Asme PTC 10 PDF

ASME-PTC10
ADOPTION NOTICE
ASME-PTC10, "Compressors and Exhausters,'' was adopted on
(DoD).
October 3 , 1994 for use by the Department of Defense
Proposed changes by DoD activities must
be submitted to the
DoD Adopting Activity: Director, US Army Mobility
Technology Center/Belvoir, ATTN: AMSTA-RBES, Fort Belvoir,
VA 22060-5606. DoD activities may obtain copies of this
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ASME
PTC 10-1997
Performance
Test Code on
Lompressors
and Exhausters

STD.ASME PTC L O - E N G L 1977
0757b70 Oh05923 158
Date of Issuance: September 30, 1998
This document will be revised when the Society approves the issuance
edition. There will be no addenda issued to ASME PTC 10-1997.
of a n e w
Please Note: ASME issues written replies to inquiries concerning interpretation of

technical aspects of this document. The interpretations are part
not of the document.
PTC 10-1997 is being issued with an automatic subscription service to the interpretations that will be issued to it up to the publication of the next edition.
ASME is the registered trademark of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
This code or standard was developed under procedures accredited

as meeting the criteria for
American National Standards. The Standards Committee that approved the code or standard
was balanced to assure that individuals from competent and concerned
interests have had an
opportunity toparticipate. The proposed code or
standard was made available
for public review
and comment which provides an opportunityfor additional public input
industry,
fromacademia,
regulatory agencies, and the public-at-large.
ASME does not "approve," "rate," or "endorse" any item, construction, proprietary device,
or activity.
ASME does not take any position with respect to the validityof any patent rights asserted in
connection with any items mentioned in this document, andundertake
does not
to insure anyone
utilizing a standard against liability for infringement of any
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any such liability. Users of a code or standard are expressly advised that determination of the
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Participation by federal agency representative(s)or personb) affiliated with industry is not to
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No part of this document may be reproduced in any

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in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of thepublisher.
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Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990
Copyright (B 1998 by
THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
All Rights Reserved
Printed in U.S.A.

FOREWORD
(This Foreword is not a part of ASME PTC 10-1997.)
PTC 10 was last revised in 1965 andit has been reaffirmed many times
in the intervening
period. The PTC 1O Committee has been in various states of activity for approximately
the past20 years. During that time the Codehas been completely rewrittento be far more
explanatory in nature.
The performance testing of compressors is complicated by the need in virtually every
case to consider and make correction for the differences between the test and specified
conditions.Thetechniques used to do so arebased upontherules of fluid-dynamic
similarity. Some familiarity with this fundamental technique will be a significant aid to
the users of PTC IO.
Compressors and exhausters come in all sorts of configurations. A very simple case is
a single section compressor with one impeller, and single inlet and outlet flanges. Many
morecomplex arrangementsexist with multiple inlets,outlets,impellers,sections,
intercoolersandside seams. Typical gases handled areair, its constituents,andvarious
hydrocarbons. Tests are commonly run in the shop or in the field, at speeds equal to or
different from the specified speed, and with the specified or a substitute gas. In order to
handle this vast array ofpossibilities PTC 10 reduces the problemto the simplest element,
the section, and provides the instructionsfor combining multiple sections to compute the
overall results.
Uncertainty analysis can play a very important role in compressortesting, from the
design of the test to interpretation of the test results. In all but the very simplest of cases
the development of an analytic formulation, .e., in simple equation form, for overall
uncertainty computation is formidable. The test uncertainty will always be increasingly
more complex to evaluate with the complexity of the compressor configuration, and by
the very nature of the test will be a function of the performance curves.
The modern personal computer is readily capable of completing the calculations required. The Committee developed software and used it to perform both the basic code
calculations and uncertainty analysis computationsfor
widea range of possible compressor
configurations.
This Code was approved by
the PTC 1O Committee on January 18,1991.
It was approved
and adopted by the Council as a standard practice of the Society by action of the Board
on Performance Test Codes on October 14, 1996. It was also approved as an American
National Standard by the ANSI Board of Standards Review on April 22, 1997.
iii

STD-ASME
P T C LO-ENGL L997 D 0759b70 Ob05925 T20
NOTICE
All PerformanceTestCodesMUST
adhere to therequirements ofPTC 1, GENERAL
INSTRUCTIONS. The following information
is based on that document and
is included
here for emphasis and for the convenience of the user of this Code. It is expected that the
Code user is fully cognizant of Parts I and III of PTC I and has read them prior to applying
this Code.
ASME Performance Test Codes provide test procedures which yield results of the highest
level of accuracy consistent with the best engineering knowledge and practice currently
available. They were developedby balanced committees representing all concerned interests.
Theyspecifyprocedures,instrumentation,equipmentoperatingrequirements,calculation
methods, and uncertainty analysis.
When tests are run in accordance with thisCode, the test results themselves, without adjustment for uncertainty, yield the best available indication of the actual performance of the
tested equipment. ASME Performance Test Codes do not specify means to compare those
it is recommended that the partiesa commercial
to
results to contractual guarantees. Therefore,
test agree before starting the test and preferably before signing the contract on the
method to be used for comparing the test results to the contractual guarantees. It is beyond
the scope of any code to determine or interpret how such comparisons shall be made.
Approved by Letter Ballot #95-1 and B E C Administrative Meeting of March 13-14, 1995
IV

PERSONNELOFPERFORMANCE
TEST CODECOMMITTEE NO. 10
ON COMPRESSORS AND EXHAUSTERS

(The following is the roster of the Committee atthe time of approval of this Code.)
OFFICERS
Gordon J. Gerber, Chair
Richard J. Gross, ViceChair
jack H. Karian, Secretary
COMMITTEEPERSONNEL
Helmut B. Baranek, Public Service Electric & GasCompany
John J. Dwyer, Consultant
Gordon J. Gerber, Praxair
Richard J. Gross, The University of Akron
Jack H. Karian, ASME
Robert E. Lawrence, Consultant
Jack A. Lock, LockEngineering
Vincent J.Polignano, IMO Delaval
Frank H. Rassmann, ElliottCompany
Norman A. Samurin, DresserRandCompany
Joseph A. Silvaggio,Jr., Alternate to Polignano, IMO Delaval

S T D - A S M E P T C L O - E N G L L777 m 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 Ob05427 A T 3 m
BOARD ON PERFORMANCE TEST CODES

OFFICERS
D. R. Keyser, Chair
P. M. Cerhart, Vice Chair
W. O. Hays, Secretary
C O M M l l T E E PERSONNEL
R. P. Allen
R. L. Bannister
B. Bornstein
J.M. Burns
J. R. Friedman
G. J. Gerber
P. M. Gerhart
R. S. Hecklinger
R. W. Henry
D. R. Keyser
S. Korellis
J.
J. W. Milton
G. H. Mittendorf, ]r.
S. P. Nuspl
R. P. Perkins
A. L. Plumley
vi

S. B. Scharp
J. Siegmund
J. A. Silvaggio, Jr.
R. E. Sommerlad
W. G. Steele, Jr.
J. C. Westcott
J. G. Yost
S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL
CONTENTS
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CommitteeRoster ................................................
BoardRoster ....................................................
Section
1
2
3
4
5
6
Figures
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.1O
4.1 1
4.1 2
5.1
Objectandscope ........................................
Definitions
and
Description
of Terms ..........................
Guiding Principles ........................................
Instruments
and
Methods
of Measurement ......................
Computation
of
Results ....................................
ReportofTest ...........................................
Section Control Volumes ...................................

Typical Sideload Sectional Compressors ........................
Allowable Machine Mach Number Departures. Centrifugal
Compressors ..........................................
Allowable Machine Mach Number Departures. Axial Compressors. . . .
Allowable Machine Reynolds Number Departures. Centrifugal
Compressors ..........................................
Schultz Compressibility Factor - Function Y versus Reduced Pressure
Schultz Compressibility Factor- Function X versus Reduced Pressure
Inlet and Discharge Configuration ............................
OpenInlet ..............................................
Vortex Producing Axial Inlet ................................
OpenDischarge .........................................
Diffusing Volute Discharge With Nonsymmetric Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TypicalClosedLoop ......................................
Typical Closed Loop With Sidestream
Straighteners and Equalizers.................................
Inlet Nozzle on an Open Loop ..............................
Discharge Nozzle on an Open Loop, Subcritical Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discharge Nozzle on an Open Loop, Critical Flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Typical Sidestream Inlet Area ................................
Specified Condition Capacity Coefficient for SpecifiedCondition
Capacity of Interest .....................................
.........................
iii
V
vi
1
3
11
23
39
55
14
16
18
19
20
21
22
24
24
25
25
26
26
27
29
32
33
33
35
49
Tables
3.1
Permissible
Deviation
From
Specified
Operating
Conditions
for
Type1 Tests...........................................

12
S T D * A S M E P T C LO-ENGL L997 D D759b70 0b05429
3.2
3.3
3.4
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
b7b W
Permissible Deviation From

Specified
Operating
Parameters
for
Type1
and2Tests
Limits of DepartureFromIdeal GasLaws of Specifiedand
TestGases
Permissible
Fluctuations of Test
Readings .......................
Ideal Gas
Dimensionless
Parameters
Real
Gas
Dimensionless
Parameters
Total Work Input Coefficient. All Gases
Typical Conversion
Dimensionless
of
Parameters
......................................
............................................
..........................
...........................
........................
.................
Nonmandatory Appendices
AUse
of Total Pressureand TotalTemperature to Define Compressor
Performance
B
Properties of Gas Mixtures ..................................
Sample
C
Calculations
C.l
Type 1 Test for a Centrifugal Compressor Using anIdeal Gas
C.2Type2Test
for a CentrifugalCompressorUsinganIdealGas
........
C.3
Ideal Gas Application to Selection of TestSpeed and TestGas and
Methods of PowerEvaluation
C.4
Treatment of Bracketed TestPoints
C.5
Selection of aTestGas for aType2Test Using Ideal and RealGas
Equations.............................................
C.6
Type 2Test Using RealGasEquations forDataReduction
C.7
Treatment of a Two SectionCompressor With ExternallyPiped
Intercoolers,CondensateRemoval ..........................
C.8
Application of Uncertainty
Analysis ...........................
D
References
E
Rationale
for
Calculation Methods ............................
F
Reynolds Number Correction
G
Refined
Methods
for
Calculating
Total
Conditions
H
SIUnits ................................................
..........................................
......................................
........
..............................
............................
..........
..............................................
................................
................
viii

12
13
14
40
41
48
50
59
61
63
65
85
109
119
123
139
151
159
165
167
183
185
187
~~
S T D - A S M E P T C 10-ENGL
PTC
~~
1777 W 0759b70 O b 0 5 4 3 1 378
COMPRESSORS
ASMEAND EXHAUSTERS
SECTION 1
1.1
10-1 997
- OBJECTANDSCOPE
nally pipedintercoolersand
for compressors with
interstage side loadinletsoroutlets.
Internally cooled compressorsare includedprovided that test conditions are held nearly identical
to specifiedconditions.
Compressors, as thenameimplies,areusually
intended to produceconsiderabledensitychange
as aresultof
the compressionprocess.Fansare
normally considered to be air or gas moving devices
and are characterized by minimal densitychange.
A distinction betweenthe
two at timesmaybe
unclear. As a veryroughguide,either
PTC 10 or
PTC 11 maybeused for machines falling into the
approximatepressure ratio rangeof 1.05 to 1.2.
Themethodsof
PTC 10, which provide for the
pronouncedeffectsofdensitychangeduringcompression,have no theoretical lower limit. However,
practical considerations regarding achievable accuracy become important in attempting to apply PTC
10 to devicescommonlyclassified
as fans.
For
example,the low temperatureriseassociated with
fans may lead to large uncertainty in power requirement if theheatbalancemethod
i s chosen.Fans
also may require traversing techniques for flow and
gas state measurementsdue to the inlet and discharge
ducting systems employed. Refer to PTC 11 on Fans
for further information.
OBJECT
Theobjectof
this Code is to providea
test
procedure to determine the thermodynamic performance of an axial or centrifugal compressororexhauster doing work on a gas of known or measurable
propertiesunderspecifiedconditions.
This Code is written to provide explicit test procedures which will yield the highest level of accuracy
consistent with the best engineering knowledge and
practice currently available. Nonetheless, no single
universal value of the uncertainty
is, or should be,
expected to apply to everytest.The
uncertainty
associated with any individual PTC 10 test will
dependupon practical choicesmade in terms of
instrumentationandmethodology.
Rulesare provided to estimate the uncertainty for individual tests.
1.2
SCOPE
1.2.1 General. Thescope of this Codeincludes

instructionson test arrangement and instrumentation,
testprocedure,andmethods
for evaluationand
reportingof final results.
Rulesare provided for establishing the following
quantities,corrected as necessary to representexpected performance under specified operatingconditions with the specified gas:
(al quantity of gas delivered
(b) pressure rise produced
(c) head
(d) shaft power required
(e) efficiency
(0 surge point
(g) choke point
Other than providing methods for calculating mechanicalpower losses, this Code does notcover
rotor dynamicsorothermechanicalperformance
parameters.
1.3
BY THIS
The calculation procedures provided in this Code

are based on thecompressionof
a singlephase
gas.They should not be used for a gas containing
suspendedsolids or any liquid, when liquid could
be formed in thecompression process, orwhen a
chemicalreaction takes place in the compression
process.
Thisdoes not preclude the use of thisCodeon
a gas where condensation occurs in a cooler providing the droplets are removed prior tothe gas entering
the next stage of compression.
1.2.2 CompressorArrangements. ThisCode is designed to allowthe testing of single multiple

or
casing
axial or centrifugal compressors orcombinations
thereof, with oneormore
stages ofcompression
percasing.Proceduresarealso
included for exter1

EQUIPMENTNOTCOVERED
CODE
ASME PTC 10-1 997
1.4
COMPRESSORS AND EXHAUSTERS
configuration is used, thisshall be agreed upon in

writing prior to the test by the participating parties.
However, no deviationsmaybemadethat
will
violate anymandatoryrequirementsof
this Code
when the tests are designated as tests conducted in
accordance with ASMEPTC 10.
The mandatory rules of
this Code are characterized
by the use of the word "shall." If a statement is of
an advisory nature it is indicated by the use of the
word "should"or is stated as a recommendation.
TYPES OF TESTS
ThisCodecontainsprovisions
for two different
types of tests. A Type 1 test must be conducted on
the specified gas with a limited deviation between
test and specifiedoperatingconditions.
A Type 2
test permitsthe use ofasubstitutetest
gas and
extends the permissible deviations between test and
specifiedoperatingconditions.
1.5
PERFORMANCE
RELATION
TO
GUARANTEE
This Code provides a means for determining the

performance of a compressor at specified operating
conditions. It also provides a method for estimating
the uncertainty of the results. The interpretation of
the results relative to any contractual guarantees is
beyond the scope of this Code and shouldbe agreed
upon i n writing prior to the test by the participating
parties.
1.7
TheCode on GeneralInstructions, PTC 1, shall

bestudiedand
followed whereapplicable.The
instructions in PTC 10 shall prevail over other ASME
Performance Test Codes where there is any conflict.
1.8
1.6
ALTERNATE PROCEDURES
REFERENCES
Unlessotherwisespecified,references
to other
Codes refer to ASME Performance Test Codes. Literaturereferencesareshown
in Appendix D.
Definitive procedures for testing compressors are

describedherein.
If anyotherprocedureortest

INSTRUCTIONS
~~
S T D - A S M E P T C 10-ENGL L777 m 0 7 5 9 6 7 0 Ob05q32 L b 0

SECTION 2
ASME PTC 10-1997
- DEFINITIONSANDDESCRIPTION
OF TERMS
2.1
BASIC SYMBOLS AND UNITS

Symbol
Description
Units
A
a
Flow channel cross sectional area

Acoustic velocity
Tip width
Coefficient of discharge
Molal specific heat (Appendix B only)
Specific
heat
.
Specific heat at constant pressure
Specific heat at constant volume
Diameter
Diameter of fluid meter
Relative error
Polytropic work factor
Dimensional constant, 32.1 74
Molal enthalpy
Humidity ratio
Enthalpy
Coefficient of heat transfer for casing and
adjoining pipe
Mechanical equivalent of heat, 778.1 7
Flow coefficient
Ratio of specific heats, cp/cy
Common logarithm (Base 10)
Naperian (natural) logarithm
Molecular weight
Machine Mach number
Fluid Mach number
Polytropic exponent for a path on the P-T
diagram
Mass (Appendix B only)
Rotative speed
Polytropic exponent for a path on the P-v
diagram
Number of moles (Appendix B only)
Isentropic exponent for a path on the p-v
diagram
Power
Pressure
Velocity pressure
Other external heat losses
Total mechanical losses (equivalent)
ft2
b
C
C
C
CP
CV
e
f
gc
H
HR
h
h,
j
K
k
log
In
MW
Mm
M
m
m
N
n
n
ns
P
P
Pv
Qext
Om

