) = 0
2 10 5
∴ Vx (0.5 + 0.3s ) = 0.1 + 0.2s
0.2s + 0.1
∴ Vx =
0.3s + 0.5
s ⎛ 0.2s + 0.1 ⎞ 0.1s + 0.4
∴ I = (1 − Vx ) = ⎜1 − ⎟ 0.2 s = 0.2 s
5 ⎝ 0.3s + 0.5 ⎠ 0.3s + 0.5
s (0.1s + 0.4) 1.5s + 2.5 15s + 25
∴ Yout = I = , Zout = =
1.5s + 2.5 s (0.1s + 0.4) s ( s + 4)
8.
Vin = 1 V, Vi = 0 ∴ Vx + Vin = 0, Vx = −1 V
Vx 1
Ix = =− ; 2 × 104 Iin + 2 × 104 I x = 0
Rx Rx
1
∴ Iin = − I x = ∴ R in = − Vin / Iin = − Rx
Rx
9.
(a) Assume 1 V at input. Since Vi = 0 at each op-amp input, 1 V is present between R2 and
R3, and also C and R4.
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
∴ V4 = ⎜ R4 + ⎟ = 1+
R4 ⎝ jω C ⎠ jω CR 4
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
∴ I3 = ⎜1 − 1 − ⎟=−
R3 ⎝ jω CR 4 ⎠ jω CR 3 R 4
1 R2
∴ I2 = I3 = − ∴ V12 = 1 + R 2 I2 = 1 −
jω CR 3 R 4 jω CR 3 R 4
1 − V12 R2 1 RRR
I1 = = = Iin ∴ Zin = = jω C 1 3 4
R1 jω CR1R 3R 4 Iin R2
(b) R 1 = 4 × 103 , R 2 = 10 × 103 , R 3 = 10 × 103 , R 4 = 103 , C = 2 × 10−10

4 × 10 × 1
∴ Zin = jω 2 × 10−10 × 106 = jω 0.8 × 103 Ω (Lin = 0.8 mH)
10
⎡0.01 0.3 ⎤ ⎡ 9 ⎤
10. (a) [ y ] = ⎢ 0.3 −0.02 ⎥⎦
, V= ⎢ −3.5⎥
⎣ ⎣ ⎦
[I ] = [ y ][ V ]
I2 = (0.3)(9) + (0.02)(3.5) = 2.77 A
(b) V = [ y ] [I ]
−1
⎡ −0.1 0.15⎤ ⎡ 0.001⎤

[ y ] = ⎢0.15 0.8 ⎥⎦
and [I ] = ⎢ 0.02 ⎥
⎣ ⎣ ⎦
0.001 0.15
0.02 0.8 0.0008 − 0.003
Thus, V1 = = = 0.0215 V
−0.1 0.15 −0.08 − 0.0225
0.15 0.8
11. Define a clockwise mesh current I1 in the left-most mesh, a clockwise mesh current Ix in
the center mesh, and a counter-clockwise mesh current I2 in the right-most mesh. Then,
V1 = 13I1 − 10 I2
V1 −10 0
0 35 20
V2 20 22
0 = −10 I1 + 35 Ix + 20 I2 ∴ I1 =
13 −10 0
−10 35 20
0 20 22
V2 = 20 Ix + 22 I2
V1 (370) + V2 (−200) 37 20
∴ I1 = = V1 − V2
13(370) + 10(−220) 261 261
37 −20
∴ y11 = = 141.76 mS, y12 = = −76.63 mS
261 261
12.
⎡10 −5⎤
[ y] = ⎢ ⎥ (mS) ∴ I1 = 0.01V1 − 0.005V2 ,
⎣50 20 ⎦
I2 = 0.05V1 + 0.02V2 , 100 = 25 I1 + V1 , V2 = −100 I2
∴100 = 0.25V1 − 0.125V2 + V1 = 1.25V1 − 0.125V2
5
I2 = −0.01V2 = 0.05V1 + 0.02V2 ∴−0.03V2 = 0.05V1 ∴ V2 = − V1
3
0.625 4.375 300 5
∴100 = 1.25V1 + V1 = V1 ∴ V1 = = 68.57 V, V2 = − V1 = −114.29 V
3 2 4.375 3
13.
V1 − V2
I1 = = 0.04V1 − 0.04V2
25
V
I2 = 2I1 + 2 − I1 = I1 + 0.01V2 = 0.04V1 − 0.03V2
100
∴ y11 = 0.04S, y12 = −0.04S, y21 = 0.04S, y22 = −0.03 S
14.
∴ V1 = 100( I1 − 0.5 I1 ) = 50 I ∴ I1 = 0.02 V1
V2 = 300 I2 + 200( I2 + 0.5 I1 ) = 100 I1 + 500 I2
∴ V2 = 2V1 + 500 I2 , I2 = −0.004V1 + 0.002V2
⎡ 0.02 0 ⎤
∴[ y ] = ⎢ ⎥ (S)
⎣ −0.004 0.002 ⎦
15.
⎡0.1 −0.0025⎤
[ y] = ⎢
0.05 ⎥⎦
(S)
⎣ −8
(a) I1 = 0.1V1 − 0.0025V2 , I2 = −8V1 + 0.05V2

1 = 2 I1 + V, V2 = −5 I2
∴ I2 = −0.2V2 = −8V1 + 0.05V2 ∴ 0.25V2 = 8V1 , V2 / V1 = 32
I2 = −8V1 + 0.05 × 32V1 , I1 = 0.1V1 − 0.0025 × 32V1 ∴ I2 = −6.4V1 , I1 = 0.02V1
−6.4
∴ I2 / I1 = = −320, V1 / I1 = 50Ω
0.02
(b) V1 = −2 I1 , I1 = 0.1V1 − 0.0025V2 , I2 = −8V1 + 0.05V2

∴ I1 = −0.5V1 = 0.1V1 − 0.0025V2 ∴ 0.6V1 = 0.0025V2
1 1
∴ V1 = V2 / 240, I2 = −8 × V2 / 240 + V2 = V2
20 60
V2
∴ = 60 Ω
I2
⎡ 10 −5⎤
16. [y] = ⎢ ⎥ (mS)
⎣ −20 2 ⎦
(a) I1 = 0.01V1 − 0.005V2 , I2 = −0.02V1 + 0.002V2

V1′ = 100 I1 + V1
∴ V1 = V1 − 100 I1 ∴ I1 = 0.01V1 − I1 − 0.005V2 ∴ I1 = 0.005V1 − 0.0025V2
I2 = −0.02V1 + 2 I1 + 0.002V2 = −0.02V1 + 0.01V1 − 0.005V2 + 0.002V2 = −0.01V1 − 0.003V2
⎡0.005 −0.0025⎤
∴[ y ]new = ⎢ ⎥ (S)
⎣ −0.01 −0.003 ⎦
(b) V2 = 100 I2 + V2 , ∴ V2 = V2 − 100 I2

∴ I2 = −0.02V1 + 0.002V2 − 0.2 I2
1 1
∴1.2 I2 = −0.02V1 + 0.002V2 ∴ I2 = − V1 + V2
60 600
⎛ 1 1 ⎞
I1 = 0.01V1 − 0.005(V2 − 100 I2 ) = 0.01V1 − 0.005V2 + 0.5 ⎜ − V1 + V2 ⎟
⎝ 60 600 ⎠
⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 1 1
∴ I1 = ⎜ − ⎟ V1 − ⎜ − ⎟ V2 = V1 − V2
⎝ 100 120 ⎠ ⎝ 200 1200 ⎠ 600 240
⎡1/ 600 −1/ 240 ⎤
∴[ y ]new = ⎢ ⎥ (S)
⎣ −1/ 60 1/ 600 ⎦
17.
VS 1 VS 2 I1 I2
Exp #1 100 V 50 V 5A -32.5 A

Exp #2 50 110 -20 -5
Exp #3 20 0 4 -8
Exp #4 -8.333 -22.22 5 0
Exp #5 -58.33 -55.56 5 15
I1 = y11V1 + y12 V2
I2 = y21V1 + y22 V2
Use 1st 2 rows to find y's

∴ 5 = 100 y11 + 50 y12 , − 32.5 = 100 y21 + 50 y22
−20 = 50 y11 + 100 y12, − 5 = 50 y21 + 100 y22 →∴−10 = 100 y21 + 200 y22
∴−40 = 100 y11 + 200 y12 Substracting, 150 y12 = −45 ∴ y12 = −0.3 S
∴ 5 = 100 y11 − 15 ∴ y11 = 0.2 S Subtracting 22.5 = 150 y22
⎡ 0.2 −0.3⎤
∴ y22 = 0.15 S ∴−32.5 = 100 y21 + 7.5 ∴ y21 = −0.4 S ∴[ y ] = ⎢ ⎥ (S)
⎣ −0.4 0.15 ⎦
Completing row 3: I1 = 0.2 × 20 = 4 A, I2 = −0.4 × 20 = −8 A
8
Completing row 4: 5 = 0.2VS 1 − 0.3VS 2 , 0 = −0.4VS 1 + 0.15VS 2 ∴ VS 2 = VS 1
3
50
∴ 5 = 0.2VS 1 − 0.8VS 1 = −0.6VS 1 ∴ VS 1 = − = −8.333 V, VS 2 = −22.22 V
6
Completing row 5: 5 = 0.2VS 1 − 0.3VS 2 , 15 = −0.4VS 1 + 0.15VS 2
5 −0.3 0.2 5
15 0.15 0.75 + 4.5 5.25 −0.4 15
∴ VS 1 = = = = −58.33 V, VS 2 = = −55.56 V
0.2 −0.3 0.03 − 0.12 −0.09 −0.09
−0.4 0.15
⎡ 10−3 j 0.01 ⎤ ⎡12∠43o ⎤

18. (a) [ I ] = [ y ][ V ] = ⎢ ⎥⎢ o ⎥
⎣ j 0.01 − j 0.005⎦ ⎣ 2∠0 ⎦
I 2 = ( j 0.01)(12∠43o ) − ( j 0.005)(2∠0) = − 0.0818 + j 0.0778
(b) [ V ] = [ y ] [I ]
−1
⎡ − j5 10 ⎤ ⎡120∠30o ⎤
[ y] = ⎢ 4 j10 ⎥⎦
and I = ⎢ o ⎥
⎣ ⎣ 88∠45 ⎦
− j 5 120∠30o
V2 =
4 88∠45o
=
(
(− j 5) 88∠45o − 480∠30o)= − 10 − j 55.13 V
− j 5 10 50 − 40
4 j10
19. (a) Input is applied between g-s and output taken from d-s.
(b) Ig = yisVgs + yrsVds

Id = yfsVgs + yosVds
= jω ( C gs + C gd )
Ig
yis =
Vgs
Vds = 0
Ig
yrs = = − jωC gd
Vds Vgs = 0
Id
y fs = = g m − jωC gd
Vgs
Vds = 0
+ jω ( Cgs + C gd )
Id 1
yos = =
Vds Vgs = 0
rd
(c) yis = jω (3.4 + 1.4) × 10−12 = j 4.8ω pS
yrs = − jω (1.4) × 10−12 = − j1.4ω pS
y fs = 4.7 × 10−3 − jω (1.4) × 10−12 S
yos = 10−4 + jω (0.4 + 1.4) × 10−12 S
20.
∑ R = 7.9 kΩ
R1 = 4.7/7.9 = 595 Ω
R2 = 2.2/7.9 = 278 Ω
R3 = (4.7)(2.2)/7.9 = 1.309 kΩ
21.
∑RR i j = (470)(100) + (470)(220) + (100)(220)

= 172400
RA = 172400 / 220 = 783.6 Ω
RB = 172400 / 100 = 1.724 kΩ
RC = 172400 / 470 = 366.8 Ω
22.
6 ×1 6×3 3 ×1
Δ1 :1 + 6 + 3 = 10 Ω → = 0.6, = 1.8, = 0.3
10 10 10
5 ×1 1× 4 5× 4
Δ 2 : 5 + 1 + 4 = 10 Ω → = 0.5, = 0.4, =2
10 10 10
1.8 + 2 + 0.5 = 4.3 Ω, 0.3 + 0.6 + 0.4 = 1.3 Ω
1.3 4.3 = 0.99821Ω, 0.9982 + 0.6 + 2 = 3.598 Ω
3.598 6 = 2.249 Ω
23.
6 × 2 + 2 × 3 + 3 × 6 = 36 Ω 2
36 / 6 = 6, 36 / 2 = 18, 36 / 3 = 12
12 4 = 3, 6 12 = 4
4 + 3 + 18 = 25 Ω
4×3
3 × 18 / 25 = 2.16, 4 ×18 / 25 = 2.88, = 0.48
25
9.48 × 2.16 + 9.48 × 2.88 + 2.88 × 2.16 = 54 Ω 2
54 54 54
= 18.75, = 25, = 5.6962, 75 18.75 = 15, 100 25 = 20
2.88 2.16 9.48
(15 + 20) 5.696 = 4.899 ∴ R in = 5 + 4.899 = 9.899 Ω
24.
Δ : − j 6 + j 4 + j 3 = j1
24 −12 18
= − j 24, = j12, = − j18, j18 − j18 = 0 (S.C)
j1 j1 j1
∴ ignore j12, − j 6
− j 24 + j12 = − j12
− j12 j12 = ∞∴ Zin = ∞
⎡0.4 −0.002 ⎤
[y] = ⎢
0.04 ⎥⎦
25. (S)
⎣ −5
(a) I1 = 0.4V1 − 0.002V2 , I2 = −5V1 + 0.04V2 , V2 = −20 I2 , VS = V1 + 2 I1