ftlsec
ft
dimensionless
Btu/lbm mole "R
Btu/lbm "R
Btu/lbm "R
Btu/lbm "R
in.
In.
dimensionless
dimensionless
Ibm ft/lbf sec2
Btu/lbm-mole
Ibm H20/lbm dry air
Btu/lbm
Btu/hr f t 2 "R
e
ft Ibf/Btu
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
Ibmllbmole
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
Ibm
rPm
dimensionless
lb mole
dimensionless
hP
psia
PSi
Btu/min
Btu/min
~~~
S T D D A S M E PTC LO-ENGL L997
0759b70 Ob05433 UT7 W
ASME PTC 10-1997
0,
QSl
R
RA, RB, RC
Re
Rem
RH
RP
Rt
'r
'P
'9
rt
r"
S
Sc
S
T
t
U
U
V
V
W
W
X
X
Y
Y
Heat transfer from the section boundaries

External seal loss equivalent
Rate of flow
Gas constant
Machine Reynolds number correction
constants
Fluid Reynolds number
Machine Reynolds number
Relative humidity
Reduced pressure
Reduced temperature
Pressure ratio across fluid meter
Recovery factor
Pressure ratio
Flow rate ratio
Temperature ratio
Ratio of specific volumes
Molar entropy
Heat transfer surface area of exposed
compressor casing and adjoining pipe
Entropy
Absolute temperature
Temperature
Internal energy
Blade tip speed
Velocity
Specific volume
Work per unit mass
Mass rate of flow
Compressibility function
Mole fraction
Elevation head or potential energy
Compressibility factor as used in gas law,
Btu/min
Btulmin
ft3/min
ft IbWlbm . "R
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
percentage
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
Btullbmmole
fi2
Btu/lbm "R
"R
"F
Btu/lbm
filsec
ftlsec
ft3/lbm
ft Ibf/lbm
Ibm/m in
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
ft Ibfllbm
dimensionless
144 pv = ZRT
rl
P
EL in
PP
PS
Y
c
T
E
R
d
Diameter ratio of fluid meter, d/D1

Isentropic exponent
Partial derivative
Efficiency
Absolute viscosity
Work input coefficient
Polytropic work coefficient
Isentropic work coefficient
Kinematic viscosity
Density
Summation
Torque
Surface roughness
Total work input coefficient
Flow coefficient

dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
Ibm/ft sec
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
ft2/sec
Ibm/ft3
dimensionless
I bf-ft
in.
dimensionless
dimensionless
- "R
STD-ASME PTC LO-ENGL
L997 D 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob05434T33
COMPRESSORS A N D EXHAUSTERS
ASME PTC 10-1997
Subscripts
2.2.2
Gage
Pressure.
The
gage
pressure
i s that
pressure which i s measured directly with the existing
barometric pressure as the zero basereference.
Ambient
a,b,c,j Component of gas mixture (Appendix B
only)
Average
av
C
Casing
Correction
corr
crit.
Fluids critical point value
d
Compressor discharge conditions
Dry air
da
db
des
dg
sh
Shaft
g
hb
i
lu
Id
m
P
rotor
2.2.3 Differential Pressure. The differential pressure is thedifferencebetweenany

two pressures
measured with respect to a common reference (e.g.,
the difference between two absolutepressures).
2.2.4Static
Pressure. Thestaticpressure
i s the
pressuremeasured in such a manner that no effect
is produced by the velocity of the flowing fluid.
Dry-bulb
Design
Dry gas
Gas
Heat balance
Compressor inlet conditions
Leakage upstream
Leakage downstream
Gas mixture
Polytropic
Flow location reference
Isentropic
2.2.5 Total (Stagnation) Pressure.

The total (stagnation) pressure is an absoluteor gagepressure that
would exist when a moving fluid i s brought to rest
andits kinetic energy is converted to an enthalpy
rise by an isentropic process from the flow condition
to the stagnation condition. In a stationary body of
fluid thestaticand total pressuresareequal.
2.2.6Velocity(Kinetic)Pressure.
Thevelocity (kinetic) pressure is thedifferencebetweenthe
total
pressureandthestaticpressure
at the same point
in a fluid.
Specified conditions
su
sidestream upstream
sd
sidestream downstream
SV
Saturated vapor
Test conditions
t
Wb
Wet-bulb
1, l n Upstream of fluid meter
2, 2n Downstream or at throat of fluid meter
(Y
Compressor inlet conditions (static,
Appendix A only)
Compressor
discharge conditions (static,
Y
Appendix A only)
static Static
meas. Measured
SP
2.2.7 InletTotal Pressure. The inlet total pressure

is the absolute total pressure that exists at the inlet
measuringstation (seepara. 4.6.8). Unless specifically statedotherwise, this i s thecompressor inlet
pressure as used in this Code.
2.2.8 Inlet StaticPressure. The inlet static pressure
is the absolute static pressure that exists at the inlet
measuringstation(seepara.4.6.7).
2.2.9 Discharge Total Pressure. The discharge total
pressure is the absolute total pressure that exists at
thedischargemeasuringstation
(see para. 4.6.9).
Unless specifically stated otherwise, this is the compressordischargepressure as used in this Code.
2.2.1 O DischargeStaticPressure.
Thedischarge
staticpressure is theabsolutestaticpressure
that
exists at thedischargemeasuringstation(seepara.
4.6.7).
Superscripts
(
()
Condition at dischargepressure with

entropy equal to inlet entropy
Determined at static
conditions
2.3
2.2
is

TEMPERATURES
2.3.1AbsoluteTemperature.
The absolute temperature is thetemperaturemeasuredaboveabsolute
zero. It is stated in degreesRankineorKelvin.The
Rankinetemperature i s the Fahrenheittemperature
plus 459.67 and the Kelvin temperature is the Celsius
temperature plus 273.1 5.
PRESSURES
2.2.1AbsolutePressure.
Theabsolutepressure
the pressuremeasuredaboveaperfectvacuum.
S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1977 9
ASME PTC 10-1997
2.3.2StaticTemperature.
The statictemperature
is the temperature determined in such a way that no
effect is produced by the velocity of the flowing fluid.
2.4.4AbsoluteViscosity.
Absolute viscosity is that
property of any fluid which tends to resist a shearing
force.
2.3.3 Total (Stagnation)

Temperature.
The total
(stagnation)
temperature
is the
temperature
that
would exist when a moving fluid is brought to rest
and its kinetic energy is converted to an enthalpy
rise by an isentropic process from the flow condition
to the stagnation condition. In a stationary body of
fluid the static and the total temperatures are equal.
2.4.5KinematicViscosity.
The kinematic viscosity
of a fluid is theabsoluteviscosity divided by the
fluid density.
2.4.6 Specific Heat at Constant Pressure. The specific heat at constant pressure, (c,) = (dh/aT), is the
change in enthalpy with respect to temperature at
a constantpressure.
2.3.4 Velocity (Kinetic) Temperature.

The velocity
(kinetic) temperature is the difference between the
total temperature and the static temperature
at the
measuringstation.
2.4.7Specific
Heat at Constant Volume. Thespecific heat at constant volume, (c,,) = (au/aT), is the
change in internal energy with respect to temperature
at a constant specific volume.
2.3.5 Inlet Total Temperature. The inlet total temperature is the absolute total temperature that exists
at the inlet measuring station(see para. 4.7.7). Unless
specifically stated otherwise, this i s the compressor
inlet temperatureused in this Code.
2.4.8 Ratio of Specific Heats.

heats, k, is equal to cpIc,,.
The ratio of specific
AcousticVelocity(SonicVelocity).
A pressure wave or acoustic wave of infinitesimal amplitude is described by an adiabaticandreversible
(isentropic) process. The corresponding acoustic velocity for suchwaves in any medium is given by:
2.4.9
2.3.6 Inlet Static Temperature. The inlet static temperature is the absolute static temperature that exists
at the inlet measuring station.
($)
2.3.7DischargeTotalTemperature.
Thedischarge
total temperature is the absolute total temperature
that exists at the dischargemeasuringstation
(see
para. 4.7.8). Unless specifically statedotherwise,
this i s the compressor discharge temperatureas used
in this Code.
2.4.10Fluid Mach Number. The Fluid Mach number is the ratio of fluid velocity to acoustic velocity.
2.3.8 Discharge Static Temperature.

The discharge
static temperature is the absolute static temperature
that exists at the discharge measuring station.
2.5
2.4
a2
MACHINE CHARACTERISTICS
2.5.1Capacity.
Thecapacity of a compressor is
the rate of flow which is determined by delivered
mass flow rate divided byinlet total density. For
an exhauster it is determined by the inlet mass flow
rate dividedbyinlet total density. Forsidestream
machines, this definition must be applied to individualsections.
OTHER GAS (FLUID) PROPERTIES
2.4.1
Density. Density is the mass ofthe gas per

unit volume. It is a thermodynamic property and is
determined at a point once the total pressureand
temperature are known at the point.
2.4.2SpecificVolume.
Specific volume is the volume occupied by a unit mass of gas. It is a thermodynamic propertyand is determined at a point once
the total pressure and temperature are known at the
point.
2.5.2 Flow Coefficient. The flow coefficient is a

dimensionless parameter defined as the compressed
mass flow rate divided by the product of inlet
density, rotational speed, and the cube of the blade
tip diameter. Compressed mass flow rate i s the net
mass flow rate through the rotor.
2.4.3 Molecular Weight. Molecular weight is the

weight of a molecule of a substance referred to that
of an atom of carbon-1 2 at 12.000.
2.5.3Pressure
Ratio. Pressure ratio i s the ratio of
the absolute discharge total pressure to the absolute
inlet total pressure.

S T D - A S M E P T C 1 0 - E N G L 1997
0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob05V3b AOb
ASME PTC 10-1 997
2.5.4 PressureRise. Pressurerise is thedifference

betweenthedischarge total pressureandthe inlet
total pressure.
streams enteringandleavingcanbequantitatively
defined as well as the powerinput and heat exchange
by conduction and radiation. Such a region can be
considered to be in equilibrium for both a mass
andenergybalance.
2.5.5Temperature
Rise. Temperaturerise
is the
differencebetweenthedischarge
total temperature
andthe inlet total temperature.
2.5.14 CompressorSurge Point. Thecompressor

surge point is the capacity below whichthe compressor operation becomesunstable.Thisoccurswhen
flow is reduced and thecompressorbackpressure
exceeds the pressure developed by the compressor
and a breakdown in flow results.This immediately
causes a reversal in the flow direction and reduces
thecompressorbackpressure.The
moment this
happensregularcompression
i s resumedandthe
cycle is repeated.
2.5.6 Volume FlowRate. The volume flow rate as

used in this Code is the local mass flow rate divided
by local total density. It is used to determine volume
flow ratio.
2.5.7VolumeFlowRatio.
is the ratio ofvolume
the flow path.
Thevolume flow ratio

flow rates at two points in
2.5.8Specific
Volume Ratio. Thespecificvolume
ratio is the ratio of inlet specific volume to discharge
specific volume.
2.5.15ChokePoint.
Thechoke point is the point
where the machine is run at a given speed and the
flow is increased until maximum capacity is attained.
2.5.9 Machine Reynolds Number. The Machine

Reynolds number is defined by the equation Rem =
Ub/v, where U is thevelocity attheouterblade
tip diameter of the first impeller or of the first stage
rotor tip diameter of the leading edge, Y is the total
kinematicviscosityofthe
gas at thecompressor
inlet, and b is a characteristic length. For centrifugal
compressors, b shallbetaken as the exit width at
the outer blade diameter of the first
stage impeller.
For axial compressors, b shall be taken as the chord
length at the tip of the first stage rotor blade. These
variablesmustbeexpressed
in consistent units to
yield a dimensionless ratio.
2.6
WORK, POWER, AND EFFICIENCY
These definitions apply to a section.

2.6.1IsentropicCompression.
Isentropiccompression as used in thisCoderefers
to a reversible,
adiabaticcompressionprocess.
2.6.2
Isentropic
Work (Head). Isentropic work
(head) is the work requiredto isentropically compress
a unit mass of gas from the inlet total pressure and
total temperature to thedischarge total pressure.
The total pressureandtemperatureareused
to
account for thecompressionofthe
gas andthe
change in the kinetic energy of the gas. The change
in the gravitational potentialenergyofthe
gas is
assumed negligible.
2.5.10 Machine Mach Number. The Machine

Mach number is defined as the ratio oftheblade
velocity at the largest blade tip diameterof the
first impeller for centrifugal machinesoratthe
tip
diameter of the leading edge of the first stage rotor
blade for axial flow machines to the acoustic velocity
of the gas at the total inlet conditions.
2.6.3PolytropicCompression.
Polytropic compression is a reversiblecompressionprocessbetween
the inlet total pressure andtemperatureandthe
discharge total pressureandtemperature.The total
pressures and temperatures are used to account for
thecompressionofthe
gas and thechange
in
the kinetic energy of the gas.Thechange
in the
gravitational potential energy is assumed negligible.
The polytropic process follows a path such that the
polytropic exponent is constant during the process.
NOTE: This is not to be confused with local Fluid Mach number.
2.5.11 Stage. A stage for a centrifugal compressor

is comprised of a single impeller and itsassociated
stationary flow passages. A stage for an axial compressor i s comprisedofasingle
row of rotating
blades and its associated stationary blades and flow
passages.
2.5.12Section.
Section is defined as oneormore
stages having the samemass flow without external
heat transfer other than natural casing heat transfer.
2.6.4
Polytropic
Work (Head). Polytropic work
(head) is thereversible work required to compress
a unit mass of gas by a polytropic process from the
inlet total pressure and temperature to the discharge
total pressureandtemperature.
2.5.13 Control Volume. The controlvolume is a

region of space selected for analysis where the flow
7

ASME PTC 10-1997
station, the characteristic length D is the inside pipe

diameter at the pressure measuring station and the
kinematicviscosity, Y is that which existsforthe
statictemperatureandpressureat
the measuring
station.Thepressureandtemperaturemeasuring
stations for flow metering calculations shallbe specified as in Section 4 and the accompanying illustrations.Thevariables
in theReynoldsnumbermust
beexpressed in consistentunits to yield a dimensionless ratio.
2.6.5 Gas Work. Gas work is the enthalpy rise of

a unit mass of the gas compressedanddelivered
by thecompressorfromthe
inlet total pressure
and temperature to the discharge total pressure and
temperature.
2.6.6 Cas Power.
Gas power is the power transmitted to the gas. It is equal to the product of the
mass flow rate compressed and the gas work plus
the heat loss fromthecompressed gas.
2.6.7
Isentropic
Efficiency.
The isentropic efficiency is the ratio of the isentropic work to the gas
work.
2.7.2 Dimensional Constant.

The dimensional constant, gc, is required to accountfortheunitsof
length, time, and force. It i s equal to 32.174 ft-lbm/
Ibf sec2. The numerical value is unaffected by the
local gravitationalacceleration.
2.6.8
Polytropic
Efficiency.
The polytropic efficiency is the ratio of the polytropic work to the gas
work.
2.7.3Specified
Operating Conditions. Thespecified operating conditions arethose conditions for
which the compressor performance is to be determined. Refer to paras.6.2.3 and 6.2.4.
2.6.9ShaftPower(BrakePower).
The shaft power
(brake power) is the power deliveredto the compressor shaft. It is the gas power plusthemechanical
losses in thecompressor.
2.7.4 Test Operating Conditions. The test operating

conditions are theoperating conditions prevailing
during thetest.Refer
to paras.6.2.7 and 6.2.8.
2.6.10Isentropic
Work Coefficient. The isentropic
work coefficient is thedimensionless ratio of the
isentropic workto the sum of the squares ofthe
blade tip speeds of all stages in a givensection.
2.7.5Equivalence.
The specifiedoperating conditions and the test operating conditions, for the purpose of this Code, are said to demonstrate equivalence when, for the sameflow coefficient the ratiosof
the three dimensionless parameters (specific volume
ratio, Machine Machnumber, and Machine Reynolds
number) fall within the limits prescribed in Table 3.2.
2.6.1 1 Polytropic Work Coefficient. The polytropic

work coefficient is thedimensionless ratio of the
polytropic work to the sum ofthe squares of the
blade tip speeds of all stages in a givensection.
2.6.1 2Mechanical
losses. Mechanical lossesare
the total powerconsumedby
frictional losses in
integral gearing,bearings,andseals.
2.7.6Raw
Data. Raw data is the recorded observation of an instrument taken during the testrun.
2.6.13 WorkInput
Coefficient. The work input
coefficient is the dimensionless ratio of the enthalpy
rise to the sum of the squares of the tip speeds of
all stages in a givensection.
2.7.7Reading.
A reading i s theaverageofthe
corrected individual observations (raw data) at any
givenmeasurementstation.
2.7.8TestPoint.
Thetest point consists of three
or more readings that have been averaged and
fall
within thepermissiblespecified fluctuation.
2.6.14
Total
WorkInput
Coefficient. The total
work input coefficient is the dimensionless ratio of
the total work input to the gas to the sum of the
squares oftheblade tip speeds of all stages in a
givensection.
2.7
2.7.9
Fluctuation.
The fluctuation of a specific
measurement is defined as the highest reading minus
thelowestreading
divided by the average of all
readingsexpressed as a percent.
MISCELLANEOUS
2.7.1FluidReynolds
Number. The Fluid Reynolds
number is the Reynolds number for the gas flow in
a pipe. It is defined by theequation Re = VD/v,
where the velocity, characteristic length, and static
kinematic viscosity are to be used as follows: velocity
V is the average velocity at the pressure measuring
2.8INTERPRETATION
2.8.1 Certainvaluesforthermodynamicstateand
mass flow rateareused in the computation of the
dimensionless performance parameters M, Re, r,, 4,
P,,, pi, T,, and
Unlessotherwise specifically
s1.

OF SUBSCRIPTS
STD-ASME PTC LO-ENGL
L997
0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob0543B bA9
ASME PTC 10-1997
stated, the thermodynamic total conditions are used.

The subscripts usedin these equations are interpreted
as follows.
2.8.1.1 The subscript "i" on thermodynamic state
variablesdenotes inlet conditions. For singleentry
streams it refers to conditions at the section inlet
measurementstation.For
multiple inlet streams it
refers to a calculated mixed state.Seepara.
E.5 of
Appendix E.
2.8.1.2 The
subscript
"d" on thermodynamic
state variables denotes discharge conditions. It refers
to conditions at the mainstream discharge measurement station.
2.8.1.3 Thesubscript "rotor" i s used on mass
flow rate to denote the netmass flow rate compressed
by the rotor. Its determination requires that all measured flows and calculated leakages are considered.

S T D * A S M E P T C LO-ENGL L797 W 0757b70 UbO5439 515 H

COMPRESSORSANDEXHAUSTERS
SECTION 3
3.1
ASME PTC 10-1997
- GUIDING
PLANNING THE TEST
3.2
3.1.1 Before undertaking a test in accordance with

the rules of this Code, the Code on General Instructions,PTC
1, shallbeconsulted.
It explainsthe
intended use of the Performance Test Codes and i s
particularly helpful in the initial planning of the test.
TYPES OF TESTS
ThisCodedefines
two typesof test which are
based on the deviations between test and specified
operating conditions.
3.2.1 Type 1 testsare conducted with the specified
gas at or very near the specified operating conditions.
Deviations in the specified gas and operating conditions are subject to the limitations imposed by Table
3.1. These limitations are subject to thefurther
restriction that their individual and combined effects
shall not exceedthe limits ofTable 3.2.
3.1.2 When a test is to be conducted in accordance

with this Code, thescopeandprocedures
to be
used shall be determined in advance.Selections of
pipe arrangements, test driver, instruments, and test
gas, if applicable,shallbe made.Estimates ofthe
probable uncertainty in the planned measurements
shouldbe made.
3.2.2 Type 2 testsare

conductedsubject to the
limits ofTable 3.2 only. Thespecified gas ora
substitute gas may be used. The test speedrequired is
often different from the specified operatingcondition
speed.
3.1.3 The scope of the test shall be agreed to by the

interested parties. This may be dictated
in advance by
contractual commitments or may be mutually
agreed
upon prior to the start of the test. This Code contains
procedures for a single point performance test and
gives guidance on determining a complete performancecurve.
3.2.3 Theselection of test type shall bemade in

advanceof the test. In theinterestof
maximizing
accuracy of test results it is desirable that test conditions duplicatespecifiedoperatingconditions
as
closely as possible.The limits in Table 3.1 provide
maximum allowable deviations of individual parametersforType
1 tests.The
limitations of Table
3.2 providemaximumallowabledeviationsofthe
fundamental dimensionless parameter groupings for
both types.Theemphasis
in conducting either a
Type 1 or Type 2 test should be toward minimizing
these deviations. The mostreliable test results would
be expected when the deviations in both tables are
minimized.
3.1.4 Specifiedconditions, that is, mass flow rate,

inlet conditions of pressure,temperature, humidity,
discharge pressure, cooling water temperature if applicable, speed,
gas
properties,andinputpower
expectedshallbedefined.
3.1.5 A detailed written statement of the test objectives shall be developed prior to conducting the test.
3.2.4 Calculationprocedures are given in Section

5 for gases conforming to Ideal GasLaws and for
Real Gases. Where the compressibility values depart
from the limits prescribed in Table 3.3 the alternate
calculation procedures provided for Real Gases shall
be used. These alternate procedures applyto calculations foreitherType 1 orType 2 tests.
A test facility shall be selected. Typically

this is themanufacturerstest
stand orthe users
installation site.
3.1.6
3.1.7 Thenumberoftestpersonnelshouldbe
sufficient to assure a careful and orderly observation
ofall instruments with timebetweenobservations
to check for indications of error in instrumentsor
observations.
3.3
3.1.8 An individual shall be designated as responsible for conducting the test.
LIMITATIONS
3.3.1 Compressorsconstructed withliquid cooled

diaphragms,or built-in heatexchangers,shallbe
11

PRINCIPLES
S T D D A S M E P T C L O - E N G L L777 m 0757b70 ObOSqqO 237 M

ASME
10-1997
TABLE 3.1
PERMISSIBLEDEVIATION FROM SPECIFIEDOPERATINGCONDITIONS
TYPE 1 TESTS
FOR
Permissible
Symbol
Variable
Inlet pressure
Inlet temperature
S P d
Molecular weight
Cooling temperature
difference
Coolant flow rate
Capacity
596
8%
psia
Pi
Ji
OR
rPm
Ibm/lbmole
MW
2%
2%
5%
O R
gal/min
ft3/m in
4i
4%
3yo
GENERALNOTES:
(a) Type 1 tests are to be conductedwith the specifiedgas. Deviations are based on the specified values
where pressures and temperatures are expressedin absolute values.
(b) The combined effect of inlet pressure, temperature and molecular weight shall not produce more
than an 8% deviation in the inlet gas density.
(c) The combined effect of the deviationsshall not exceed the limited of Table 3.2. Cooling temperature
difference is defined as inlet gas temperature minus inlet cooling water temperature.
TABLE 3.2
PERMISSIBLE DEVIATION FROM SPECIFIED OPERATING PARAMETERSFOR
TYPE 1 AND 2 TESTS
limit of Test Values as Percent of
Design Values
Parameter
Specific volume ratio
105
Flow coefficient
Symbol
Min
vhd
95
96
Milx
104
Machine Mach number

Centrifugal compressors
Axial compressors
See Fig. 3.3

See Fig. 3.4

Centrifugal
compressors
[Note
Rem(111
See Fig. 3.5
Axial compressors where the Machine

Reynolds number at specified conditions is below 100,000
105
90
[Note (111
Axial compressors where the Machine

Reynolds number at specifiedconditions is above 100,000
10
200
NOTE:
(1) Minimum allowable test Machine Reynolds number is 90,000.
12

PTC
COMPRESSORS
ASME
AND EXHAUSTERS
10-1997
TABLE 3.3
LIMITS OF DEPARTURE FROM IDEAL CAS LAWS
GASES
OF SPECIFIED A N D TEST
~~
1.12
Pressure
Maximum
Ratio
Ratio
k rnaxlk min
1.4
2
8
16
32
1.10
1.o9
.O8
1.O7
1 .O6
~~
Allowed Range for

Function X
~~
Allowed Range for

Function Y
Min
Max
Min
-0.344
-0.1 75
-0.073
-0.041
-0.031
-0.025
0.279
0.1 67
0.071
0.050
0.033
0.028
0.925
0.964
0.982
0.988
0.991
0.993
Max
1.O71
1 .O34
1 .o1 7
1 .o1 1
1 .O08
1.006
GENERALNOTES:
(a)Where:
X =
T av
- 1 and
v a-r
Y = 72)(See Figs. 3.6 and3.7)

V
ap T
(b) Maximum and minimum values of k shall apply to both the specified andtest gas over the complete
range of conditions.
(c) When these limits are exceeded by either the specified gas or the test gas at any point along the
compression path real gas calculation methods shall be usedfor that gas. Ideal or real gas method may
be used if these limits are not exceeded.
test providing all conditions, including those at the

sidestream,meettherequirementsofTable
3.1.
Compressors with sidestreamsmayalsobetested
by individual sections utilizing the criteria for a
Type 2 test.
tested on thespecified gas and at theoperating

conditions specified for the inlet pressure, inlet temperatureand speed, and with the flow rateand
the temperature specified for the cooling fluid. The
fluctuations of the test readings shall be controlled
within the limits ofTable 3.4. Theresultsshallbe
computed by themethodsprovidedfor
a Type 1
test, andreported as run.
3.3.5 Where condensation can take place between

compression sections; for example, intercooled compressors handlingmoist air; thecapacityshall
be
measured a t thecompressordischarge.(Foratmosphericexhausters the flow shall bemeasuredat
theinlet.)Care shall be taken to assure that there
is no liquid carry-overfromthe intercoolers.
Themethodsof
this Codemay be applied
for conversion of testresults to specified operating
condition results for compressors which maybe
treated as oneormoresections.
A section is that
portion of a compressorwherenointermediate
streamleavesorentersbetweenone
impeller inlet
andthe sameoranother
following impeller discharge. See Table 3.2. Heat exchangers are excluded
from the interior of the section boundaries. Section
boundaries are indicateddiagrammatically in Fig.
3.1. The gas state and flow rate shall be established
for each stream where it crosses the section boundary.Thepowerabsorbedandheatloss
or gain by
naturalambientheattransfermustalso
be determined.
3.3.2
in practice differ
between test and specified operating conditions due
to leakagedifferences.Forexample,
it is common
to test at reduced inlet pressure andthereduced
differential pressureacross
a seal to atmosphere
could result in zero or negative leakage. As a result,
volume flow ratio equalitycannot
be achieved
betweentestandspecifiedconditions.
Therefore, it shall be necessary to estimatethe
leakage ratio; that is, the leakage mass flow divided
bythe inlet mass flow for both test andspecified
conditions. If theleakage ratio differencebetween
test andspecified is significant,theseeffectsshall
be appliedto the calculations of capacity and power.
3.3.6 Volume flow ratiosmay
3.3.3 Compressors with externallypiped intercoolersmaybegiven

a Type 1 test ortheymaybe
tested by individual sectionsusing a Type 2 test.
3.3.4 Compressors with inlet or outlet sidestreams
may be testedusingtheproceduresfor
a Type 1
13

PTC
ASME
1 O- 1997
TABLE 3.4
PERMISSIBLE FLUCTUATIONSOF TEST READINGS'
Symbol
Measurement
~~~
Inlet pressure
Inlet temperature
Discharge pressure
Nozzle differential
pressure
Nozzle temperature
Speed
Torque
Electric motor input
Molecular weight
Cooling water inlet
temperature
Cooling water flow
rate
Line voltage
MW
T
2%
psia
"R
psia
0.5%
2%
PSi
"R
2%
0.5%
rPm
0.5%
Ibf ft
1 Yo
kW
lbdlbmole
0.25%
"R
0.5% [Note (2)1
gal/min
volts
2%
1Yo
2%
GENERALNOTES:
(a) A fluctuation is the percent difference between theminimum and maximum test reading divided by
the average of all readings.
(b) Permissible fluctuations apply to Type 1 and Type 2 tests.
NOTES
(1) Seepara.5.4.2.3.
(2) See para. 4.1 6 for further restrictions.
Power in
r--
-7
-
-------
/1
lest
section
boundary
Multiple
entry
streams
I
I ""-
"
I
FIG. 3.1 SECTIONCONTROLVOLUMES

14
I
I
"
"
"
Heat transfer

Multiple
exit
S T D - A S M E P T C 10-ENGL L997
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ASMEPTC 10-1997
In many cases it is not practical to measurethe

leakage flow and it is permissible to use calculated
values of leakage for test and specified conditions.
speeds of rotating equipment in selectingthetest

speed.
shall not exceed
Testpressuresandtemperatures
the maximum allowable pressures and temperatures
for thecompressor.
3.3.7 Where the efficiency is to be determined by

shaft input power measurementsthebearingand
seallosses shouldnotexceed
10 percent of the
total test power. This will minimize theeffectof
uncertainties in the bearing and seal loss determination of gas power.
3.5
3.5.2 It is necessary to maintain a consistency

betweenspecifiedvolume
flow rate ratio and test
volume flow rate ratio for each section. Permissible
deviationsfromtheseratiosare
listed in Fig.3.2.
As an example, in the first section ofa multisection
compressor,the ratio of inlet volume flow rate to
dischargevolume flow rate for thespecifiedand
test conditions must be held to within +S percent
which is the same as that required for conventional
compressors in Table 3.2. In addition, it is required
thatthe ratio of first stage sectiondischarge flow
rate to secondsection inlet volume flow rate for
the specified and test conditions be
held to within
2 1 O percent.This
is required so that the total
pressure determined at thesidestreamflange
will
havethesame
relationship to the total pressure
actually existing atthe exit of the first section boundary for specified and test conditions.
For thesecondandsucceedingsectionstherequirements are similar. The ratio of inlet volume
flow rate to discharge volume flow rate for specified
andtest
conditionsmustbeheld
to within +5
percent.
Also, the preceding section discharge volume
flow
rate to sidestream inlet volume flow rate ratio for
specified and test conditions must be
held to 21O
percent.Finally,the
ratio ofthedischargevolume
flow rateofthesectionbeingtested
to thenext
sidestream volume flow ratemustalsobeheld
to
2 1 O percent.
This requirement is most important in the second
section of a three section machine where both inlet
anddischarge total pressuresare being determined
at the sidestreamflanges andvelocity similarities
arenecessary for test accuracy. Code requirements
arealsodescribed in equationform in Fig. 3.2.
3.3.9 When power is to be determined by the heat

balancemethod, the heatlossesdue
to radiation
andconvection,expressed
in percentof the total
shaftpower,shall not exceed 5 percent.
3.3.10 ForType 2 tests, the inlet gas condition
shallhave a minimum of 5F of superheat.
TEST CAS AND SPEED
3.4.1 The physicalandthermodynamicproperties

of thespecified and test gas shall beknown.The
option of using tabulated data, an equation of state
correlation,
or
experimental
determination
as a
source for theseproperties shall be agreed upon
prior to the test.
3.4.2 The following physicalproperties of thetest
gas throughout the expected pressure and temperature range shall be known or accurately determined:
(a) molecular weight
(b) specific heat at constant pressure (cf)
(c) ratio of specific heats (c&)
(d) compressibility factor (Z)
(e) dew point
(fl viscosity
(g) isentropic exponent
(h) enthalpy
(i) acoustic velocity
3.4.3 Thetestspeedshallbeselected
so as to
conform to the limits of Table 3.2.Thetestspeed
shall not exceedthe safe operating speed of the
compressor. Consideration shouldbe given to critical
15

INTERMEDIATE FLOW STREAMS
3.5.1 Section Treatment. Compressors having

flowsaddedorremoved
at intermediatelocations
betweenthe inlet and final dischargearehandled
by treating the compressor by sections. The gas state
and flow rateshallbeestablished for eachstream
where it crosses the section boundary.
3.3.8 Evaluation of performanceofcomponents

between sections, if any,such as heatexchangers,
piping, valves,etc., is generallybeyondthescope
of this Codeandshallbeagreeduponbyparties
to the test.The specifiedoperating condition performance of suchcomponentsorthetechnique
for correctionof testresults to specifiedoperating
conditions shall be agreed upon by parties to the test.
3.4

subscript
whelre:
go
h2-2)t
93
= 42
q3-2
Section 1 inlet from

measurements
Section 1 diiharge
from measurementa
side&earn

measurement,
1 -
2 =
3 =
(r~-2)sp
95
- (rq7-2lt
(rql-2M.J
q
92
Min.
ql-2
Section
flange
computed
before
flange
,,o
105
Max.
FIG. 3.2
(rpl-5)t
9
44
= 45
Section
TYPICAL SIDELOAD
46
= 45
subscript7
Q8
rq7a = 41
QL%5
SECTIONAL COMPRESSORS
flange

measurements
6 -
inlet computed
110
105
110
Max.
Section 2 discharge
computed
from internal
measurements
before ridestream
2 mixed
go
95
9o
Min.
5 -
4 = Section
(r,&sp
(rq8-5)t
(r++p
(rq3-2)t
(rql.2)sp
(13
= -
subscript
re5=$
w-5
rq3-2
---------
h&t
3 mixed
105
110
Max.
from
inlet computed
95
Min.
8 = Section 3 discharge
flange measurements
= Section
&8-5)w
section
S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL L997 m 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0 b 0 5 4 4 5 8 1 9 m
ASMEPTC 10-1997
3.5.3 Inward Sidestreams. Whenthe

sidestream
flow is inward,thedischargetemperatureofthe
precedingsectionshallbe
measured prior to the
mixing ofthe two streams. This temperature measurement shall bemade in a portion ofthedischarge
flow stream where the sidestream cannot affect the
raw data. Raw data may be affected by heat transfer
froma cold sidestream to a hotmainstream flow
or fromrecirculation which mayoccur within the
flow passage. The discharge temperature is needed
to compute the performanceof the preceding section
and to computethereferencemixedtemperature
for the nextsection inlet.
It is possible for internal total pressures to exceed
flange total pressure dueto the higher internal velocities. The higher internal velocities are accompanied
by a lower static pressure which provides a pressure
difference for inward flow.
3.5.4 Temperature Stratification. It is common for
sideload sectional compressors to have temperature
differences between the mainstream and sidestream.
When testing all sections of a multisection compressor (threeormoresections)simultaneously,large
differences between the sidestream and mainstream
temperatures may occur. It is possible, due to these
differences, for thermal flow stratification to exist
within thecompressorsections.
This stratification
mayresult in inaccurate measurements of internal
temperatures in downstreamsections.Undertest
conditions,
the
stream
temperature
differences
should be maintained as close to specified as practical.
3.5.7 It is recommended that eachsection of a

multisectionmachinehaveits
own performance
curvedefinedby
a number of testpoints.This
enables synthesis of the combined overall performance curve and provides data on the interrelations
of the individual sections. The ratios of Fig. 3.5 will
apply at all points unless other specified operating
ratiosare identified.
3.6
SAFETY
3.6.1 Thetest
gas usedshallbe
in compliance
with local regulationsandprudentpractice
with
regard to flammability and/or toxicity.
Testgasesused
in a closed loop shall be
continuously monitored for composition and avoidance of combustible mixtures. Air or other oxidizing
gases shallnotbeused
in aclosedloop.
3.6.2
3.6.3 The party providing thetestsite

will be
responsible for establishing the requirements of systemprotection.Considerationshouldbegiven
to
the needfor relief valves for accidental overpressure.
Therequirement of alarmsand/orautomaticshutdown devicesforsuchitems
as high temperature,
loss of cooling water, low oil pressure,compressor
overspeed, or other possible malfunctions should be
reviewed,
3.5.5 Performance Definition. Thesectionalhead,

efficiencies,and
pressures
are
definedflange
to
flange. The only internal measurementsneededare
the sectional discharge temperatures for computing
the mixed temperature conditions and sectional performance.Thepressureusedforcalculatingthe
sectionalperformance is assumed to be equal to
the sidestreamflange total pressure.
The internal mixedtemperatureshould be computed on a mass enthalpy basis (real gas evaluation)
for obtaining the inlet temperature for succeeding
sections. Simplified mixing based on mass temperaturemaybedone
for ideal gases with constant
specific heat.Forfurther
information see para. E.5
of Appendix E.
3.7
PIPING
3.7.1 Piping arrangements required to conducta

test under the Code are detailedin Section 4. Permissible alternatesaredescribed for convenienceand
suitability. A selection suitable for the prevailing test
conditions shall be made and described
in thetest
report. When the choke point is to be determined,
care should be taken to assure that the compressor
pressurerise shall exceedsystemresistance.
3.7.2 Minimum straightlengths ofpiping at the
inlet, discharge, and on both sides of the flow device
arespecified in Section 4.
When compressorsaretreated
as anumber of
individual sections, these piping requirements apply
to each section. Such piping between sections may
not occurnaturally in thedesign. When it does
3.5.6 Extraction Sidestreams. Whentheintermediate flows are removed (.e., bleed-off) fromthe
compressor,they will cross asectionboundary.
17

The internal temperatureandpressurecanbe

assumed to be equal to the external flange temperatureand pressure oftheprimary
internal stream.
The ratio of flow raterestrictions in Fig. 3.2 shall
also apply to outward flowing sidestreams.
ASME PTC 10-1997
EXHAUSTERS
AND
COMPRESSORS
O .3
0.2
0.1
BI
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
I
-0.3 I
O
I
I
0.2
I
I
I
I
0.4
I
I
I
I
0.6
0.8
Mach No. Specified
FIG. 3.3
1.o
Mmsp
A L L O W A B L EM A C H I N EM A C HN U M B E R
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS
I
I
1.2
1.4
1.6
DEPARTURES,
not, the parties to the test should elect by mutual

agreement to:
(a) install additional piping between the sections
(6) take measurementsin the availablespace. Consideration shall be given to any compromise in measurement accuracy and its effect upon the final test
objective.
(c) remove components such as external heat exchangers and replace them with the required piping.
When this alternate is selected it is important that the
removal of the component have a negligible effect
upon the section entry or exit flowfield so as not to
affect the section performance parameters.
shall be designed for the maximum pressure plus a

suitable safety factor and the cooler
shall be sized
to dissipatethe
maximum heatload.
Additional
lengthsof piping beyondthe minimum prescribed
may be requiredto provide additional system capacitance.Provisionsmay
be necessary toallow for
expansion of the piping and the piping design shall
beofsufficientstrength
to withstandthe stresses
imposed during compressorsurge.
3.7.3 Where externalintercoolerperformanceand
Test instruments shall be selected, calibrated, and

installed in accordance with therequirements of
Section 4.
3.8
pressure drop are known for the specified operating

conditions,ordeterminedon
a separatetest, the
compressor may be tested as separate sections and
the combined performance computed by the method
described in Section 5.
INSTRUMENTATION
3.7.4 If a closed loop test i s to beperformed, the

3.9 PRETEST
maximum messure to be obtained and themaximum
heat load shallbeestimated.The
piping andcooler
Pretest inspection may be of interest to either
from thecompressordischarge to the throttle valveparty.Refer
to PTC 1 forguidance.
18

S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL L997 D 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 O h 0 5 4 4 7 bqL

COMPRESSORS
ASME AND EXHAUSTERS
PTC 10-1 997
Mach No. Specified - Mmsp
FIG. 3.4
3.10
A L L O W A B L EM A C H I N EM A C HN U M B E R
COMPRESSORS
(i) lubricant temperatures, inlet and outlet of bearings, seals, and speed changing gear, if applicable
(j) coolant and lubricant flows, if applicable
fk/ barometric pressure
(I) gas analysis, if atmospheric air is not the test gas
(m) time
PRETEST R U N
3.10.1 Thecompressorshallbeoperated
for sufficient time at the required conditions to demonstrate
acceptable mechanical operation and stable values
of all measurements to be takenduringthe
test,
Preliminarydatashallbetaken
to familiarize test
personnel, to determine if all instrumentsare functioning properly,and
to ascertain if thereading
fluctuations fall within the limits prescribed in Table 3.4.
3.10.3 A set ofcalculationsshall

be madeusing
the preliminary testdata to assure that the correct
test speed has been selected, that the test parameters
required in Tables 3.1 or 3.2, as applicable,were
obtainedand that theoverallperformancevalues
arereasonable.
3.10.2 All instrumentobservationspertinent to the

testshall
be taken during the pretest run. They
commonly include the following:
(a) inlet pressure
(b) inlet temperature
(c) relative humidity orwet bulb temperature, if
atmospheric air is the test gas
(d) discharge pressure
(e) discharge temperature and/orshaft power input
(0 flow device pressures and temperatures
(gl speed
(h) cooler inlet and outlet temperatures,gas and
coolant sides, if applicable
3.10.4 Thepretestrunmaybeconsidered
as part
of the test if it meets all requirementsofthetest.
3.11
TEST OPERATION
3.11.1 Thecompressor shall be operated at the

requiredconditions for a sufficient period of time
to demonstrate that all variables have stabilized.
3.11.2 When all variableshavestabilized,the test
personnelshall take thefirst set ofreadings of all
19

DEPARTURES, AXIAL
~~
0757b70. Ob05448 528
m
EXHAUSTERS
ASME PTC 10-1997
GENERAL NOTE: 90,000 is cutoff
FIG. 3.5
ALLOWABLE MACHINE REYNOLDSNUMBER

greater of specified capacity). When the compressor

is used with a variable speed driver additional points
maybe run onselectedspeedlines,
provided that
an equivalent speed is generated for each operating
point selected.
essentialinstruments.Three
sets of readingsshall
be taken during eachtest point.
3.1 1.3 The minimum duration of a test point, after
stabilization, shall be 15 minutesfromthe start of
the first set of readings to the end of the third set
of readings.
3.11.6 The flow at which surgeoccurscan

be
determined by slowly reducing the flow rate at the
test speed until indications of unstable or pulsating
flow appear. The severity of surge will vary widely
as a function of pressure ratio, type of compressor,
andcapacitanceofthe
piping system.Surgemay
be identified by noise, fluctuations in the differential
pressure of the flow nozzle, or a drop and/or fluctuation of the pressure and/or temperature.
When the surge flow has been identified, the flow
shouldbeincreased
slightly until stableoperation
is restored so that a complete set ofperformance
datamaybetaken.Thisprocessmayberepeated
a second time to demonstrate the reliability of the
initial setting.
It should be understood that a surge flow established in a shoptestmay
not definethe
surge
conditions which will occur in the field due to
3.11.4 When a test is only to verify a single specified condition, the test shall consist of two test points
which bracket the specified capacity within a range
of 96 percent to 104 percent.
3.1 1.5 When performancecurves are required to

verify the complete compressor range of operation,
a multipoint test shall beperformed. Each point
selected along the curve shall be assumed to be a
specified point andcheckedforequivalency.This
may require a different equivalent speed foreach
test point. Usually five pointsshouldbe
used to
complete a curve. A point shall be taken at approximately the specified capacity. The additional points
should consist of one point nearsurge, two points
between specified capacity andsurge, and one point
in the overload range (preferably 105 percentor
20

DEPARTURES,
PTC 10-1997
COMPRESSORS
ASME
AND EXHAUSTERS
12
10
9
FIG. 3.6
SCHULTZ COMPRESSIBILITYFACTOR
differences in piping configurationand

sponse.
- FUNCTION
3.12
system re-
INCONSISTENCIES
3.12.1 Where
four
independent
instruments
are
used to measure a pressure ortemperaturevalue
andonerecordedobservation
is inconsistentdue
to measurementerror, its valueshall be discarded
and the value determined from the average of the
otherthree.Wherefewerthanfourindependent
measuring devices are used, all values shall be used
and averaged to determine the measurement value.
3.11.7
Thechoke
flow maybedeterminedby
gradually opening the discharge throttle valve while
maintaining speed and inlet pressure until the flow
remainsessentiallyconstant
with decreasing dischargepressure.
If the compressoris to be operated as an exhauster
ortested with an opendischarge,thechoke
flow
may be determined by gradually opening the
inlet
valve whileholding speed anddischargepressure
constant.
If choke flow is to bedetermined,the
facilities
shall be designed so as not to limit maximum flow.
3.12.2 Thethreereadings for eachtest point shall

be within thefluctuationtolerances
listed in Table 3.4.
21

Y VERSUS REDUCED PRESSURE
ASME PTC 10-1997
Reduced Pressure, Pr
FIG. 3.7 SCHULTZCOMPRESSIBILITYFACTOR
3.13
- FUNCTION X VERSUSREDUCEDPRESSURE
ERRORS AND UNCERTAINTIES
3.14 TEST LOG SHEETS

Thetest log sheet shall identify thecompressor
manufacturer, model, and serial number.
Test location, driver identification, test instruments used, and
test date shall be listed. Raw data for each test point
shall be recorded as observed on the test log sheet
as well as the time of each set of data. Corrections
and corrected readings shall be listed separately in
the test report.
At the completion of the test the log sheets shall
be signed by therepresentatives of theinterested
parties. Copies of the complete
log sheets shall be
furnished to the interestedparties.The test report
shall be completed in accordance with the instructions in Section 6.
3.13.1 It should be recognizedthattheresults

of
the test calculations are subject to errorcaused
by theinaccuracies of the testinstrumentsand/or
procedures. It is recommendedthat an uncertainty
analysis be made prior to the test to assure that the
test objectives can be met. The detailed procedures
are given in PTC 19.1 and arediscussed in para.
5.7 of this Code.
3.13.2 The uncertainty is a measure of the quality

ofthe test andshouldnot
beused as a measure
of the quality of the machine.
22

S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL L777 H 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 Ob0545L 0 3 2

ASME PTC 1O- 1997
SECTION 4
- INSTRUMENTSANDMETHODSOF
MEASUREMENT
12
taps displaced 45 deg. fromthemandatleast
in. downstream.
In special cases when atmospheric conditions satisfytherequirements,thecompressormayberun
without an inletpipe as shown in Fig.4.2.The
inlet opening shall be protected with a screenand
bellmouth suitably designed to eliminate debris and
minimize entrancelosses(seepara.4.4).The
total
inlet pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure. Temperature measuring devices shall be located
on the
screen to measure the temperature of the air stream
at thecompressor inlet.
Forcompressors with an axial inlet, the impeller
may,undersomeconditions,
produce a vortexat
the pressure station to cause substantial error in the
measurement of inlet pressure.Users of this Code,
by agreement,mayusevanes suitably designed for
low pressure loss to prevent rotation at the pressure
taps.Thestaticpressurestationsshall
notbe less
than four pipe diameters upstream of the compressor
flange as shown in Fig.4.3.
4.1 METHODS
4.1.1 The choice of methods provided in this Code
will depend on the compressor,thespecified
gas,
andthetypeoftestselected.
4.2
INSTRUMENTATION
4.2.1 ThePerformanceTestCodeSupplements
in
the PTC 19 series on InstrumentsandApparatus
provide authoritative information concerning instrumentsand their use andshouldbeconsultedfor
suchinformation.Theselection
of instrumentation
shall be determined by the uncertainty limit requirementsofthetest
as well as suitability forthetest
siteconditions.Theinstrumentselectionshallbe
justified by calculation that the uncertainty in results
meets the statedtestobjectives.
Instrumentation is required to determine the inlet
and discharge gas states, flow rate, and compressor
speed. Depending upon the method selected, additional instrumentation may be required to determine
test power.
4.3
4.3.3 Typicaldischarge piping required for compressors

are
outlined in Fig.4.1.The
minimum
straight length of discharge pipe required before and
after the instrumentation is specified. The four static
pressuretapsarea minimum of 12 in. downstream
ofthedischargeopening.Thepressuretapsare
followed by the four temperature taps displaced 45
deg. fromthemandatleast
8 in. downstream.
Analternatearrangementmaybeusedwhen
a
compressoroperating as an exhauster on air has a
dischargevelocitypressure
less than 5 percent of
the total pressure. In this case the compressor can
berun without a discharge pipe as shown in Fig.
4.4. The discharge temperature of the gas stream is
measuredat the compressor discharge.
When the compressor has a volute that produces
unsymmetrical flow at thedischargeopeningthe
static
pressure
taps
shall be a minimum of six
diametersdownstream as shown in Fig.4.5.The
other minimum dimensions are specified in Fig. 4.1.
Straightening vanesdesigned for low pressure loss,
PIPING
4.3.1 The location of the pressure and temperature

measuring stations have specificrelation to the compressor inlet and outlet openings.The pipe sizes
shall match theseopenings, Minimum lengthsof
straight pipe are mandatory for certain pressure and
temperaturemeasurementstationsand
for certain
flow devices.Pipearrangementsandallowableexceptionsaredescribed
in thisSection.Appropriate
selectionsshallbemadeanddescribed
in thetest
report.
4.3.2 Typical inlet piping required for compressors
is outlined in Fig. 4.1. The minimum straight length
of inlet pipe is determined by what is upstreamof
the inlet opening. The four static pressure taps
are
a minimum of 24 in. upstream of the inlet opening.
Downstream of the
pressure taps arefour temperature
23

ASME PTC 10-1997
6 minimum
12 in. minimum
12 in. minimum
6 in. minimum
8 in. minimum
h
temperature
Inlet
Inlet static
pressure
4 taps spaced
90 deg. apart
Inlet Opening
Preceded By
Straight run
Elbow
Reducer
Valve
Flow device
Discharge static
pressure
4 measuring
from
taps spaced
90 deg. apart
4 measuring stations
spaced 90 deg. apart
(45 deg. from static
pressure)
Discharge Opening
Followed By
Minimum Dimension
A
2D
30
20
30
60
IOD
30
ED
3D
Straight run
Elbow
Reducer
Valve
Flow device
5D
Discharge temperature
4 measuring
taps
spaced
90 deg. apart (45 deg.
pressure)
static
Minimum Dimension
20
20
30
30
80
30
30
50
5D
IOD
For open inlet, see Fig. 4.2.
For open discharge, see Fig. 4.4.
For vortex producingaxial inlet,

see Fig. 4.3.
For diffusing volute with

unsymmetrical flow,
see Fig. 4.5.
Discharge Configuration
Inlet Configuration
FIG. 4.1
INLETANDDISCHARGECONFIGURATION
Protecting screen
Inlet pressure
by barometer
Inlet temperature
FIG. 4.2 OPEN INLET

24

ASMEPTC
10-1997
See Fig. 4.1 for
minimum dimensions
1D min
Inlet static pressure

4 taps spaced 90 deg. apart
Inlet temperature
4 measuring taps spaced
from static pressure)
A-
4Dmin.
L Straightener (optional)
See Fig. 4.8, para. 4.5
FIG. 4.3VORTEX
PRODUCING AXIALINLET
Discharge static pressure by

barometer (when discharge
velocity pressure exceeds 5%
of total pressure use discharge
pipe arrangement, Fig. 4.1)
4 measuring locations
FIG. 4.4
OPEN DISCHARGE
as covered in para. 4.5, maybeused

by mutual
agreement to minimize the effect of the unsymmetrical flow.
for the conditions. In general, a screen on the inlet

must be strongenough to preventcollapse in the
event of accidental clogging. The mesh of a screen
shall be selected to prevent entry of foreign matter
which might damage thecompressorandimpair
itsperformance.Reliable tests cannot be made on
atmospheric air laden with dust, oil-fog, paint spray,
orotherforeignmatter
which may foul the flow
passage of thecompressor.Protectivescreensshall
have an open area at least two timesthat of the
compressor inlet or the nozzle pipe. When screens
with very small mesh orfilters are used, inlet pressure
4.3.4 Figures 4.6 and 4.7 show a typical arrangement for testing with ageneralclosed
loop and
closed loop with sidestreams.
4.4
PROTECTIVE
SCREENS
4.4.1 Compressors operating with an open inlet

shall beprotected with ascreen orfilter,suitable
25

S T D - A S M E PTC L O - E N G L L797
ASME PTC 10-1997
0757b70 Ob05454 821 W
EXHAUSTERS
AND
COMPRESSORS
Discharge static pressure

4 measuring taps spaced
minimum dimensions
4 measuring tapsspaced
from static pressure)
Straightener (optional)
See Fig. 4.8, para. 4.5
FIG. 4.5
DIFFUSINGVOLUTEDISCHARGEWITHNONSYMMETRICFLOW
Cooling water inlet temp.
arrangement
straightener
and
III
Drain pot
a
Drain tank
FIG. 4.6
TYPICALCLOSED
26

Gauge
LOOP
S T D . A S M E P T C LO-ENGL
L777

Flow equalizer
measuring
straightenerand
Nozzle
arrangement
(See PTC 19.5)
Y-
Drain pot
-i!&+
Drain
tank
Gauge
II-I Cooling
0757b70 O b 0 5 4 5 5 7bB
water inlet temp.
ASMEPTC 10-1997
Inlet
Inlet
measuring
stations
(See Fig. 4.1
'
""" jJ
Valves for
charging and
venting gas
Nozzle
measuring
arrangement
(See PTC 19.5)
Throttle
valve
Relief
valve
n
-
I
m
Flow equalizer
and straightener
-"
LJ
\ Flow nozzle
Drain
tank
Gauge
?
i
l
+
FIG. 4.7
TYPICALCLOSEDLOOP
27

WITH SIDESTREAM
S T D - A S M E P T C 10-ENGL 2 9 9 7
0759b70 O b 0 5 4 5 b bTq
COMPRESSORSANDEXHAUSTERS
ASME PTC 10-1997
shall be measured by static taps as provided in Fig.

4.1 for straight pipe.Where screens or filters are used
in a closed loop, precautions such as measurement of
the differential pressurearerecommended.
4.5
4.6
PRESSURE
MEASUREMENTS
4.6.1 Reference
should
be
made
to PTC 19.2,
forgeneral information on instruments to measure
pressure.For
therangeofpressures
likely tobe
measured in compressortest, the manometerand
thedeadweightgage
shall beused as standards.
Pressure transducers and other pressure measurement
devices can be used. These can
be calibrated using
deadweight testers or manometers. Deadweight testers shall be certified by a competentlaboratory.
Where gage lines are filled with liquids, means shall
be provided to measure the liquid level, and a
correction shallbe applied forunbalanced liquid
head.
FLOW STRAIGHTENERS A N D EQUALIZERS
4.5.1 Flow straighteners may be installed by mutual

agreementof the parties to the test as shown in
Figs. 4.3 and 4.5.These flow straighteners may be
of the simple vane type, Fig. 4.8, sketch
(a), where
L/D will beequal to orgreaterthanunity,
or of
the multitube type,Fig. 4.8, sketch (b), wherethe
length-diameter ratio of the tube shall be equal to
or greater than eight and a maximum tube diameter
of '/sD.
4.6.2 Bourdontubesorsimilar
gages shouldbe
selected to operate in themid-range of the scale.
Thediameters ofthe scalesand thearrangement
of thegraduations shall permit easy reading.The
temperature of the gage during calibration shall be
within 40F of theambienttemperature prevailing
during the test.
Flowequalizers shall be installed if required

in PTC 19.5. See Fig. 4.8, sketch (c). Flow equalizers
shall be a multihole plate,designed to produce a
minimum staticpressure
dropof
two timesthe
calculated velocity pressure forthe pipe section.
The total area required of the holes may be determined from the following formula:
4.5.2
4.6.3 Manometerscanbeeither
U-tube orsingle
leg design. Smallboremanometers are subject to
appreciableerrorresultingfrom
capillary forces,
variable meniscus,andrestrictedseparationofentrained gas bubbles. These errors vary with the type
of fluid, the tube diameter, and the tube cleanliness.
Singlelegmanometers
shall be checkedforzero
position before and after test. Manometer fluid shall
be chemically stable when in contact with the test
gases andmetalpartsof
the instrument.
The specific gravity andthe coefficient of temperatureexpansion
of the fluid shall be determined
before the test. See PTC 19.2 for further guidance.
where
Ah= total area of holes in plate, sq in.
Ap= area of cross section or pipe, sq in.
q = inlet volume flow, cfm
pi= inlet density,Ibmper CU ft
Dp= diameter of pipe, in.
pp= densityof gas in pipe upstreamofplate,
Ibm per CU ft
Ap= pressure drop acrossplate, psi
4.6.4 Deadweight gages andtesters shall be selected to suit the pressure range. Deadweight gages
cannotmeasure rapid pressurechangesand where
necessarytheyshallbe
installed in parallel with a
Bourdon tube gage, transducer, or other instrument.
The plate should contain not less than 50 holes

persquare foot of area, uniformly spaced, but not
less than50holes minimum.
4.6.5 Transducersshallbeselected
with pressure
ranges appropriate for the expectedtestpressures.
They must be calibrated before and after each test.
When automated data collection equipment is
used with a pressure switching device, and a single
transducer, that transducer shall be selected to cover
theentirerangeofpressure.Whenusingpressure
switching devices, sufficienttime between successive
switch points shall be allowed so that the transducer
pressure will reach equilibrium for the selected pres-
4.5.3 A combined flow equalizer and flow straightener is used with flow nozzleswhererequiredby
PTC 19.5. See Fig. 4.8, sketch (dl. The flow straightener shall be the multitube type as shown in Fig.
4.8, sketch (b), preceded by a flow equalizer onehalf pipediameter upstream. Alternatively three flow
equalizers spaced one pipe diameter apart may be
used as shown in Fig. 4.8, sketch (e).
28

ASME PTC 10-1997
lal Simple-Vane Flow Straightener
L14
(bl Multi-Tube Flow Straightener
(cl Equalizer (Perforated Plateor Screen)
min.
Id) Combination Equalizer and Straightener
IfD-"-J
(e) Multi-Tube Type Equalizer and Straightener
FIG. 4.8
STRAIGHTENERS AND
EQUALIZERS
29

S T D * A S M E P T C LO-ENGL L777 W 0757b70 O b 0 5 q 5 8 477 W

ASME PTC 10-1997
Themeasurement obtained by a total pressure

probe can be influenced to varying extent by spatial
location. In the event of significant unresolved differences from the total pressure deduced from the static
pressureandaverage
velocity, thestatic-pressurebasedresult shall prevail.
sure tap. Equilibrium shouldbe verified as part of

the measurementsystem operatingprocedures.
Velocity pressure shall becomputed on the
basis of average velocity. (Seepara. 5.4.3.)
4.6.6
Static pressure shall be taken as the arithmetic

average ofindividual rawdataobservations
from
four stations,spaced 90 deg. in the same plane of
the pipe. Thediameter of the static hole shall not
exceedfour-tenths of the pipewall thicknessand
it should not be greater than V,, in. in normal circumstances.The hole shallbe drilled smoothandfree
of burrs. A preferred connection is obtained by
welding a coupling to the pipe and then drilling
thehole.Total
pressureprobesmaybeused
to
measurepressure
at the samestations thestatic
measurements are made. Where the absolute values
from four stations differ by more than one percent,
the cause shall bedetermined and the condition
corrected. SeePTC 19.2 forfurtherguidance.
4.6.7
4.6.10 Barometerreadingsand thetemperature at

theinstrument shall be recorded at the beginning
and end of each test point. The instrument shall be
located at the site of the test. It shall be protected
from weather, direct sunlight, and fluctuating temperature changes. Precautions shall be taken to prevent
negativepressures in the vicinity of the barometer
which may be caused by strong winds, compressor
intakes, or ventilating fans. The instrument elevation
with respect to the compressor shall be determined
and propercorrections applied. SeePTC19.2
for
further guidance.
4.6.1 1 Internal pressure measurements are required
only if thesectionalperformance
is defined for
internal conditions (as an alternative the Codedefinition in para. 3.5.6). Due to the many configurations
of the internal passages in sidestreamcompressors,
this Codecannotspecifypreciselywhereor
how
internal pressure instrumentation may be placed.As a
guide, four pressure probes (either static ordynamic)
should beinserted in themainstream flow. These
probes should belocated so the incoming sidestream
does not affecttheraw
data (see Fig. 4.12). It is
usually difficult to makeaccurate internal pressure
measurements at a stagedischargesince
this is
normally a region of high velocity with local variations of velocity, flow angle,andpressure.This
measurement uncertainty should be reflected in the
error analysis and in thevalue of the uncertainty
assigned to thesestations.
4.6.8 Inlet pressure i s the total pressure prevailing

at the compressor inlet. It i s the sum of thestatic
pressure and the velocity pressure.Staticpressure
shall be measured as specifiedfor inlet pipes in
Figs. 4.1 or 4.3. Where no inletpipe is used, as
in Fig. 4.2, the inlet total pressure shall be measured
by a barometer.
Total pressuremay be directly measured by the
use of total probes inserted into the flow stream (such
probes shall be properly oriented or directionally
compensated to insureproper measurement).The
measurement obtained by a total pressure probe can
be influenced to varying extent by spatial location. In
the event of significant unresolved differences from
the total pressure deduced from thestaticpressure
and average velocity, the static-pressure-based result
shall prevail.
4.6.9 Discharge pressure i s the total pressureprevailing at the compressor discharge. It shall be taken
as the sum of thestaticpressureandthe
velocity
pressure. Static pressure shall be measured as illustrated in Fig.4.1. When no discharge pipe i s used,
as illustrated in Fig. 4.4, the discharge static pressure
shall be measured by a barometer. If the velocity
pressure (based on discharge opening area) exceeds
5 percent of the static pressure,an open discharge
shall not be used.
Total pressuremaybe directly measured by the
use of total probes inserted into the flow stream (such
probesshallbe
properly oriented or directionally
compensated to insureproper measurement).
4.7
4.7.1 Reference should

be
made
to PTC
19.3,
Temperature Measurement, for guidance on instruments fortemperaturemeasurement.Temperature
shall be measured by thermocouples or mercury-inglass thermometers or other devices with equivalent
accuracy. The range of their scales, the sensitivity,
and the required accuracy shall be chosen for each
of the significant measurements according to the
particular need.The following generalprecautions
arerecommendedwhen
making any temperature
measurement: the instrument installation should assure that thermal conductance by radiation, convec30

TEMPERATURE
MEASUREMENTS
ASME PTC 1 O- 1997
temperature measured is a value between static and

total temperature. The velocity temperature
is then
corrected for the recovery factor and added
to the
measured observation (see para. 5.4.4). Special temperature probes made to measure total temperature
need little ornocorrection.
tion, and conduction between the temperaturesensitive elementand all externalthermalbodies(pipe

wall, externalportions of thermometerwellsand
thermocouple, etc.) shall be negligible in comparison
to theconductancebetweenthe
sensor andthe
mediumbeing measured. Insulationofthoseparts
of thermometer well, thermocouple sheath, etc., that
extendbeyondthe
pipe outsidediametermaybe
a means of accomplishing this objective if necessary.
In somecases, insulation of the pipe wall near the
thermometerorpossiblyinsulation
of thesection
of the pipe upstreamof the thermometermaybe
necessary.
The temperature measuring device shall extend a
sufficient distance into the fluid stream to minimize
unavoidable conduction of heat. They need not be
perpendicular to the wall. Oil or other heat conducting fluid should be used in thermowells to improve
heat transfer.
Precaution shall betaken to avoid insertion of
thetemperaturemeasuringdevice
into astagnant
area when measuring the temperature of
a flowing
medium.
4.7.7 Inlet temperature is the total temperature

prevailing at the compressor inlet. When the compressor is tested with an inlet pipe, four temperature
taps shallbespaced
90 deg.apartand
displaced
Figs.
45 deg. fromthestaticpressuresensors(see
4.1 or 4.3). When machines are assembled with an
open inlet as in Fig. 4.2, inlet total temperature is the
atmospheric temperature, andit shall be measuredby
fourinstrumentsattached
to the protecting screen.
In general, when the 4 (four) raw data observations
differ by morethan 0.5 percent of theabsolute
temperature the cause shall be determined and corrected.For low temperaturerisemachinesuncertainty analysis should be used to determine acceptable limits. Variations of more that 0.5 percent
caused by factors other than instrument error such
as design may require more than 4 (four) measuring
stations.
4.7.2 When selecting a liquid-in-glass thermometer

there may be a need for an emergent
stem correction.
Refer to PTC19.3 for further information.
4.7.8 Dischargetemperature i s the total temperature prevailing at thecompressordischarge.When

a compressor is assembled for test with a discharge
pipe,theinstruments shall be located as shown in
Figs, 4.1 or 4.5 andspaced 90 deg. apart and
displaced 45 deg. fromthe pressuretaps. Where
the compressor is operated without a discharge pipe,
four instruments shall be anchored to the discharge
opening with asuitableprojection
into the gas
stream.
Whenthefourraw
dataobservations differ by
more than 0.5 percent of the absolute temperature,
the cause shall be determined and corrected. Variationof morethan 0.5 percentcaused by factors
otherthaninstrumenterrorsuch
as designmay
requiremorethanfourmeasuringstations.
4.7.3 Thermocouples shall have

junctions
silver
brazedorwelded.Theselectionofmaterialsshall
be suitable for the temperature and the gases being
measured. Calibration shall be made with the complete assembly, including theinstrument,thereferencejunction,andthe
lead wires. If the well is
integral with the thermocouple,the well shall also
be included in the calibration.
4.7.4 Thermometer wells shall be as small in diameter and with walls as thin as conditions will permit.
Wells shall be evaluated for the conditions of anticipated use to determine the time lag and the corrections to be
applied.
Thermocouples
should
be
welded to the bottomof a well toreduce orminimize
the correction for well error.
4.7.9 Forsidestreamcompressors,due to the many

possibleconfigurations
of internal passages, this
Code cannot specify where orhow internal temperature instrumentation may be placed (see paras. 3.5.5
and 3.5.6). As a guide,fourtemperatureprobes
shouldbeinserted
in themainstream flow. These
probes should be locatedso the incoming sidestream
does notaffecttherawdata(seeFig.
4.12). It is
usually difficult to make accurate internal temperature measurements at a stage discharge since this is
normally a regionof high velocity. This measurement
Resistancetemperaturedetectorsorthermistorsshouldbeselected
for the appropriate range.
Cautionshould be takenbecausesome
of these
deviceshave a relatively slow responsetime.
4.7.5
4.7.6 Total temperature is the sum of static temperatureandvelocitytemperature.Wherethe

Mach
number is lowerthan 0.1 1 for gases,or
for air
where the velocity is below 125 ft/sec, the velocity
temperature may be negligible. Normally, the actual
31

ASME PTC 10-1997
Nozzle temperature
m
I
Nozzle pressure
2 taps spaced 90 dag.
"
4
"
para.
Protecting screen
See
4.4
FIG. 4.9
SD minimum
INLET NOZZLE ON A N OPEN LOOP
uncertainty shouldbereflected
in theuncertaintybarometer
pressure. Differential pressure i s measured
analysisand in the value of the uncertainty assigned
from two statictaps located 112Ddownstream of the
to thesestations.The internal temperaturemeasurenozzle flange.Temperature is measuredbysensors
ment i s always required when sidestreamand mainat the screen.
stream flows mix internally.
4.8
CAPACITY
MEASUREMENTS
4.8.1 Flowmaybemeasuredbyusingan
ASME
flow nozzle, concentric square edgeorifice, Herschel
type venturi tube, or alternative devices of equal or
betteraccuracy.Reference
shall be made to PTC
19.5, Flow Measurement, for general instruction and
detailed description of the various primary elements
and their applications. Other references are provided
in Appendix D. The interested parties shall mutually
agree upon the type of metering device to be used
and the choice shall bestated in the test report.
4.8.2 The flow measuring device may be located on
either the inlet or discharge side of the compressor.
It
shall be usedto determine the net capacity delivered,
or in the case of anexhauster,the
netcapacity
exhausted, which excludeslosses by shaftleakage,
balancing pistons,condensation,andothernormal
leakage that maybeinherent
in the compressor
design. Multiple devicesare required for multiple
inlet or discharge flow sections.
The nozzle may be used with an open inlet.
The nozzle arrangement shown in Fig. 4.9 may be
used for the test of compressors as exhausters. The
4.8.3
minimum length of straight pipe, following the noz-
4.8.5 Formulasfor
calculating mass flow for a
variety offlow measuringdevices as provided in
PTC 19.5 shallbeused.Methodsare
included for
the determination of the discharge coefficient, fluid
expansionfactor,andmeteringelementthermal
expansion coefficient for various flow elements.
zle, shall be equal to five times the pipe diameter,

and the pipe diameter shall be a minimum of 1.66
times the nozzle throat diameter. A protecting screen
shall be used in accordance with the instructions
of para. 4.4. Upstream total pressure is equal to the
32

4.8.4 The nozzle maybeused with an open discharge: Figs. 4.1 O and 4.1 1 show optional arrangements of the flow nozzle on the outlet end of a
pipe for use where it is convenient to discharge the
gas to atmosphere. For a subcritical flow, the nozzle
differential pressure, A,, will be less than the barometric pressure and it shall be measured fromimpact
tubes, as shown in Fig. 4.10. Where theavailable
gaspressures permit,the nozzle maybesizedfor
operation at critical flow. In this case the differential
pressure will begreaterthanbarometric
pressure,
and it shall be measured fromstatic taps located
1 D upstream of the nozzle as indicated in Fig. 4.1 l .
In both cases the minimum length of straight pipe
precedingthe nozzle shall be 1OD andthe pipe
diameter shall be a minimumof 1.66 timesthe
nozzle throat diameter. Temperature measuring Stations shall be located6 0 upstream. The flow straightenerand/or flow equalizer, as described in para.
4.5, shall be used.Users of these arrangements are
cautioned to observe the distinction between critical
and subcritical flow. It shouldbenotedthatthe
velocity ofapproach is included in measurements
made with impact tubes.
S T D - A S N E P T C 1 0 - E N G L L797
0 7 5 7 b 7 0 ObOSLIbL T b l
COMPRESSORS
ASME
AND EXHAUSTERS
PTC 10-1997
pressure NozzletemperatureNozzle
spaced 90 deg.
Flow equalizer and

straightener (See Fig. 4.9)
II
Il
II
II
I I
Not greater than
Il
.-
20
====
1..
.
r1
"
"
"
"
One impact tubefor d 5 5 in.

act tubes ford > 5 in.
I.
"
"
"
"
Efzz
"
"
0.23d
1OD minimum
SPECIAL NOTE: d not more than 0.6D for any nozzle arrangement
FIG. 4.10
DISCHARGENOZZLE ON ANOPENLOOP,SUBCRITICALFLOW
Nozzle temperature
spaced
deg-
7
1ODminimum
, - / , - -
FIG. 4.11
4.9
Nozzle pressure
spaced 90 deg.
""-I
DISCHARGENOZZLE ON ANOPENLOOP,
CRITICALFLOW
CAS COMPOSITION
the compressor or the sampling points. This analysis

shallconsist of identification of theconstituents,a
measure of mole percent of each and evaluation of
the molecular weight. If the test gas is air no samples
arenecessary.However, relative humidity ordewpoint shall be measured during eachtest point.
4.9.1 Thetest gas must be defined.At the minimum, sampling will betaken at thestartand end
of each test.
4.9.2 Special precautions shall be taken when testingwith theclosed loopto eliminate all liquids
fromthe
gas
stream
andstaticinstrumentlines.
When dealing with gas mixtures subject to variation,
samplesshallbetaken
at eachtest point andbe
analyzed by spectrographic,chromatographic,or
chemical methods. The sample shall be taken from
the piping such that there i s no condensation before
4.9.3 Note that while the gas under test conditions

may not exhibit condensation, the gas in the instrumentlines will be cooler (.e., roomtemperature)
and,undersome
conditions,condensation
could
occur.
33

ASME PTC 10-1997
torque meters shall be of a type suitable for calibration. The torsion member shall be selected for readability and accuracy at thespeed and load prevailing
during test.
4.1 O SPEED MEASUREMENT

4.10.1 Instruments shall beselected to provide a
continuous indicationof speed fluctuation where
variable speed drivers are used. Use of two independentinstruments,one
to provide a check on the
other, i s alsorecommended.
4.14SHAFTPOWER
BYELECTRICAL
MEASUREMENTS
4.10.2 Thespeed of a compressor driven by synchronous motors may be determined from the number of poles in themotorandthefrequency
of
the power systems. If gearsareused
betweenthe
measuring point and the compressor shaft, the speed
ratio shall be computed from a count of the number
of teeth.
4.14.1 Theshaft power input to a motor driven

compressormay be computedfrom measurements
of the electrical input to the motor terminals under
certainconditions. The powerrequirement of the
compressor should be above mid-point of the motor
rating.The output of a motorshallbecalculated
bysubtracting losses from the measured electrical
input,or as the product of input and efficiency.
Efficiency shall be determinedby an input-output
test where output is measured on a calibrated dynamometer or other appropriate device. For efficiency
determination, the supply line voltage used for calibration shallbethe
same as that used forthe
compressor test.
4.10.3 Detailed instructionson speed measuring

instrumentation is given in PTC 19.1 3, Measurement
of RotarySpeed.
4.1 1 TIME MEASUREMENT

4.11.1 Thedateand
time of day at which test
readingsaretaken
shall be recordedon all data
records.
4.12
4.14.2 Efficiency
determination
by input-output
measurements may not be practical for large motors.
For large motors the loss method may be used. The
segregated losses of an induction motor shall include
friction and windage, core loss, 12R loss of the rotor
and the stator, and a load loss. These measurements
shallbemade
in accordance with current ANSI
standards.
METHODS OF SHAFTPOWER
MEASUREMENT
4.12.1 Theshaft power input at thecompressor

coupling or the drive shaft maybemeasured
directly by:
(a) torque meters
(b) reaction mounted drivers
or evaluated from:
(c) measurementof electrical input to a driving
motor
(d) a heat balance method
(e) heat input to a loop cooler
4.14.3 The electric power input to the motor shall

bemeasured by theinstrumentsconnected at the
motorterminals.Thedetailedinstructionsforthe
measurement of electrical power are as given in
IEEE 120.
The indicating electric meters should be selected
to readabove one-third of the scalerange.
4.14.4 Calculations of electrical power shall include calibration corrections for the meter and current transformers. The transformersshall be measured
for ratio andphaseangle
at the load conditions
prevailing during the test.
4.1 2.2
The precautions, limitations, and the permiseach of thesemethodsare

describedseparately.Codeusersshallselect
the
method bestsuitedforthe
application. Detailed
instruction on the measurement of shaft power will
be found in PTC 19.7, Measurement of Shaft Power.
sible applicationsfor
4.13
4.15SHAFTPOWER
BY HEATBALANCE
MEASUREMENTS
SHAFTPOWER BY TORQUE
MEASUREMENTS
4.15.1 When it i s not possible

or
practical to
measureshaft power by direct means, it may be
computedfrom measuredvalues of thecapacity,
gas properties at inlet and discharge, heat exchange
4.13.1 Torque may be directly measured by devices

installed in a drive shaftinterposedbetweenthe
driver and the compressor. For tests under this Code,
34

L977
0759b70 ObU5qb3 839
m
ASMEPTC 10-1 997
k-
Location C
Location A
Location B
GENERAL NOTE: Mainstream instrumentation to be located between stationsA and B.
FIG. 4.12
TYPICALSIDESTREAMINLETAREA
surement of the temperature rise (suchas with differential thermocouples). Evidence of nonuniform temperature distribution morethan 2 percentofthe
temperature rise at either the inlet or the discharge
measurement station, may require one of the following procedures
be
used
at the
offending
measurement
station:
(7) Apply insulation to the piping upstreamof
the temperature measurement station in an effort to
minimize thermal gradient.If successful, the temperature measurement installation need not be changed.
(2) Move the temperature measurement station
away from the compressor and add pipe insulation.
This might beparticularly effective when temperature
through the casing, mechanical losses, and gas leakage

- loss from the shaft seals.
Methods to account for mechanical losses
are discussed in para. 4.18. External heat loss from
4.15.2
''
the casing may be evaluated

para. 4.1 7.
with
4.15.3 Theheatbalancemethod
shall be used
with the following precautionsand limitations.
(a) The inlet and discharge temperatures shall be
measured with instruments suitably selected and applied toprovide combined accuracywithin 1 percent
of the temperature rise. When the rise
is less than
SOOF, consideration should be given to direct mea35

'STD-ASME
P T C 10-ENGL L 7 7 7 W 0757b70Ob054b4
770
ASMEPTC 10-1 997
stratification causes the problem at a compressor discharge.