500
I2 = −0.05V2 = −5V1 + 0.4V2 ∴−0.09V2 = −5V1 ∴ GV = V2 / V1 = = 55.56
9
−0.05V2
(b) I1 = 0.4(0.018)V2 − 0.002V2 = 0.0052V2 ∴ G I = I2 / I1 = = −9.615+
0.0052V2
(c) G p = −GV G I = 55.56 × 9.615+ = 534.2
1
(d) I1 = 0.0052V2 = 0.0052 × 55.56V1 ∴ Zin = V1 / I1 = = 3.462 Ω
0.0052 × 55.56
(e) 0.002
V1 = −2 I1 , VS = 0 ∴ I1 = −0.5V1 = 0.4V1 − 0.002V2 ∴ V1 = V2
0.9
⎛ 0.002 ⎞
I2 = −5 ⎜ ⎟ V2 + 0.04V2 = 0.02889V2 ∴ Zout = V2 / I2 = 34.62 Ω
⎝ 0.9 ⎠
⎡ 0.1 −0.05⎤
26. [y] = ⎢ ⎥ (S)
⎣ −0.5 0.2 ⎦
(a) I1 = 0.1V1 − 0.05V2

I2 = −0.5V1 + 0.2V2 , 1 = 10 I1 + V1 , I2 = −0.2V2
∴−0.2V2 = −0.5V1 + 0.2V2 ∴ GV = V2 / V1 = 1.25
(−0.5 + 0.2 × 1.25)V1

(b) G I = I2 / I1 = = −6.667
(0.1 − 0.005 ×1.25)V1
(c) G P = 1.25 × 6.667 = 8.333
(d) I1 = (0.1 − 0.05 × 1.25)V1 ∴ Zin = V1 / I1 = 26.67 Ω
(e) VS = 0, V1 = −10 I1 ∴ I1 = −0.1V1 = 0.1V1 − 0.05V2

∴ V1 = 0.25V2 , ∴ I2 = −0.05(0.25V2 ) + 0.2V2 = 0.075V2 ∴ Zout = V2 / I2 + 13.333 Ω
(f) GV , rev = V1 / V2 = 0.25
(g) With 2 port: 1 = 10 I1 + 26.67I1

−6.667 1
∴1 = 36.67 I1 , I1 = 1/ 36.67 ∴ I2 = = −0.15182 ∴ PL = × I22 5 = 2.5(0.15182) 2 = 0.08264 W
36.67 2
2
1⎛ 1 ⎞ 0.08264
Without 2 port: PL = ⎜ ⎟ × 5 = 0.011111 W ∴ G ins = = 7.438
2 ⎝ 15 ⎠ 0.011111
27.
(a)
(b) 2 in :
28.
V1 − V2 V − V1 ⎡ 1/ R 2 −1/ R 2 ⎤
I1 = , I2 = 2 [ y ]a = ⎢
1/ R 2 ⎥⎦
(a)
R2 R2 ⎣ −1/ R 2
⎡1/ R1 0 ⎤
I1 = V1 / R1 , I2 = V2 / R 3 ∴[ y ]B = ⎢
1/ R 3 ⎥⎦
(b)
⎣ 0
V1 V1 − V2 ⎡1/ R1 + 1/ R 2 −1/ R 2 ⎤
(c) I1 = + ∴[ y ] = ⎢
R1 R2 ⎣ −1/ R 2 1/ R 3 + 1/ R 2 ⎥⎦
V2 V2 − V1 ⎡1/ R1 + 1/ R 2 −1/ R 2 ⎤
I2 = + , [ y ]a + [ y ]b = ⎢
R3 R2 ⎣ −1/ R 2 1/ R 3 + 1/ R 2 ⎥⎦
⎡ 4.7 2.2 ⎤ ⎡ 1.5 ⎤

29. (a) [ V ] = [ z ][ I ] where [ z ] = ⎢ 2.2 ⎥ kΩ and [ I ] = ⎢ ⎥ mA
⎣ 3.3 ⎦ ⎣ −2.5⎦
Thus, V1 = (4.7)(1.5) – (2.2)(2.5) = 1.55 V
⎡ −10 15⎤ ⎡1⎤

(b) [ I ] = [ z ] [V] [ z ] = ⎢ 15 kΩ and [ V ] = ⎢ ⎥ V
−1
where ⎥
⎣ 6⎦ ⎣ −2 ⎦
−10 1
15 −2 20 − 15
Thus, I2 = = = − 17.54 μ A
−10 15 −60 − 225
15 6
⎡5 j ⎤ ⎡ 2∠20o ⎤
30. (a) [ V ] = [ z ][ I ] = ⎢ ⎥⎢ o ⎥
⎣ j − j 2 ⎦ ⎣ 2 ∠0 ⎦
Thus, V2 = j 2∠20o − j 2(2∠0) = − 0.684 − j 2.121 V
⎡− j 2⎤ ⎡137∠30o ⎤
(b) [ I ] = [ z ] [V ] [ z] = ⎢ 4 [ ]
−1
Ω = ⎢ o⎥
j 4 ⎥⎦
where k and V V
⎣ ⎣105∠45 ⎦
137∠30o 2
Thus, I1 =
105∠45 j4
=
j 4 137∠30o − 210∠45o
o
( )
= 105.6 − j81.52 A
−j 2 4−8
4 j4
31.
V1 = 8 I1 + 0.1V2 ∴ V2 = 10V1 − 80 I1
1
I2 = V2 /12 + 0.05V1 ∴ I2 = (10V1 − 80 I1 ) + 0.05V1
12
⎛5 1 ⎞ 20 53 20
∴ I2 = ⎜ + ⎟ V1 − I1 = V1 − I1
⎝ 6 20 ⎠ 3 60 3
60 ⎛ 20 ⎞ 400 60 4000 600
∴ V1 = ⎜ I1 + I2 ⎟ = I1 + I2 ∴ V2 = I1 + I2 − 80 I1
53 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 53 53 53 53
240 600 ⎡ 7.547 1.1321⎤
∴ V2 = − I1 + I2 ∴[ z ] = ⎢ ⎥ (Ω)
53 53 ⎣ −4.528 11.321⎦
32.
(a) I1 = −0.02V2 + 0.2V1 + 0.5V1 − 0.5V2
∴ I1 = 0.7V1 − 0.52V2 I2 = 0.1V1 + 0.125V2 + 0.5V2 − 0.5V1
∴ I2 = −0.4V1 + 0.625V2
I1 −0.52 0.7 I1
I 0.625 0.625 I1 + 0.52 I2 −0.4 I2
∴ V1 = 2 = = 2.723I1 + 2.266 I2 , V2 =
0.7 −0.52 0.2295 0.2295
−0.4 0.625
0.4 I1 + 0.7 I2 ⎡ 2.723 2.266 ⎤
∴ V2 = = 1.7429 I1 + 3.050 I2 ∴[ z ] = ⎢ ⎥ (Ω )
0.2295 ⎣1.7429 3.050 ⎦
V2 1.7429 + 3.050
(b) I1 = I2 = 1 A ∴ = = 0.9607
V1 2.723 + 2.266
⎡ 4 1.5⎤
33. [z ] = ⎢ ⎥ (Ω), R S = 5Ω, R L = 2Ω
⎣10 3 ⎦
(a) V1 = 4 I1 + 1.5 I2 , V2 = 10 I1 + 3I2 , V2 = −2 I2 = 10 I + 3I2 ∴ G1 = I2 / I1 = −2
10I1 − 6 I1
(b) G v = V2 / V1 = =4
4 I − 3I1
(c) G p = − GV G I = 8
V1
(d) V1 = 4 I1 − 3I1 = I1 ∴ Zin = =1 Ω
I1
1 10 8
(e) V1 = −5 I1 = 4 I1 + 1.5 I2 ∴ I1 = − I2 ∴ V2 = − I2 + 3I2 = I2 ∴ Zout = 1.3333 Ω
6 6 6
⎡ 1000 100 ⎤
34. [z ] = ⎢ ⎥ (Ω)
⎣ −2000 400 ⎦
(a) V1 = 1000 I1 + 100 I2 , V2 = −2000 I1 + 400 I2 , 10 = 200 I1 + V1 , V2 = −500 I2

20 2000
∴−500 I2 = −2000 I1 + 400 I2 , I2 = I1 ; ∴10 = 200 I1 + 1000 I1 + I1
9 9
20
∴ I1 = 7.031 mA, ∴ I2 = I1 = 15.625 mA ∴ P200 = 7.0312 × 200 × 10−6 = 9.888 mW
9
(b) P500 = 15.6252 × 500 × 10−6 = 122.07 mW
(c) PS = 10I1 = 70.31 mW(gen) ∴ P2 port = PS − P200 − P500 = 70.31 − 9.89 − 122.07 ∴
∴ P2 port = −61.65− mW
35.
ω = 108 , I1 = 10−5 V1 + j 5 × 10−4 V1 + j10−4 (V1 − V2 )
∴ I1 = (10−5 + j 6 × 10−4 ) V1 − j10−4 V2
I2 = 10−4 V2 + 0.01V1 + j10−4 (V2 − V1 )
∴ I2 = (0.01 − j10−4 ) V1 + (10−4 + j10−4 )V2
I1 − j10−4
I2 10−4 + j10−4 (10−4 + j10−4 ) I1 + j10−4 I2 ∴ z11 = 133.15− ∠ − 47.64°Ω
∴ V1 = =
10−5 + j 6 ×10−4 − j10−4 1.0621× 10−6 ∠92.640 z12 = 94.15+ ∠ − 2.642°Ω
10−2 − j10−4 10−4 + 10−4
10−5 + j 6 × 10−4 I1
10−2 − j10−4 I2 ∴ z21 = 9416∠86.78°Ω
V2 =
1.0621× 10−6 ∠92.64° z22 = 565.0∠ − 3.60°Ω
36.
⎡ 20 2 ⎤
[z ] = ⎢ ⎥ (Ω), VS = 100∠0° V, R S = 5 Ω, R L = 25 Ω
⎣ 40 10 ⎦
100 = 5 I1 + V1 , V1 = 20 I1 + 2 I2 ∴100 = 25 I1 + 2 I2
1 1 25 25
V2 = 40 I1 + 10 I2 ∴ I1 = V2 − I2 ∴100 = V2 − I2 + 2 I2
40 4 40 4
5 17 8 17
∴100 = V2 − I2 ∴ V2 = 160 + × I2 = 160 + 6.8 I2
8 4 5 4
∴ Vth = 160 V, R th = 6.8 Ω
⎡9Ω −2 ⎤
37. [h ] = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 20 0.2 S⎦
(a) V1 = 9I1 − 2V2 , I2 = 20 I1 + 0.2V2 , V1′ = 1I1 + V1 Eliminate V1
⎡10Ω −2 ⎤
∴ V1 = V1′ − I1 ∴ V1′ − I1 = 9 I1 − 2V2 , V1′ = 10 I − 2V2 ∴[h ]new = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 20 0.2 S⎦
V1 = 9 I1 − 2V2 , I2 = 20 I1 + 0.2V2 , V2′ = 1I2 + V2

(b)
Eliminate V2 ∴ V2 = V2′ − I2
V1 = 9 I1 − 2V2 + 2 I2 , I2 = 20 I1 + 0.2V2′ − 0.2 I2 ∴1.2 I2 = 20 I1 + 0.2V2′
∴ I2 = 16.667 I1 + 0.16667V2′ V1 = 9 I1 − 2V2′ + 2(16.667 I1 + 0.1667 V2′ )
⎡ 42.33Ω −1.6667 ⎤
∴ V1 = 42.38 I1 − 1.6667V2′ ∴[h]new = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 16.667 0.16667 S⎦
38.
⎡100Ω 0.01 ⎤
R S = 100 Ω, R L = 500 Ω [h ] = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 20 1 mS⎦
Zin : V1 = 100 I1 + 0.01V2 , I2 = 20 I1 + 0.001V2 = 20 I1 − 0.5 I2 ∴1.5 I2 = 20 I1
20
∴ V1 = 100 I1 + 0.01(−500) I1 = 33.33I1 ∴ Zin = 33.33 Ω
1.5
0.01
Zout : V1 = −100 I1 = 100 I1 + 0.01V2 ∴ I1 = V2
−200
⎛ 0.01 ⎞
I2 = 20 ⎜ V2 ⎟ + 0.001 I2 = 0 ∴ Zout = ∞
⎝ −200 ⎠
39.
(a) h12 = V1 / V2 |I1 =0 Let V2 = 1 V
∴ I10 ↓ = 0.1 A, I1 = 0 ∴ I4Ω ← = 0.2 I2
∴ 0.1 = I2 − 0.2 I2 = 0.8 I2 , I2 = 0.125 A
∴ V1 = 0.3 − 4(0.2)(0.125) + 1 = 1.2 V ∴ h12 = 1.2
V1 1.2
(b) z12 = From above, z12 = = 9.6 Ω
I2 I1 = 0
0.125
(c) y12 = I1 / V2 V =0 SC input Let V2 = 1 V

1
1.3 1.3
I2 = 0.1 + = 0.425 A, I1 = 0.2(0.425) −
4 4
∴ I1 = −0.24 A ∴ y12 = 0.24 S
⎡1000Ω −1 ⎤
[h ] = ⎢
500 μS⎥⎦
40.
⎣ 4
(a) 100 = 200 I1 + 1000 I1 − V2 = 1200 I1 − V2

I2 = 4 I1 + 5 ×10−4 V2 = −10−3 V2 ∴ 4 I1 = −1.5 × 10−3 V2
4000 4000
∴ V2 = − I1 ∴100 = 1200 I1 + I1 ∴ I1 = 25.86 mA
1.5 1.5
∴ P200 = 25.862 × 10−6 × 200 = 133.77 mW
4000 68.97 2
(b) V2 = × 25.86 × 10−3 = 68.97 V ∴ P1K = = 4.756 W
1.5 1000
(c) PS = 100 × 25.86 ×10−3 = 2.586 W (gen)
∴ P2 port = 2.586 − 0.1338 − 4.756 − − 2.304W
41.
(a) V1 = 1000 ( I1 + 10−5 V2 ) = 1000 I1 + 0.01V2
V2 = 104 I2 − 100V1 ∴ I2 = 10−4 (100V1 + V2 )
∴ I2 = 10−2 (1000 I1 + 0.01V2 ) + 10−4 V2
⎡1000Ω 0.01 ⎤
∴ I2 = 10 I1 + 2 × 10−4 V2 ∴[h ] = ⎢
⎣ 10 2 × 10−4 S⎥⎦
(b) V1 = −200 I1 = 1000 I1 + 0.01V2