(3) Perform a temperature traverse using
1O locations along each of two diametral traverse lines spaced
90 deg. apart at the same pipe crosssection.The
1 O sensing locations along each traverse line should
correspond closelyto the average radii offive annular
regions of equal area which comprise the entirepipe
cross section. (The central region actually would be
a circular rather than annular area.)Themeasured
temperature would be the averageof the
20 individual
measurements.
(b) In sidestream machines, whereinternal temperature measurements areto be made,ideally four locations should be used. However, this may not prove
to bepractical. In all cases, the upstream temperatures
of the two streams mixing internally should be measured, A measurement ofthe downstream mixed temperature would be unreliable and should not be used
for calculation purposes dueto inherent poorinternal
mixing conditions in a machine.
(c) Temperature equilibrium shallbeestablished
before starting the test reading. Acceptable equilibrium will be demonstrated by six or more readings,
uniformly timed, fora period not less than 1 O minutes,
during which the temperature rise drift does not exceed 5 percent of the temperature rise.
(cf) The heat losses due
to radiation and convection
expressed in percent of total shaft power shall not
exceed 5 percent. (See para. 4.1 7.)
(e) The inlet gas conditions shall have a minimum
of 5 deg. superheat for Type 2 tests.
4.16
SHAFTPOWER
BY HEATEXCHANGER
METHODS
4.16.1 When it is not possible
or
practical to
measureshaft power directly or by a compressor
heat balance, and a heat exchanger is incorporated
in the test arrangement, the heat transferred to the
cooling watermaybeused
to determinethenet
compressorshaft power.
4.16.2 Methods to accountforthemechanical
losses are discussed in para. 4.18. External heat loss
from the casing, piping, and coolermay be evaluated
in accordance with para. 4.17.
4.17
HEAT LOSS
4.17.1 When using either the heat balance or heat

exchanger method for determining power,
it is recommendedthatheat
loss be minimizedby the
application of a suitable insulating material. If the
compressedgas temperature rise is less than S O O F ,
the inlet piping, compressor casing, and exit piping
shall be insulated atleast to the measuring station.
Theexternalheat loss fromthecompressorcasing
andconnecting piping may be computed with acceptableaccuracyfrommeasurementsoftheexposedsurfacearea, the average temperature of the
surface, and theambienttemperature.
Where a
hot surfacetemperaturevarieswidely,
as in large
multistage compressors, it is advisable to divide the
casing into arbitrary sections and determine the area
and temperature of each separately, and thus obtain
an approximateintegratedaveragetemperaturefor
the total surface.
4.1 7.2 Where cooling occurs between the inlet and
outlet measuring stations as part of the compressor
design, measurement of temperatures and flow rates
ofthe
cooling fluids arerequired.Examplesare
compressors incorporating cooled diaphragms, interstage coolers, or aftercoolers as part of the compressorpackage being tested.
4.16.3 Theheatexchanger
methodshall beused
with the following precautionsand limitations.
(a) The cooling fluidsupply shall be stablein pressure and temperature so that the fluctuation of flow
rates will not deviate more than 2 percent and the
36

fluctuation of the temperature rise by not more than

1 percent of the temperature rise.
(b) The cooling fluid flow meter shall be selected
and calibrated to maintain the uncertaintylimit within
1/2 percent at test conditions.
(c) The cooling fluid flow rate shall be regulated
so that the temperature rise i s not less than 20F.
(d) Two or more temperature measuring devices
shall be used at each cooling fluid inletand outlet.
(e) Spinners or similar devices shall be used to insure thorough mixing of the outlet stream prior to
temperature measurement.
(0 The heat losses dueto radiation and convection
from the gas loop piping, the compressor,and the
cooler shall not exceed 5 percent of the total shaft
power. It is recommended that the piping between
the compressor discharge flange and the cooler inlet
be insulated.
(g) Temperature equilibrium shall be established
before starting the test reading. Acceptable
equilibrium will be demonstrated by six or more readings,
uniformly timed, fora period not less than 1 O minutes,
during which the temperature rise drift does not exceed 5 percent of the temperature rise.
4.18MECHANICAL
ASME PTC 10-1997
LOSSES
4.1 9.2 Pressure

measurement
devices
(Bourdon
tube gages and transducers, etc.) shall be calibrated
with a deadweight standard or manometer at approximately 5 percent intervals for the anticipated measurementrange.
Instruments affected by temperature shall be calibrated in the same temperaturerangeprevailing
during their use.
4.18.1 Whenpractical,theheatequivalent
of the
mechanical losses (integral gears, bearings, and seals)
shall bedeterminedfromthetemperatureriseof
the cooling fluid. The quantity of fluid flowing shall
be determined by calibrated flow meters.Theheat
equivalentoftheexternal
losses as well as the
frictional loss in the mechanical seals, if used, shall
be determined and included in the total mechanical
losses.
Where the mechanical losses are well known and
documented, the calculated values or those values
determinedfrom
prior testing
may
be
used by
agreement by testparties.
4.1 9.3 Temperature measurement devices (thermocouples,

mercury-in-glass
thermometers,
RTDs,
thermisters,etc.) shall becalibrated with certified
standards at 20 percent intervalsfor the measurement
range. The standardshall be suitable for the measurementrangeoftheinstruments
to becalibrated.
Procedures
described
in PTC 19.3, Temperature
Measurement, shall be followed for checkingthe
accuracy
of
temperature
measuring
instruments.
Thermocouplecalibrationchecksshall
include the
hotjunction,
the leadwires,andthe
indicating
instrument. RTDs and thermisters shall be calibrated
with the total system.
4.18.2 Where speed changing gears (not partof

thecompressor)areusedbetween
a driverand a
compressor,and shaft power is measured onthe
input side of the gear, it willbe necessary to subtract
the friction and windage loss of the gear to obtain
the shaft power input to thecompressor.Thegear
power loss to the lubricating fluid may be determined
by measuring the flow rate and the temperature rise.
The additional external loss to the atmosphere may
be determined by the methods of para. 4.17. When
gear loss measurements are madeon an independent
geartest, careshouldbetaken
to assure that the
load, lubricating oil temperature, viscosity, and flow
ratesare similar to those for thecompressortest.
4.1 9
4.19.4 Instruments for measuring electric power

such as wattmeters, ammeters, and voltmeters shall
be calibrated with primary standards. The zero adjustments shall be checked. They shall be examined
for pivot friction. Instruments showing pivot friction
shall notbe
used. Dynamometertypesmay
be
calibrated on either ac or dc current. Current transformersshallbemeasured
for transformation ratio
and phase angle at the range
of burdens prevailing
in the circuit duringthe test.The transformation
ratio of potential transformers shall bemeasured
at theapproximateprimaryvoltageandfrequency
prevailing during the test.
INSTRUMENT CALIBRATION
4.19.1 All instrumentsused for measurement shall

be currently certified by comparisonwith appropriate
standards before the test. Those instruments subject
to change in calibrationsdue to use, handling,or
exposure to injurious conditions, shall be compared
again with standardsafterthetest.
4.19.5 Torque
meters
shall be calibrated by
applying torque with certified standard weights, load
cells, or other appropriate devices spaced to cover
the working range. For strain gage types, the calibration shall includethe brushes, leadwires,andthe
indicatinginstrument.
37

ASME PTC 10-1997
SECTION 5 - COMPUTATIONOFRESULTS
percent
one
in efficiency
and
two percent in dischargespecificvolume.'The
ideal gas equation of
The Calculation
The process Of
state,
14dPv
= RT, and the correspondingderived
establishing
compressor
performance
from
test
data
equations in Tables
and
may be
involves a number of calculation steps. This Section
Forgases
with variablespecific
heats,average
is presented in the following chronologicalorder:
properties are calculated at the arithmetic mean
FORMAT
5.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Perfect
real
or
gas treatment is selected.
section
temperature.
The appropriate test speed is calculated if a Type
2 test is to be performed.
The raw test data is processed.
Test performance is calculated.
Test performance is expressed in dimensionless
form.
Reynolds number correction is applied.
The corrected dimensionless expressions are used
to predict performance at specified operating conditions.
Theimportantsubjectofuncertainty
is treated
separately. The section format
is intended to guide
the user in basic calculation procedure and
to present
the necessary equations. Appendix E is provided as
a background theory source and further explanation
of the equations.
5.2COMPUTATIONALMETHODS
AND REALGASES
5.2.1.3
Tabulated
Properties
and
Equation
of
StateMethods.
Puregases
and gas mixtures for
which tabulated data properties exist may be treated
as real gases.
There are many gas property correlation equations
of state for purecomponentsand
gas mixtures.
Many of the generalized equations of state provide
sufficiently accurate predictions of gas properties to
be used in conjunction with the calculation methods.
Theuse ofeitherofthesemethods
will require
iterative procedures to satisfy the equations in Tables
5.2 to 5.4.
FORIDEAL
5.2.1Choice
of Methods. Thetest andspecified
gases maybetreated as eitherperfectorrealdependingupon their respectivethermodynamicbehavior. For thepurposesofthisCode
ideal gases
are those which fall within the limits of Table 3.3.
Gases which exhibit deviations beyond these limits
are considered real. Threedistinct treatments of gases
are recognized in the computational procedures. The
appropriatechoice will dependupontheselected
gas, knowledge of itsproperties,andthedesired
accuracy.
the limits imposed h Table 3.3. 'Th;! table limik

aredefined so that the use of ideal gas laws will
introducemaximumuncertaintyofapproximately
5.3.1 Test Gas Selection. The gas to be used in

establishingtheperformance of thecompressor to
betestedcanbethespecifiedoperating
gas ora
39

5.2.1.2 Schultz Method.

Thegasmay be treated
as a real gas usingthemethodofSchultz[see
Ref.(D.1311 when the compressibility functions are
known.Thereal
gas equationof state, 144pv =
ZRT, andthecorrespondingderivedequationsof
Tables 5.2 to 5.4 areused.The
arithmeticmean
between inlet and discharge conditions shall be used
forevaluatingcompressibility,specificheat,
X and
Y. TheSchultzmethod is normally used whenthe
discharge conditions are unknown and an estimate
ofthepolytropicexponent,
n, is needed. Iteration
is required to obtain the arithmetic mean conditions.
Thecurves provided for X (Fig. 3.6) and Y (Fig.
3.7) are for reference. They were derived from the
generalizedcompressibility charts.Specificvalues
of X and Y may bedeveloped for anytest
or
specified gas composition.
S T D * A S M E P T C LO-ENGL L777
0757b70 Ob054b7 4 8 T
MME PTC 10-1997
TABLE 5.1
IDEAL GAS DIMENSIONLESS
Parameter
PARAMETERS
Mathematical Description at Test Operating

Conditions
Eq. No.
Assumption
[Pinlsp
[5.1T-21
Flow coefficient
-RT;.
-31
15.1
[PinIr
IPslsp = [PJf Rem,
k-1
I5.1 T-41

[Pdf =
where nt =
[1-
(5.1T-51
In
PiTd
Isentropic efficiency
[%If =
Polytropic efficiency
hplf
Total
work
input coefficient
See Table 5.3
For ideal gases with constant specific heats
k.1
and,
[rlplr =
GENERAL NOTE:Appropriate unitsmust be chosen to render the parameters dimensionless.

Further explanation of the equationsis available
in Appendix E.
40

ASMEPTC 10-1997
TABLE 5.2
REAL GASDIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS
Parameter
Mathematical
Operating
Description
Test
Conditions
at
!
Eq. No.
Flow coefficient
[5.2T-1j
Assumption
4sp
4f
where [ndr =
[T]
15.2T-41
In -
(5.2T-51
and f, =
Irplr =
where nt =
[T]
-
[5.2T-7j
In
[5.2T-8]
Isentropic efficiency
[ d r =
hd
[vSlsp= I
d t
Remccllr
- hi
[Table continued on next pagel
41

PTC
ASME
1O- 1997
TABLE 5.2 (CONT'D)

REAL GAS DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS
Eq. No.
Parameter
Mathematical
Operating
Test
Description
Conditions
at
Assumption
Total
work
input
coefficient
See Table 5.3
GENERAL NOTE: Appropriate units mustbe chosen to render the parameters dimensionless. Further explanation
of the equationsis available
in Appendix E.
.e.,
gas which allows for similarity testing at equivalent

conditions.
(E)
5.3.2 Test Speed Selection. The volume ratio limitation of Table 3.2 may be met by controlling the test
speed. The appropriate test speed i s calculated from
The Machine Reynolds

number
correction,
Rem
,,,
is explained in para. 5.6.3.
In order to apply theseequations it is necessary
to knowthe polytropic exponent, which is a function
of polytropic efficiency.
Foranygas,
where
[5.3.61
n
l():
and,
Foran
ideal gas,
n
-T
"
n- 1
k
p
i5.3.71
For a real gas usingtheSchultzmethod,

with the restriction that,
k"1t
= 1r"lsp
n =
[5.3.4]
42

1
Y-m(l
+x)
I5.3.81
L777
0757b70 Ob05Y70
T7Y
ASME PTC 1 O- 1997
where
m =
?(L+
x)
CP TP
5.4.2.3 Fluctuation. Threeormorereadingsare

used to obtain the test point. The allowable fluctuation ofthereadings
is shown in Table3.4.The
fluctuation is computedbytakingthedifferencesof
the highestreadingand
the lowestreadingand
the average
of
all the
readings*
[5-3.91
60th the test

and
specified
operating
condition
&iciencies are known only approximatelybeforethe
test. Where no betterapproximation is available,
estimated
be
may
design
they
the
from
value,
AF=
1 O0 (AH - AL)
15.4.1 1
where
TestSpeed Validation.When the actualtest
conditions differ from the estimated values, the most
appropriate test speedwill depart fromthe previously
calculated testspeed.Some deviation is allowable.
Thetestspeed
is acceptablewhenthedeviation
satisfies the limits of Table 3.2.
5.3.3
5.4
AF=
fluctuation expressed in
YO (Table 3.4)
AH= highest reading
AL= lowest reading

Ai= ith
reading
n= total number of readings
If the fluctuation values of Table 3.4aresatisfied,
thenthe point i s assumed to be valid.
CALCULATIONS FOR TEST OPERATING

CONDITIONS
5.4.2.4 Test Point

Data.
The
individual readings
and
summed
are
divided
the by
total ofnumber
readings to establishanaverage.Thisaverage
is
Performanceat the test conditions is calculated
then used as thetest point data.
by the following procedures.
5.4.1 Raw DataAcceptability.Theobserved

data
shall be checked for compliance with the limitations
imposed in Sections 3 and4. See
PTC
19.1 for
guidance on examining data for outliers.
5.4.2
ProcessingRawData.Acceptableraw
5.4.2.5 TotalConditions.
Gas
state
static
test
point data shallbeconverted
to total condition
values for thecomputationalprocedure.This
does
notpreclude final presentation in terms of static
conditions, but total values are usedin the intermediate computations.
The relationship between static and
total properties
is velocitydependent.Average
total properties are
estimatedhereinfromtheaveragevelocity
at the
measurementstation.
Theaverage velocity atthemeasurementstation
is givenby
data
shall beprocessed to provide values to be used in

thecomputationofresults.
5.4.2.1 CalibrationsandCorrections.Applicable
instrument and system calibrations shall be applied
to the raw data. The need
for corrections and calibrations arises from both the indicating system components andmeasurementtechnique.Rawdata
shall
be corrected as required based on:
(a) instrument and instrument system calibrations
(b) liquid legs in pressure measurement lines
(c) temperature effects
(d) thermometer emergent stem corrections
(e) local gravitational variation
5.4.2.2 Data Conversion. The corrected raw data

is then averaged from the total number of observations(rawdata)ateachmeasurementstation.
This
averaged data becomesthereading.Thereading
i s thenconverted
to absolute units of pressure,
temperature,etc,
Simplified methods for converting between static

and total conditions at low Fluid Mach numbers
are presented in the following paragraphs. A refined
method for higher Mach numbers is given in Appendix G. The Fluid Mach numberfor ideal gases is
given by
43

ASME PTC 10-1997
M =
5.4.3
Thetest total temperature is calculated from the

measured temperature taking into account the effect
of recovery factor.
5.4.4.2Simplified
Method. Thedifferencebetween total andstatictemperaturesmaybeevaluated from
Test
Pressure
5.4.3.1 Simplified Method. Formeasurement station Fluid Mach numbers of 0.2 orless theeffects
of compressibility are small, A good approximation
of velocity pressuremaybe obtained by assuming
incompressible flow at the measurement station and
calculating anapproximatedensityfromthemeasuredstaticpressureandmeasuredtemperature.
Thus
Va, = ~ / 6 0 p A
[5.4.61
Thisequation is accurate for ideal gases (using

an average c&. It is less accurate for real gases and
should be used with caution for real gases for Fluid
Mach numbersabove 0.2 (see Appendix G).
The above equation and thedefinition of recovery
factor rf combine to give
15.4.31
5.4.4.3Refined
Method. For
cases
wherethe
measurementstationFluid
Mach number exceeds
0.2 for areal gas, thediscussion in Appendix G
gives guidelines for more accurate methodsfor relating total temperature to measured temperature. For
cases involving extremevariationfrom
ideal gas
behavior,such as near the critical point, the total
temperature may differ greatly from the value indicated by para. 5.4.4.1 and the methods outlined in
Appendix G shouldbe used.
5.4.3.2Refined
Method. For
cases
wherethe
measurementstation Fluid Mach numberexceeds
0.2, or when abetteraveragevelocityestimate
is
desirable,therefinedmethodofAppendix
G may
be used. This method is based upon the assumption
of uniform compressible flow at themeasurement
station.
5.4.4
Test
5.4.4.4 Test DischargeTemperatureFrom Shaft

Power. An alternative method for determining test
discharge temperature is discussed in para. 5.4.7.6.
Temperature
5.4.4.1RecoveryFactor.
Thetemperature indicated by asensing element is normallyavalue
somewhere between thestatic and total temperature,
depending upon the ability of the sensor to recover
the converted kinetic energy of the gas stream. This
ability is defined in terms of a recoveryfactor,
5.4.5TestDensityandSpecificVolume.
Thetest
total density is calculated from the test total pressure
and total temperature as
[5.4.81
for ideal gases,and,

The recovery factor i s primarily dependent upon
geometric configuration, orientation, and FluidMach
number. Standardized Performance Test Code wells
(PTC 19.3) used at velocities below 300 fthec have
arecoveryfactor
for air equal to 0.65. Recovery
factors for various sensorsmay beavailablefrom
the instrument manufacturer.
[5.4.9]
for real gases.

The test total specific volume is the reciprocal of
the total density
44

TC
COMPRESSORS
ASME
AND EXHAUSTERS
v, = -
10-1997
[5.4.10]
Pt
where
5.4.6 Test Flow Rate. Themeasured flow rate is

calculated according to theformulasapplicable to
the indicating instrument used. In somecasessecondary flows such as leakages may be wholly calculated ratherthanmeasuredwhenmutuallyacceptablemethodsareavailable,
[Coutwh - Lnwhl
indicates thesum of mass flow rate-enthalpy products

for all flowscrossingthesectionboundaries.
QI i s the heat transfer from the section boundaries.
5.4.6.1 Mass Flow Rate. Test flow ratesareexShaft power i s the sum of gas powerplus any
pressed as mass rateof flow at thestationofinterest.parasitic
losses,
5.4.6.2Volume
Flow Rate. ThisCodeuses
a
flow rate definition in the calculation process which
has the units of volume flow rate. It is
q=-
Psh,
[5.4.14]
Pg, iPparasitic,
5.4.7.3 Heat Exchanger Method. Closed loop

heat input tests
are
a form of the
heat
balance
method.The gas power is given by,
[5.4.11]
where
mass flow rate
P= total density
This definition is consistent with the use of total
properties in the calculation procedure. It does not
represent the actual local volume flow rate because
it is based upon total rather than static density. All
references to calculated volume flow rate imply this
definition unless otherwise stated.
W=
Pg,
Qextl
[5.4.15]
33000
W,=
cooling fluid massrate of flow
CP',
cooling fluid specific heat
t2= cooling fluid outlet temperature

= cooling fluid inlet temperature
heattransfer from the section boundaries
QIxt=
other external heat loss equivalent, for example,sealleakage
tl
Qr=
5.4.7.4Casing
Heat Transfer. Theexternalheat
loss or gain fromthesectionmaybecomputed
from measurements of the exposed surface area, the
average temperature of the surface, and the ambient
temperature from
5.4.7.1ShaftPowerMethods.
Whenpower input i s measured by instrumentssuch as a torque
meter, dynamometer, or calibrated motor, the shaft
power is calculated using the appropriate formula.
Gas power is calculated by subtracting the parasitic
losses fromthe shaft power (seepara. 5.4.7.5 for
parasiticlosses).
Qr
= ISA tc -.
ta)
hl60
15.4.1 61
where
Sc= heat transfer surface area of exposed compressorandadjoiningpipeforsection
of
interest
tc= casing surface temperature
ta= ambient temperature
hr= coefficient ofheattransfer for area (combinedconvectionand radiation)
Where
the
casing
surface
temperature
varies
be
widely,theaccuracy
of thiscalculationmay
improved by treating small areas of the surface
= measured value
5.4.7.2 Heat Balance Method. Gas power is

calculatedfromtheFirst
Law ofThermodynamics
applied to the compressor section of interest,yielding
45

- tl) + Qr
where
5.4.7TestPower.
The calculationof test power
dependsupon the methodof measurement.Both
shaft power and gas power may be of interest. Shaft
power is the power input to thecompressordrive
shaft.Gas power is the power delivered to the gas
in thesection(s1ofinterest.
Psh,
= [wwcpW(r2
S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL L777
0757b70 Ob05q73 783 W

ASME PTC 1O- 1997
separately and summing the results. See paras. 4.1 5,

4.16, and 4.17.
Pg = Psh
- Ppararitic
[5.4.19]
(b) Calculate the enthalpy rise from the gas power
5.4.7.5 Parasitic Losses. Parasiticlossesarethe

difference between shaft power and gas power for
the section(s) of interest.Theyarecomprisedof
mechanical losses andotherpowerrequirements
which do not contribute to theenergyriseofthe
gas in thesection of interest,
33000
(
h
7
Qr)
yielding
Pparasitic
Pmech
Pother
15.4.1 71
(a) Mechanical Losses. Mechanical lossesare always considered to be parasitic losses. Those losses
due to lubricated gears, bearings, seals, etc., may be
estimated from the lubricating oil temperaturerise.
Othermechanical losses from seals, bearing,etc.,
which do not contribute to the lubricating oil temperature rise shall be determined separately. Thatportion
of the mechanical loss evident in the lubricating oil
temperature rise is given by:
(c) Determinethedischargestagnationtemperature fromthe calculated discharge stagnation enthalpy

and discharge stagnation pressure, according to the
properties of the gas.
NOTE: An iterative calculation is required for real gases.
5.5
Prnech
= [wcpAtl 33000
The following dimensionless parameters are

calculated for the test conditions to provide verification
that the limits of Table 3.2 havebeenmet.
[5.4.18]
Machine Mach Number. The Machine Mach

number is given by
5.5.1
where
mass flow rate of the lubricating or sealing fluid
cp= specific heat of the lubricating orsealing
fluid
At= temperature rise of the lubricating or sealing fluid
(b) Other Parasitic Losses. When the shaft power
method is used, power supplied to drive auxiliary
equipment is treated as parasitic. Also, power supplied
to sectionsof a multisection compressor other than
the section being tested i s considered parasitic.
When the heat balance method is used, and total
shaft power i s defined toinclude power to drive
auxiliary equipment, theauxiliary power requirement
is treated as parasitic.
W=
M m = U/ai
i5.5.1 I
For ideal gases,
For real gases,
di
Yi
=G
(5.5.31
5.5.2 Machine Reynolds Number. The Machine

Reynoldsnumber is given by
5.4.7.6 Alternate Method For Determining Test

DischargeTemperature. Forcases wherethedischarge temperature cannot be measured with sufficient accuracy, it may be possible to obtain a value
from the measuredshaft power.
Themethod is as follows:
fa) Calculate gas power from theshaft power measurement
Rem = Ublu
[5.5.41
(a) For Centrifugal Compressors

U= velocity at the outer blade tip diameter of
the first impeller, ft/sec
b= first stage impeller exit width, ft
46

DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS
ASMEPTC 10-1997
5.6.1TheSingleSectionCompressor
kinematic viscosity of thegas at inlet conditions,ft2/sec

(b) For Axial Compressors
U = velocity at first stage rotor blade outer diameter,ft/sec
b= chord at tip of first stage rotor blade, ft
v = kinematic viscosity of the gas, ft2/sec
Y=
5.6.1.1 Description. Thesinglesectioncompressor from inlet to outlet measurement stations experiences no gas cooling otherthannaturalradiation
and convection. No gas flow is added or removed
other than that lost through
seal or balance piston
leakage. No condensationoccurs.
5.5.3Specific
Volume Ratio. Thespecificvolume
ratio is the ratio of inlet to discharge total specific
volume.
5.6.1.2 Calculation ProcedureforSingleSection

Compressors. The first step i s to calculate thefollowing values:
(a) flow coefficient
(b) work input coefficient
(c) polytropic work coefficient
(d) polytropic efficiency
(e) total work input coefficient
Theequationsneeded
todo this are shown in
Tables 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3, and are explained in detail
in Appendix E. Some of these parameters are subject
to correction for the difference in Machine Reynolds
number between test and specified operating conditions, as explained in para. 5.6.3. Theright-hand
columns show the relationship between the test and
specified condition values.
The second step is an interpolation process. Compressor performance at a single specified condition
operating point is determinedfrom
atleast
two
bracketing test points. To perform the interpolation,
the specified operating condition dimensionless parametersaretreated
as functionsofthespecified
operatingcondition flow coefficient. Thespecified
operating condition dimensionlessparameters for
each point may be plotted as shown in Fig. 5.1. A
smooth curve i s drawn connecting the data points.
For two pointsthis is simplylinear interpolation.
Improved data interpolation may bepossible with
additional test points and nonlinear curve
fitting.
The third step is to establish the compressor performance in dimensionlesstermsatthespecified
operating conditionflow
ofinterest.Todothis,
a specifiedoperating conditionflow coefficient is
calculated fromthe flow rate, speed, and inlet conditions of interest. The remaining dimensionless performance parameters are defined from the interpolation process of step 2. This information is simply
5.1 at the flow coefficient
read from the curves of Fig.
of interest. The compressor performance at the specified operating conditionpoint of interest is now
defined in dimensionlessterms.
Thefourth step is to calculatethe compressor
performance in thedesireddimensionalform.This
is donebysolvingthedimensionlessparameter
5.5.4VolumeFlowRatio.
Thevolume flow ratio
betweenany two points x and y in thesection is
given by
Forcompressors without sidestreams the inlet to

discharge volume flow ratio is limited by the specific
volume ratio limit. Forsidestreamcompressors
the
volume flow ratio limits of Fig. 3.2 also apply.
5.5.5
Flow
given by
Coefficient. The flow coefficient is
where wrotori s the mass flow rate which enters the

rotor and i s compressed. It differs from the measured
mass flow rate by the amount of leakage and sidestream flow which occursbetweenthe rotor entry
and the flow measurement station. Figure E.2 gives a
schematic representation of mainstream, sidestream,
andleakageflows.
5.6
CALCULATIONS FORSPECIFIED
OPERATING CONDITIONS
Performance at specified conditions
is calculated
by the following procedures. Certain additional
di-
mensionlessparametersarecalculated
for thetest
conditions and extended to specified conditions.
47

S T D - A S M E PTC LO-ENGL L997 m 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob0597555b

ASME
10-1997
TABLE 5.3
TOTAL WORK INPUT COEFFICIENT, ALL GASES
Parameter
Mathematical
Operating
Conditions
Test
Description
at
Total
work
input
coefficient
(Note
(heat balance method)
Eq. No.
llspwmption
(1 )I
(Pd
coefficient
input
work
Total
(heat balance method)
[arlt=
- fpdtie)33000
It
[5.3T-21
1nSh1rp = Iadlt
GENERAL NOTE Appropriate units mustbe chosen to render the parameters dimensionless. Further explanation
of the equationsis available
in Appendix E.
NOTE
(1 1 This equation applies to a particular model as presented in Appendix E, para. E.3.12. Some of the terms may not apply in a particular
case. Additional terms may apply. The analysis of para. E.3.12 may be followed to develop appropriate equations.
(a) It shall be possibleto gather test information for

each single sectionas though it were an independent
single section compressor. That
is, the testspeed, flow
rate, and inlet and outlet states must be available for
each single section.
In the special case of sidestream mixing internally
in a compressor, the inlet mixed condition shall be
determined from the inlet states of the incoming
streams.
(b) When a component such as an external heat
exchanger exists between sections, the performance
of that component shall be known for specified operating conditions.
(c) Differences in the intermediatecomponent performance between test and specified operating
conditions shall havea negligible or known effect uponthe
single section performance. That is, a negligible or
known effect upon thedimensionlessperformance
parameters.
equationsforthosequantitiesofinterest.
Typical
equationsused to do this areshown in Table 5.4.
For example, to calculate the discharge pressure
at the specified condition flow the following steps
are taken: (1 ) the pressure ratio is calculated from the
now known specified operating condition polytropic
efficiency and polytropic work coefficients, and (2)
the discharge pressure is the product of this pressure
ratio and the specifiedoperating conditioninlet
pressure.
5.6.2The
Multisection Compressor
5.6.2.1Description.
A multisection compressor
is a compressor which may be treated as a number
ofindividual singlesectioncompressorsoperating
in series.The output from each single section provides input to the next section. The section boundaries may be drawn to exclude intermediate components such as externalheatexchangers.
The following conditions shall bemet to treat a
compressor as a multisection compressor.
5.6.2.2
Calculation
Method for Multisection
Compressors. The specified operating condition per48

S T D - A S M E PTC LO-EFJLL
L197
0759b70 ObU5q7b q92
m
ASME PTC 10-1 997
I m p
Test F
FIG. 5.1
SPECIFIED CONDITION CAPACITYCOEFFICIENT FOR SPECIFIED

CONDITION CAPACITY OF INTEREST
formance for multisection compressors is calculated

from the specified operating condition performance
of the individual calculated sections. The basic calculation procedure for each section is the same as for
singlesection tests.Thetest
data for eachsection
is reduced to the form of dimensionless performance
parameters which apply at thespecifiedoperating
conditions.Theperformanceofthefirstsection
is calculated just as is done for a singlesection
compressor.
This yields the discharge conditions from the first
section. If an intermediatecomponent such asan
intercooler existsbeforethenextsectionentry,the
49

effects onflow rateand gasstateare

taken into
account.
For a heat exchanger these effects are temperature
reduction,pressuredrop,andcondensateremoval.
For the case ofmixed streamsseepara.
E.5. The
resulting condition becomes the specified operating
condition gas state at the entry to the second section.
The flow coefficient calculated from the known flow
rate becomesthe interpolating flow coefficient for the
second section. The calculation process is repeated
through the second section, remaining intermediate
componentsandsections,and
on to the final discharge. It i s not necessary that an intermediate
ASME
10-1 997
TYPICAL CONVERSION
TABLE 5.4
OF DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS
Parameter
Mathematical
Description
Test
Operating
at Conditions
Eq. No.
15.4T-1]
[5.4T-21
(5.4T-31
Capacity
[5.4T-4]
Polytropic work (head)

per section
I5.4T-51
Pressure ratio (ideal gas

with constant specific
heats)
[5.4T-6]
n-1
where
n
k
= -( t l d s p
(n - 1
(k - 1)sp
I5.4T-71
[5.4T-81
Pressure ratio (real gas)
[5.4T-9]
[5.4T-1 O]
I5.4T-11I
In
[5.4T-12]
[Table continued on next page]
50

ASMEPTC
TABLE 5.4 (CONT'D)

TYPICAL CONVERSION O F DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS
Eq. No.
Parameter
Mathematical
Description
Test
Operating
at Conditions
Pressure ratio (real gas)
(Cont'd)
or, where the Schultz method is used

15.4T-131
m5P
[-ZR (-1
Cf
[5.4T-141
x)]sf
Discharge pressure
[5.4T-15]
Pressure rise
I5.4T-161
Discharge enthalpy
15.4T-171
Temperature ratio (ideal

gas)
15.4T-191
The discharge temperature may also be obtained from

the discharge pressure and enthalpy when the appropriate data is available.
[5.4T-201
Gas power per section
Shaft power
Assumption,
n = &h
or,
Sf
ash
Sf
GENERAL NOTE: Consistent units must be used in defining dimensional properties.
51

10-1997
~~
S T D ASME P T C 1 0 - E N G L L777
ASME PTC 10-1997
The correction to be applied is as follows:

(a) For Centrifugal Compressors
component exist in order to treat a compressor in

multiple sections. The exit of one section and entry
of another may coincide.
The specified operating condition flowcoefficients
for the second and succeeding sections are functions
of the performance of the preceding sections. This
dependence upon preceding section performance is
an effect commonly referred to as section matching.
When the individual section performance curves are
as thenumberof
individual sections
steep,and
increase,the overall compressorperformance becomes increasinglysensitive. It is because of this
effect that it is important to follow the calculation
method presented. What mayappear to be small
differences betweentest and specified operating conditions in each section may combine to show up as
important effects in overall performance. Calculation
methods which attempt to make overall corrections
without explicit consideration of the section matching effectcanlead to erroneousresults.
5.6.3
RA = 0.066
Rem
Rem
RB =
RC
[5.6.2]
13.67\
15.6.31
log ( + -)
Rem
RC =
General. Theperformanceof a compres-
sor is affected by the Machine Reynolds number.