−1 −1 1
∴ I1 = V2 ∴ I2 = 10 I1 + 2 × 10−4 V2 = V2 + V2 + 116.67 × 10−6 V2
12, 000 12, 000 5000
∴ Zout = V2 / I2 = 106 /116.67 = 8.571k Ω
42. V1 V2
∴ I1 = −
(a) V1 = I1R + V2 R R [ y ] = ⎡ 1/ R −1/ R ⎤
⎢ −1/ R 1/ R ⎥⎦
I1 = − I2 V V ⎣
I2 = − 1 + 2
R R
[ z ] parameters are all ∞
V1 = I1R + V2 ⎡ R 1⎤
∴[ h ] = ⎢ ⎥
I2 = − I1 ⎣ −1 0 ⎦
(b) [ y ] parameters are ∞

⎡R R ⎤
V1 = V2 V1 = R I1 + R I2 ∴[ z ] = ⎢ ⎥
⎣R R ⎦
V1
I1 = − I2 V2 = R I1 + R I2
R
V1 = V2
V2 ⎡0 1 ⎤
I2 = − I1 + ∴[ h ] = ⎢ ⎥
R ⎣ −1 1/ R ⎦
43.
VBE = hie I B + hreVCE
I C = h fe I B + hoeVCE
rπ
IC 1 + jω rπ Cπ
(a) hoe = vπ = VCE
VCE 1 rπ
I B =0 +
jωCμ 1 + jω rπ Cπ
VCE 1
IC = + g m vπ + VCE
⎛ 1 rπ ⎞ rd
⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟
⎝ jωCμ 1 + jω rπ Cπ ⎠
Thus, hoe =
( jωC ) (1 + jω r C ) + g
μ π π jω rπ Cμ
+
1
1 + jω r ( C + C ) 1 + jω rπ ( Cπ + Cμ )
m
π π μ
rd
IC
(b) h fe =
IB VCE = 0
⎡1 ⎤
I C = ( g m − jωCμ ) vπ and I B = ⎢ g m + jω ( Cπ + Cμ ) ⎥ vπ
⎣ rπ ⎦
Thus, h fe =
( gm − jωCμ ) rπ
1 + jω rπ ( Cπ + Cμ )
VBE
(c) hie =
IB VCE = 0
rπ
hie = rx +
1 + jω rπ ( Cπ + Cμ )
VBE
(d) hre =
VCE I B =0
rπ
1 + jω rπ Cπ
VBE = VCE
rπ 1
+
1 + jω rπ Cπ jωCμ
jωCμ rπ
Thus, hre =
1 + jω rπ ( Cπ + Cμ )
⎡ 1 2 −1⎤
⎢3 0 5⎥
⎡1 −2 ⎤ ⎡ 4 6⎤ ⎡3 2 4 −1⎤
44. [y] = ⎢ ⎥ , [b ] = ⎢ ⎥ , [c ] = ⎢ ⎥, [d ] = ⎢ ⎥
⎣3 4 ⎦ ⎣ −1 5 ⎦ ⎣ −2 3 5 0 ⎦ ⎢ −2 −3 1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 4 −4 2 ⎦
⎡1 −2 ⎤ ⎡ 4 6 ⎤ ⎡6 −4 ⎤
(a) [ y ][b ] = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣3 4 ⎦ ⎣ −1 5 ⎦ ⎣8 38 ⎦
⎡ 4 6 ⎤ ⎡1 −2 ⎤ ⎡ 22 16 ⎤
(b) [b ][ y ] = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ −1 5 ⎦ ⎣3 4 ⎦ ⎣14 22 ⎦
⎡ 4 6 ⎤ ⎡ 3 2 4 −1⎤ ⎡ 0 26 46 −4 ⎤
(c) [b ][c ] = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ −1 5 ⎦ ⎣ −2 3 5 0 ⎦ ⎣ −13 13 21 1 ⎦
⎡ 1 2 −1⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 3 2 4 −1⎤ ⎢ 3 0 5 ⎥ ⎡ −3 −2 9 ⎤
(d) [c ][d ] = ⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥
⎣ −2 3 5 0 ⎦ ⎢ −2 −3 1 ⎥ ⎣ −3 −19 22 ⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 4 −4 2 ⎦
⎡6 −4 ⎤ ⎡ −3 −2 9 ⎤ ⎡ −6 64 −34 ⎤
(e) [ y ][b ][c ][d ] = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥
⎣8 38 ⎦ ⎣ −3 −19 22 ⎦ ⎣ −138 −738 −908⎦
45.
(a) V1 = t11V2 − t12 I2 , I1 = t21V2 − t22 I2
V2 V2 − 1.5V1 V2 − 1.5V1 − V1
V1 = 10 I1 + V2 − 1.5V1 , I2 = + +
20 25 10
0.19 1
∴ I2 = 0.19V2 − 0.31V1 , V1 = V2 − I2
0.31 0.31
∴ V1 = 0.6129V2 − 3.226 I2
Then, 10 I1 = V1 − (V2 − 1.5V1 ) = 2.5(0.6129V2 − 3.226 I2 ) − V2
⎡ 0.6129 3.226Ω ⎤
∴ I1 = 0.05323V2 − 0.8065− I2 ∴[ t ] = ⎢ −⎥
⎣0.05323S 0.8065 ⎦
Let R S = 15 Ω
(b)
∴ V1 = 0.06129V2 − 3.226 I2 , I1 = 0.05323V2 − 0.8065 I2 , V1 = −15 I1
∴−15 I1 = −15(0.05323V2 − 0.8065− I2 ) = 0.6129V2 − 3.226 I2
∴1.4114V2 = 15.324 I2 ∴ Zout = V2 / I2 = 10.857 Ω
46.
V1 = 5 I1 − 0.3V1 + V2 ∴1.3V1 = 5 I1 + V2
I1 = 0.1V2 + V2 / 4 − I2 ∴ I1 = 0.35V2 − I2
∴1.3V1 = 5(0.35V2 − I2 ) + V2 = 2.75 V2 − 5 I2
⎡ 2.115+ 3.846Ω ⎤
∴ V1 = 2.115+ V2 − 3.846 I2 ∴[ t ] = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0.35 S 1 ⎦
47.
(a) V1 = 2 I1 + V2 ∴ I1 = 0.2V2 − I2
I2 = 0.2V2 − I1 ∴ V1 = 1.4V2 − 2 I2
1 ⎡ 1.4 2Ω ⎤
V1 = 3I1 + V2 ∴ I1 = V2 − I2 ∴[ t ] A = ⎢ ⎥
6 ⎣ 0.2 S 1 ⎦
⎡ 1.5 3Ω ⎤
1
I2 = V2 − I1 ∴ V1 = 1.5V2 − 3I2 ∴[ t ]B = ⎢ 1 ⎥
6 ⎢ S 1 ⎥
⎢⎣ 6 ⎥⎦
1 ⎡ 11/ 7 4Ω ⎤
V1 = 4 I1 + V2 ∴ I1 = V2 − I2 [ t ]C = ⎢ ⎥
7 ⎣1/ 7 S 1 ⎦
1 11
IR = V2 − I1 V1 = V2 − 4 I2
7 7
⎡1.4 2 ⎤ ⎡ 1.5 3⎤ ⎡11/ 7 4⎤ ⎡ 2.433 6.2⎤ ⎡11/ 7 4 ⎤

(b) [ t ] = [ t ]A [ t ]B [ t ]C = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣0.2 1 ⎦ ⎣1/ 6 1⎦ ⎣ 1/ 7 1 ⎦ ⎣0.4667 1.6 ⎦ ⎣ 1/ 7 1 ⎦
⎡ 4.710 15.933 Ω ⎤
∴[ t ] = ⎢
⎣0.9619 S 3.467 ⎥⎦
48.
⎡1 2 ⎤
(a) V1 = 2 I1 + V2 = −2 I2 + V2 = V2 − 2 I2 ∴[ t ]A = ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 1 ⎦
I1 = − I2
(b) ⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 1 4 ⎤ ⎡ 1 4 ⎤ ⎡ 1 4 ⎤ ⎡ 1 8⎤
⎢ 0 1 ⎥ ⎢ 0 1 ⎥ = ⎢ 0 1 ⎥ , ⎢ 0 1 ⎥ ⎢ 0 1 ⎥ = ⎢ 0 1⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
5
⎡1 8⎤ ⎡1 2 ⎤ ⎡1 10Ω ⎤ ⎛ 1 2 ⎞ ⎡1 10 ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ =⎜ ⎟
1 ⎦⎥ ⎝ 0 1 ⎠
Also, 10 → ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 1⎦ ⎣ 0 1 ⎦ ⎣ 0 ⎣0 1 ⎦
49.
⎡ 1 0⎤
(a) V1 = V2 ∴[ t ]a = ⎢ ⎥
⎣1/ R 1 ⎦
I1 = V2 / R − I2
⎡1 R ⎤
V1 = V2 − R I2 ∴[ t ]b = ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 1 ⎦
I1 = − I2
⎡1/ a 0 ⎤
V1 = V2 / a ∴[ t ]c = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 a⎦
I1 = −a I2
⎡1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡0.25 0 ⎤ ⎡1 20⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤
(b) [t ] = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢
⎣0 1 ⎦ ⎣ 0.1 1 ⎦ ⎣ 0 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.02 1 ⎥⎦
⎡1.2 2 ⎤ ⎡0.25 5 ⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 0.3 14 ⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 0.58 14 Ω ⎤
∴[ t ] = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ = =
⎣ 0.1 1 ⎦ ⎣ 0 4⎦ ⎣0.02 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.025
⎥ ⎢ 4.5⎦ ⎣ 0.02 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.115 S 4.5 ⎥⎦
⎥ ⎢
50.
(a) I1 = 0.1Vx , − 0.1Vx + 0.02(V1 − Vx ) + 0.2(V1 − Vx − V2 ) = 0
I2 = 0.08Vx + 0.2(V2 − V1 + Vx )
11 5
∴ 0.32Vx = 0.22V1 − 0.2 V2 ∴ Vx = V1 − V2
16 8
11 1 ⎛ 11 5 ⎞
∴ I1 = V1 − V2 Also, I2 = 0.28 ⎜ V1 − V2 ⎟ + 0.2V2 − 0.2 V1
160 16 ⎝ 16 8 ⎠
3 1 10 400 ⎡ 3.333 133.33 Ω ⎤
∴ I2 = − V1 + V2 ∴ V1 = V2 − I2 [ t ] = ⎢
400 40 3 3 ⎣0.16667S 9.17 ⎥⎦
11 ⎛ 10 400 ⎞ 1 1 55 ⎡ 3.333 133.33Ω ⎤
∴ I1 = ⎜ V2 − I2 ⎟ − V2 = V2 − I2 ∴[ t ] = ⎢ ⎥
160 ⎝ 3 3 ⎠ 16 6 6 ⎣0.16667S 9.167 ⎦
⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡10 / 3 400 / 3⎤ ⎡ 1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 10 133.33 Ω ⎤

(b) ⎢ 0.05 1 ⎥ ∴[ t ]new = ⎢ 1/ 6 55 / 6 ⎥ ⎢0.05 1 ⎥ = ⎢0.625 S 9.167 ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣
Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eightenn Solutions 10 March 2006
1. (a) 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 (all rad/s)
(b) 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 (all rad/s)
(c) 90, 180, 270, 360, 450 (all rad/s)
2. (a) ωo = 2π rad/s, f = 1 Hz, therefore T = 1 s.
(b) ωo = 5.95 rad/s = 2π f rad/s, f = 0.947 Hz, therefore T = 1.056 s.
(c) ) ωo = 1 rad/s = 2πf rad/s, f = 1/2π Hz, therefore T = 2π s.
3.
v(t ) = 3 − 3cos(100π t − 40°) + 4sin(200π t − 10°) + 2.5cos 300π t V
(a) Vav = 3 − 0 + 0 + 0 = 3.000 V
1
(b) Veff = 32 + (32 + 42 + 2.52 ) = 4.962 V
2
2π 2π
(c) T= = = 0.02 s
ωo 100π
(d) v(18ms ) = 3 − 3cos(−33.52°) + 4sin(2.960°) + 2.5cos(19.440°) = −2.459 V
4. (a)
t v t v
0 2 0.55 -0.844
0.05 2.96 0.6 0.094
0.1 3.33 0.65 0.536
0.15 2.89 0.7 0.440
0.2 1.676 0.75 0
0.25 0 0.8 -0.440
0.3 -1.676 0.85 -0.536
0.35 -2.89 0.9 -0.094
0.4 -3.33 0.95 0.844
0.45 -2.96 1 2
0.5 -2
(b) v′ = −4π sin 2π t + 7.2π cos 4π t = 0