Frictional losses in the internal flow passagesvary
in a mannersimilar to friction losses in pipesor
other flow channels. If the Machine Reynolds number
at test operating conditions differs from that at specified operatingconditions, a correction to the test
results is necessary to properly predict the performance of the compressor.
The flow patterns of axial and centrifugal compressors
are
relatively complex. ThetermMachine
Reynoldsnumber is used to provide a basis for
definition in this Code. The Machine Reynolds number correction forcentrifugal compressors recommended in thisSection is based onRef. (D.3) but
simplified for ease of application. The Machine
Reynoldsnumber correction for axial compressors
is unchanged from the previous
issue of the Code
and is based on Ref. (D.7).
If anothermethodof
correction is used it shall
be agreed on by theparties prior to the test (See
Appendix F).
0.988
~~~0.243
i5.6.41
where
b= as defined in para. 5.5.2, ft

v= the average surface roughness
of the flow
passage, in.
The polytropicwork coefficient should be correctedfor Machine Reynoldsnumber in the same
ratio as the efficiency.
(b) For Axial Compressors

The correction for axial compressors continues to
be based on Ref. (D.7), and is a function only of
the Machine Reynoldsnumber ratio and not the
absolute value of the Machine Reynolds number.
5.6.3.2 Correction Factor. Since frictional losses

in the compressorare a function of the Machine
Reynoldsnumber
it is appropriate to apply the
correction to the quantity (1 - 7 ) . Themagnitude
of the correction is a function of both the Machine
Reynoldsnumber ratio andtheabsolutevalueof
the Machine Reynolds number, with increasing effect
as the Machine Reynoldsnumberdecreases.
Again, as for the centrifugal compressor case,
The limitations of Table 3.2 apply.

52

(4.8 x lo6 x b)
+ 0.934
0.000125 + -
Machine Reynolds Number Correction
5.6.3.1
0757b70 Ob05477 1 T 1
ASME PTC 10-1997
estimated error limit of a measurement or result for

agivencoverage.Coverage
is thefrequencythat
an interval estimate of a parameter may be expected
to contain the true value.
Forexample, 95 percent
uncertaintyintervalsprovide
95 percentcoverage
of the truevalue.That
is, in repeatedsampling,
when a 95 percent uncertaintyinterval is constructed
foreachsample,overthe
longrun, the intervals
will contain the true value 95 percent of the time.
Uncertainty analysis i s theprocess of identifying
and quantifying the errors in test measurements and
propagating these errors to estimate the uncertainty
in the final result. The methodology of ASMEPTC
19.1 is the standard for ASMEPTC 1O tests. If other
methods areto be used they are subjectto agreement
by parties to thetest.
5.6.3.3 limits of Application. Since the performance variations increase substantiallyas the Machine
Reynoldsnumberdecreases,tests
of compressors
designed for operation at low MachineReynolds
numbers should be tested
at conditions closeto those
specified.Therefore,themaximumand
minimum
permissibleratiosbetween
Reml and Rem,
are
shown in Fig. 3.4. Also,
see
Appendix F and
Table E.2.
5.6.4 Mechanical losses. Whenthemechanical
losses at specifiedoperatingconditions
are not
known they may be determined from the following
equation:
5.7.5 Scope of Uncertainty Analysis. Thescope

of the uncertainty analysis required for a given test
is intimately related to the test objectives. The scope
of suchanalysis
is subject to agreementbythe
parties to the test.Suchagreements shall be made
prior to undertaking the test.
The exponent in the preceding equation may vary

with thedesign
of bearings,thrustloads,
oiling
It usually has avaluebetween
2.0
systems,etc.
and 3.0.
5.7 TREATMENT OF ERRORS

5.7.1 Source. The
information
presented
Section is derivedfrom PTC 19.1.
in this
5.7.2 Errors. All measurementshaveerrors.Errors

arethedifferencebetweenthe
measurementsand
thetruevalue. The total error is made up of two
components. One i s called bias error. Bias errors
are thesystematicerrors which may includethose
which are known and can be calibrated out, those
which are negligibleand areignored,andthose
which are estimated and included in the uncertainty
analysis. The other type of error
is called precision
error. Precision errorsare the random errors observed
in repeatedmeasurements.Exactagreement
in repeated measurements does not and is not expected
to occur because of numerous error sources.
5.7.3TheImportance
of Errors. One chooses.to
run a performance test with certain objectives in
mind.Theymaybe
as varied as establishing a
benchmark for maintenance or to verify guarantee
performance.Acceptableerror
limits will depend
upon the test objectives. The error in the final result
shall be sufficiently small so as not to mask the test
objective.
5.7.4Uncertainty.
Somemeansarenecessary
to
quantifyerrors to make a judgement in terms of
acceptable error limits for a test. Uncertainty is the
53

5.7.6 The Methods of PTC 19.1. PTC 19.1 includes

discussionsandmethods which enable the user to
select an appropriate uncertainty model for analysis
andforreporting testresults. It defines,describes,
and illustrates the various terms and methods used
to provide meaningful estimates of the uncertainty of
measurements and results. It is in essential agreement
with various national and international standards on
the samesubject.
The uniquenessof PTC 1 O test objectives precludes
exhaustive treatment of uncertaintyin this document.
It is anticipated that the user will refer to PTC 19.1
for detailed information to apply to individual tests.
The uncertainty analysis can thereby be tailored to
meet the individual testobjectives.
The following discussion is includedto indicate
thecalculationmethod in generalterms.Asimple
sample demonstration case is given in Sample Calculation C.8 of this Code. Another simple compressor
example
may
be
found
in PTC 19.1. Both
are
intended simply to demonstrate the method. Neither
shouldbeconstrued
as exhaustive in detail nor
necessarilygenerallyindicative
of usualor anticipateduncertainty.
PTC 19.1 presents a step-by-step calculation procedure to be conducted before and after each test.
It is summarized in brief as follows:
Step 1 - Definethemeasurementprocess.
(a) Review test objectives and test duration.
ASME
10-1997
(b) List all independent measurement parameters

and their nominal levels.
(c) List all calibrations and instrument setups.
(d) Define the functional relationship between
the independent parameters and the test result.
Step 2 - List elemental error sources.
(a) Exhaustive list of all possible measurement
error sources
(b) Group error sources according to calibration,
data acquisition,anddata reduction .
Step 3 - Estimateelementalerrors.
(a) Obtain estimate of each errorin Step 2 above.
(6) Classify as precision or bias error.
Step 4 - Calculate bias and precision errors for
eachparameter.
Step 5 - Propagate the bias and precision errors.
(a) Bias and precision errors of the independent
parameters are propagated separately all the way to
the final result.
(b) Propagate according to the functional relationship defined in Step l(d) above using sensitivity
factors.
Step 6 - Calculate uncertainty.'
(a) Select UADDand/or URSSmodels.
(bl Obtain uncertainty.
Step 7 - Report
(a) Calculations
(b) Tabulated elemental errors
(c) Bias
(d) Precision [rssSl,where S = [CS,2/Ni]"
'
The UADD
and URSS
models are the mathematical models which
are usedto combine bias and precision errors
to a single uncertainty
value. UAODprovides approximately 99 percent coverage while
URSS
provides approximately 95 percent coverage when neither
bias errors nor
precisionerrors are negligiblecompared to the other.
If the bias error
is negligible, both UADD
and U R S S provide95 percent
coverage.
54

ASMEPTC 10-1997
SECTION 6
6.1
- REPORT OF
(e) Description of compressor cooling system and

coolant properties
CONTENTS
The Report of test shallinclude applicable portions

of the informationshown in para. 6.2, andmay
include otherdata as necessary.
Copiesofthe original testdata log, certificates
of instrument calibration, primemover(motoror
othertype)efficiency
data as needed, description
of testarrangementandinstrumentation,andany
special written agreements pertaining to thetestor
thecomputation of results shall be included.
When testsare runover a rangeofoperating
conditions the results shall also be presented
in the
form of curves. The curves shall be clearly marked
to denote use of staticor total conditions.
6.2TYPICAL
6.2.3Specified
Operating Conditions
(a) Gas composition and source for properties
(b) Inlet gasstate
(7) Total and static pressure'
(2) Total and static temperature'
(3) Total and static density',
(4) Relative humidity if applicable'
(c) Gas flow rate
(7) Inlet and discharge mass flow rate
(2) Inlet and discharge volume flow rate
(3) Capacity
(dl Discharge static and/or total pressure
(e) Coolant type, properties,flow rate, and temperature for cooled compressors
(0 Speed
(g) Others as needed
REPORT INFORMATION
6.2.4
Expected
Performance
Specified
at
eratingConditions
(a) Developed head
(b) Efficiency
(c) Power requirement
(d) Discharge total temperature
(e) Others as needed
6.2.1
General
Information
(a) Date of test
(b) Location of test
(c) Manufacturer
(d) Manufacturer'sserialnumbersandcomplete
identification
(e) Party or parties conducting test
ff) Representatives of interested parties
(g) Detailed written statement of the test
(h) Agreement made by parties to the test
Op-
6.2.5 Derived Parameters at Specified Operating

Conditions
(a) Machine Mach number
(b) Pressure ratio
(c) Volume ratio
(d) Flow coefficient
(e) Machine Reynolds number
(0 Others as needed
6.2.2Description
of Test Installation
(al Type of compressor;radial flow, axial flow, etc.
( 1 ) Type of impellers; open, shrouded, cast, fabricated, etc.
(2) Number of stages
(3) Arrangement of casing and piping
(4)Pipe sizes; inlet and discharge
(51 Arrangement of intercoolers, if used
(6) Impeller diameter and blade tip widths
(b) Description of lubricating system and lubricant
properties
(c) Type of shaft seals
(d) Type and arrangements of driver; turbinedirect
connected,
motor
direct connected,
motor
and
gear, etc.
6.2.6SetupofInstrumentsandMethodsof
Mea-
suring
(a) Description of all allowed departures from this
Code which have been authorized by agreement
(b) Piping arrangementwith sketches and diagrams
(c) Location ofall measuring stationswith diagrams
and sketches
'Pressures, temperatures, and densitiesshould be clearly identified
as static or total conditions.
55

TEST
ASME
10-1997
(ee) Casing surface area

Leakage flow rates
(d) Method of measuring flow rates
(m
(e) Instruments usedfor the measurement of pressure, temperature, speed, composition ofgas, density,
and power
(0 Procedures andfacilities used for the calibration
of instruments
(g) Calibration data
(h) Instrument accuracy
(i) Source of test gas property data
0) Method of determining powerlosses, if any, between the power measurement station and the compressor input shaft
(k) Description of sampling and analysis method
for test gas
6.2.8 Computed Results for Test Operating Conditions

(a) Type of test
(b) Test run number
(c) Barometricpressure
(d) Gas composition
(e) Mass flow rate
(0 Inlet static conditions
( 1 ) Pressure
(2) Temperature2
(3) Compressibility factor
(4) Density
(5) Enthalpy
(6) Others as needed
(g) Inlet volume flow rate
(h) Inlet velocity temperature2
(i) Inlet velocity pressure
0) Inlet total conditions
(7) Pressure
(2)Temperature
(4) Density
(5) Enthalpy
(k) Capacity
(I) Discharge static conditions
( 1 ) Pressure
(2)Temperature2
(4) Density2
(5) Enthalpy
(m)Discharge volume flow rate
(nl Discharge velocity temperature2
(o) Discharge velocity pressure
(p) Discharge total conditions
(7) Pressure
(21 Temperature
(4) Density
(5) Enthalpy
(q) Leakages
(7) Mass flow rate
(2) Enthalpy
(3) Energy loss or gain
(r) Secondary flow streams
( I ) Mass flow rate
6.2.7 Mean Observations Derived FromTest Data

(All calibrationsandinstrumentcorrectionshaving
beenapplied)
(a) Test run number
(b) Duration of run
(c) Speed
(d) Inlet temperature
(e) Barometer reading
(0 Ambient temperature at barometer
(g) Inlet static pressure
(h) Dry bulb temperature if required
(i) Wet bulb temperature if required
Dew point temperature if required
(k) Gas density if measured
(I) Gas composition if measured
(m)Discharge static pressure
(n) Discharge temperature
(0)Flowmeter data, typically:
( 1 ) Pressure differential across flowmeter
(2) Pressure upstream side of flowmeter
(3) Temperature upstream side of flowmeter
(4) Flowmeter throat diameter
[Items (P) to (W) apply to cooled compressors:]
(p) Coolant flow rate
CS,, Coolant inlet temperature
(r) Coolant outlet temperature
(S) Gas temperature at inlet of cooler
(t) Gas temperature at outlet of cooler
(u) Gas pressure at inlet of cooler
(v) Gas pressure at outlet of cooler
(W) Condensate drained from cooler
(x) Power input
(y) Torque
(z) Lubricant flow rate
(aa) Lubricant inlet temperature
(bb) Lubricant outlet temperature
(cc) Mean casing surface temperature
(dd) Ambient temperature
u)
*Iterativesolutionmay be required.
56

ASMEPTC 10-1997
(I) Pressure ratio
(2) Enthalpy
(3) Average mixed gas state
(4) Energy loss or gain
(S) Rotor mass flow rate
(t) Mechanical loss
(u) Heat transfer loss
(v) Gas power
(W) Shaft power
(x) Head
6.2.10 Machine Reynolds NumberCorrection

(a) Test operatingcondition
Machine Reynolds
number
(b) Specified operating condition Machine Reynolds number
(c) Machine Reynolds number correction
(d) Specifiedoperating condition polytropic efficiency
(e) Specified operating condition polytropic work
coefficient
6.2.9Computed
Test PerformanceParameters
(a) Isentropic total discharge conditions
(7) Temperature
(2) Density
(3) Enthalpy
(6) Polytropic work coefficient
(7) Overall isentropic volume exponent
(2) Polytropic work factor
(3) Polytropic exponent
(4) Polytropic work
(5) Impeller blade tip velocity
(6) Polytropic work coefficient
(c) Isentropic work coefficient
(7) Isentropic exponent
(2) Isentropic work
(3) Isentropic work coefficient
(d) Polytropic efficiency
(e) Isentropic efficiency
(0 Work input coefficient
(g) Total work input coefficient
( 1 ) Energy lost or gained via leakage
(2) Energy lost or gained via secondary flows
(3) Energy lost via casing heat transfer
(4) Mechanical loss
(h) Flow coefficient
(i) Volume ratio
ci., Machine Mach number
(k) Specific heat ratio, inlet and discharge
6.2.1 1 Computed Results for Specified Operating

Conditions
(Speed and inlet gasstate given)
(a) Flow rate
(7) Capacity
(2) Inlet and/or discharge mass flow rate
(3) Inlet and/or discharge volume flow rate
(4) Leakage flow rate
(5) Cooler condensate
(6) Secondary flow rates
(7)Others as needed
(b) Discharge conditions
(7) Static and total pressure
(2) Static and total discharge temperature
(4) Static and total density
(c) Work related terms
(7) Polytropic head
(2) Enthalpyrise
(3) Gas power
(4) Shaft power
6.2.12Uncertainty
6.2.13 SuggestedSummary of Results, Comparing

the Test, TestResults,and
IntendedValues
57

Analysis
APPENDIX A
USE OF TOTAL PRESSURE A N D TOTAL
TEMPERATURE TO DEFINECOM.PRESSOR
PERFORMANCE
(This Appendixisnot
a part of ASME PTC 10-1 997.)
A.l Theperformancecharacteristicsofacompressor which depend upon thermodynamic properties

for their definition are, under the provisions of this
Code,based on stagnation (total) conditions.This
procedurecan
cause confusion if theprinciples
involved are not kept clearly in mind. Compressor
performancemaybespecified
atstaticpressures
andtemperaturesor
at stagnationpressures
and
temperatures, as desired, and the following explanation serves topointout
thedifferencesbetween
the two.
Subscripts i and d refer to stagnation inlet and

dischargeconditions,respectively,
as determined
bystagnationpressuresandtemperatures.
In the
stagnationprocess
[A-41
A.2
When the FirstLaw ofThermodynamics, written as the generalenergyequation, is applied to a

compressor section with the system boundaries defined as the interior wall ofthecasingandthe
transverseplanesacrossthe
inlet anddischarge
flanges in the absence of leakageandsidestreams,
the following expressionresults:
The difference between static and stagnation conditions is shown graphically on a Mollier Diagram,
Fig. A.l.
A.4 As will be notedfrom Fig. A.1, theprocess
ofcompressiontakesplacebetweenstates
(Y and
y. Some calculations regarding theinternal compression process might requirethe use ofstatic states
intermediate to (Y and y. However, as shown by
Eqs. [A-1I through [A-51, use of the stagnation properties for the external energy balanceof the compressor
is an excellent approximation because:
(a) "Charging" the compressor with receipt of gas
at the stagnation enthalpy hi (at stagnation pressure
pi) i s equivalent to charging it withreceipt of gas at the
static enthalpy h,a (at static pressure pa) plus kinetic
energy
Subscripts aand yrefer to static inlet and discharge

conditions,respectively.The
inlet anddischarge
flanges may be considered to be at the same elevation so that y. and yr the elevation heads, become
equal.Solving Eq. [A-11 for W s h gives
Thisresultinvolvesstaticenthalpiesdetermined
by staticpressures andtemperatures.
A.3 When the stagnation concept is employed, Eq.
[A-21 becomes
59

FIG. A.l
COMPRESSORSTATE POINTS STATIC AND

TOTAL
thermodynamic or otherwise, taking place within
thecompressorproper.Should
a study of events
internal to the compressor be desired, a new system
mustbe
defined andtheappropriate
conditions
stated. Studies of events internal to the compressor
not included within the scope of this Code.
and,
(b) Crediting the compressorwith delivery of gas

at the stagnation enthalpy hd (at stagnation pressure
p& is equivalent to crediting it with delivery of gas at

the static enthalpyh, (at staticpressurep,) plus kinetic
are energy
A.6
v;
2gcJ
A.5
The precedinganalysiscanbe
applied only
becausethesystemboundarieswerecarefullydefined so as to preclude any consideration of events,
Theotheruse
of thestagnationpressureand
stagnation temperaturein this Code is for the determination
capacity.
Capacity
of
is a volumetric flow
related
rate
inlet to
conditions.
Capacity
is defined
herein as thedelivered mass flow rate divided by
inlet total density correspondingto total pressure and
temperature. This is convenient because it permits a
clear definition of volume flow rate consistent with
mass flowwithout referring to thedesign of the
compressor.
60

APPENDIX B
PROPERTIES OF GAS MIXTURES
(This Appendix is not a part of ASME PTC 10-1997.)
partial pressureof that constituent by
B.l The testing of modern compressors may require

the use of a gas mixture as the testgaseither
becausethespecified
gas is itselfamixtureor
because it is necessary, foronereasonoranother,
to substitute for thespecified gas duringthe test
a mixture is the only satisfactory
program,and
method of obtainingthedesiredproperties
in the
substitute gas.Theuse
ofa gas mixture presents,
in essence, a two-part problem. If thestate of the
mixture is such that it maybeconsidered
as a
mixture of ideal gases, the usual methods of classical
thermodynamicscan be applied to determine the
state of each constituent gas,If,however,the
state
of themixture is such that themixtureand
the
constituentsdeviatefromthe
ideal gaslaws, other
methods must be used which recognize this deviation. In either case there is the necessity that accurate
thermodynamic dataforthegases
beavailable. If
accurate thermodynamic properties for a gas, based
on experimentaldataor reliable mathematical and
physical
methods
are available,
these
properties
shouldbe used with preferencegiven to thatdata
based on experimental work. So far as this Code is
concerned, the problem is one of determining density, enthalpy, specific heats, and entropy of constituent gases at thepressureandtemperatureeach
experiences.
The molal (volumetric) analysis of

the mixture is
oneoftheitems
of testdataandgivesthe
mole
fraction readily. With a homogeneousmixture, all
constituent gases will havethe sametemperatures
as the mixture thus providing the second of the two
independentpropertiesneeded
to definethe gas
state. (This excludessaturatedvapors.)
With the
state of each constituent thus defined, the individual
property of interestmaybedeterminedandthe
equivalent mixture properly calculated by the methods outlined below.
B.4 With properties of the individual gases determined, the equivalent value of the property
for the
gas mixture maybecalculated
by summingthe
individual propertyvalues
on a total basis, .e.,
quantity of the gas times property value. The equations are summarizedbelow.
Enthalpy:
B.2 Whenthethermodynamic
state is such that
the gas mixtureand its constituent gases must be
treated as real gases, themethodofdefiningthe
thermodynamic state oftheconstituent
gases and
thus arriving at their properties shall be agreed upon
in writing prior to thetest.
Once the state of the gas i s defined, presumably
by pressureandtemperature,theotherproperties
of interestmaybeobtainedfromcharts,tables,or
equations of state.
nmHm= naHa+ nbHb + ncHc+
Entropy:
B.3 For ideal gases, the mole fraction, xi, of any

constituent gas j maybeused
to determinethe
61

e + n,Hj
18-31
In the preceding series of equations, lB-21, [B-S],

and [B-81 are on a massbasis;
[B-31, [B-61, and
[B-9] are on a mole basis, and [B-41,[B-71,
and
[B-101 are on a mole fraction basis. It shouldbe
noted that the determination of theend point of
theisentropic processstarting at inlet conditions
and ending at thedischargepressureandentropy
value correspondingto inlet conditions will probably
involve a trial-and-error solution.
62

APPENDIX C
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
(This Appendix is not a part of ASME PTC 10-1 997.)
The sample calculations contained in this Appendix demonstrate the basic calculation principles
of this Code. Each sample highlights one or morefacets of the necessary procedures for application
oftheCode to realmachines.Thedatapresented
is typical and does notrepresentanyactual
operating unit. Additionally this data should not be taken as expected for any actual conducted test.
Sample C.l
Sample
Sample
Sample
Sample
Sample
Sample
Sample
demonstrates a Type 1 testfor a centrifugal compressorusingan

ideal gas.The
conversionofstaticreadings
to total conditionsandcalculationofresults
by
heatbalanceand shaft powermethods arecovered.
ideal gas.
C.2 demonstrates a Type 2 testfor a centrifugalcompressorusingan
Application of Reynoldsnumbercorrections, heat loss to ambient and variable
speedeffectsarecovered.
C.3 demonstrates the ideal gas application to selectionoftestspeedandtestgasand
alsocoversthemethods
of power evaluations.
C.4 demonstrates the treatment of bracketed test points.
C.5 demonstrates how to select a test gas for a Type 2 testusing ideal andreal gas
equations. A flow chart procedure is presented to assist in outlining the required
steps.
C.6 demonstratesaType 2 testusingreal gas equations for data reduction.
C.7 demonstratesthetreatmentofa
two sectioncompressor with externally piped
intercooler.
C.8 demonstrates the application of uncertainty analysis
to this Code.
63

SAMPLE CALCULATION C.l

TYPE 1 TEST FOR A CENTRIFUGALCOMPRESSOR USING
A N IDEAL GAS
Thissample calculation is intended to demonstrate:
(a) Type 1 test
(6) Test gas same as specified gas
(c) Ideal gas
(d) No heat loss (except to lubricating oil)
(e) No flow leakages
(0 Centrifugal machine
(g) No flexibility to change compressor speed
(h) Single section machine
The purpose of this calculation is to determine the quantity of gas delivered and the compressor
head,pressurerise,efficiency,
and shaft inputpower.
Paragraph3.1 1.4 of theCoderequires
that whena test is only to verify asinglespecified
condition,the test shall consistof two test points which bracketthespecifiedcapacity.
The
calculations demonstrated in this sample calculation would be used on both of these bracketing
points.
Description of Test Installation (seepara.6.2.2)