∴ 4sin 2π t = 7.2(cos 2 2π t − sin 2 2π t )
−4 ± 16 + 414.72
∴ 4sin 2π t = 7.2(1 − 2sin 2 2π t ) ∴ x = = 0.5817, − 0.8595 = sin 2π t
28.8
∴ t = 0.09881, 0.83539 ∴ vmax = 3.330 (0.5593 for smaller max)
(c) vmin = 3.330
5. (a) a0 = 0
(b) a0 = 0
(c) a0 = 5
(d) a0 = 5
6. (a) a0 = 0
(b) a0 = 0
(c) a0 = 100
(d) a0 = 100
7. (a) a0 = 3, a1 = 0, a2 = 0, b1 = 0, b2 = 0
(b) a0 = 3, a1 = 3, a2 = 0, b1 = 0, b2 = 0
(c) a0 = 0, a1 = 0, a2 = 0, b1 = 3, b2 = 3
(d) 3 cos(3t − 10o ) = 3cos 3t cos10o + 3sin 3t sin10o

a0 = 0, a1 = 3cos10o = 2.954, a2 = 0, b1 = 3sin10o = 0.521, b2 = 0
1 T
8. ao =
T ∫
0
f (t )dt = 2.5 . a1 = a2 = 0 since function has odd symmetry
2
2 T 2 2 5 10
b1 =
T ∫0
f (t ) sin ω0 tdt =
2−0 ∫1
5sin π tdt = −
2π
cos π t = −
1 π
2
2 T 2 2 5
b2 =
T ∫0
f (t ) sin 2ω0tdt =
2−0 ∫1
5sin 2π tdt = −
2π
cos 2π t = 0
1
2
1 T 1 2 2 4
9. ao =
T ∫
0
f (t )dt = ∫
3 0
2dt = t =
3 0 3
.
2
2 T 2 2 ⎛ 2π ⎞ 4⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 2π ⎞
a1 =
T ∫0
f (t ) cos ω0 tdt =
3 ∫0
2 cos ⎜
⎝ 3
t ⎟ dt = ⎜
⎠ 3 ⎝ 2π
⎟ sin ⎜
⎠ ⎝ 3
t ⎟ = − 0.551
⎠0
2
2 T 2 2 ⎛ 4π ⎞ 4⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 4π ⎞
a2 = ∫ f (t ) cos 2ω0tdt = ∫ 2 cos ⎜ t ⎟ dt = ⎜ ⎟ sin ⎜ t ⎟ = 0.276
T 0 3 0 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 3 ⎝ 4π ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠0
2
2 T 2 2 ⎛ 6π ⎞ 4⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 6π ⎞
a3 = ∫ f (t ) cos 3ω0tdt = ∫ 2 cos ⎜ t ⎟ dt = ⎜ ⎟ sin ⎜ t⎟ = 0
T 0 3 0 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 3 ⎝ 6π ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠0
2
2 T 2 2 ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎛4⎞ 3 ⎛ 2π ⎞
b1 = ∫ f (t ) sin ω0tdt = ∫ 2sin ⎜ t ⎟ dt = − ⎜ ⎟ cos ⎜ t ⎟ = 0.955
T 0 3 0
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ 2π ⎝ 3 ⎠0
2
2 T 2 2 ⎛ 4π ⎞ ⎛4⎞ 3 ⎛ 4π ⎞
b 2 = ∫ f (t ) sin 2ω0tdt = ∫ 2sin ⎜ t ⎟ dt = − ⎜ ⎟ cos ⎜ t ⎟ = 0.477
T 0 3 0 ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ 4π ⎝ 3 ⎠0
10. h(t) = –3 + 8 sin πt + f(t)
Use linearity and superposition. T = 2 s.
1 T 1
ao = − 3 +
T ∫0
f (t )dt = −3 + = − 2.5 .
2
a2 = 0
2 T 2 2 2
b1 = 8 +
T ∫0
f (t ) sin ω0tdt = 8 + ∫ (1) sin π tdt = 8 − = 7.36
2 0 π
2 T 2 2
b2 = ∫
T 0
f (t ) sin 2ω0tdt = ∫ (1) sin 2π tdt = 0
2 1
11.
(a) T = 10 s, Fav = ao = 0.1(2 × 4 + 2 × 2) = 1.200
2 2
1
5 ∫0
(b) Feff = (4 − t ) 2 dt = 0.2 ∫ (16 − 8t + t 2 ) dt
0
⎡ 2
2
1 3 ⎤
2
⎛ 8⎞
= 0.2 ⎢16t −4t + t ⎥ = 0.2 ⎜ 32 − 16 + ⎟ = 1.9322
2
⎣⎢
0
0 3 0 ⎦⎥ ⎝ 3⎠
2π t
2 2 2
2
(c) a3 = × 2 ∫ (4 − t ) cos 3 × dt = 0.4 ∫ 4 cos 0.6π t dt − 0.4 ∫ t cos 0.6π t dt
10 0
10 0 0
2 2
1 ⎛ 1 t ⎞
= 1.6 sin 0.6π t −0.4 ⎜ cos 0.6π t + sin 0.6π t ⎟
0.6π 0
⎝ 0.36π
2
0.6π ⎠0
8 10 4
= sin1.2π − 2 (cos1.2π − 1) − sin 1.2π = −0.04581
3π 9π 3π
12.
(a) T=8−2=6s
1
(b) fo = Hz
6
π
(c) ω o = 2π f o = rad/s
3
1
(d) ao = (10 × 1 + 5 × 1) = 2.5
6
2⎡ 2π t 2π t ⎤
3 4
(e)
b2 = ⎢∫ 10sin dt + ∫ 5sin dt ⎥
6 ⎣2 3 3
3 ⎦
1 ⎡ 30 2π t 2π t ⎤
3 4
15
= ⎢− cos − cos ⎥
3 ⎢⎣ 2π 3 2 2π 3 3⎥
⎦
1 ⎡ 15 ⎛ 4π ⎞ 7.5 ⎛ 8π ⎞ ⎤ 1 ⎡ 15 7.5 ⎤
∴ b2 = ⎢ − ⎜ cos 2π − cos ⎟− ⎜ cos − cos 2π ⎟ ⎥ = ⎢ − (1.5) − (−1.5) ⎥ = −1.1937
3⎣ π ⎝ 3 ⎠ π ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦ 3 ⎣ π π ⎦
13.
2⎡ 6π t 6π t ⎤ 1 ⎡10 ⎤
3 4 3 4
5
a3 = ⎢∫ 10 cos dt + ∫ 5cos dt ⎥ = ⎢ sin π t − sin π t ⎥
6 ⎣2 6 3
6 ⎦ 3 ⎢⎣ π 2 π 3⎥⎦
10 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
= ⎜ sin 3π − sin 2π + sin 4π − sin 3π ⎟ = 0
3π ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
1⎡
3 4
⎤ 1 ⎡ 10 3
5
4
⎤
b3 = ⎢ ∫ 10sin π tdt + ∫ 5sin π t dt ⎥ = ⎢ − cos π t − cos π t ⎥
3 ⎣2 3 ⎦ 3 ⎣⎢ π 2 π 3⎦⎥
10 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 10
=− ⎜ cos 3π − cos 2π + cos 4π − cos 3π ⎟ = − (−1) = 1.0610
3π ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 3π
a32 + b32 = 1.0610
14.
2π
(a) 3.8cos 2 80πt = 1.9 + 1.9 cos160πt , T = = 12.5 ms, ave value = 1.9
160π
(b) 3.8cos3 80πt = (3.8cos80πt )(0.5 + 0.5cos 160πt )

= 1.9 cos80πt + 0.95cos 240πt + 0.95cos80πt = 2.85cos80πt + 0.95cos 240πt
2π
T= = 25 ms, ave value = 0
80π
2π
(c) 3.8cos 70πt − 3.8sin 80πt; ωot = πt , ωo = π, T = = 2 s; ave value = 0
π
15. T = 2 s
4 × 2πt
t 1 t
21 1
(a) b4 = ∫ sin dt = − cos 4πt
20 2 4π 0
1
∴ b4 = (1 − cos 4πt1 )
4π
π
max when 4πt1 = , t1 = 0.125 s
2
1
(b) b4 =
4π
16.
g (t ) = 5 + 8cos10t − 5cos15t + 3cos 20t − 8sin10t − 4sin15t + 2sin 20t
2π
(a) ωo = 5 ∴ T = = 1.2566 s
5
5 10
(b) fo = β = 4 fo = = 3.183 Hz
2π π
(c) G av = −5
1
(d) G eff = (−5) 2 + (82 + 52 + 32 + 82 + 42 + 22 ) = 116 = 10.770
2
(e)
17.
T = 0.2, f (t ) = Vm cos 5πt , −0.1 < t < 0.1
0.1 0.1
2
Vm cos 5πt cos10 nπt dt = 5Vm ∫ [ cos(5π + 10nπ)t + cos(10nπ − 5π)t ] dt
0.2 −∫0.1
an =
−0.1
0.1
⎡ 1 1 ⎤
= 5Vm ⎢ sin(10nπ + 5π) t + sin(10nπ − 5π)t ⎥
⎣10nπ + 5π 10nπ − 5π ⎦ −0.1
V ⎡ 2 2 ⎤
= m⎢ sin(10nπ + 5π) 0.1 + sin(10nπ − 5π) 0.1⎥
π ⎣ 2n + 1 2n − 1 ⎦
Vm ⎡ 2 2 ⎤
= ⎢ sin(nπ + 0.5π) + sin(nπ − 0.5π) ⎥
π ⎣ 2n + 1 2n − 1 ⎦
V ⎡ 2 2 ⎤ 2V ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
= m⎢ cos nπ + (− cos nπ) ⎥ = m cos nπ ⎜ − ⎟
π ⎣ 2n + 1 2n − 1 ⎦ π ⎝ 2n + 1 2n − 1 ⎠
2V 2n − 1 − 2n − 1 4V cos nπ
= m cos nπ =− m 2
π 4n − 1
2
π 4n − 1
1 ⎡ π ⎛ π ⎞ ⎤ 2V
0.1
1
ao = ∫
0.2 −0.1
Vm cos 5πt dt = 5Vm ⎢ sin − sin ⎜ − ⎟ ⎥ = m
5π ⎣ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ π
2Vm 4Vm 4V 4V 4V
∴ v(t ) = + cos10πt − m cos 20πt + m cos 30πt − m cos 40πt + ...
π 3π 15π 35π 63π
18.
1
(a) even, − wave
2
(b) bn = 0 for all n; aeven = 0; ao = 0
(c) b1 = b2 = b3 = 0, a2 = 0
nπt nπt nπ nπ ⎞
2
20 ⎛
2
8 10 6
an = ∫
12 1
5cos
6
dt =
3 nπ
sin =
6 1 nπ ⎝
⎜ sin
3
− sin ⎟
6 ⎠
20 ⎛ π π⎞ 20 ⎛ π⎞ 20
∴ a1 = ⎜ sin − sin ⎟ = 2.330, a3 = ⎜ sin π − sin ⎟ = − = −2.122
π⎝ 3 6⎠ 3π ⎝ 2⎠ 3π
19.
(a) ao = an = 0
∴ y (t ) = 0.2sin1000πt + 0.6sin 2000πt + 0.4sin 3000πt
(b) Yeff = 0.5(0.22 + 0.62 + 0.42 ) = 0.5(0.56) = 0.5292
(c) y (2ms) = 0.2sin 0.2π + 0.6sin 0.4π + 0.4sin 0.6π = 1.0686
20.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
2π5t 5πt 3.2 ⎛ 15π 10π ⎞

3 3
4 32 6
(e) [a]b5 = 0, a5 =
62∫ 8cos
6
dt =
6 10π
sin
3 2
=
π ⎝
⎜ sin
3
− sin
3 ⎠
⎟ = 0.8821
2π5t 32 ⎛ −6 ⎞ ⎛ 15π 10π ⎞

3
4 3.2
[b]a5 = 0, b5 =
62∫ 8sin
6
dt = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ cos
6 ⎝ 10π ⎠ ⎝ 3
− cos
3 ⎠
⎟=−
π
(−0.5) = 0.5093
2π5t 64 12 ⎛ 15π 10π ⎞

3
8
[c]b5 = 0, a5 = ∫ 8cos dt = ⎜ sin − sin ⎟ = 3.801
12 2 12 12 10π ⎝ 6 6 ⎠
10πt 64 ⎛ 12 ⎞⎛ 15π 10π ⎞
3
8
[d ]a5 = 0, b5 = ∫
12 2
8sin
12
dt = ⎜ − ⎟⎜ cos
12 ⎝ 10π ⎠⎝ 6
− cos
6 ⎠
⎟ = 1.0186
21.
T = 4 ms
0.004
250 × 8
0.004
1000
(a) ao =
4 ∫
0
8sin125πt dt =
−125π
cos125πt
0
16 ⎛ π ⎞ 16
=− ⎜ cos − 1⎟ = = 5.093
π⎝ 2 ⎠ π
2πt
0.004
(b) a1 = 4000 ∫
0
sin125πt cos
0.004
dt
0.004 0.004
∴ a1 = 4000 ∫
0
sin125πt cos 500πt dt = 2000 ∫
0
(sin 625πt − sin 375πt ) dt
⎛ cos 625πt cos 375πt ⎞

0.004
3.2 5.333
= 2000 ⎜ − + ⎟ = (1 − cos 2.5π) − (1 − cos1.5π) = −0.6791
⎝ 625π 375π ⎠0 π π
0.004 0.004
b1 = 4000 ∫
0
sin125πt sin 500πt dt = 2000 ∫
0
(cos 375πt − cos 625πt ) dt
⎡ 1 1 ⎤ ⎛ −1 1 ⎞
= 2000 ⎢ (sin1.5π) − (sin 2.5π) ⎥ = 2000 ⎜ − ⎟ = −2.716
⎣ 375π 625π ⎦ ⎝ 375π 625π ⎠
(c) −4 < t < 0 : 8sin125πt