(a) Type of compressor - centrifugal
(7) type of impellers - shrouded
(2) number of stages - single section, five stages
(3) arrangement of casing and piping - not applicable to this sample
(4) pipe sizes; inlet and discharge- inlet pipeis 18 in., schedule 40 (Di = 16.876 in.); discharge
pipe i s 10 in., schedule 40 ( D d = 10.020 in.)
(5) arrangement of intercoolers, if used no intercooler
(6) impeller diameter and blade tip widths - impeller diameters 0
1 = D2 = D3 = 18.4 in.
and D4 = D5 = 16.6in.; first stage impeller tip width = 6 = 1.SOO in.
(b) Description of lubricating system and lubricant properties- Lubricating sytem oil flow rate is
4 gpm per bearing for a total flow rate of 8 gpm. Oil density i s 55.6 Ibm/ft3 so the oil flow rate is
59.5 Ibm/min [8 gpmA7.48 gal/ft3) x 55.6 Ibm fi3]. Oil has constant pressure specific heat of cp =
0.462 Btu/lbm "R.
(c) Type of shaft seals - Not applicable to sample
(dl Type and arrangementsof driver; turbine direct connected, motor direct connected, motor and
gear, etc. - Not applicable to sample
(e) Description of compressor cooling system and coolant properties- No cooling system
Simpliving AssomptionsforThisSample
(al The gas (air) may be treated as an ideal gas with a constant specific heat (evaluated at the
average of the inlet and discharge temperatures).
(b) The Reynolds number correction i s negligible.
Specified Operating Conditions (seepara. 6.2.3)

(a) Air with constant pressure specific heats of dry air and water vapor givenin Fig. C.1, MWda =
28.97 and MW, = 18.02
65

(b) Inlet gas state

(7) pslatic i = 14.00 psia at inlet flange
(2) TStatic
&i = 560.0 "R at inlet flange
(3) have to calculate inlet densities
(4) RHinlet = 81.7 percent
(c) Gas flow rate
(7) inlet mass flow rate = discharge mass flow rate =
W = 600 Ibm/min
(2)inlet and discharge volume flow rates have to be calculated
(3) capacity to be calculated
(d) Discharge static pressure = 45.00 psia at discharge flange

(e) Compressor coolant not applicable
(0 N = 10,000 rpm
(g) Not applicable
Expected Performance at Specified Operating Conditions (see para. 6.2.4)

(a) Developed polytropic head = 44100 ft Ibf/lbm (based on total conditions)
(b) Efficiency (polytropic) = np = 0.80
(c) Power requirement = Psh = 101 9 hp
(d) Discharge total temperature = 844.1 "R (The discharge static temperature is assumed given
as 842.8 "R.)
The following preliminary calculationsestablish the givenspecifiedoperating conditions in a
form convenient for the Code calculations.
(a) Partial pressure of water vapor is found using the steam tables: [Ref. (D.20)]
(b) Air humidity ratio at inlet flange [Ref. (D.20)1
(HRi)sp
= (0.6220
-(
")
0.6220 Ibm
(0.7825 psia)
Ibm da
(1 4.00
- 0.7826) psia
lbmole W
(28.97 ibm da)
180.02 ibrn W
lbrnole da
= 0.05921
lbmole W
lbrnole da
(c) Air molecular weight [Ref. (D.2011

(MWaIsp =
mole da ( M W d + mole
mole da + mole
(MW,)
Ibm da
) + 0.05921 lbmole
1 .O00lbrnole da
66

+ 0.05921 lbmole
m 0757b70
Ob05492 h35
Ibm
= 28.36 lbmole
(d) Air specific heat at constant pressure is found using dry air and steam properties (Fig. C.l)
(cp)sp
mass da
(Cpda)
mass da
) + 0.03683 Ibrn (O 448 Ibrn w"R
1 .O00 Ibrn da 0.240

(cpi)sp=
= 0.247
Ibrn & " R

1 .O00 Ibrn da
+ 0.03683
Btu
Ibrn da "R
) + 0.03683 Ibrn (O 462 Ibrn w o R

W
'
1.000 Ibrn da + 0.03683 Ibrn
(D.20)]
Btu
Ibrn "R
0.247
(0.247
m)Btu
(1.986
0.252
-)
Btu Btu
(0.252 Ibrn "R
)(
Btu
lbmole
Btu
[note: ( H R i ) s p =
Ibrn "R
(e) Air specific heat ratio [Ref.
Btu
= 0.252
(kd)sp
Ibrn
Ibrn "R
(kAp
1.000 Ibrn da 0.2445

,
Wpdsp
+ mass W (cpw)
+ mass W
"R
Btu
Ibrn "R
- (1.986
lbmole "R
lbmole
)=
28.36 Ibrn
)(
lbmole
)=
28.36 Ibrn
(0 Static specific volume at inlet and discharge flanges is found using the ideal gas law
67

S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1777 m 0757b70 U b 0 5 Y 9 3 571 m
(vstatic Jsp
(1545 ft lbf) lbmole

(560.0 "R)
lbmole "R 28.36 Ibm
(14.00
S) $)
(144
(1545 ft lbf) lbmole

(842.8 "R)
lbmole "R 28.36 Ibm
(45.00
fi3
= 15.13 Ibm
S)
(144
$-)
= 7.086 I bm
ft3
fg)
Average fluid velocity at inlet and discharge flanges (see para. 5.4.3.1)
( 6 0 0 2 ) (15.13
(Vilsp
ft3
(600
(vd)sp
= 97.40
g) L)
(7.086
= 129.4
ft
sec
ft
sec
(h) Fluid Mach number at inlet and discharge flanges (see para. 5.4.2.5)
97.40
(M;)sp
ft
sec
lb
(1545 lbmfole "R
68

) (28.36
lbmole ) (560 "R)
Ibm
= 0.0832
129.4
(Md)sp
Ibm2)(1545
Ibf sec
1.385 32.1 74
ft
sec
ft lb
lbrnole "R
) (28.36
lbmole ) (842.8 "R)
Ibm
= 0.0905
(i) Totaltemperaturesatinletanddischargeflangesarefoundusingtheenergyequationand
assuming an adiabatic process (see Eq. [5.4.6])
(97.40
(TJsp
560.0 "R
k)
Ibf
sec2 (0.247
= 842.8 "R
E)(32.1
2 778.1 7 Btu
Btu
k)
(1 29.4
(TdlSp
= 560.8 "R
ft Ibrn
2 7 7 8 . 1 7Btu
E ) (32.174-)
= 844.1 "R
ft Ibrn
747)
(0.252
Ibf sec
Ibm "R
ci,, Since the Fluid Mach number isless than 0.2, the total pressure may be calculated according
to the simplified Eq. i5.4.41
(97.40
(pi)sp
= 14.00 psia
J:,'
2 1 5.1 3 -
(32.174-
(1 29.4
(pd)sp
= 45.00 PSia
i-
2 (7.086
S)
ft Ibrn
in2
ft2)
Ibf sec2) 144 -
= 14.07 psia
A)
-)
(32.1 74ft Ibrn (1 44

Ibf sec2
69

2)
g)
= 45.26 psia
(k) Total density at the inlet and discharge flanges is found using the ideal gas law
1
(40.7):
(pi)sp
= ($)*P
Ibm
( 1 4 4in2
~lbf)
) (lbmole)
1
ft Ibf
= 0.06632
(560.8 "R)
fi3
"
(1545 lbmole "R
28.36Ibm
(45.26
(Pd)sp
( g ) s p =
(1 545
ft Ibf
lbmole "R
S) $)
(144
)(
lbmole)
1
28.36.
Ibm
I bm
= 0.141 7 (844.1 "R)
ft3
"
(I) The sum of the squares of the blade tip speeds is
\ lo4 min)
j= 1
13 (18.4 inIL + 2 (16.6 il.,
= 2.983
fi2
lo6-
j= 1
sec2
mln
Mean Observations Derived fromTest Data (seepara. 6.2.7)

(a) Test run number 1
(b) Duration of test = 30 minutes
(c) Compressor speed = 10,000 rpm
id) Inlet temperature = T&ic dbi = 540.0 "R
(e) Barometer reading = 14.1 7 psia
(0 Ambient temperature at barometer = 540.8 "R
(g) Inlet static pressure = 14.10 psia
(h) Dry bulb temperature at inlet flange =
= 540.0 "R
(i) Wet hulb temperature at inlet flange = TStatic
wbi = 530.0 "R
0) Dew point at inlet flange = 524.4 "R
(k) Gas density not measured
(1) MWda = 28.97 and MW, = 18.02
(m) Discharge static pressure = fstatic d = 47.00 psi
in) Discharge static temperature = Tstatic dbd = 830.0 "R
(o) Mass flow rate = 38,000 Ibm/hr
(dto (W) Not applicable to this sample
(x) Shaft power input = Psh = 1097 hp
(y) Shaft torque = 57.62 ft lb
(z) Lubricating system oil flow rate is 4 gpm per bearing fora total flow rate of 8 gpm. Oil density
is 55.6 Ibm/ft3 so the oil flow rate is W, = 59.5 Ibm/min. Oil has constant pressure specific heat
cw = 0.464 Btu/lbm.
(aa) Lubricant inlet temperature = Toin = 530.0 "R
(bb) Lubricant outlet temperature = Toout= 561 .O O R
(cc) to (fi3 Not applicable to this sample
Computed ResultsforTest
OperatingConditions (similar to para. 6.2.8)
The previous test data is converted into a form convenient for Code calculations.
(a) The air humidity ratio ofthe inlet air is found using air and steam properties [Ref. (D.20)]
70

0.3667 psia
Ibrn W
= 0.01661
14.1 O psia 0.3667 psia
Ibrn da
= 0.6220
Btu
Ibrn da
(540.0
O R
Btu
- 530.0) R t (0.01661 G
Ibm ") (1092.2 - 38.35) Ibrn
Btu
(1095.5 - 38.35) Ibrn
W
0.01881
=)
(L
lbmole 7 (28.97
Ibrn
lbmole
da
Ibrn18.02
da
W
0.03024
lbmole
lbmole da
(b) Air molecular weight [Ref. (D.20)]

(MW,), =
(MWdJ + mole
[mole damole
+ mole
da
1.000 lbmole da 28.97
(MW,)
I,
) + 0.03024 lbmole
Ibm da
lbmole da
1.00 lbmole da
28.65
+ 0.03024 lbmole W
I bm
lbmole
(c) Air specific heat is found using dry air and steam properties (see Fig. C.1)
(c,), =
mass da (Cpda) + mass W (cpw)

mass da + mass W
I,
1 .O00 Ibrn da 0.240

(Cp;)t
= 0.244
Ibrn da "R
1 .O00 Ibrn da + 0.01 881 Inm
Btu
Ibrn " R
71

) + 0.01881 Ibrn ( 0.447 Ibm w"R

W
S T D - A S M E PTC LO-ENGL L 7 7 7 D 0 7 5 7 b 7 D Ob05q77 1 1 7
Btu
+ 0.01 881 Ibrn (0.460
da OR
1.O00Ibrn da + 0.01881 Inrn W
1 .O00Ibrn da (0.244
cc,,,, =
Btu
= 0.248 Ibrn "R
A verage specific heat

0.244
+ 0.248
Btu Btu
- 0.246 Ibrn "R
"
Ibrn "R
(dl Air specific heat ratio
(Mt
(0.244
S)-
(Z),
Btu
0.244 Ibrn "R
(0.1 986
0.248
(kd)t
lbmole
Btu O R )
Btu
Ibrn
O R
Btu
(o'248
= 1.397
Btu
-)Ibrn "R - (0.1 986 lbmole"R
(G
1 r
lbmole )
)(
lbmole)
28.65
Ibrn
= 1.388
(e) Static specific volume at inlet and discharge flanges is found using the ideal gas law
(1 545
(vstatic d t
ft Ibf
lbmole O R
) (28.65
1 lbmole) 540.0 "R
Ibm
"
(14.10%)
(144$)
72

= 14.34
ft3
I brn
(1 545
(Vstatic
d)r
ft Ibf
lbmole "R
) (28.65
1 lbmole) 830.0 "R
Ibrn
"
S) $)
(47.00
CO
ft3
= 6.613
I bm
(1 44
Fluid velocity at inlet and discharge flanges (see para. 5.4.3.1)
?)hr
(1 4.34
4 (T16.87ft)
(3600
(38,000
(VJt =
TT
(38,000%)
hr (6.613
(vd)t
ft
777 (F
10.020ft)'
E)
Ibm
T)
ft
= 97.45sec
E)
Ibrn
(3600
y)
= 127.5 sec
[g) Fluid Mach numbers at inlet and discharge flanges (see para. 5.4.2.5)
ft
97.45 -
(Mi),
=
sec
-)
ft m
J I .397 32 174Ibf!ec2
(I545
ft
lb
) (L28.65-) Ibm
lbmole "R
ft
sec
= 0.0852
(540.0 "R)
127.5 -
(Md)(
=
-)
ft Ibrn
41.388 32.1 74 Ibf sec2 (1 545
lb
lbmole "R
(h) Totaltemperatureatinletanddischargeflanges
adiabatic process (see Eq. [5.4.6])
73

= 0.0902
)(
1 e
(830.0)
"R)
28.65 Ibrn
is foundusingtheenergyequationforan
~~
~~
0759b70 Ob05499 T 9 T
(97.45
(Ti), = 540.0 "R
= 830.0 "R
(Td)t
Z)
0 . 2 4 4 Btu
~ ) ( 7 7 8 . 1 7 E ) ( 3 2 . 1 7 4 - ft Ibm
Btu
Ibf sec2)
ft ,bm
-) Btu
= 540.8 "R
) = 831.3 "R
E)
7
(32.174 Btu
Ibf secz
2 0.248 Ibrn "R (778.1
(i) Since the Fluid Mach number is less than 0.2, the total pressure may be calculated according
to the simplified method of Eq. (5.4.41
(97.45
( p h = 14.10 psia
&)
(Pd)(
(14.34
2 6.61 3
-)Ibm
ft3
= 14.1 psia
lbfsec~(144%)
A)'
(32.1 74
74

(32.174 ' I b m )
(1 27.5
= 47.00 psia +
&)
Ibf Ihm)
sec2 (144
= 47.27 psia
$)
fj) Total density at the inlet and discharge flanges is found using the ideal gas law
(Pu)sp =
(14.17
(&),=
S) 5)
) (28.65 lbmole)
(540.8"F)
Ibm
Ibf
(1545lbmole "R
(Pd)sp
(&),
S)
)(
ft Ibf
= 0.06997 ft3
"
(47.26
Ibm
(144
$)
I bm
(1 44
lbmole)
= 0.1518 ft3
(831.3"F)
"
(1545lbmole O R
28.65 Ibm
(k) The sum of the squares of the blade tip speeds is
[x
5
[TE
5
Ur],=
[Tz
5
Dr], =
j= 1
j= 1
Dr] = 2.983 X lo6-secZ

ft*
j=l
(I) The shaft power was measured by the shaft power method to be (Psdt= 1097 hp (shaft power
method)
Theshaftpowercanalsobedeterminedusing
Eq. 15.4.141:
where Eqs. [5.4.17] and [5.4.18] showtheparasiticlosses

by the lubricating oil temperaturerise).
Also using Eq. [5.4.13] gives
Ihm) (
to bemechanical losses(represented
ft Ibf ) (831.1 - 540.8)"R

Ibm "R
(38,000
0.2459
) (60 F)
(42.440mln hp
~
(59.5
%)
(0.462
~~
~~
Btu
) (31.O "R)
= 1065 hp + 20.1 hp
= 1085 hp (heat balance method)
75

(m) The gas power can be calculated from the heat balance method using ,Eq. [5.4.13]
The gas power canalsobe

calculatedfromthe
Using Eqs. [5.4.12], l5.4.171, and [5.4.181
P&= (Psh)t
wo c p A To
= 1097 hp 20.1 hp
= 1077 hp (shaft power method)
(n) The capacity is
shaft powerusingtheshaft
power method.
(38,000
9f =
T) -k)
(60
(0.06997
Check for a Type 1 Test

The following calculations confirm thatthe
Type 1 test in Table 3.1.
(a) Inlet pressure departure
*)
ft3
= 9051 min
ft3
test conditions meetthe
limits prescribedfor
Thetest inlet total pressure is within the Table 3.1 limit of 5%.
(b) Inlet temperature departure
(T;)sp
- (Ti), x 100 = 650.8 - 540.8 X 100 = 3.6%
( T;)sp
560.8
Thetest inlet temperature is within the Table 3.1 limit of 8%.

(c) Speed departure
(NJsp
- (Ni)(x 100 = 10,000 - 10,000 x 100 = 0%
( N;)sp
10,000
Thetestspeed is within the Table 3.1 limit of 2%,

(dl Molecular weight departure
(MW;Isp- (MW;)t
28.36 - 28.65
x 100 =
x 100 = -1.02%
28.36
(MW;)sp
Thetest molecular weight is within the Table 3.1 limit of 2%.

76

S T D - A S M E P T C L O - E N G L L997
0 7 5 9 b 7 0 D b 0 5 5 0 2 304 9
fe) Capacity departure
36,000 38,000
"
0.06632
0.06997
36,000
100 = -0.049%
0.06632
Thetest inlet capacity is within the Table 3.1 limit of 4%.

(0 Density departure
(pdsp
- (pJr x 100 = 0.06632 - 0.06997 x 100 = -5.5%

0.06632
(P ilsp
Thetest inlet total density is within theTable 3.1 limit of 8%.

Thetest coolanttemperaturedifferenceandcoolant
flow ratewere not checked with the
specified values since there
is no coolant at the specified condition.
Since all thetestparameters listed in Table 3.1 (excluding the coolantparameters) satisfy the
Table 3.1 limits,thetest
is a Type 1 test.
Computed TestDimensionlessParameters (similar to para. 6.2.9)
The dimensionless parameterswhich form the basis for the conversion fromtest data to specified
operating conditions are calculated in this section.
(a) Polytropic efficiency is found as follows:
Averagespecificheat ratio
kr=
0.246
-=
CP
(cp -
Btu
Ibm "R
t Ibf
-)Ibm "R
Btu
- (1.986 lbmole "R
)(
lbmole)
28.65 Ibm
1
Polytropicexponent (see Eq. [5.1T-51)
47.26 psia
In (14.1 7 pia)
In
(47.26 psia) (540.8 O R )

(14.17 psia) (831.3 O R )
77

= 1.555
= 1.392
Polytropic efficiency (see Eq. [5.1T-91)
(b) Flow coefficient (see Eq. [5.1T-11)

(38,000
P)(5
(-) )
60hr
min
2.rrrad
-)
4t =
(0.06997 F
Ibm)(1 0,000 rev
(
18.4y
ft)
= 0.03996
min
(cl Polytropic work coefficient (see Eq. [5.1T-4])
(F)
ft Ibf
lbmole
(S
K)
(2.983 x l o 6 sec L
(32.174 *)ft Ibm
- o 555
545 lbmole "R)
[ 47 26 -- 1 1
0.555
(540.8 "R)
q)
= 0.4734
(d) Total work input coefficient using the shaft power method (see Eqs. [5.4.18] and [5.3T-21)
(59.5
(om) t
wotp0ATo
e)
min
(0.462
(42.44
Btu
m)
(31.O "R)
-) Btu
= 20.1 hp
minhr
--
T)
2)(h=)
-)mm hp
(1 097 hp - 20.1 hp) (33,OO ft Ibf
(38.000
T)
(2.983
lo6
(60
= 0.6052
(e) Total work input coefficient using the heat balance method (see Eq. [5.3T-11)
78

) (831.3- 540.8)"R + O1 778.1Btu6 ft lb
= 0.5996
(0 Work input coefficient (see Eq. [5.2T-2])
(g) Volume ratio at stagnation conditions (for information only)

Ibm
0.1 851
ft3
0.6997
Ibrn
fi3
= 2.170
Computed Resultsfor Specified Operating Conditions (similar to para. 6.2.1 1)

The performance at the specified operating conditions is calculated from the test dimensionless
parameters.Thesevalues apply directly sincetheReynoldsnumbercorrections
are negligible.
(a) Discharge total pressure at specified conditions is obtained as follows:
Averagespecificheat
Btu
Btu
0.247-+ 0.252 Ibrn "R

Ibrn "R
Btu
= 0.250
2
Ibrn "R
hasbeenused
(Thedesigndischargetemperature
to estimate cpd)
Average specific heat ratio
0.250
-)
Btu
Ibrn "R
(0.250 Btu - (1.986 Btu

Ibm "R
lbmole "R
)(
1 lbmole)
28.36 Ibrn
= 1.389
Polytropic exponent is found assuming equality of the polytropic efficiency at test and specified
conditions (see Eq. [5.4T-71)
79

= 0.7905
1.389
(-)0.389
= 2.823
2.823
nSP
= 0.4734
(2.983
(-)0.549
(1 545
lbmole
1 549
(pd)sp
= 1.823 = 1.549
1 O6
5)(L
sec
ft lb
"R
=)
32.174 ft Ibm
)(
1
28.36
Ibm
lbmole)
2.823
= 3.196
(560.8 "R)
= 3.196 (pjlSp= 3.1 96(14.07 psia) = 44.97 psia
(b) Capacity at specified conditionsis found using the definition of theflow coefficient and equating
the flow coefficients at test and specified conditions (see Eq. (5.4T-11).
0.03996 10,000
2)
(2.")
80

rad
18.4
ft3
(T
ft)3 = 9051 min
S T D m A S M E P T C 10-ENGL L997 D 0759b70 Ob055Uh T 5 T
(c) The inlet mass flow rate is
WSP
(E)sp
(pi)sp = (9051
min Ibm
ft3
,in)
(0.06631 F)
(60 7)
Ibrn
Ibm
= 600.3 hr
min
= 36,020
(cf) The specific volume ratio based on total conditions is (for information only)
(e) Discharge total temperature is found using Eq. [5.4T-18]
Since this temperature is nearly equal to the design value of 844.1R, the average specific heat
chosen for the calculations is assumed appropriate.
(0 Gas power is found using the equality of the total work input coefficient between the test and
the specified operating condition. Using the shaft power method and Eq. (5.4T-201 gives
Usingtheheatbalancemethod,
Wsp (&b)sp
(PghJsp
Eq. [5.4T-201gives
(y)sp
c. u2 (600.3 x)
Ibm (0.5996)
-
33,000
(2.983
X lo6
-)
ft Ibf
(33,000mm hp
(60
= 1011 hp
$)
(g) Since the specified speed and the test speed are equal, the mechanical losses are assumed
equal. The shaft power is then
( p s h ) ~ h= (Pg,,,
+ Q , A P = 1021
hp + 20.1 hp = 1041 hp (shaft power method)
or
(Ps&,
= (Pghb+
= 1011 hp + 20.1 hp = 1031 hp(heatbalance
method)
(h) Static discharge temperature and pressure may be calculated from the
mass flow rate, flow
area, and total temperature and pressure. Since the flow Mach number is below 0.2,Eqs. [5.4.21,
[5.4.31,f5.4.41,
and [5.4.61 may be used.
81

With a guessed velocity of 130.5 ft/sec, obtainedbytrialanderror,
(Tstatic d)sp
(Td)sp
- 2 ) gVdc c p
= 846.5
Ibm
(pstatic d)sp
(pd)sp
ft'
(130.5)'
- 2 778.1 7
sec
(Pstatic d)sp
( Ibf
-ft) Ibf
sec2
= 845.2
-)
(32.1 74 ft Ibm (0.252
Btu
--
Vd = 44.97 I bf
2gc (1 44)
"R
F)
(130.5)'
(0.1 40
ft Ibm)
2 32.174-
sec2Ibf
ft2
-
Ibf
( sec2
inn) = 44.7 in'
144
Checking
V=Ibstatic
\(0.140-Ibm) - (1;;2)
A/
ft3
(Pstatic d)sp
144
R
I = 130.5
II
(pstatic d)sp
(Trtatic d)sp
--
(1 44
-)
ft Ibf
(1545 ibm "R
82

ft2/
ft
sec
$) $)
(44.7
(Lm)
28.36 Ibm (854.2 "R)
= 0.140-
Ibm
ft3
OR
S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL L777 U 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 0 b 0 5 5 0 8 8 2 2
TABLE C.l.l
CALCULATION SUMMARY
Test
Corrected
to
specified
Operating
Test
Operating
Quantity
l. Quantity of gas delivered
Condition
Symbol
ConditionValue
Expected
at
specified
Units
Ibm/hr
38,000
36,000
36,000
rise 2. Pressure
*P
psi
33.1
(total)
3. Head
WP
ft Ibf/lbm 44,100
43,900
43,900
(Psh)sh
hP
1020 1040 1100
(Psh)hh
hP
1020 1030 1080
30.9
4. Shaft power
Shaft
(a)
method
method
(b) Heat
5. Polytropic
efficiency
ratio
0.80
VP
0.790 0.790
6. Flow coefficient
7. Machine Mach no.
Mm
8. MachineReynoldsno.
Rem
9. Specific volume ratio (total)
(vi/v&
heat10. Specific
coefficient
11.work
Polytropic
12. Work input coefficient

13. Total work input coefficient
method
Shaft (a)
method
Heat (b)
14. Capacity
0.0400 0.0400
2.17
1.39
1.39
pp
0.473
0.473
Pmin
0.600
0.600
ash
nhP
0.605
0.600
9 = (w/oJ
ft3/min
2.1 1
0.605
0.600
9050
9050
15. Inlet gasstate

(a) Static temperature
(bl Staticpressure
P
T
P
(c) Total temperature

(d)Total pressure
560 O R 560
14.0psia 14.0
O R 561
561
14.1psia 14.1
540
14.1
541
14.2
16. Discharge gasstate

(a)Statictemperature
(b) Staticpressure
(c)Totaltemperature
(d) Total pressure
T
P
OR
psia
"R
psia
T
P
845 830
44.7 47.0
831
45.0 47.3
847
843.5
45.0
844.8
45.3
17. Cas power

(a) Shaft method
(pg)sh
(b) Heat method
( pg)hb
hP
hP
1o m
1O20
1010
1 O00
1060
10,000
18. Cooling condition
Not applicable
19. Speed
rPm
10,000
10,000
20. Mechanical losses
Qm
hu
20.120.0
20.1
83

1 000
1200
1100 400
lo00SOO
900
700
1300
0.600
0.490
0.450
0.440
600
600
800
700
900
loo01200
1100
Steam Temperature PR)
FIG. C.l(b)
IDEAL GASSPECIFICHEAT
84

FOR STEAM
1300
SAMPLE CALCULATION C.2

TYPE 2 TEST FOR A CENTRIFUGALCOMPRESSOR USING
AN IDEAL GAS
Thissamplecalculation is intended to demonstrate:
fa) Type 2 test
(b) Testgassameas specified gas
(c) Ideal gas
(d) No heat loss to lubricating oil and to ambient
(e) No flow leakages
(0 Centrifugal machine
(gl No flexibility to change compressor speed
(h) Single section machine
The purpose of this calculation is to determine the quantity of gas delivered and the compressor
head,pressurerise,efficiency,andshaft
input power.
Paragraph 3.1 1.4 of theCoderequires that when a test is only to verify asinglespecified
condition,the test shall consist of two testpoints which bracketthespecifiedcapacity.The
calculations demonstrated in this sample calculation would be used on both of these bracketing
points.
Description of Test Installation (seepara. 6.2.2)

(a) Type of compressor - centrifugal
(7) type of impellers - shrouded
(2) number of stages - single section, ten stages
(3) arrangement of casing and piping - not applicable to this sample
(4)pipe sizes; inlet and discharge- inlet pipeis 18 in., schedule 40 (Di = 16.876 in.); discharge
pipe is 10 in., schedule 40 (Dd = 10.020 in.)
(5) arrangement of intercoolers, if used - no intercooler
(6) impeller diameter and blade tip widths - impeller diameters D1 = D2 = D3 = D4 = D5 =
D6 = 20 in. D7 = D8 = D9 = Dl0 = 18.0 in.;firststage impeller tip width
b = 1.5 in.
(b) Description of lubricating system and lubricant properties - Lubricating system oil flow rate
is 4 gpm per bearing for a total flow rate of 8 gpm. Oil density is 55.6 Ibm/ft3 so the oil flow rate is
59.5 Ibm/min [8gprnA7.48 gal/ft3) x 55.6 Ibm ft3]. Oil has constant pressure specific heat of cp =
0.462 Btu/lbm "R.
(c) Type of shaft seals - Not applicable to sample
(d) Type and arrangements of driver; turbinedirect connected, motor direct connected, motor and
gear, etc. - Not applicable to sample
(e) Description of compressor cooling system and coolant properties - No cooling system
Simplitjhg Assumptionsfor This Sample
(a) Thegas (air) may be treated as an ideal gas with a constant specific heat (evaluated at the
average of the inlet and discharge temperatures).
Specified Operating Conditions (seepara. 6.2.3)
(a) Air with constant pressure specific heats of dry air and water vapor givenin Fig. C.1, MWda =
28.97 and MW, = 18.02
(b) Inlet gasstate
85

(1)
hatic i
= 7.50 psia at inlet flange
(2) T& dbi = 600.0 O R at inlet flange

(3) inlet densities; to be calculated
(4) RHinlH = 50.0 %
(c) Gas flow rate
(7) inlet mass flow rate = discharge mass flow rate = W = 17,300 Ibmhr = 288.3 Ibm/min
(2) inlet and discharge volume flow rates have to be determined
(3) capacity has to be determined
(d) Discharge static pressure = 48.00 psia at discharge flange
(e) Compressor coolant not applicable
(fl N = 10,000rpm
(g) Compressor internal roughness = E = 0.00012 in.
Expected Performance at Specified Operating Conditions (see para. 6.2.4)
(a) Developed polytropic head = 88200 ft Ibf/lbm (based on total conditions)
(6) Efficiency (polytropic) = np = 0.82
(c) Power requirement = Psh = 1025 hp
(d) Discharge total temperature (The discharge static temperature is assumed given as 1103"R.)
The following preliminary calculations establish the given specified operating conditions in a
form convenient for the Code calculations.
(a) Partial pressure of water vapor is found using the steam tables: [Ref, (D.20)]
(6) Air humidity ratio at inlet flange [Ref. (D.20)l

(HRi)sp= (0.6220
-(
0.6220 Ibm
(1.456 psia)
Ibm da
(7.50 - 1.456) psia
lbmole W (28.97 Ibm da)

18.02 Ibm W
lbmole da
= 0.2408
lbmole W
lbmole da
(c) Air molecular weight [Ref. (D.2011
Ibm da
) + 0.2408 lbmole
1 .O00 lbmole da t 0.2408 lbmole W
= 26.04
Ibm
lbmole
86

(d) Air specific heat at constant pressureis found using dry air and steam properties. The specific
heat at constant pressure
for both the dry air
(da)and water vapor( W ) are given in Sample Calculation
C.1. (Fig. C.1)
(cplsp
(Cpda) + mass W (cpw)

mass da + mass W
mass da
Btu
+ 0.1498 Ibrn W O 448
Ibm da "R
*
Ibm W "R
1 .O00 Ibrn da + 0.1 498 Ibrn W
1.000 Ibrn da 0.240

(cpi)sp
0.267
Btu
Ibrn "R
1.000 Ibrn da (0.251

kp&p
) + 0.1498 Ibm (0.480 Ibrn w o R

W
da
OR
1 .O00 Ibrn da
= 0.281
+ 0.1 498 Ibrn W
Btu
Ibrn "R
(e) Air specific heat ratio
0.267
k)sp
=
(0.267
BtuBtu
- (1.986
G)
0.281
(kd)sp
(0.281
Btu
Ibrn "R
lbmole "R
26.4 Ibrn
Btu
Ibrn "R
-) Btu - (1.986
Ibrn "R
) ( lbmole ) =
Btu
lbmole "R
)(
lbmole
26.84
)=
Ibrn
(0 The inlet flange kinetic viscosity is found from Ref. (D.20) and is assumed to be that of dry air
at the inlet pressure and temperature
( ~ i ) s p=
4.00
87

1 O4
ft*
sec
(g) Static specific volume at inlet and discharge flanges is found using the ideal gas law
(Vstatic i)sp
(1545 ft Ibf) lbmole

(600.0"R)
lbmole "R 26.84 Ibm
(7.50
(1545 ft lbf)
lbmole "R
5)
(1 44
= 31.98
$)
Ibm
lbmole
(1 103.0 O R )
26.84 Ibm
(48.00
ft3
$)(1 44 $)
= 9.186 Ibm
ft3
(h) Average fluid velocity at inlet and discharge flanges (see para. 5.4.3.1)
Ihm) (
(Vi)sp
(1 7,300 - -h r ) (31.98
hr 3600 sec
=
?r i16.876 , \ 2
88

$)
= 98.94
ft
sec
{i) Fluid Mach number at inlet and discharge flanges (see para.
(-)W V
""
sec
(Mi)sp =
=
(32'174
= 0.0798
lbmole
lb "R
80.61
(Md)sp
T SP
ft
-
98.94.
(1545
S)
2 778.1 7
) (26.84
lbmole
Ibm) (1 103.0 "R)
sec/
ft Ibm
E)
(32.1 74 7)
(0.267 Btu
Btu
Ibf sec
(80.61
(Td)sp = 1103.0
"R +
= 0.0484
lbmole
lb "R
"R +
) (26.84
lbmole
Ibm) (600.0 "R)
ft
sec
ci,, Totaltemperatureatinletanddischargeflanges