0.004
(d) 4000
b1 = 0, a1 =
8 ∫
0
8sin125πt cos 250πt dt
cos 375πt cos125πt ⎤

0.004
[sin 375πt − sin125πt ] dt = 2000 ⎢⎡−

0.004
∴ a1 = 2000 ∫
0 ⎣ 375π
+
125π ⎥⎦ 0
π
(1 − cos1.5π ) + ⎛⎜ cos − 1⎞⎟ = −3.395+
5.333 16
=
π π⎝ 2 ⎠
22.
1
odd and − wave ∴ ao = 0, an = 0, beven = 0
2
T = 10ms = 0.01 s
8 ⎡ ⎤
0.001
⎛ −1 ⎞
0.001
bodd = ⎢
0.01 ⎣∫0 10sin 200 nπt dt ⎥ = 8000 ⎜
⎦ ⎝ 200 nπ
⎟ cos 200nπt
⎠ 0
40 40
∴ bodd = − (cos 0.2nπ − 1) = (1 − cos 0.2nπ)
nπ nπ
∴ b1 = 2.432, b3 = 5.556, b5 = 5.093, b7 = 2.381, b9 = 0.2702
23.
T /4
1 8
odd and
2
− wave, T = 8 ms ∴ bn =
T ∫
0
f (t ) sin nωot dt
2π
0.001
ωo =
T
= 250π ∴ bn = 1000 ∫
0
1000 t sin 250πnt dt
1
Now, ∫ x sin ax dx = a ( sin a
2 x − ax cos ax ) , a = 250 nπ
106
2 2 2 (
sin 250nπt − 250nπt cos 250nπt )0
0.001
f (t ) = 103 t ∴ bn =
250 n π
16 ⎛ nπ nπ nπ ⎞ 16 ⎛ π π π⎞
∴ bn = 2 2 ⎜ sin − 0 − cos + 0 ⎟ ∴ b1 = 2 ⎜ sin − cos ⎟ = 0.2460
nπ ⎝ 4 4 4 ⎠ π ⎝ 4 4 4⎠
16 ⎛ 3π 3π 3π ⎞ 16 ⎛ 5π 5π 5π ⎞
b3 = 2 ⎜
sin − cos ⎟ = 0.4275− ; b5 = 2 ⎜
sin − cos ⎟ = 0.13421
9π ⎝ 4 4 4 ⎠ 25π ⎝ 4 4 4 ⎠
beven =0
24.
(a) odd, T = 4
(b) even, T = 4:
1
(c) odd, − wave: T = 8
2
1
(d) even, − wave, T = 8 :
2
25.
20 ∞ 1 2πnt 20 20
(a) vs = 5 + ∑
π 1,odd n
sin
0.4π
∴ vsn =
nπ
sin 5nt , Vsn =
nπ
(− j1)
Vsn − j 20 j5
Zn = 4 + j 5n 2 = 4 + j10n, I fn = = =−
Zn nπ(4 + j10n) 1 + j 2.5n
j 5 1 − j 2.5n 12.5 + j 5
∴ I fn = − =−
nπ 1 + 6.25n 2
nπ(1 + 6.25n 2 )
12.5 1 5 1
∴ i fn = − cos 5nt + sin 5nt
π 1 + 6.25n 2
nπ 1 + 6.25n 2
∞
1 ⎡ 12.5 5 ⎤
∴ i f = 1.25 + ∑ 2 ⎢
− cos 5nt + sin 5nt ⎥
1,odd 1 + 6.25n ⎣ π nπ ⎦
∞
1 ⎛ 12.5 ⎞
(b) in = Ae −2t , i = i f + in , i (0) = 0, i f (0) = 1.25 + ∑ 1 + 6.25n
1, odd
2 ⎜−
⎝ π ⎠
⎟
2 ∞
1 2 π
∴ i f (0) = 1.25 −
π
∑
1,odd n + 0.16
2
= 1.25 −
π 4 × 0.4
tanh 0.2π = 0.55388
∞
1 ⎡ 12.5 5 ⎤
∴ A = −0.55388, i = −0.55388e−2t + 1.25 + ∑ 1 + 6.25n
1,odd
2 ⎢⎣ − π cos 5nt + nπ sin 5nt ⎥⎦
26.
(a) 0 < t < 0.2π : i = 2.5(1 − e −2t ) ∴ i (0.2π) = 2.5(1 − e−0.4 π ) = 1.78848 A
(b) 0.2π < t < 0.4π : i = 1.78848 e−2( t −0.2 π ) ∴ i (0.4π) = 0.50902 A
(c) 0.4π < t < 0.6π : i = 2.5 − (2.5 − 0.50902)e−2( t −0.4 π ) , i (0.6π) = 1.9335−
27.
20 ∞ 1
(a) vs = 5 + ∑ sin 5nt
π 1,odd n
20
vsn = sin 5nt
nπ
20
Vsn = − j
nπ
1 1 − j 20 / nπ 1 − j 20 / nπ 1 − j 20n
Zn = 2 + = 2+ ∴ Vcn = × = ×
j 5n 2 j10n 2 + 1/ j10n j10n 1 + j 20n 1 − j 20n
−20n − j1 20 20 1
∴ Vcn = × , vcn = ( −20n cos 5nt + sin 5nt )
1 + 400n nπ2
nπ 1 + 400n 2
20 ∞ 1 ⎛1 ⎞
∴ vcf = 5 + ∑ 2 ⎜
π 1,odd 1 + 400n ⎝ n
sin 5nt − 20 cos 5nt ⎟
⎠
(b) vn = Ae −t / 4
20 ∞ −20 1 ∞
1
(c) vc (0) = A + 5 + ∑
π 1,odd 1 + 400n 2
= A +5−
π
∑
1,odd n + (1/ 20) 2
2
∞
1 π π π
∑
1,odd n + (1/ 20)
2 2
=
4(1/ 20)
tanh
20 × 2
= 5π tanh
40
= 1.23117
1
∴ A = 0 − 5 + × 1.23117 = −4.60811
π
20 ∞ 1 ⎛1 ⎞
∴ vc (t ) = −4.60811e− t / 4 + 5 + ∑ 2 ⎜
π 1,odd 1 + 400n ⎝ n
sin 5nt − 20 cos 5nt ⎟
⎠
28. At the frequency ω = 10nπ
(
10 ⎡⎣10 + j10nπ 5 ×10−3 ⎤⎦ ) 8
Zn = Ω and I = (− j)
20 + j10nπ 5 ×10−3( ) Sn
πn
80 ⎡ 10 + j 0.05nπ ⎤
Therefore Vn = (− j) ⎢ ⎥.
nπ ⎣ 20 + j 0.05nπ ⎦
In the time domain, this becomes
∞
⎛ 40 ⎞ 1 + (0.005nππ )
2
v1 (t ) = ∑ ⎜
π ⎟ (
cos 10nπ − 90o + tan −1 0.005nπ − tan −1 0.0025nπ )
n =1 ( odd ) ⎝ n ⎠ 1 + (0.0025nππ ) 2
29. At the frequency ω = nπ
n −1
10 32
I Ln = I and I = − j ( −1)
( )
2
20 + jnπ 5 × 10−3 ( )
Sn Sn
π
2
n
Thus, in the time domain, we can write
∞ ⎡ 320 n −1 ⎤
iL (t ) = ∑ ⎢ ( − 1) 2 ⎥
1
( cos nπ t − 90o − tan −1 0.00025nπ )
n =1 (odd) ⎢ ( nπ ) ⎥⎦ 20 1 + ( 0.00025nπ )
2 2
⎣
30.
103 ⎡ ⎤
0.001 0.005
⎢ ∫ ∫
− j 3×2 πt / 6×10−3 − j100 πt
c3 = 100 e − 100 e ⎥
6 ⎣ 0 0.003 ⎦
105 ⎡ −1 ⎤
0.001 0.005
− j1000 πt 1 − j1000 πt
= ⎢ e + e ⎥
6 ⎢ j1000π j1000π 0.003 ⎥
⎣ 0 ⎦
=
j 6π
(
100 − jπ
)
e + 1 + e − j 5 π − e − j 3π =
100
j 6π
(1 + 1 − 1 + 1) = − j10.610
∴ c−3 = j10.610; c3 = 10.610

2 ×103 ⎡ ⎤
0.001 0.005
a3 = ⎢ ∫ 100 cos100πt dt − ∫ 100 cos1000πt dt ⎥
6 ⎣ 0 0.003 ⎦
2 ×10 5
1
= ( sin π − 0 − sin 5π + sin 3π ) = 0
6 1000π
1 1
c3 = (a3 − jb3 ) = − j b3 ∴ b3 = 21.22 and a32 + b32 = 21.22
2 2
31.
1 ⎡ ⎤
0.001 0.002
∫0 105 te − j 400 πnt dt + ∫

− j 400 πnt
(a) T = 5 ms cm = ⎢ 100 e dt ⎥
0.005 ⎣ 0.001 ⎦
⎡ 0.001 0.002
⎤
∴ cn = 20, 000 ⎢ ∫ 1000t e − j 400 πnt dt + ∫ e − j 400 πnt dt ⎥
⎣ 0 0.001 ⎦
⎡ e − j 400 πnt 1 − j 400 πnt
0.002
⎤
∴ cn = 20, 000 ⎢ ( j 400 πnt + 1) 0.001
+ e ⎥
⎢⎣160n π − j 400πn
2 2 0
0.001 ⎥
⎦
1
(b) ∴ co = ao = (50 × 10−3 + 100 × 10−3 ) = 0.15 × 200 = 30
0.005
⎡ 1 ⎤
c1 = 20, 000 ⎢ e − j 0.4 π (1 + j 0.4π) −
1
− (
1
)
e− j 0.8 π − e − j 0.4 π ⎥
⎣160π 160π j 400π
2 2
⎦
125
= 2 (1∠ − 72°) (1.60597∠51.488°) − 12.66515 + 15.91548 ∠90°(1∠ − 144° − 1∠ − 72°)
π
= 12.665(1∠ − 72°) (1 + j1.2566) − 12.665 + j15.915(1∠ − 144° − 1∠ − 72°)
= 20.339∠ − 20.513° − 12.665 + 18.709∠ − 108° = 24.93∠ − 88.61°
c2 = 3.16625∠ − 144° (1 + j 2.5133) − 3.16625 + j 7.9575(1∠ − 288° − 1∠ − 144°)
= 8.5645 ∠ − 75.697° − 3.16625 + 15.1361∠144° = 13.309∠177.43°
32.
Fig. 17-8a: Vo = 8 V, τ = 0.2 μ s, f o = 6000 pps
1 1
(a) T= , f o = 6000, τ = 0.2 μ s ∴ f = = 5 MHz
6000 τ
(b) f o = 6000 Hz
8 × 0.2 × 10−6 sin(1/ 2 × 3 ×12, 000π × 0.2 × 10−6
(c) 6000 × 3 = 18, 000 (closest) ∴ c3 =
1/ 6000 0.0036 π
∴ c3 = 9.5998 mV
2 ×106 8 × 0.2 ×10−6 sin(1/ 2 × 333 ×12, 000π × 0.2 × 10−6

(d) = 333.3 ∴ c = = 7.270 mV
6 × 103 1/ 2 × 333 ×12, 000π × 0.2 × 10−6
333
1/ 6000
(e) β = 1/ τ = 5 MHz
2000 2200
(f) 2 < ω < 2.2 Mrad/s ∴ < f < kHz or 318.3 < f < 350.1 kHz
2π 2π
f o = 6 kHz ∴ f = 6 × 53 = 318; 324,330,336,342,348 kHz ∴ n = 5
8 × 0.2 ×10−6 sin(1/ 2 × 227 × 12, 000π × 0.2 × 10−6

(g) c227 = = 8.470 mV
1/ 6000 (′′)
f = 227 × 6 = 1362 kHz
33.
T = 5 ms; co = 1, c1 = 0.2 − j 0.2, c2 = 0.5 + j 0.25, c3 = −1 − j 2, cn = 0, n ≥ 4
(a) an = − jbn = 2cn ∴ ao = co = 1, a1 − jb1 = 0.4 − jb1 = 0.4 − j 0.4, a2 − jb2 = 1 + j 0.5, a3 − jb3 = −2
∴ v(t ) = 1 + 0.4 cos 400π t + cos800π t − 2 cos1200π t + 0.4sin 400π t − 0.5sin 800π t + 4sin1200π t
(b) v (1 ms ) = 1 + 0.4 cos 72° + cos144° − 2 cos 216° + 0.4 sin 72° − 0.5sin144° + 4 sin 216° ∴
∴ v (1 ms ) = −0.332V
34.
0.6×10−6
106 t
(a) T = 5 μ s ∴ cn = × 2 ∫ 1cos 2π n dt
5 0.4×10−6
5 × 10−6
5 × 10−6
∴ cn = 4 × 105 ( sin 43.2°n − sin 28.8°n )
2π n
1
∴ cn = ( sin 43.2°n − sin 28.8°n )
nπ
1
(b) c4 = (sin172.8° − sin115.2°) = −0.06203
4π
0.2 × 10−6 + 0.2 ×10−6

(c) co = ao = = 0.08
5 × 10−6
(d) a little testing shows co is max ∴ cmax = 0.08
1
(e) 0.01× 0.08 = 0.8 × 10−3 ∴ ( sin 43.2°n − sin 28.8°n ) ≤ 0.8 ×10−3
nπ
125
∴ ( sin 43.2°n − sin 28.8°n ) ≤ 1
nπ
ok for n > 740
740 ×106
(f) β = 740 f o = = 148 MHz
5
35.
T = 1/16, ω o = 32π
1/ 96
16 × 40 − j 96π
1/ 96
∫
− j 96π t
(a) c3 = 16 40e dt − e
0
− j 96π 0
20 − jπ 40
∴ c3 = j (e − 1) = − j = − j 4.244 V
3π 3π
(b) Near harmonics are 2f o = 32 Hz, 3f o = 48 Hz
Only 32 and 48 Hz pass filter an − jbn = 2cn
a3 − jb3 = 2c3 = − j8.488 ∴ a3 = 0, b3 = 8.488 V
8.488 1
I3 = = 1.4536 ∠ − 31.10° A; P3 = × 1.45362 × 5 = 5.283 W
5 + j 0.01× 96π 2
1/ 96
1 640
c2 =
1/16 ∫
0
40e − j 64π t dt =
− j 64π
(e − j 64π / 96 − 1) = 2.7566 − j 4.7746 V
a2 − b2 = 2c2 = 5.5132 − j9.5492 = 11.026 ∠ − 60°

11.026∠ − 60°
∴ I2 = = 2.046∠ − 65.39° A
5 + j 0.01× 64π
1
∴ P2 = × 2.0462 × 5 = 10.465 W ∴ Ptot = 15.748 W
2
36. f (t ) = 5[u (t + 3) + u (t + 2) − u (t − 2) − u (t − 3)]
(a) f(t)
t
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
∞
(b) F( jω) = ∫
−∞
f (t ) e − jωt dt
−2 2 3
∫ 5e dt + ∫ 10e dt + ∫ 5e − jωt dt
− j ωt − jωt
∴ F( jω) =
−3 −2 2
5 10 − j 2 ω 5
∴ F( jω) = (e j 2 ω − e j 3ω ) + (e − e j 2ω ) + (e − j 3ω − e − j 2 ω )
− jω − jω − jω
5 5 10
= ( −e j 3ω + e − j 3ω ) + (e j 2 ω − e − j 2 ω ) + (−e j 2 ω + e − j 2 ω )
5 5 10
= (− j 2) sin 3ω + ( j 2) sin 2ω + (− j 2) sin 2ω
10 10 20 10
∴ F( jω) = sin 3ω − sin 2ω + sin 2ω = (sin 3ω + sin 2ω)
ω ω ω ω
37.
∞ ∞
(a) f (t ) = e − at u (t ), a > 0 ∴ F( jω ) = ∫
−∞
f (t )e − jωt dt = ∫ e− at e− jω t dt
0
∞
−1 − ( a + jω )t 1
∴ F( jω ) = e =
a + jω 0
a + jω
∞
(b) f (t ) = e at6 e − at u (t − to ), a > 0 ∴ F( jω ) = e ato ∫ e − ( a + jω )t dt
to
∞
−1 − ( a + jω ) t −1 1
∴ F( jω ) = e ato e = e ato ⎡ −e − ( a + jω )to ⎦⎤ =
⎣ e − jω to
a + jω to
a + jω a + jω
∞
(c) f (t ) = te − at u (t ), a > 0 ∴ F( jω ) = ∫ te− ( a + jω ) t dt
0
− ( a + jω ) t
e 1 1
2 [
−(a + jω )t − 1]0 = 0 −
∞
∴ F( jω ) = [−1] =
(a + jω ) (a + jω ) 2
(a + jω ) 2
38.
−4 < t < 0 : f (t ) = 2.5(t + 4); 0 < t < 4 : f (t ) = 2.5(4 − t )

0 4
∴ F( jω) = ∫
−4
2.5(t + 4) e− jωt dt + ∫ 2.5(4 − 5)e− jωt dt
0
0
ln 1st , let t = τ ∴ I1 = ∫ 2.5(4 − τ)e jωτ (− d τ)
4
4 4
∴ I1 = ∫ 2.5(4 − τ)e jωτ d τ ∴ F( jω) = 2.5∫ (4 − t )(e jωt + e− jωt ) dt
0 0
4 4 4
1
∴ F( jω) = 5 ∫ (4 − t ) cos ωt dt = 20 × sin ωt − 5∫ cos ωt dt
0
ω 0 0
20 5
∴ F( jω) = sin 4ω − 2 (cos ωt + ωt sin ωt )04
ω ω
20 5 5 5
= sin 4ω − 2 (cos 4ω − 1) − 2 4ω sin 4ω = 2 (1 − cos 4ω)
ω ω ω ω
2×5 ⎛ sin 2ω ⎞
2
or, F( jω) = 2 sin 2 2ω = 10 ⎜ ⎟

ω ⎝ ω ⎠
39.
π
∫ 5sin t e
− jωt
f (t ) = 5sin t, − π < t < π ∴ F( jω) = dt
−π
π
5
∫ (e − e ) e dt
− jt − j ωt
∴ F( jω) = jt
j 2 −π
π
5
= ∫
j 2 −π
[e jt (1−ω) − e − jt (1+ω) ] dt
5 ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
F( jω) = ⎢ (e jπ (1−ω) − e− jπ (1−ω) ) − (e− jπ (1+ω) − e jπ (1+ω) ) ⎥
j 2 ⎣ j (1 − ω) − j (1 + ω) ⎦
−2.5 2.5
= ( −e − jπω + e jπω ) − ( −e − jπω + e jπω )
1− ω 1+ ω
−2.5 2.5 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
= ( j 2sin πω) − ( j 2sin πω) = j 5sin πω ⎜ − − ⎟
1− ω 1+ ω ⎝ 1− ω 1+ ω ⎠
⎛ 1+ ω +1− ω ⎞ j10sin πω j10sin πω
= j 5sin πω(−1) ⎜ ⎟=− =
⎝ 1− ω ⎠ 1 − ω2 ω2 − 1
2
40.
f (t ) = 8cos t [u (t + 0.5π) − u (t − 0.5π)]

π/ 2 π/ 2
∴ F( jω) = ∫
−π / 2
8cos te − jωt dt = 4 ∫
−π / 2
(e jt + e − jt ) e− jωt dt
π/ 2
=4 ∫
−π / 2
⎡⎣e jt (1−ω) + e − jt (1+ω) ⎤⎦ dt
⎧⎪ 1 − j ωt
π/2
1
π/ 2
⎫⎪
= 4⎨ e jt e − π / 2 − e− jt e− jωt ⎬
j (1 − ω) j (1 + ω)
⎩⎪ −π / 2 ⎭⎪
⎧ 1 1 ⎫
= 4⎨ ⎡⎣ je − jπω / 2 − (− j ) e jπω / 2 ⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣ − je − jπω / 2 − je jπω / 2 ⎤⎦ ⎬
⎩ j (1 − ω) j (1 + ω) ⎭
⎧ 1 πω 1 πω ⎫ πω ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
= 4⎨ × 2 cos + × 2 cos ⎬ = 8cos ⎜ + ⎟
⎩1 − ω 2 1+ ω 2 ⎭ 2 ⎝ 1− ω 1+ ω ⎠
πω 2 cos πω / 2
= 8cos = 16
2 1− ω 2
1 − ω2
(a) ω = 0 ∴ F( j 0) = 16
16 cos 72°
(b) ω = 0.8, F( j 0.8) = = 13.734
0.36
16 cos(3.1× 90°)
(c) ω = 3.1, F( j 3.1) = = −0.2907
1 − 3.12
41.
∞
1
(a) F( jω) = 4 [u (ω + 2) − ω (ω − 2) ] ∴ f (t ) = ∫ e jωt F( jω)d ω
2π −∞
2 2
∴ f (t ) =
4
∫
2π −2
e jωt d ω =
2 1 j ωt
π jt
e =
2
jπt
(
e j 2t − e− j 2t )
−2
2 4 5
∴ f (t ) = j 2sin 2t = sin 2t ∴ f (0.8) = sin1.6 rad = 1.5909
2πt πt π
∞
4
∫
−2 ω −2 ω + j ω t
(b) F( jω) = 4e ∴ f (t ) = e dω
2π −∞
0 ∞
2 2
∴ f (t ) = ∫
π −∞
e(2+ jt ) ω d ω + ∫ e( −2+ jω) t d ω
π 0
2⎡ 1 1 ⎤ 2⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 2 4
= ⎢ (1 − 0) + (0 − 1) ⎥ = ⎜ + ⎟=
π ⎣ 2 + jt −2 + jt ⎦ π ⎝ 2 + jt 2 − jt ⎠ π 4 + t
2
8 8
∴ f (t ) = ∴ f (0.8) = = 0.5488
π(4 + t )
2
π× 4.64
(c) F( jω) = 4 cos πω [u (ω + 0.5) − u (ω − 0.5) ]

0.5 0.5
∫ 2 (e )
4 2 1
∫ cos πω× e jωt d ω = j πω
∴ f (t ) = + e − jπω e jωt d ω
2π −0.5
π −0.5
0.5
1
=
π ∫
−0.5
⎡⎣ e( jπ+ jt ) ω + e( − j 0.5 π− j 0.5t ) ω ⎤⎦ d ω
1⎡ 1 ⎤
= ⎢
π ⎣ j (π + t )
(
e j 0.5 π+ j 0.5t − e − j 0.5 π− j 0.5t +
1
)
j (−π + t )
(
e− j 0.5π+ j 0.5t − e j 0.5π− j 0.5t ⎥ )
⎦
1⎡ 1 ⎤
= ⎢
π ⎣ j (π + t )
(
je j 0.5t + je − j 0.5t +
1
j (−π + t )
)
− je j 0.5t − je− j 0.5t ⎥ ( )
⎦
1⎡ 1 1 ⎤ 2 cos 0.5t ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
= ⎢ 2 cos 0.5t − 2 cos 0.5t ⎥ = ⎜ − ⎟
π ⎣π+t −π + t ⎦ π ⎝ π + t −π + t ⎠
⎛ −2 ⎞ 4
= 2 cos 0.5t ⎜ 2 2 ⎟
= 2 2 cos 0.5t ∴ f (0.8) = 0.3992
⎝ t −π ⎠ π −t
42. v(t ) = 20e1.5t u (−t − 2) V

∞ −2
∫ ∫ 20e
(a) Fv ( jω) = 20e1.5t u (−t − 2)e − jωt dt = 1.5 t − jωt
dt
−∞ −∞
−2
20 20 20 −3
= e(1.5− jω)t = e −3+ j 2 ω ∴ Fv ( j 0) = e = 0.6638
1.5 − jω −∞
1.5 − jω 1.5
20
(b) Fv ( jω) = A v (ω) + Bv (ω) = e −3e j 2 ω
1.5 − jω
20
∴ Fv ( j 2) = e −3 e j 4 = 0.39830 ∠282.31° = 0.08494 − j 0.38913
1.5 − j 2
∴ A v (2) = 0.08494
(c) Bv (2) = −0.3891
(d) Fv ( j 2) = 0.3983
(e) φv(j2) = 282.3o or -77.69o
43. I( jω) = 3cos10ω [u (ω + 0.05π) − u (ω − 0.05π) ]

∞ 0.05 π
1 2
W = 4× ∫ I( jω) d ω = ∫ 9 cos 2 10ω d ω
2
(a)
2π −∞
π −0.05 π
π / 20 π / 20
18 ⎛1 1 ⎞ 9 9 1
=
π ∫ ⎜ + cos 20 ω ⎟ d ω = × 0.1π +
−π / 20 ⎝
2 2 ⎠ π π 20
sin 20ω
−π / 20
= 0.9 J
(b) ωx
9 9⎡ 1 ⎤
π ∫ (1 + cos 20ω) d ω = 0.45 = π ⎢⎣ 2ω
−ωx
x +
20
× 2sin 20 ωx ⎥
⎦
∴ 0.05π = 2ωx + 0.1sin 20ωx , ωx = 0.04159 rad/s
44. f (t ) = 10te −4t u (t )

∞ ∞ ∞
(a) e−8t
W1Ω = ∫ f (t ) dt = ∫ 100t e
2 2 −8 t
dt = 100 × (64t 2 + 16t + 2)
0 0
(−512) 0
100
= × 2 = 0.3906 J
512
∞ ∞
10e − (4+ jω)t
(b) F( jω) = F {10te u (t )} = 10 ∫ t e
−4 t − (4 + jω ) t
dt = [−(4 + jω)t − 1
0
(4 + jω) 2 0
10 10
= ∴ F( jω) = 2
(4 + jω) 2
ω + 16
100
F ( jω ) =
2
(c)
(ω 2
+ 16)
2
F ( jω ) ω = 0 = 390.6 mJ/Hz , F ( jω ) ω = 4 = 97.66 mJ/Hz

2 2
−2 t
45. v(t ) = 8e V
∞ ∞
∫ ∫e
−4 t
(a) W1Ω = v 2 (t ) dt = 2 × 64 dt = 32 J
−∞ 0
∞ ∞
(b)
∫ e v(t ) dt = 8 ∫e
− j ωt −2 t
Fv ( jω) = e− jωt dt
−∞ −∞
0 ∞
∫ dt + 8∫ e− (2+ jω) t dt
(2 − jω) t
∴ Fv ( jω) = 8 e
−∞ 0
0 ∞
8 8 8 8 32
= e(2− jω)t − e − (2+ jω)t = + = = Fv ( jω)
2 − jω −∞
2 + jω 0
2 − jω 2 + jω 4 + ω2
ω
1 1 322 322 ⎡ ω 1 ω ⎤
2π −ω∫1 (ω2 + 4) 2
(c) 0.9 × 32 = d ω = ⎢ + tan −1 1 ⎥
2π ⎣ 8(ω1 + 4) 16
2
2⎦
16 ⎡ ω1 1 ω1 ⎤ 2 ⎡ 2ω1 ω ⎤
∴ 0.9 = ×2⎢ + ⎥= ⎢ 2 + tan −1 1 ⎥
π ⎣ 8(ω1 + 4) 16 2 ⎦ π ⎣ ω1 + 4
2
2⎦
2ω ω
∴ 0.45π = 2 1 + tan −1 1 ∴ω1 = 2.7174 rad/s (by SOLVE)
ω1 + 4 2
46.
∞
(a) Prove: F { f (t − to )} = e − jωto F { f (t )} =
−∞
∫ f (t − to )e − jωt dt Let t − to = τ
∞
∴F { f (t − to )} = ∫
−∞
f (τ)e − jωτ e − jωto dt = e − jωto F { f (t )}
∞
df
F { f (t )} = jωF { f (t )} = ∫e
− jωt
(b) Prove: dt Let u = e − jωt , du = − jωe− jωt ,
−∞
dt
∞
∞
dv = df , v = f ∴F { f (t )} = f (t )e− jωt −∞
+ ∫
−∞
jωf (t )e− jωt dt
We assume f (±∞) = 0 ∴F { f (t )} = jωF { f (t )}
∞
1 ⎛ jω ⎞
F { f (kt )} = ⎟ = ∫ f (kt )e
− j ωt
(c) Prove: F⎜ dt Let τ = kt , k > 0
k ⎝ k ⎠ −∞
∞
1 1 ⎛ jω ⎞
∴F { f (kt )} = ∫
−∞
f (τ)e − jωτ / k
k
dτ = F⎜
k ⎝ k ⎠
⎟
1 ⎛ jω ⎞
If k < 0, limits are interchanged and we get: − F⎜ ⎟
k ⎝ k ⎠
1 ⎛ jω ⎞
∴F { f (kt )} = F⎜ ⎟
k ⎝ k ⎠
(d) Prove: F { f (−t )} = F(− jω) Let k = 1 in (c) above

∞
d
(e) Prove: F {tf (t )} = j F( jω) Now, F( jω) = ∫ f (t )e − jωt dt
dω −∞
∞
dF( jω)
∴ = ∫ f (t )(− jt )e − jωt dt = − j F {tf (t )} ∴F {tf ( f )} = jωF f (t )}
dω −∞
47.
(a) f (t ) = 4[sgn(t )δ(t − 1)] ∴F {4[sgn(t )δ(t − 1)] = F {4sgn(1) δ(t − 1)} = F {4δ(t − 1)} = 4e − jω
(b) f (t ) = 4[sgn(t − 1) δ(t )] ∴F {4sgn(−1)δ(t )} = F {−4δ(t )} = −4
⎧4 ⎫
(c) f (t ) = 4sin(10t − 30°) ∴F {4sin(10t − 30°) = F ⎨ ⎡⎣e j (10t −30°) − e − j (10t −30°) ⎤⎦ ⎬ =
⎩ j2 ⎭
F {− j 2e e + j 2e e } = − j 2e 2πδ(ω − 10) + j 2e 2πδ(ω + 10)
− j 30° j10 t j 30° − j10 t − jπ / 6 jπ / 6
= − j 4π [e − jπ / 6 δ(ω − 10) − e jπ / 6δ(ω + 10)]
48.
(a) f (t ) = A cos(ωo t + φ) ∴ F( jω) = F {A cosφ cos ωo t − A sin φ sin ωo t} =