adiabatic process (see Eq. [5.4.6])
(Tilsp= 600.0
5.4.2.5)
-)
(778.1 ft Ibf
7 (32.1
Btu
k)2
-)
74ft Ibm (0.281

Ibrn
Ibf sec2
= 600.7 "R
= 1 1 03.46 "R
"R
(k) Since the Fluid Mach number is less than 0.2, the total pressure may be calculated according
to the simplified Eq. [5.4.4]
89

(pi), = 7.50 psia +
7.53 psia
2(31.98$)(32.1741bfre;i)(144$)
ft Ibm
48.00 psia +
2 (9.186
$)
(32.174
ft Ibm
m)
(144
G)
= 48.08 psia
(I) Total density at the inlet and discharge flanges is found using the ideal gas law
(7.53
S) $)
Ibm
(1 44
) ( ' lbmole)(600.7 "R)

(1545 lbmole "R 26.84 Ibm
Ibf
(48.08
(Pd)sp = (&)sp
h Ibf
= 0.03136 ft3
"
)(
z) S)
1
Ibm
= 0.1090 ft3
(1 44
lbmole)
(1 103.5 "R)
"
(lS4' lbmole "R
26.84 Ibm
(m)The sum of the squares of the blade tip speeds is
j=l
= 7.037
lo6 h2
sec2
Mean Observations Derived from Test Data

Thetest is to berun with air at atmosphericpressureandtemperature
as the inlet pressure
and temperature. These give (pstatic
i ) l = 14.1 O psia and Ustatic &i),= 560.0 "R. Both the specified
gas and the testgasareassumed
ideal gases.Assuming equality of the (total) volume ratio
between the testand specified operating conditions gives
90

Assuming equality of the polytropic
efficiencies between the test and specified conditions gives
Since thesame gasi s used i n the test and

at the specified operating conditions,
assume kt = ksp Then,
as the approximate (total) discharge pressure for the test.

Thetestspeed is found by assumingequality of the polytropic work coefficient between the
test and the specified operating condition to give
(E),(3)
c u2 sp
CU2
which can be obtained from equality

Thenumericalvaluesgive
of Machine Mach numbers.
= 9841 rpm
Nt = 10,000 rpm
as the approximate appropriate test speed. Not that no Reynolds number correction (as used later
in converting the testdata to the specified operating condition) is used in this estimation of the
testspeed.Also, note that the Code speed rule (para. 5.3.2) reduces to the equality of Machine
Mach numbers between the test and the specified operating conditions
for ideal gases with equal
values of the specific heat ratios.
See para. 6.2.7.
fa) Test run number 4
fbl Duration of test = 40 minutes
(c) Compressorspeed = 9,500 rpm
fd) Inlet temperature = TStatic
dbi = 540.0 "R
91

(e) Barometer reading = 14.1 O psia

(0 Ambient temperature at barometer = 540.0 "R
(g) Inlet static pressure = Pstatic i = 14.1 O psia
(h) Dry bulb temperature at inlet flange = Tstatic dbi = 540.0 "R
(i) Wet bulb temperature at inlet flange = TStatic
di = 530.0 "R
0) Dew point at inlet flange = 525.1 "R
(k) Gas density not measured
(I) MW& = 28.97and MW, = 18.02
(m) Discharge static pressure = PStatic
d = 99.6 psia
(n) Discharge static temperature = Tstatic d&j = 1042.2 "R
(o) Mass flow rate = 36,500 Ibm/hr
(pl to (W) Not applicable to this sample
(x) Shaft power input = Psh = 1851 hp (determined by measuring shaft input torque of speed)
(y) Shaft torque = 1023 ft lb
(zl Lubricating system oil flow rate is 19.3 gpm. The oil density is 55.45 Ibm/ft3 so the oil flow
rate is 143.1 Ibm/min (19.3 x 55.45/7.48), The oil has constant pressure specific heat cp = 0.462
Btu/lbm "R.
(aa) Lubricant inlet temperature = Toin = 525.0 "R
(bb) Lubricant outlet temperature = Toout= 568.5 "R
(cc) to (eel Casing heat loss = 6740 Btu/hr
(ft7 Not applicable
m
Computed Results for Test Operating Conditions (similar to para. 6.2.8)

The previous test data is converted into a form convenient for Code calculations.
(a) The air humidity ratio of the inlet air is found using air and steam properties [Ref, (D.20)]
= 0.6220
0.240
Btu
Ibm da "R
0.3667 psia
Ibm W
= 0.01661
14.10 psia - 9.3667 psia
Ibm da
(540.0 - 530.0) R
(1095.5
0.01881
= 0.03024
Btu
- 38.35) Ibm W
Ibm W ) ( 1 lbmole W) (28.97

Ibm da 18.02 Ibm W
lbmole W
lbmole da
92

Btu
(1092.2 - 38.35) Ibm W
lbmole da
(b) Air molecular weight [Ref. (D.20)]
mote da (MW&) + mole W (MW,)

mole da + mole W
1.O00 lbmole da 28.97
I,
) + 0.03024 lbmole
Ibm da
lbmole da
1 .O0 lbmole da + 0.03024 lbmole
= 28.65
W
W
Ibm
lbmole
(c) Air specific heat is found using dry air and steam properties
mass da (Cpda) + mass c (wp,)

mass da
1 .O00 Ibrn da 0.240

(cp,.)r =
= 0.244
W "R
Btu
Ibrn "R
Ibrn da "R
1.O00 Ibrn da
= 0.253
I,
) + 0,01881 Ibrn (O 447 Ibrn
1.O00 Ibrn da + 0.01 881 Inm
1.000 tbm da 0.249

(cpd)t
Btu
Ibrn da "R
+ mass W
) + 0.01881 Ibm (0.475 Ibrn w " R

+ 0.01 881 Inm W
Btu
Ibrn "R
Average specific heat
(C,),
Btu
- = 0.244 +2 0.253 IbrnBtu"R - 0.249 Ibrn "R
('pi
"
93

(d) Air specific heat
ratio
Btu
0.244 (kilt
Ibrn "R
Btu
986
lbrnole "R
m)- (0.1
(0.244
Btu
0.253
0.1 986
Btu
Ibrn "R
)(
1 lbmole)
28.65 Ibrn
)(
Btu
lbmole "R
1 lbmole)
28.65 Ibrn
= 1.397
= 1.37
(e) The inlet flange kinematic viscosity is found from Ref. (D.20) and is assumed to be that of dry
air at atmospheric pressure and the existing temperature
= 1 .TOx 10-4ft2
sec
(0 Static specific volume at inlet and discharge flanges is found using the ideal gas law
(vstatic i ) t
(lS4'
ft Ibf
lbmole "R
)(
1 lbmole)
540.0 "R
28.65 Ibrn
"
(14.10
ft Ibf
5)
(144
)(
$)
lbmole)
= 14.34
ft3
Ibrn
1042.3 "R
"
(vstatic d)r
(1545 lbrnole "R
28.65 Ibrn
5)
(99.6
(1 44
$)
[g) Fluid velocity at inlet and discharge flanges (see para. 5.4.3.1)
94

ft3
= 3.919 I bm
S T D * A S M E P T C LO-ENGL L777 E 0757b70 Ob05520 3 2 T m
(36,500
(Vi),
%)
hr
(1 4.34
E)
Ibrn
4(
16.8767
fi)'(3600 F)
= 93.60
-)hr
(36,500 Ibrn (3.919

(vd)t
=
77
Ibrn
= 72.56
r)
10.020
4 (F
ft
sec
ft
sec
h) (3600
(h) Fluid Mach numbers at inlet and discharge flanges (see para. 5.4.2.5)
93.60
(Milt =
f-t
sec
lb
lbmole "R
72.56
(&)r
ft
sec
) (-S)
(540.0 "R)
28.65 Ibm
) (-
lbmole "R
(i) Totaltemperatureatinletanddischargeflanges
adiabatic process
= 0.0818
28.65
-)
(1 042.2
= 0.0459
"R)
Ibrn
(93.60
(T;)( = 540.0 "R
0.244
E)Btu
(778.1
-ft)7Ibf
Btu
95

- = 540.7 "R
(32.1 74 ft Ibrn
Ibf sec2)
(72.56
(Td)l
1042.2 'R
+2
m)
(0.253 Btu
A)'
= 1042.6 "R
E)(32.174 ft Ibm
(778.17
Ibf secz)
Btu
(j) Since the Fluid Mach number is less than 0.2, the total pressure may be calculated according
to the simplified method of Eq. [5.4.41
Pl
193.60
\-
(pi), = 14.1 O psia +
2 14.34
(Pd),
(&I
= 99.6 pSa +
f t z
-\secl
-)Ibm (32.1 74 m
Ihm)(144 $)
ft3
14.1 7 psia
= 99.74 psia
)
(
inn)
2 (3.91 9 2)
(32.1 74 lbfsec~ 144 ft Ibm
Total density at the inlet and discharge flanges is found using the ideal gas law
S) $)
(14.17
ft Ibf
(1545 lbmole "R
(Pd)sp
)(
lbmole)
(540.7 )
"
28.65
(99.74
(&),
Ibm
(144
Ibm
E)
(144
= 0.06993
fi3
O R
$)
Ibm
= 0.2555
ft3
(I) The sum of the squares of the blade tip speeds is

(9,500
1'1
z)'
I6 (20 in)'
+ 4 (1 8 in)']
= 6.35
j=1
lo6
ft2
5ec2
mm
(m)The shaft power was measured by the shaftpower

method)
96

method to be ( f s h ) , = 1851 hp (shaft power
S T D e A S M E P T C 30-ENGL 1 7 7 7 II 0 7 5 1 b 7 0 Ob05522 L T 2
Theshaft powercanalsobecalculatedfromthe
and Eq. [5.5.14]
gas powerusingtheheatbalancemethod
Equations L5.4.171 and [5.4.181 show the parasitic losses to be mechanical losses. Also, using
Eq. [5.4.131 gives
-)
E)
(1042.6 - 540.7) "R
(36,500 Ibrn (0.2459
Ibm "R
hr
(psh)t
(42.44
&) F)
x) -
-)
= (1791.4
(60
(143.1 min
Ibrn (0.462 ,bm
(568.5
6740
(42.44
Btu
hr
S) T)
(60
525.0) "R
+ 2.65 + 67.8) hp
(n) The gas power can be calculated from the heat balance methodas done above to get
(P,),
(W C p ) t (Td - Ti), + Qr
= (1791 4 + 2.65)hp
Thegas power can also be calculated from the shaft power using the shaft power method
(P,),=
(Psh)r
- W o Cpo ATO
= (1 862 - 67.8) hp
= 1794 hp (shaft power method)

Theabovetestdoes
notqualify as a Type 1 testdue to thelargedifferences
pressures. To formalize this observation,the inlet pressuredeparture is
(Pi),
- (piIr x
(pi)sp
100 =
7.53
- 14.16 X
7.53
in the inlet
100 = -88.0%
which is outside the range of the Table 3.1 limit of 5%; therefore, the test is not a Type 1 test.
Therefore, wemustconduct
a Type 2 test; however, we will verify that this i s aType 2 test,
.e.,satisfies the Table 3.2 requirements.
97

S T D - A S M E P T C 10-ENGL 1997
0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0605523 O34
Computed Test Dimensionless Parameters (similarto para.6.2.9)

The dimensionless parameters which form the basis for the conversion from test data to specified
operatingconditionsarecalculated
in thissection.
(a) Polytropic efficiency is found as follows:
0.249
fi Ibf
Btu
Ibm "R
Btu
-)Ibm "R - (1.986 lbmole "R
)(
lb mole)
28.65
Ibrn
Polytropic exponent (see Eq. [5.1T-51)
(99.74 psia)
14.1 7 psia
= 1.507
(99.74 psia) (540.7 "R)
In
(14.17 psia) (1042.6 "R)
Polytropic efficiency (see Eq. [5.1T-91)
(b) Flow coefficient (see Eq. l5.1T-11)
2)(L
(-) )
(36,500
rad
(0.06993 F
Ibm )(9,500
S)( 1 2 ft)
98

hr
60 min
20.0
= 0.03148
3
= 1.386
STDmASME PTC 10-ENGL L977
075'1b70
Ob05524 T 7 5
(c) Polytropic work coefficient (see Eq. [5.1T-41)
0.507
)(
28.65
L
F
Ibm )
(540.7"R) [(-)99.74 1.507 - 1 1
14.17
ft2 ) ( 1
Ibf sec2)
6.35 lo6--
(-)
1 507
(1 545 lbmole
ft Ibf "R
0.507
(143.1
(Q,,,)t= wocpJT0 =
?)
32.174 ft Ibm
sec2
(0.462 G)Btu
mm
(42.44
(568.5 - 525.0) "R
= 67.8 hp
-mln
) hr
Btu
Ibf ) (60
mrn hp
(1851 hp - 67.8 hp) 33,000
F)
(36,500
W-
gc
(6.35 x
F)
= 0.4901
lo6 E)(LF)
sec2
32.174 ft Ibm
(e) Total work input coefficient using the heat balance method (see Eq. [5.3T-l])
(0.249
-)llbmBtu"R
(1042.6- 540.7)"R +
ft'
(6.35 lo6 -()-
sec2
(0
Btu
36,500 hr
= 0.4935
32.174 ft Ibm
Work input coefficient (see Eq. [5.2T-2])
b"h
- Ti) I - (0.249E)Btu
CU'
-
cp (Td
(1042.6- 540.6)"R (778.1 7
gc
99

*)Btu
= 0.4927
(g) Volume ratio at stagnation conditions (for information only)
c)r
Ibm
-
0.2555
(;)r
ft3
0.6993
I bm = 3.65
ft3
Computed Results forSpecified Operating Conditions (similar to para. 6.2.1 1)

The performance at the specified operating conditions is calculated from the test dimensionless
parameters. The effect of the difference between test and specified operating condition Reynolds
numbers is estimatedfromthe PTC 10 Reynoldsnumbercorrection.
(a) Discharge total pressure at specified conditions is obtained as follows:
Average specific heat
Btu
Btu
0.267-+ 0.281 Ibrn "R

Ibrn "R
= 0.274
2
(Thedesigndischargetemperaturehasbeenused
to estimate cps)
0.274
Btu
Ibrn "R
Btu
Ibrn "R - (1.986 lbmole "R
-)
Btu
Ibrn "R
Btu
)(
lb mole)
28.36 Ibrn
1
= 1.370
Polytropic efficiency correction is now used to accountforthedifferences

in the Machine
Reynoldsnumbers.TheReynoldsnumber
limits forthis correction are found using Eqs. [5.4.41
and 15.6.11 to 15.6.41
(F)
= 2.73 x 105
SP
NDib
T)
(9,500 min (2 T$)
(=E)
20 rad
sec
1O0

(E)
1 .5
ft
= 6.10 x
105
or
Remt < 4.775 Remsp = 4.775 (2.73x
Remt > 0.2094 Rem,
= 0.2094
lo5) =
1.3 x
lo6
(2.73
x 1Os) = 5.72 x lo4
Sincethetest Machine Reynoldsnumber (6.10 x lo5)fallsintheaboverange,thefollowing

Reynoldsnumbercorrectionmaybeused.
The correctedpolytropicefficiency forthespecified
operatingcondition is relatedtothe test polytropicefficiency by
where
= 0.988(2.73 x 105)4.243= 0.04718
0.988
(6.10
x 105)-0.243
= 0.03881
RCt= 0.988 Remt0.243= 0.988
RA,=
0.066 + 0.934
RA,=
0.066 + 0.934
RAsp= 0.066 + 0.934
RA,=
0.066 + 0.934
46 X 10'
Rem
1,
RCsp
4 (I.5 in) x 1 os
2.73 X 105
46 X
On4718
= 1.0354
lo5 RCt
Rem
Il
4 (I.5 in) x 1 o5
6.10 X 105
0~13881
= .O99940
0.000125 + Reml
RBI =
13.67
( Remt)
log c +
13.67
6.10 x lo5)
= 0.9961
13.67
log 0.00012 +
6.10 x 105)
1 o1

Then,
-(
~ =) 11~
1 .O354 ) (0.9967)
= 0.1785
-p0.828) (0.99940 0.9961
and
0.822
(vsp)sp
The polytropic exponent is found from
or
3.054
2.054
nsp = -- 1.49
The polytropic work coefficient ratio for the specified operating condition is
0.822
(pplsp
= (pph-- 0.4075 -= 0.4044

0.828
(qp)r
Discharge pressure ratio is found using the definition of the polytropic work coefficient to give
[(E)
(7.037x
r.4044
(1 545
(-Ibf secz)
f
i
l
z
)1
lo6 -
3.042
= 6.400
sec 32.174 fi Ibm

fi l b
(600.70R)
lbmole "R 28.36 Ibm
)(
'
3
)
Dischargepressure is found using Eq. [5.4T-151

Pd
= 6.400 (pi)sp = 6.400 (7.53

psia) = 48.2 psia
(b) Capacity at specifiedconditions is found using thedefinition ofthe flow coefficient and equating
the flow coefficients at test and specified conditions (see Eq. [5.4T-11)
z)
= 0.03148 10,000
102

rad
fi)
20
(277~)
fi3
= 9157- min
S T D - A S M E P T C 10-ENGL 1997 W 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 Ob05528 b 1 0
(cl The inlet mass flow rate is
= 17,230-Ibm
= ( 9 1 5 f t73 ~ ()0 . 0 3 1 3 6 F ) 6)0(:
hr
(d) The specific volume ratio based on total conditions is
(2) = [
Vd sp
(F)q
1
1
-
= 6.4007.49 = 3.48
*P
(e) Discharge total temperature is found using Eq. [5.4T-181
(E)7]
n-1
(TdlSp
= [Ti
0.49
= 600.7 "R (6.400)'.49 = 1 1 .O6 "R

5P
Since this temperature is nearlyequal to the designvalue of 1103.5"R, the average specific
heatchosen for the calculations is assumed appropriate.
ffl Gas power is found using the equality of the total work input coefficient between the test and
the specified operating condition. Using theshaft power method, Eq. [5.4T-20], and Table 5.3 gives
= 932.8 hp (shaft power method1
Eq. [5.4T-201, andTable 5.3 gives
Usingtheheatbalancemethod,
33,000
(1 7,230
F)
min
(0.4935) (7.037 X 10'
= 939.3 hp (heat balance method)

103

ft2
) (1
Ibf sec2)
-
sec2
32.174 ft Ibm
S T D - A S M E PTC LO-ENGL L797
0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob05529 557
(g., The shaft power is found by assuming the mechanical losses are proportional to a power of
the rotational speed (see Eq. 15.6.81)
N
(2)
=
2.5
(Qmlsp
(Qm)r
67.8 hp
10,000
rev
-
2.5
= 77.1
hp
9,500 min
The shaft power is found using Eqs. [5.4.14],[5.4.17],and[5.4.181
= 1O 1 0 hp (shaft power method)
or
101 6 hp (shaft power method)
(h) Static discharge temperature and pressure may be calculated from the mass flow rate, flow
area, and total temperature and pressure. Since the flow Mach number is below 0.2, Eqs. 15.4.21,
(5.4.33,i5.4.41, and 15.4.61may be used.
With a guessed velocity of 80.2 fthec, obtained by trial anderror,
(802)2
= 1106.
sec2
ft2
-)
ft Ibm
2 778.17- Ibf) (32.1 74
(0.281
Btu
Ibf sec
= 48.2
Ibf
--
(0.1 O9
F)
= 1 105.5 'R
;J= 48.12 -in2

-) (144 -
104

ft* e c ~
(80.2)2~
ft Ibm
2 32,174
Ibf sec2
Btu
Ibf
0 7 5 7 b 7 0 Ob05530 2 7 7
Checking
ft
sec
= 80.2 -
(144
(1545
$) $)
Ibrn
(48.2
ft Ibf
-)Ibm
('W)
28.36 Ibm
= 0.109 -
(1105.5 "R)
ft3
O R

(a) Specific volume ratio (see Eq. [5.5.51)
,oo -
3.65
3.48
100 = 1.049%
The test specific volume

flow ratio is just within the Table
Thedifference is duelargely to theassumption of equal
specified conditions made when determining the testspeed. A
reduce this deviation.
(b) Capacity - speed (flow coefficient) ratio (see Eqs. [5.2T-11
3.2 range of 95% to 105%.

gas propertiesbetweentestand
retest at an adjusted speed
would
and [5.4T-43
F)
(36,500 hr
-)
(0.06993 Ibm
ft3
(9,500
x 100 =
E)
min
X
F)
(1 7,300 hr
")
(0.03 136 TI bm
fi) (1 0,000 min
105

100 = 99.6%
Thetest capacity
speed ratio is within the Table 3.2range
(c) Test Machine Mach number (see para. 5.5.1)
of 96% to 104%.
= 0.710
Mm, =
(9,500
Mmt
2)($
(-
h) (2
TE)(Az)
= 0.708
1
moe
26.84 Ibm
(540.7 R)
2)
Thetest Machine Mach number is within the Fig.3.4range

(0.71O + 0.105).
(cf) Machine Reynolds number ratio (see Eq. [5.5.51)
Rem,
of 0.625(0.710
= 2.73
- 0.085)to 0.815
105
sec
?)
(9,500 mm
(hg)
(S (gfi)
h)
= 6.10 x 105
Remt =
Remt
6.10 x 105
x 100 =
2.73 x 105
Remsp
100 = 223.4%
Thetest Machine Reynoldsnumber is abovetheTable

3.2 lower limit of 90,000 andthe
Machine Reynoldsnumber is between the Fig. 3.6 limits of 0.17 and 6.5.
Since all the Table 3.2 requirementsaresatisfied,thetest
is a Type 2 test.
106

0759b70 Ob05532 O'+& H
STD ASME P T C 10-ENGL
TABLEC.2.1
CALCULATION SUMMARY
Test
QuantityValue
Units
Symbol
Test
Corrected
to
Specified
Operating
Condition
Expected
at
Specified
Operating
Condition
1, Quantity of gas delivered
lbmhr
36,500
17,230
17,300
2.Pressurerise
psi
85.6
40.7
40.6
3. Head (total)
ft . Ibf/lbm
80,400
88,450
88,200
4.Shaftpower
(a)Shaft method
(b) Heat method
hP
1851
1862
1010
1016
1025
1025
5. Polytropic efficiency
0.828
0.822
0.82
6. Flow coefficient
0.031 5
0.031 5
0.031 6
7. Machine Mach no.
0.724
0.703
0.703
8. Machine Reynolds no.
610,000
273,000
273,000
9. Specific volume ratio (total)
3.48
3.48
3.48
10. Specific heat ratio
1.39
1.37
1.37
11. Polytropic work coefficient
0.408
0.44
12. Work input coefficient
0.493
0.493
13. Total work input coefficient

(a) Shaft method
(b) Heatmethod
0.490
0.494
0.490
0.494
8700
9160
9190
540
14.1
S41
14.2
660
7.50
601
7.53
600
7.50
601
7.53
psia
1042
99.6
1043
99.7
1106
48.1
1106
48.2
1103
48.0
1103
48. I
17. Gas power

(a) Shaft method
(b) Heat method
hP
hP
1794
1794
933
939
18. Casing heat loss
hP
2.65
19. speed
rPm
9,500
10,000
20. Mechanical losses
hP
67.8
77.1
14.Capacity
15. Inlet gasstate
(b) Static pressure
(c) Total temperature
(dl Totalpressure
16. Discharge gasstate
(b)Staticpressure
(cl Totaltemperature
(d)Totalpressure
hP
Whin
OR
psia
OR
psia
"R
psia
O R
107

10,000

IDEAL GAS APPLICATIONTOSELECTION OF TEST SPEED
AND TEST GAS ANDMETHODS OF POWEREVALUATION
Thissamplecalculation is intended to demonstrate:

(a) Test speed selection
(b) The effect of substitute gas use on achievement of flow similarity
(c) Methods of power evaluation
The following information is givenaboutthedesign:
Number
of
stages = 6
1 st stage diameter = 1 1.459 Discharge
in.
pressure
Impeller exit tip width = 0.5 Polytropic
in. efficiency
Shaft rotational speed = 16000 rpm
Gas - Methane
Inlet pressure = 30 psia
Inlet temperature = 570"R
W 2 / g c = 1.1 1006 x 1O5 ft-lbf/lbm
At an inlet
flow
of 3000 ft3/min
= 90 psia
= 0.76
Shaft power = 690 hp
Thedata in the left hand column above indicate the specified operating conditions. This data
describes the compressor geometry, the operational speed, and inlet gas conditions. The data in
theabove right hand column describestheintendedperformanceofthecompressor
at the
specifiedoperatingconditions.
It is thepurpose of thetest to verify these intendedvaluesor
establishtheactualvalues.
It i s assumed thatcircumstances prohibit testing with methane. Air i s available at 14.7 psia,
520"R, and 50 percent relative humidity. The driver has variable speed capability.
The following assumptions are made to simplify the calculation process so that focus may be
madeondemonstrationpoints.
(a) Both the test gas, air, and the specifiedgas, methane, will be treatedas ideal gases with constant
specific heats. Average values will be used. (The alternative is to use actual gas thermodynamic data
and the Type 2 calculation procedure. This would lead to slightly more accurate results.)
(b) Leakages will be assumed negligible at both test and specifed conditions. The rotor mass flow
rate is then the inlet mass flow rate.
The test speed required to provide equivalence betweentest and specified conditions is obtained
fromthe speed selection rule. For ideal gases,
1o9

TABLE C.3.1
PRETEST C A L C U L A T I O N S U M M A R Y
Methane
CaS
Pd
Pi
90.
30.
psia
psia
Ti
"R
570.
ft-lbf/lbmOR
96.31
1.28
0.078693
0.769 x
16000.
800.
0.532
3.411 X lo5
0.76
k
P
P
Ibm/ft3
Ibmh . sec
ft/sec
rPm
Mm
Rem
TP
1.6
pd/pi
n
qi/qd
51.597
14.7
520.
53.53
1.396
0.0761
1.27x 10-5
12704.
635
0.5675
1.583 X lo5
0.76
(excludes Reynolds
Number correction)
3.51
3.0
1.4
2.19
0.00343
Air
2.1 9
with
1
and
n
n-1
"
'Ip-
k - 1'
and Remco,, = 1
Precise values of pressure ratio, efficiency, and polytropic exponent for both specified and test
conditions are of course unknown before test. However,theappropriatetestspeedmaybe
estimated by making the following assumptions:
(al Thepressure ratio and efficiency at specified operating conditions are equal to the design
values.
(b) The efficiency at test conditions is also equal to the design value.While the Reynolds number
effect might be taken into account here, it is small and the current calculation is only an estimate.
It is ignored simply for computational ease.
The firstassumptionallows
calculation of thespecified conditionpolytropic exponent.The
second allows calculation of the test polytropic exponent. With these a test pressure ratio estimate
and a required testspeedestimatemaybecalculated.This
speed may be used to calculate
Machine Mach andReynoldsnumbers.
Thegasdataused
andresults of the computations indicated abovearesummarized in Table
C.3.1. Thevalues in thistable may be used to determine if it is possible to accomplish the
proposedtest within the allowable deviations in similarity parameters.
Mach NumberCheck:The test Mach number is = 6.6 percentgreaterthanthedesign
Mach
number. This is an unavoidableconsequenceof
gas selection with
110

different k valueswhenspecificvolume
ratio equality i s maintained.
Thedeviation is, however, within the limits of Fig.3.2.
ReynoldsNumberCheck:ThetestReynoldsnumber
is -46 percent of thedesignReynolds
number.This
is within thedeviation
limits of Fig.3.4,
andthe
correction relationship applies. The correction
has not been applied
to the tabulated values,sincethe computations are preliminary.
The compressor is run to obtain a bracketing point. A bracketing point lies within 2 4 percent
of the specified operating condition flow coefficient of interest, which is
3000
= 0.03427
(y)3
12
2~(16000)
The desired test inlet flow may be calculated from test and specified operating
coefficient equality, which yields
9;,= 9i
'P
(9
NS
= 3000
12704
(-)16000
= 2383
condition flow
ft3
rnln
Thetest yields the following data:

W = 2.9595 Ibm/sec
pi= 14.7 Ibf/in3
Ti= 520 "R
RH;= 50%
50.4 Ibf/in2
Td= 832 "R
20 hp (from lubricating oil temperature rise and flow rate)
5574.5 Btu/hr(calculatedcasingheat
loss)
Psh= 339. hp (shaftpower,perhaps from a torquemeter)
N= 12690 rpm
R = 53.53 ft-lbf/lbm*"R
The next step is to compute the following dimensionless parameters from the test
SpecificVolumeRatio:
pd=
om=
or=
(3;
1
r", =
= 2.14286
Flow Coefficient:
111

data.
Polytropic Work Coefficient:
(-)n -n 1
ClPt =
RF
xu2
- 1 1 = 0.62702
Work InputCoefficient:
PolytropicEfficiency:
Total Work InputCoefficient: (Heat balancemethod)
Total Work InputCoefficient:(Shaftpowermethod)
gc
MachineMach Number:
Mmt =
U
-
Remt =
- = 1.583 X lo5
Machine ReynoldsNumber:
Ub
V
whichhavebeenevaluated
using

S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1777
W;
0 7 5 7 b 7 0 Ob05537 b 2 3
= (2.9595 Ibm/sec) (60 sec/min) = 177.57 Ibm/min
N = 12690 rev/min
D = 11.459 in.
R = 53.53 ft-lbf/lbm*"R
CU2
1.11006 X 10' = 6.9828 X
k = 1.396
Btu
Ibm "R
cp =
(5574.5Btu/hr) (1/60hr/min) = 92.91 Btu/min
113

ft
lo4 Ibm
14.7
p i = - -Pi
=
R Ti
53.53
Ibf
(5)
144
):(
ti Ibf
(-)Ibm "R
2.9595
Wi
q,=-=
Pi
(20hp) 33000
o
m
.... =
f-\ti
778.1 6
u =" 2lrN
60 24
- (2.-) (12690;)Rad
rev
mm
1.27x
10-5
y="=
ft3
520 "R
(E)
60
sec
0.076047
Ibm
= 0.076047 -
(=)
min
I bm
(F)
(-)minft Ibfhp
Ibf
Btu
min
(--)601 min
sec
( r Ibm
) sec
11.459
(?in.)
= 1.67 X
Ibm
(-121-)fin.t
min
= 848.2 -
0.076047 (F)
b = 0.5 in,
ft3
= 2335 -
(--)121 fin.t
= 634.5
-)secft
ti2
-
sec
= 0.041 7 ft
The preliminary assumptionis madethatthesecoefficients

withappropriateReynoldsnumber
correction,alsoapplyatspecifiedconditions.Thelimitsforallowabletest
Machine Reynolds
numberaregivenby
114

or
6.41 x
lo4 5
Thetest Machine Reynoldsnumberdoes

maybe used.Thus
1 -
VPsp
= (1
- VPt)
RASPRBsp
Rem, 5 1.81 x
lo6
fall within these limits and the efficiency correction
0.97798
(0.99648)
= 0.2476
184 (0.9971 8)
- (1 - 0.744)1 .O1
where
RASP = 0.066 + 0.934
RAI = 0.066
RB,
(4.8X 1 O6 b) RCsp
Rem,
+ 0.934
= 0.97798
RCr
= 1.01184
= 0.99648
with
RC, = 0.988 Remsf-0.243= 0.044696
RCt= 0.988 Rem,p-0.243 = 0.053862
b= 0.5 in.
Remsf= 3.411 x lo5
Remr= 1.593 x lo5
E= 0.000120 in.
so,
PSP
0.752
vpsP= 0.7524,and Remco,, = - = -= 1.0118
Pt
The Reynolds number correction

work coefficient.
0.744
is applied to both the polytropic efficiency and the polytropic
115

In summary,the preliminary assumption is thatthe

applies at specified operating conditions.
drp
p*p
= 4, =
qpt Remcorr=
following dimensionless coefficient set
0.3363
0.744 (1 .O1
18)
= 0.752
This assumption is taken to be valid to the approximation involved if:

(a) the test specificvolume ratio is within 2 5 percent of the specifiedcondition volume ratio (Table
3.2). The specified operating condition volume ratio is calculated to determine if this requirement is