⎧π ⎫
A cos φ{π[δ(ω + ωo ) + δ(ω − ωo )]} − A sin φ ⎨ [δ(ω − ωo ) − δ(ω + ωo )]⎬ =
⎩j ⎭
πA{cos φ [δ(ω + ωo ) + δ(ω − ωo )] + j sin φ [δ(ω − ωo ) − δ(ω + ωo )]}
∴ F( jω) = πA[e jφ δ(ω − ωo ) + e − jφ δ(ω + ωo )]
2 ⎡ 1 ⎤
(b) f (t ) = 3sgn(t − 2) − 2δ(t ) − u (t − 1) ∴ F( jω) = e − j 2 ω × 3 × − 2 − e − jω ⎢πδ(ω) +
jω ⎣ jω ⎥⎦
6 − j 2ω ⎡ 1⎤
∴ F( jω) = − j e − 2 − e − jω ⎢ πδ(ω) − j ⎥
ω ⎣ ω⎦
⎧1 ⎫
(c) f (t ) = sinh kt u (t ) ∴ F( jω) = F ⎨ [e kt − e− kt ] u (t ) ⎬
⎩2 ⎭
1 1 1 1 k + jω + k − jω −k
∴ F( jω) = − = = 2
2 − k + jω 2 k + jω 2(− k − ω )
2 2
ω + k2
49.
∞
1
(a) F( jω) = 3u (ω + 3) − 3u (ω − 1) ∴ f (t ) = ∫
2π −∞
[3u (ω + 3) − 3u (ω − 1)] e jωt d ω
1 1
3 3 1 j ωt 3
∴ f (t ) = ∫
2π −3
e jωt dt =
2π jt
e =
j 2πt
(e+ jt − e− j 3t )
−3
3
∴ f (5) = − j (1∠5rad − 1∠ − 15rad ) = 0.10390 ∠ − 106.48°
10π
(b) F( jω) = 3u (−3 − ω) + 3u (ω − 1) →
∴ F( jω) = 3 − Fa ( jω)
3
f (t ) = 3δ(t ) − (e jt − e − j 3t ) ∴ f (5) = 0 − 0.10390 ∠ − 106.48°
j 2πt
so f(5) = 0.1039∠73.52o
2 1
(c) F( jω) = 2δ(ω) + 3u (−3 − ω) + 3u (ω − 1) Now, F {2δ(ω)} = =
2π π
1 ⎡ 3 ⎤ 1
∴ f (t ) = + ⎢− (e jt − e − j 3t ) ⎥ ∴ f (5) = − 0.10390 ∠ − 106.48° = 0.3618 ∠15.985+°
π ⎣ j 2πt ⎦ π
50.
3 3
(a) F( jω) = + + 3 + 3δ(ω − 1)
1 + jω jω
1.5 jt
∴ f (t ) = 3e − t u (t ) + 1.5sgn(t ) + 3δ(t ) + e
π
1 sin ω 8 / 2
(b) F( jω) = 5sin 4ω = 8 × 2.5
ω ω8 / 2
∴ f (t ) = 2.5[u (t + 4) − u (t − 4)]
6(3 + jω) 6(3 + jω)

(c) F( jω) = = ∴ f (t ) = 3−3t cos 2t u (t )
(3 + jω) + 4 (3 + jω) + 2
2 2 2
51.
T = 4, periodic; find exp′l form
1
1
∴ cn = ∫ 10te − jnπt / 2 dt
4 −1
1
⎡ ⎛ t 1 ⎞⎤
∴ cn = 2.5 ⎢ e − jnπt / 2 ⎜ − 2 2 ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ − jnπ / 2 −n π / 4 ⎠ ⎦ −1
⎡ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎤
∴ cn = 2.5 ⎢ e − jnπ / 2 ⎜ + 2 2 ⎟ − e jnπ / 2 ⎜ + 2 2 ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ − jnπ2 n π / 4 ⎠ ⎝ jnπ / 2 n π / 4 ⎠ ⎦
⎡ 1 4 ⎤
= 2.5 ⎢ (−e − jnπ / 2 − e jnπ / 2 ) + 2 2 (e − jnπ / 2 − e jnπ / 2 ) ⎥
⎣ jnπ / 2 nπ ⎦
j5 nπ 10 ⎛ nπ ⎞
= × 2 cos + 2 2 ⎜ − j 2sin ⎟
nπ 2 nπ ⎝ 2 ⎠
∞
⎡ j10 nπ 20 nπ ⎤
∴ f (t ) = ∑ ⎢ cos − j 2 2 sin ⎥ e jnπt / 2
−∞ ⎣ nπ 2 nπ 2⎦
∞
⎡ j10 nπ 20 nπ ⎤ ⎛ nπ ⎞
∴ F( jω) = ∑ ⎢ cos − j 2 2 sin ⎥ 2πδ ⎜ ω − ⎟
−∞ ⎣ nπ 2 nπ 2⎦ ⎝ 2 ⎠
53.
∞
1
F( jω) = 20∑ δ(ω − 20n)
−∞ n !+ 1
⎡ 1 1 1 1 1
= 20 ⎢ δ(ω) + δ(ω + 20) + δ(ω − 20) + δ(ω + 40) + δ(ω − 40)
⎣1 + 1 1+1 1+1 2 +1 3
1 1 ⎤
+ δ(ω + 60) + δ(ω − 60) + ...⎥
7 7 ⎦
20 20
= 10δ(ω) + [πδ(ω + 20) + πδ(ω − 20)] + [πδ(ω + 40) + πδ(ω − 40)] +
2π 3π
20 20
[πδ(ω + 60) + πδ(ω − 60) + [πδ(ω + 80) + πδ(ω − 80)] + ...
7π 25π
10 20 20 20 20
∴ f (t ) = + cos 20t + cos 40t + cos 60t + cos80t + ...
2π 2π 3π 7π 25π
20 ⎡ 1 1 1 1
= ⎢ 0.25 + cos 20t + cos 40t + cos 60t + cos80t + ...
π ⎣ 2 3 7 25
20 ⎡ 1 1 1 1 ⎤
∴ f (0.05) = ⎢ 0.25 + cos1rad + cos 2 + cos 3 + cos 4 + ...⎥ = 1.3858
π ⎣ 2 3 7 25 ⎦
t
54. Input = x(t ) = 5[u (t ) − u (t − 1)] y (t ) =
−∞
∫ x( z ) h(t − z ) dz
(a) h(t ) = 2u (t ) (b) h(t ) = 2u (t − 1) (c) h(t ) = 2u (t − 2)
x(t – z) x(t – z) x(t – z)
z z z
t-1 t t-1 t t-1 t
h( z) h( z) h( z)
2 2 2
z z z
1 2
y(t) y(t) y(t)
10 10 10
t t t
1 1 2 2 3
t < 0:
y(t) = 0 t < 1: y (t ) = 0 t < 2 : y (t ) = 0
0 < t < 1: 1< t < 2: 2 < t < 3:

t t t
y (t ) = ∫ 10dz = 10t y (t ) = ∫ 10dz = 10(t - 1) y (t ) = ∫ 10dz = 10(t - 2)
0 1 2
t > 1: t > 2: t > 3:

t t t
y (t ) = ∫ 10dz = 10
t -1
y (t ) = ∫ 10dz = 10
t -1
y (t ) = ∫ 10dz
t -1
= 10
55. x(t ) = 5[u (t ) − u (t − 2)]; h(t ) = 2[u (t − 1) − u (t − 2)]

t
y (t ) = ∫ x( z ) h(t − z ) dz
−∞
t < 1: y (t ) = 0
t −1
1 < t < 2 : y (t ) = ∫ 10 dz = 10(t − 1)
0
2 < t < 3 : y (t ) = 10
2
3 < t < 4 : y (t ) = ∫ 10 dz = 10(2 − t + 2) = 10(4 − t )
t −2
t > 4 : y (t ) = 0
∴ y (−0.4) = 0; y (0.4) = 0; y (1.4) = 4
y (2.4) = 10; y (3.4) = 6; y (4.4) = 0
∞
or…. y (t ) = ∫ x(t − z ) h( z ) dz
0
t < 1: y (t ) = 0
t
1 < t < 2 : y (t ) = ∫ 10 dz = 10(t − 1)
1
2 < t < 3 : y (t ) = 10
2
3 < t < 4 : y (t ) =
t −2
∫ 10 dz = 10(2 − t + 2) = 10(4 − t )
t > 4 : y (t ) = 0
same answers as above
56.
h(t ) = 3[e − t − e −2t ], x(t ) = u (t )

t
y (t ) = ∫ x( z )h(t − z) dz
−∞
t
= ∫ 3[e − ( t − z ) − e −2( t − z ) ] dz
0
t
−t −2 t ⎡ 1 2Z ⎤
= 3e [e ] − 3e z t
0 ⎢⎣ 2 e ⎥⎦
0
= 3e −t (et − 1) − 1.5e−2t (e 2t − 1)
∴ y (t ) = 3(1 − e − t ) − 1.5(1 − e −2t ) = 1.5 − 3e− t + 1.5e−2t , t > 0
57.
∞
y (t ) = ∫ x(t − 2)h( z )dz
0
2
h(t ) = (5 − t ), 2 < t < 5
3
5 5
2 20
y (t ) = ∫ 10 × (5 − z ) dz =
3 ∫2
(a) (5 − z ) dz
2
3
Note: h( z ) is in window for 4 < t < 6
5
20 ⎛ 1 ⎞
(b) y (t ) = ⎜ − ⎟ (5 − z ) 2
3 ⎝ 2⎠ 2
10
=− (0 − 9) = 30 at t = 5
3
∞
58. x(t ) = 5e − ( t − 2)
u (t − 2), h(t ) = (4t − 16) [u (t − 4) − u (t − 7)], y (t ) = ∫ x(t − z ) h( z ) dz
0
(a) t < 6 : y (t ) = 0 ∴ y (5) = 0

6
(b) t = 8 : y (8) = ∫ 5e − (8− z − 2) (4 z − 16) dz
4
6 6
∫ze ∫e
−6 −6
∴ y (8) = 20e z
dz − 80e z
dz
4 4
6
⎡ ez ⎤
= 20e ⎢ ( z − 1) ⎥ − 80e −6 (e6 − e4 )
−6
⎣1 ⎦4
= 20e −6 (5e6 − 3e 4 ) − 80 + 80e −2 = 20 + 80e−2 − 60e−2
= 20 (1 + e −2 ) = 22.71
7
(c) t = 10 : y (10) = ∫ 5e− (10− z − 2) (4 z − 16) dz
4
7
∴ y (10) = ∫ 20e−8e z ( z − 4)dz
4
7 7
∴ y (10) = 20e −8 ∫ ze z dz − 80e−8 ∫ e z dz = 20e−8 [e z ( z − 1)]74 − 80e−8 (e7 − e 4 )
4 4
= 20e (6e − 3e ) − 80(e−1 − e −4 ) = 40e−1 + 20e −4 = 15.081

−8 7 4
59.
h(t ) = sin t , 0 < t < π; 0 elsewhere, Let x(t ) = e −t u (t )
∞
y (t ) = ∫ x(t − z ) h( z ) dz
0
t < 0 : y (t ) = 0
t t
0 < t < π : y (t ) = ∫ sin z × e − t + z dz = e − t ∫ e z sin z dz
0 0
t
⎡1 ⎤
∴ y (t ) = e −t ⎢ e z (sin z − cos z ) ⎥
⎣2 ⎦0
1
= e − t [et (sin t − cos t ) + 1]
2
1
= (sin t − cos t + e − t )
2
(a) y (1) = 0.3345+
(b) y (2.5) = 0.7409

π
(c) y > π : y (t ) = e − t ∫ e z sin z dz

0
π
⎡1 ⎤ 1
y > π : y (t ) = e ⎢ e z (sin z − cos z ) ⎥ = e − t (e π + 1) = 12.070e − t
−t
⎣2 ⎦0 2
∴ y (4) = 0.2211
60.
x(t ) = 0.8(t − 1)[u (t − 1) − u (t − 3)],
h(t ) = 0.2 (t − 2)[u (t − 2) − u (t − 3)]
∞
y (t ) = ∫ x(t − z ) h( z ) dz,
0
t < 3 : y (t ) = 0
t −1
(a) 3 < t < 4 : y (t ) = ∫
2
0.8(t − z − 1) 0.2( z − 2) dz
t −1
∴ y (t ) = 0.16 ∫ (tz − 2t − z 2 + 2 z − z + 2) dz
2
t −1 t −1
⎡ 1 1 ⎤
= 0.16 ∫ [− z 2 + (t + 1) z + 2 − 2t ] dz = 0.16 ⎢ − z 3 + (t + 1) z 2 + (2 − 2t ) z ⎥
2 ⎣ 3 2 ⎦2
⎡ 1 8 1 1 ⎤
= 0.16 ⎢ − (t − 1)3 + + (t + 1) (t − 1) 2 − (t + 1) 4 + (2 − 2t ) (t − 1 − 2) ⎥
⎣ 3 3 2 2 ⎦
⎡ 1 1 8 1 ⎤
∴ y (t ) = 0.16 ⎢ − t 3 + t 2 − t + + + (t 2 − 1) (t − 1) − 2t − 2 + 2t − 6 − 2t 2 + 6t ⎥
⎣ 3 3 3 2 ⎦
⎡1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 ⎤ ⎛1 3 9 9⎞
= 0.16 ⎢ t 3 + t 2 ⎜1 − − 2 ⎟ + t ⎜ −1 − + 6 ⎟ + 3 + − 8⎥ = 0.16 ⎜ t 3 − t 2 + t − ⎟
⎣6 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 ⎦ ⎝6 2 2 2⎠
∴ y (3.8) = 13.653 × 10−3

3
⎡ 1 ⎤
3
1
(b) 4 < t < 5 : y (t ) = ∫ 0.16 (t − z − 1) ( z − 2) dz = 0.16 ⎢ − z 3 + (t + 1) z 2 + (2 − 2t ) z ⎥
2 ⎣ 3 2 ⎦2
⎡ 1 1 ⎤
∴ y (t ) = 0.16 ⎢ − (27 − 8) + (t + 1) 5 + (2 − 2t )1⎥
⎣ 3 2 ⎦
⎡ 19 ⎤ ⎛ 11 ⎞
= 0.16 ⎢ − + 2.5t + 2.5 + 2 − 2t ⎥ = 0.16 ⎜ 0.5t − ⎟
⎣ 3 ⎦ ⎝ 6⎠
∴ y (4.8) = 90.67 × 10−3
61.
x(t ) = 10e −2t u (t ), h(t ) = 10e −2t u (t )
∞
y (t ) = ∫ x(t − z ) h( z ) dz
0
t
∴ y (t ) = ∫ 10e −2( t − z ) 10e −2 z dz
0
t
= 100e −2t ∫ dz = 100 e−2t × t
0
−2 t
∴ y (t ) = 100t e u (t )
62. h(t ) = 5e −4t u (t )

0.8
25 −0.8 −6.4
(a) W1Ω = 25 ∫ e−8t dt = (e − e ) = 1.3990 J
0.1
8
⎛ 25 ⎞
∴ % = 1.3990 / ⎜ ⎟ ×100% = 44.77%
⎝ 8 ⎠
ω
2 2
5 1 25 25 1
(b) H( jω) = ∴ W1Ω = ∫ 2 dω = tan −1
jω + 4 π 0 ω + 16 π 4 40
25 1 0.9224
∴ W1Ω = tan −1 = 0.9224 J ∴ % = × 100% = 29.52%
4π 2 25 / 8
63.
2 2 2
F( jω) = = − ∴ f (t ) = (2e− t − 2e−2t ) u (t )
(1 + jω)(2 + jω) 1 + jω 2 + jω
∞
4 8 4 1
(a) W1Ω = ∫ (4e−2t − 8e−3t + 4e −4t ) dt = − + = J
0
2 3 4 3
(b) f (t ) = −2e −t + 4e−2t = 0, − 2 + 4e− t = 0, et = 2, t = 0.69315

∴ f max = 2(e −0.69315 − e−2×0.69315 ) = 0.5
64.
1 1/ 6 1/ 2 1/ 3
(a) F( jω) = = − +
jω(2 + jω)(3 + jω) jω 2 + jω 3 + jω
1 1 1
∴ f (t ) = sgn(t ) − e−2t u (t ) + e−3t u (t )
12 2 3
1 + jω 1/ 6 1/ 2 2/3
(b) F( jω) = = + −
jω(2 + jω)(3 + jω) jω 2 + jω 3 + jω
1 1 2
∴ f (t ) = sgn(t ) + e−2t u (t ) − e −3t u (t )
12 2 3
(1 + jω) 2 1/ 6 1/ 2 4/3
(c) F( jω) = = − +
jω(2 + jω)(3 + jω) jω 2 + jω 3 + jω
1 1 4
∴ f (t ) = sgn(t ) − e−2t u (t ) + e −3t u (t )
12 2 3
(1 + jω)3 1/ 6 1/ 2 8/3
(d) F( jω) = = 1+ + −
jω(2 + jω)(3 + jω) jω 2 + jω 3 + j ω
1 1 8
∴ f (t ) = δ(t ) + sgn(t ) + e−2t u (t ) − e −3t u (t )
12 2 3
65. h(t ) = 2e −t u (t )
1 2
(a) H( jω) = 2 × =
1 + jω 1 + jω
1 1 1 Vo 1/ jω
(b) H( jω) = = =
2 1 + jω 2 Vi 1 + 1/ jω
(c) Gain = 2
66.
1 1
jω +
2 jω ( jω) 2 + 2
Vo ( jω) = =
1
1 + jω +
1 ( jω) 2 + 2( jω) + 2
2 jω
( jω) 2 + 2( jω) + 2 − 2( jω) −2( jω)
∴ Vo ( jω) = = 1+
( jω) + 2( jω) + 2
2
( jω) + 2( jω) + 2
2
2x −2 ± 4 − 8
Let jω = x ∴ Vo ( x) = 1 − ; x= = −1 ± j1
x + 2x + 2 2
A B A B
∴ Vo ( x) = 1 + + = Let x = 0 ∴ + =0
x + 1 + j1 x + 1 − j1 1 + j1 1 − j1
A B B + j2 B
Let x = −1 ∴ + = 2 ∴ A − B = j 2, A = B + j 2 ∴ + =0
j1 − j1 1 + j1 1 − j1
∴ B − jB + j 2 + 2 + B + jB = 0 ∴ B = −1 − j1 ∴ A = −1 + j1
−1 + j1 −1 − j1 1 − j1 1 + j1
∴ Vo ( x) = 1 + + , Vo ( jω) = 1 − −
x + 1 + j1 x + 1 − j1 ( jω) + 1 + j1 ( jω) + 1 − j1
∴ vo (t ) = δ(t ) − (1 − j1) e( −1− j1) t u (t ) − (1 + j1)e( −1+ j1)t u (t )
= δ(t ) − 2 e − j 45°− jt −t u (t ) − 2 e j 45°+ jt −t u (t )
= δ(t ) − 2 2 e −t cos(t + 45°) u (t )
67.
5 / jω 10 / jω
Vc ( jω) = 10 =
5 / jω + 35 + 30( jω) 1/ jω + 7 + 6( jω)
10 10 / 6
∴ Vc ( jω) = =
6( jω) + 7( jω) + 1 ( jω) 2 + 7 ( jω) + 1
2
6 6
⎛ 49 24 ⎞ 1 10 / 6 2 2
∴ jω = ⎜⎜ −7 / 6 ± − ⎟⎟ / 2 = − , − 1 ∴ Vc ( jω) = = −
⎝ 36 36 ⎠ 6 ( jω + 1/ 6)( jω + 1) jω + 1/ 6 jω + 1
∴ vc (t ) = 2(e −t / 6 − e− t ) u (t )
68. f (t ) = 5e −2t u (t ), g (t ) = 4e−3t u (t )

∞
(a) f ∗ g = ∫ f (t − z ) g ( z ) dz
0
t t
= ∫ 5e −2t e 2 z 4e −3 z dz = 20e−2t ∫ e− z dz
0 0
−2 t
= −20 e (e − 1) V t
∴ f ∗ g = (e −2t − e−3t ) u (t )
(b) 5 4 20
F( jω) = , G( jω) = ∴ F( jω)G( jω) =
jω + 2 jω + 3 ( jω + 2)( jω + 3)
20 20
∴ F( jω)G( jω) = − ∴ f ∗ g = 20(e −2t − 2−3t ) u (t )
jω + 2 jω + 3
j 2ω
69. H ( jω ) =
4 + j 2ω
24
Vi ( jω ) = from Table 18.2
jω
⎡ j 2ω ⎤ ⎛ 24 ⎞ 24
Therefore Vo ( jω ) = ⎢ ⎥ ⎜ ⎟=
⎣ 4 + j 2ω ⎦ ⎝ jω ⎠ 2 + jω
In the time domain, then, we find
vo (t ) = 24e −2t u (t ) V
70. h(t ) = 2e − t cos 4t so fromTable 18.2,
2 (1 + jω )
H ( jω ) = . Define output function f(t).
(1 + jω )
2
+ 16
(a) I ( jω ) = 4πδ (ω )
⎡ 8π (1 + jω ) ⎤ 8π
Therefore F(ω) = ⎢ ⎥ δ (ω ) = δ (ω ) .
⎣ (1 + jω ) + 16 ⎦
2
17
The time domain output is then given by f(t) = 4/17.
(b) I ( jω ) = 2e − jω
⎡ 4(1 + jω ) ⎤ − jω
Therefore F(ω) = ⎢ ⎥e .
⎣ (1 + jω ) + 16 ⎦
2
The time domain output is then given by f(t) = 4e −(t −1) cos ⎡⎣ 4 ( t − 1) ⎤⎦ u (t − 1)
(c) We find the response due to a unit step u (t ) and treat i (t ) as two unit steps, each
shifted appropriately.
2(1 + jω ) ⎡ 1 ⎤
R ( jω ) = ⎢πδ (ω ) + ⎥
(1 + jω ) + 16 ⎣
2
jω ⎦
1 1 e−t
r (t ) = + sgn(t ) − 2 [ cos 4t − 4sin 4t ] u (t )
17 17 17
Therefore the system response is
2 ⎡
⎣ 1 − e −( t + 0.25) {cos 4(t + 0.25) − 4sin 4(t + 0.25)}⎤⎦ u (t + 0.25)
17
2
− ⎡⎣1 − e (
− t − 0.25 )
{cos 4(t − 0.25) − 4sin 4(t − 0.25)}⎤⎦ u (t − 0.25)
17

Chapters11 13to18

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Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition Chapter Eleven Solutions 10 March 2006

∴ vc = 3e − 5e−3t ∴ Pc (0+ ) = (3 − 5) (−1 + 5) = −8 W

(b) Pc (0.2) = (3e −0.2 − 5e−0.6 ) (−e0.2 + 5e −0.6 ) = −0.5542 W

(c) Pc (0.4) = (3e −0.4 − 5e−1.2 ) (5e−1.2 − e−0.4 ) = 0.4220 W

4. We assume the circuit has already reached sinusoidal steady state by t = 0.

FREQ IM(V_PRINT1) IP(V_PRINT1) FREQ VM(L,0) VP(L,0)

FREQ VM(R2_5k,$N_0002)VP(R2_5k,$N_0002) FREQ IM(V_PRINT11) IP(V_PRINT11)

FREQ IM(V_PRINT2) IP(V_PRINT2) FREQ IM(V_PRINT12) IP(V_PRINT12)

(a) p(0+) = (8)2(1) = 64 W

(b) at t = 1 s, i = 8e–2 = 1.083 A; p(1) = i2R = 1.723 W.

(c) at t = 2 s, i = 8e–4 = 146.5 mA; p(2) = i2R = 21.47 mW

(a) p(0+) = v2(0+)/R = (18×103)2 / 6000 = 54 kW

(b) p(0.03) = v2(0.03)/R = (18×103e–1)2 / 6000 = 7.308 kW

(c) p(0.09) = v2(0.09)/R = (18×103e–3)2 / 6000 = 134 W

8. (a) p = (30×103)2 (1.2×10–3) = 1.080 MW

(b) W = (1.080×106)(150×10–6) = 162 J

The instantaneous power dissipated at t = 120 mS is therefore

v 2 (120 ms) 2e−2

The energy dissipated over the first second is given by

ΔT = Q/mc, where Q = 100 mJ, c = 0.9 kJ/kg•K, and m = 10–3 kg.

Thus, the final temperature

= 294.3 K, representing a temperature increase of 0.1111 K.

10. (a) p = (276)(130) = 358.8 mW

5Vx − 14Vc = 60 [1] and

(b) R L , X L independent∴ Z L = Z∗th = R th − jX th

(e) X L = 0 ∴ R L = R th2 + X th2 = Zth

VTH 107.3∠ − 116.6°

( ZTH ) = (107.3∠ − 116.6° )(16.12∠ − 60.26° )

(b) Vth = 5(28.8 + j38.4) = 144 + j192 V,

21. Zeq = (6 – j8) || (12 + j9) = 8.321 ∠ -19.44o W

Veq = (5 ∠-30o) (8.321 ∠ -19.44o) = 41.61 ∠ -49.44o V

Ptotal = ½ (41.61)(5) cos (-19.44o) = 98.09 W

I6-j8 = Veq / (6 – j8) = 4.161 ∠ 3.69o A

P6-j8 = ½ (41.61)(4.161) cos (-49.44o – 3.69o) = 51.94 W

P4+j2 = ½ (2.774)2 (4) = 15.39 W

Check: Σ = 98.11 W (okay)

FREQ IM(V_PRINT4) IP(V_PRINT4)

FREQ IM(V_PRINT4) IP(V_PRINT4)

(10)(1) + (−5)(1) + 0(1)

(100)(1) + (25)(1) + (0)(1)

25. At ω = 120π, 1 H → j377 Ω, and 4 μF → -j663.1 Ω

Thus, P2.5k = ½ (520.4)2 / 2 500 = 54.16 W

FREQ IM(V_PRINT1) IP(V_PRINT1) FREQ VM(L,0) VP(L,0)

FREQ IM(V_PRINT2) IP(V_PRINT2) FREQ IM(V_PRINT12) IP(V_PRINT12)

(a) v = 10 + 9 cos100t + 6sin100t

(10)(1) + (20)(1) + (10)(1) 40

(a) g(t) = 2 + 3cos100t + 4cos(100t – 120o)

h (t ) = 2 + 3cos100t + 4 cos (101t − 120°)

(a) f (t ) = 4 − 12 cos100t + 9 cos 2 100t

(a) A = B = 10V, C = D = 0 ∴10∠0° + 10∠ − 45° = 18.48∠ − 22.50o

(c) vs = 10 cos10t − 10sin (10t + 45°) → 10 − 10∠ − 45° = 7.654∠67.50o

(d) v = 10 cos10t + 10sin (10t + 45°) + 10 cos 40t ;

j 0.1ω - 0.03ω 2 + j 0.1ωR

(a) Vav ,1 = 30V

FREQ IM(V_PRINT3) IP(V_PRINT3)

∴ Veff = 7.3032 + 6.6542 = 9.879

41. I = 4∠35° A rms

(a) V = 20I + 80∠35° Vrms, Ps , gen = 80 × 10 cos 35° = 655.3 W

(c) PLoad = 655.3 − 320 = 335.3 W

(d) APs , gen = 80 × 10 = 800 VA

(e) APR = PR = 320 VA

(f) I L = 10∠0° − 4∠35° = 7.104∠ − 18.84° A rms