met. This is done by using the polytropic work coefficient and polytropic efficiency to calculate the
specified condition discharge gas state, .e.,
= [0.6344
1.11006 x lo5
((3.4395)
) + 11
96.31 (570)
3.4395
= 2.9750
where
n
1.28
116

0.7524 = 3.4395
S T D O A S M E P T C 20-ENGL 2 7 7 7
0759b70 Ob05542 O 5 4
which yields nsp = 1.4099,

Thespecificvolume ratio is then
(which is within the + 5 percent limit).

(b) the test Machine Mach number is within the limits of Fig. 3.4, which is seen to be satisfied;
(c) the test Machine Reynolds number is within the limits as already described;
(d) the test flow coefficient is within ?4 percent of the specified operating condition
flow coefficient
of interest,
It is concludedthatthedimensionless
coefficient set developed is valid for thespecified
operating conditions. The following quantities of interest at the specified operating conditions are
established from this set as follows.
Thesectionpressure ratio hasalreadybeenestablished
in thevolume ratio calculationusing
the polytropic efficiency and polytropic work coefficient. Thedischarge gasstate is then
(3,
Tdsp =
($sp
The flow is determined from the
D 3
gi = [ 4 s p 2 7 ( ~ )
SP
(3"
n-1
Tisp= 1.373 (570) = 782.6 "R
flow coefficient
= 0.03363 2
min
wj = pigi =
0.4099
= 2.975 1.4099 = 1.373
11.459 3
ft 3
16000 rev 1 2 ft) = 2944 rev
min
144 (30) Ibm
[96.31
(570)
ft3
Ibm
2944 - = 231.7 mm
mln
F
I
117

rad
7-
The power requirement at the specified operating conditions is determined from the total work
input coefficient.
Ibm
sec
sec
min
ft Ibf
1.11006~lo5Ibm
= 3.862-60-0.849
min
hp
(G=)= 697.3 hp
where,
Om,
-="
33000
Om,
Nsp)2'5
= 20 hp
33000 Nt
In this example both the shaft method and heat balance method give exactly the
same power
requirement. This may not always be true because of differences in the independent measurements
which areused.Thisexamplewas
specifically constructedusingvaluessuchthatthepowers
would match.
118

ASME PTC 10-1997

TREATMENT OF BRACKETEDTEST POINTS
This sample problem is an extension of Sample Calculation C.3. It demonstratestreatmentof

bracketing points. Supposethat a seconddata point forthecompressorofSample
Calculation
C.3 is available. The data is shown in the upper portion ofthesecond column in Table C.4.1.
Calculations were done for this data set following thesame procedure as in Sample Calculation
C.3. Theresults are summarized in the lower portion of column 2.
The calculated efficiency and work coefficients are plotted as functions of flow coefficient in
Fig. C.4.1.The flow coefficient of interest is for 3000 ft3/min at specified conditions, or
ft3
3000 min
d =
= 0.03427
in Fig.C.4.1.Thedata
points are valid
which fallsabout midway betweenthedatapoints
bracketing points in that they are well within 4 percent of the flow coefficient of interest (Table
3.2). In the absence of additional data points, the values of the dimensionless coefficients at the
flow coefficient ofinterestaredetermined
by linear interpolation. Linear interpolation gives
These values are used to calculate the compressor performance in dimensional terms as follows:
Flow rate: 3000 ft3/min as above
Dischargepressure:
1.11006 x l o 5
(3.430196.31(570) +
119

'1,
3.4304
= 2.9497
ASME PTC 10-1997
TABLE C.4.1
Point
Data
1st
Units
Test Data
Data Point
12690.Irpml
3.0799 [lbm/sec]
N
Wi
Pi
Ipsial
520.
Ti
PR1
RH
[%I
Pd
Td
[psial
Om
psh
QI
12690.
2.9595
14.7
520.
50.
50.4
832.
20.
339.
5574.5
53.53
1.396
IORI
20.
lhpl
Ihpl
330.39
5495. [Btuhrl
[fi-lbf/lbmoR]
1.396
14.7
50.
49.4
828.
53.53
Calculation Summary:
2nd Data Point
1st Data Point
Test
Specified
Opentill#
Operating
Operating
Conditions Conditions
Test
opentill#
conditions Conditions
0.034 4
0.843Ph
0.035
PP
0.838
0.794
0.748
'IP
0.849 nhb
0.84900
0.5320
Mm
ah
Rem
q&d
0.035
0.034
0.843
0.627 0.61
0.739
0.744
0.849
0.84900
0.5674
0.5675
1.583 x Id
2.1429
0.832
0.634
0.752
0.832
5
0.5320
3.411 X 105
2.1351
2.
1668
1 .S83 x 1Os
2.1105
where
(E)
k
tsp
= 0.750
(z
= )
1.28
3.4304
n = 1.41145
and,
Pd
specified
= (pd/pi) pi =
(2.9497)30
120

88.49 lbf/in2
0.623
3.41 1 x 1Os
S T D * A S M E P T C L O - E N G L L977 M 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob05545 7 T T M
FIG. C.4.1
Power requirement:
Heat balance method:
=+
"- wi n h b
PShhb
xu2
33000 g,
Qml
33000
-- (236.08)0.848(1.11006x 1 Os)+ 35.7 hp = 705.79 hp

33000
where
= pi q., = H3011 44(3000)1/[(96.31)(570)1 = 236.08 Ibm/min
121

ASME
10-1997
Shaft power method:
- (236.08)0.823(1.11006
x 1Os)
33000
t 35.7 hp
= 689.43 hp
Notice thatthe shaft power andheatbalancemethods

yield two different results in contrast
to Sample Calculation C.3. This is due to the contradictory measurementsfor the seconddata
point, reflected in the two different values for total work input coefficient. One of the values is
clearly in error, indicating an error in measurement. With mutualagreement by parties to the
test, the optionsmayinclude:
(a) retest, eliminating the error;
(b) neglecting the error should the difference in results be deemed negligible;
(c) assuming one or the other measurement correct and ignoring the other;
(d) comparison with other data points if available.
In this case the error would appear quite large.Since only two data points are available it
might well beprudent to retestfor verification. As the methodsagreeforthefirstpoint,
the
seconddata point is questionable.
Further,since the testshaft power is smaller for the second data
point despite a largermass
flow rate, the shaft power measurement is especially suspect.
Assume that further investigation leads to disqualification of the shaft power measurement for
the second data point. The final results from the bracketing data points may be summarized
as
Design
Calculated
16000
Methane
16000
Methane
570.
570.
30.
3000.
90.
0.76
690.
30.
2.1 9
2.1 52
3000.
88.49
0.750
705.79
Comparison of the design and actual results indicates that the compressor falls short of meeting
its designpressuregoal at design flow. The implication of this fact to the parties involved are
beyond the scope of this Code, as they would be also had the compressor exceeded its design
goals.However, typical industrial reaction in lieuof mutualacceptance as tested is hardware
modification or specified condition speed adjustment, In the event of hardware modification the
testmust be repeated.Forsmallspeedadjustmentsthetestresultsmayremainvalid.This
is
determined by conversion of the testresults to the new specified condition speedand verifying
that the limits in departurebetweentestandspecified
conditions are not exceeded.
122

STDmASME P T C 1 0 - E N G L
1 9 9 7 D 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 06055i7 5 7 2 D

SELECTION OF A TEST GAS FOR A TYPE 2 TEST USING
IDEALAND REAL GAS EQUATIONS
This sample calculation is intended to demonstrate how to select a test gas and determine the
testspeed. A compressor designed for use on a hydrocarbon mixture is to be tested in the shop
with aclosed loop for an ASME test.TableC.5.1gives
thespecifiedoperatingconditionsand
predictedperformance for the pointto
be tested. Additionally, it gives mechanicaldesign
requirements of theequipmentsuch
as themaximumtemperature,
pressure, rotating speed
requirements, the impellerdesign data neededfortheevaluationoftestequivalency,andthe
critical speeds of thecompressorrotorsystem.
Theselectionofthetest
gas andcomputation of therequired compressorspeed is a multistepprocess.TableC.5.2
outlinesthebasic
steps involved in flow chartform.Thefirst
step
involves computation of the specified conditions; Reynolds number,Mach number, pressure ratios,
volume ratios, etc. This data
is contained in TableC.5.4.The
next step is to select the possible
testgases. In this problemnitrogen,carbondioxide,refrigerant134a(R134a)andrefrigerant
22
(R22)havebeenselected
as possibletestgases.
Knowing a closed loop is to be used, 20 psia
and 100F were used for afirstestimateof
inlet conditions.Theselectionofthe
20 psiawas
to allow a loop with a positive pressure and therefore, no inward leakage of air as a contaminant
would occur. Table C.5.3 lists the test gas inlet conditions for each of the gasses.The next step
is thedeterminationwhether ideal gas orreal gas calculationmethodsshould be used.
The X factor and Y factor of Schultz were computed for the specified gasas well as for each
of the test gases. It was found that the specified gas required real gas calculations, nitrogen could
be assumed to beideal,and CO2,R134a,R22
requiredreal gas calculations.Fromthe X and
Y factors,anestimateofthe
cp andthecompressibility
Z, thetestpolytropicexponent
was
computed.Sincethespecificvolume
ratio attest
shouldequalthespecificvolume
ratio at
specified operating conditions, the test pressure ratio was computed along with the test discharge
pressure and temperature;see Table C.5.4. At this point, a check with mechanical design conditions
found that nitrogenand COZtestdischargetemperatureswere
in excess of maximum allowed
by themechanicaldesignand
a furthercomparisonof
speedsalso indicatedextremelyhigh
rotational testspeeds in excess ofmechanical design.Further computation was not needed for
nitrogen and COZ, as thesegaseswere
eliminated.Firstestimates of temperature and speed for
refrigerant 134a and refrigerant 22
(See Table C.5.4) indicated possible testgasessince they did
not exceed mechanical limitations. However, the rotative speed for the preliminary R22 selection
was only 3 percent below the first critical speed and the rotative speed for the R134a selection
was approximately 14 percentbelowthefirst
critical speed.For the first pass, there was no
Reynoldsnumberscorrection,
verification ofspecificvolume ratio, efficiency,or anestimate of
real gas correction factors. The final testspeed should be checked so that it is not too close to
a critical speed.
Thenext step is thecomputationofthe
testhead, dischargeenthalpy,isentropicdischarge
condition, and the real gas correction polytropic work factor. Table C.5.5 has the computed data
l It is recognizedthatthere
is apotentialenvironmentalproblem
demonstrate the calculation method.
123

of usingrefrigerant
22. Theusehere
is only to
TABLE C.5.1
SPECIFIEDOPERATINGCONDITIONSANDPREDICTEDCONDITIONS
Inlet
Pressure,psia
Temperature, O R
0.2602
Specific volume ft3/lbm
0.7981
Z
373
0.01
Viscosity centipoise
0.6266 heat Btu/lbm-"R
Specific
Specific heat ratio
820. Sonic velocity hhec
209.8
Enthalpy Btu/lbm
Entropy Btu/lbm-"R
Discharge
200
575
0.7578
0.8768
0.01
0.4894
1.1 28
830.
164.9
1
704.8
021
.S77
650
1 .O98
1 .S92
Cas properties: Hydrocarbon mixture

Critical pressure: 646.4 psia
Critical temperature: 577.2 'R
Critical specific volume: 0.7943 ft3/lbm
Mol weight: 35.67
Volume flow rate: 22734 d m
Mass flow rate: 30000 Ibm/min
Polytropic efficiency: 0.781
Polytropic head: 27310 h-lbf/lbm
Speed:Gas 3600rpm
Mechanical 1 0 0 hp
Mechanical design: Max. temp 350 O F
Max. pressure 900 psia
Max. speed 3775 rpm
1st critical speed: 2600 rpm
2nd critical speed: 4700 rpm
1
2.5
in.
Impeller
2nd
Diam., in. 36
Width,
Tip
f, in.
st
36
36
36
3rd
5th
36
1.25
4th
-
1 .5
0.000125
for R134a.Thetestspecific
volume ratio comparedtospecified
indicated that the R134agas
conditions are very close (within the accuracy of estimated gas properties) to that of the specified.
Furthercheck on the assumed efficiency also indicated it was within 4 percent of specified.
The polytropic headwas computed along with Reynoldsnumber correction factorand a new
speedwasalsocomputed.Furthercheck
of this speedagainst the critical s p e e d of the unit
indicated a margin of 8.6 percent, which should be within a reasonable range for unit operation;
therefore,R134a could be used.
Table C.5.6 has the basic R22 checkdata.Thetestspecificvolume
ratio is considerably off
from that specified.Thetest speed is 2556 rpm which is too close to the first critcal speed.
This problem demonstrated the extent of calculation necessary to come up with the test speed
for a given unit. The final test power may be increased by changing the inlet pressure and then
re-computing all the values.Effectivelythetemperature
ratio shouldremainconstantand
test
speedmay vary slightly with increase of inlet pressure.
Thetestspeed computed is only an estimate. Once the unit is on test, the 9/N should be set
and the specific volume ratio,
r", checked from test data. If the volume ratio is not correct, the
testspeed should be adjusted and the
q/N reset.
124

~~
S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL L997 m 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob05547 345 m
TABLE C.5.2
GENERALFLOWCHART
FOR TESTGASSELECTION
Y
I
+
+
Compute Test Speed
Rem, Mach No., qIN,

Wp, tlp. rp. ' y
Verify Mechanical Design

for Critical Speed,
Max Speed, etc.
-ONAssume InletTest Conditions
P. f
Verify Volume Ratio
Compute X and Y for Real Gas

Requirements (Table 3.3)
Estimate New
Discharge Pressure
Compute Test
Polytropic Exponent
Compute Corrected
Test Speed
Temperature andPressure
1
Verify Test
Temperature Pressure
Lower Than Max. Design
No
Compute Q and Test W
1.
Compute Test Head Discharge

Enthalpy and Isentropic
Discharge and Real Gas
Correction
125

Compute
Mach
No.,
Verify Test Volume Ratio
No
Compute Test Power
TABLEC.5.3
TEST GASINLET CONDITIONS
560
560
pi, psia
Ti, 'R 560
vi, ft3/lbm
0.982
p, centipoise
c, Btu/lbm-'R
k
ai, ft/sec
204.8
721.9
102.
673.8 TO 'R
547.7
590.3 po psia 1069.9
MW
44.01
h&Btu/lbm
si
Xi
Yi
R134a
c02
N2
20
560
10.73
1 .o0
0.975
0.017
0.2499
1.396
1 178.
227.4
493.
28.01
20
20
6.778
0.993
0.015
0.21 03
1.273
894.
121.2
0.02 -
R22
20
2.871 6
3.41
0.01 o9
0.2098
1 .O98
538.8
0.01 1
0.161
1.166
598.5
122.3
0.07
1 .O27
1 .O3
GENERAL NOTE It is recognized that thereis a potential environmental problem of using refrigerant22.
The use here is only to demonstrate the calculation method.
TABLE C.5.4
FIRST PASS FORGASSELECTION
specified
Ca
3.25
2.912
1.226
1 .O273
0.781
0.509/1 .O56
1.1 50b.287
Real
1.1 027
2731 0.0
2.266 x lo7
0.681
565.5
CO2
N2
R22
5.358
2.912
1.840
4.309
2.91 2
1.495
3.296
2.91 2
1.157
3.551
0.781
0.781
0.01
1 .o1
0.781
0.08
1 .O3
0.781
0.02
1 .O3
2.91 2
1.261
Ideal
Real
Real
Real
1 S74
71 422
1.366
34860
1.185
13750
107.2
1030.
[Note (111
86.2
836.6
1.116
1 o499
3.473 x 106
0.65
350
65.9
648
[Note (1 11
5822
4067
[Note (111
[Note (111
3600
R134a
0.983
2232
70.0
706
2554
[Note (311
NOTES
(1 1 Test values exceed the mechanical designlimit for the tested unit.
(2)No Reynolds number correction or verification of volume ratio, efficiency, or real gas correction,
(3)Test speed too close to rotor critical speed.
126

22
0759b70 O b 0 5 5 5 1 T T 3
TABLE C.5.5
Specified
CaS
Polytropic work factor f
RemdRem,
1.004
Allowable range (minimum)

r, check
qp check
W, ft Ibf/lbm
2.912
0.781
2731O
Remcon
N, rpm
3600
0.681
22734
31790
Mm
9
hP
R134a
1 .o1
0.1 53
0.1
2.92
0.779
10605
1.O03
2247
0.655
14190
2039
Supplement C.5.A
PredictedConditionsSpecifiedGas
PressureRatio rp = pd/pi = 650/200 = 3.25
Volume Ratio r, = Vi/Vd = 0.7578/0.2602 = 2.912
kmaxkmin
= 1.1283 /1 .O975 = 1 .O28
S/N
= 2273413600 = 6.315
CheckSpecifiedGasforTypeofCalculation
FromSchultzCharts
Xmi"
Xmax
= 0.509 Ymin = 1 .I50

= 0.056 Ymax = 1.287
Based on Table 3.3
UseRealGas
CalculationMethod forSpecified
Gas
1.128 (200)(0.7578)(32.2) 144

1.15
= 830.2 ftfsec.
127

Tip Speed
(36)
(3600)
fi
= 565.5 sec
720
MachineMach Number
Mm =
U/&
= 565.5f830.2= 0.681
Machine Reynolds Number
Rem = Ulbl/pv
= 0.01021 centipoise = 0.01
,U
021
/(1488.2)
= 6.86 x lov6Ibm/ft-sec
2.5
(565.5)(E)
Rem =
6.86 x
= 2.266 X
(0.7678)
lo7
Test Gas Nitrogen (N21

Initial Estimate:Assume
Ideal Gas
Y = 1.0
= 0.0
f = 1.0
ComputePolytropicExponent
npt = nPsp= 0.781

Remco,, = 1 .O
=-
(1.396
- 1)
1.396
0.781
= 0.3632
nt = 1.574
Compute TestGasPressureRatio
rvt = r,
SP
1.574
= 3.25
1.1027
n-1
= 5.358
rt, = ( r p ) T 5.358.3632= 1.840
129

Test Polytropic Head
W, =
W, =
=pi
vi
n-1
n - 1) 144
(rp
1 .S704
1.5704
- 1) 144
- 1 (20) 10.725 (5.358*3632
= 71422 ft-lbf/lbm
TestSpeed
Nt = 3600
NOTE Testtemperatureexceedsmechanicaldesignlimit.
Test Gas
= 5822 rpm
Test speed exceedsmechanicaldesignlimit.
Co;!
Initial Estimate:
Assume NonidealGas
Useinletconditionsfor
initial calculations.
ReducedTemperature = R, = Ti /Tc,it = 560/547.7 = 1.022
Reduced
Pressure
= Rp = pi
= 20/1069.9 = 0.0187
x = 0.01
Y = 1.01
Z = 0.993
cp = 0.2103
130

S T D - A S M E P T C 111-ENGL 1917 W 0757b70Ob05555
n=
1
Y - m (1
+ X)
1
(
778.1 7 (0.21 03) (44.01 0.781
0.993 (1 545)
+ 0.01)
= 0.2749
n=
1.01
- 0.2755 (1 + 0.01) = 1 .3655
Compute TestPressureRatio
Pdr
= rppi, = 4.304 x 20 = 86.1 psia
Compute Test TemperatureRatio
Td, = r( T; = 1494 (560 "R) = 836.6 "R
z T ~ , 0.993 (-)44.01
= -1545
"'t
P i(
144 (20)
131

(560)
= 6.778
h119
n1
Wp,
Wpt=
= -pi .(rp
" - 1) 144
n-1
(1.3655
1*3655 ) 20 (6.778)(4.304.2677- 1 ) 144
-1
= 34860 ft-IbWlbm
Test Speed
= 3600
NOTE:Testtemperature
-- 4067
rpm
is marginal.Test s p e e d exceedsmechanicaldesign.
Test Gas R734a

Initial Estimate
Assume NonidealGas
UseInletConditions
for Initial Assumptions
ReducedTemperature =
RI
= Tiflcrit
= 5601673.8 = 0.8311
ReducedPressure = Rp =
pdpcrit
= 201590.3 = 0.0339
X = 0.07
132

Y = 1.027
--
1
(
+ 0.07)
778.1 7 (0.2098) (1 02) 0.781
0.975 (1 545)
= 0.1 221 5
1
Y - m (1
n =
+X)
1
1 .O27 - 0.1 221 5 (1
+ 0.07)
= 1.1157
Compute Test Gas PressureRatio
Pd
fp,
fp
1.1157
-
3.25'.'02' = 3.2955
pi
= 3.2955 x 2 0 = 65.91 psia
Compute Test Gas TemperatureRatio
r( =
r6
= (3.2955)0.'22'5= 1.1568

Compute Test Head
vit
= --
1545
(K)
(560)
= 2.8716
144 (20)
P i,
W, =
0.9753
..n - 1.
pi vi (rp
n-1
- 1) 144
) 20 (2.871 6) 3.29!jS(*)
(1.1157 - 1
57
- 1) 144
fi-l bf
Ibrn
= 10499 -
Compute TestSpeed
Nt = 3600
J"=
= 2232 rprn
Check Volume Ratio
Vd
647.8
- 0.951 (1 545)
144 p M W - 144 (65.911 102
ZRT
= 0.9832
r, = 2.871610.9832 = 2.921
ComputePolytropic Work (RealGas)Factor
Isentropic
P= 65.91 psia
T'= 168.7 "F (628.7 OR)
V = 0.9205 ft3/lbm
h'= 135.46 Btu/lbm
n,= Inrplln r,'
r:= VdvJ = 2.8716 /0.9205 = 3.1 196
n,= In 3.2955/1n3.1 196 = 1 .O482
134

lb
ft3
S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 2777 m 0757b70 O b 0 5 5 5 7 29q m
I (h2 - hi) = (135.46 - 122.3)778.17

= 10241 fi-lbf/lbm
Ws=
ns
ns- 1
(Pd
Vd
- pi
Vi)
144
10241
f=
1.O482
1.O482 - 1
= 1.01
[65.91 (0.9205) - 20 (2.871 6)] 144
ComputeReynoldsNumberandReynoldsNumberCorrection
Use Preliminary TestSpeed
Rem = Ubfp v
U= rDN/720
= IT 36 (2232)/720
= 350.6 ft/sec.
3 5 0 . 62 (.5~ )
Remt=
7.324 x 1O-6 (2.871 6)
= 3.473 x 106
ReynoldsNumberRatio
Remt
- 3.473 x lo6 = 0.153
"
2.266 x l o 7
Rem,
Allowable Ratio
Remt/Remsp 2 0.1
Therefore,theReynoldsnumber
ratio of 0.153meets
ComputeReynoldsnumberconditions.
RA = 0.66
conditions.
lo6 bIRC
+ 0.934 (4.8 xRem
RB= log (0.000125 + 13.67/Rem)/log (e + 13.67/Rem)

RC = 0.988/(Rem)0.243
RC
=,
0.01 61 2
135

RA,=
0.66 + 0.934
RB,=
1 .O
RC,=
0.988
= 0.02543
[3.473 X 1O6lo."3
0.66 t 0.934
R
A
=
I
RBI= 1.0
(1
- S&=
(1
- .781),
1 565 1 O
(-)1.548
(-)1.0
= 0.224
qPr= 0.7786
Remco,,= 0.781/0.7786 = 1 .O03
(z
p ()
r p 7n
"P=
1.1157
n-1
1) 144
0.1 157
.O11
(20) 6)(2[3.2955'."57
.871
- 1] (144)
= 10605 ft-lbf/lb
Correct Preliminary Test Speed
NI
= 3600
= 2247 rpm
136

NOTE Test s p e e d within 8-1/2 percent of 1st rotor CriticalSpeed
Calculate Mach Number

Mm= U/ai
U= ~ D N / 7 2 0
= [~36(2247)1/720
= 353 fVsec.
Mm= 3531539
= 0.655
Mach NumberRatioDifference
Mmt
- Mmsp= 0.655 - 0.681
= -0.026
Test Gas R22 (Chlorodifluoromethane)

Initial estimate
TP,=
?Psp
Remco,,= 1.O
f= 1.0
Usereal gas calculation
Useinletconditionsfor
initial estimate
m=
(-
0.982 (1 545)
2
+ 0.02) = 0.1821
778.17 (0.161) 86.48 0.781
n = 1/[Y - m (1 + XII
t~=1/[1.03 - 0.1821(1
n= 1.1 845
+ 0.0211
Compute TestPressureRatio
'P(
1.1 845
3.251.1027
= 3.546
pd = rptpi = 3.546 (20)= 70.9 psia
137

Compute TestTemperatureRatio
rtt
Compute Test
= rpT = 3.546L0~'82''
= 1.259
Head
Z Ti,
1545
0.982 86.48 (560)
(-)
=P it -
144 (20)
= 3.4113
n- 1
1.1845
= 13750 ft-lbf/lbm
Compute TestSpeed
= 3600
= 2554 rpm
Testspeed
is tooclosetothefirst
critical of 2600 rpm.
138

-1
0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob85563 715

TYPE 2 TEST USING REAL GAS EQUATIONS FOR DATA
REDUCTION
A mixed hydrocarbon compressor which wasset up in the Sample Calculation C.5 was tested
on refrigerant134ausingaType2test.
Table C.6.1 outlinestheconditions for which this compressorwasdesigned.
It tabulatesthe
inlet anddischargeconditions, as well as theisentropicdischargeconditions.
Table C.6.2 showsthe gas compositionand critical properties for this hydrocarbonmixture.
The molecular weight and the calculated
gas constantareshown in this table.
Table C.6.3 shows thederiveddesignfunctions,
specifically pressureratio,temperatureratio,
volumeratio, as well as polytropicexponent,volumeflow,
head, efficiency, andpower.The
test is supposed to verify thesevalues.The
calculationof thesevalues is shown in Sample
Calculation CS.
The unit was tested on refrigerant 134a.' The test data are shown
in Table C.6.4. It wasat a
test speed of 2245 rpm. The inlet pressure was held at 20 psia at an inlet temperature of 100OF.
Dischargeconditionsachievedwere
67.5psiaand187.4"F.Thedatashown
is the average of
the actual test data readings. It is assumed that all scatter was within the allowable test requirements
for thesedata point positions.
The derived test functions, pressure ratio, temperature ratio, volume
flow ratio, etc., are shown
in Table C.6.5.This is the reduced data from the test point of Table C.6.4.The calculations are
shown in Supplement C.6.A for obtainingeach of the individual items.
TABLE C.6.1
SPECIFIC DESIGNCONDITIONS
Mass Flow 30,000

Ibm/min
Speed 3,600 - rpm
Inlet
Discharge
Isentropic
~~
650
Pressure,psia
227.7
Temperature
650
244.8
0.2465
Specific volume, ft3/lbm
0.7749
Compressibility factor
P
T
V
0.2602
0.7981
Z
Viscosity, centipoise
P
0.6266
Specific heat, Btu/lbm-OR
CP
Specific heat ratio
k
a
Sonic velocity, ft/sec 820
199.05
209.84h
Enthalpy, Btu/lbm
1.577
1.592S
Entropy,Btu/lbm-"R
200.
115
0.7578
0.8768
373
0.01
021
0.01
0.4894
2831.1
830
164.9
1.577
1 .O975
It is recognized that there is a potential environmental problem of using refrigerants. The use here is only to demonstrate
the calculation method.
139

TABLE C.6.2
GAS COMPOSITION A N D PROPERTIES
Composition:
Methane
Ethane
Propane
N-Butane
20%
25%
50%
5%
Critical properties:
PC
TC
--
v,
Molecular weight
Gas constant R
646.4 psia
577.2 "R
0.7943 fi3/lbm
35.67
43.31 ft-lbf/lbm O R
TABLE C.6.3
DERIVED DESIGN FUNCTIONS
~~~
~~~
Pressure ratio
Temperature ratio
Volume ratio
hax/kmin
9,ICFM
S/N,ICFM/rpm
Reduced temp min/max
Reduced pressure min/max
Schultz factors
XmdXmax
YmdYnux
1st stage tip speed, Wsec

Machine Mach no.
Machine Reynolds no.
Polytropic exponent n
Isentropic exponent n,
Polytropic work factor f
Isentropic head, ft-lbf/lbm
Polytropic head, ft-lbf/lbm
Unit gas power, hp
3.25
1.226
2.91 2
1.O281
22734
6.31 5
0.996/1.221
0.30911 .O06
0.509/1 .O56
1.1 50/1.287
565.5
0.681
2.266 x 10'
1.1027
1 .o495
1 .o04
26570
2731O
0.781
31 790
Table C.6.6 compares the test data and the test data converted to specified operating conditions
with the predicted performance at the specified operating conditions. Supplement C.6.B demonThe calculation ofdischargeconditions,
pressure,
strates the calculationsfortheconversion.
temperature, and volume is shown in SupplementC.6.C,
which alsoillustrates the use of an
iterative procedure.
As canbe seen the inlet capacityfortheconverted
test conditions was within 1 percent of
the original specifieddesign point andthehead was within 2 percent.Theconvertedspecific
volume ratio was within the specified 4 percent allowed.
Supplement C.6.A
Calculations: Derived Test Functions

140

0757b713 Ob055b5 5 7 8
TABLE C.6.4
TEST DATA
Mass flow
SPd
4,923 - Ibm/min
2,245 - rprn
Inlet
P
Pressure, psia
T
Temperature
Specific volume,
ft3/lbm0.9639
0.9234
V 6
Compressibility
factor
0.944
0.955
Z
Viscosity, centipoise
CL
Specific heat, Btu/lbm-OR
=P
Specific heat ratio
k
Sonic velocity, ft/sec
a
Enthalpy, Btu/lbrn
140.04
h
Entropy,Btu/lbrn-OR
0.2639
0.2731
S
Isentropic
Discharge
67.520
1 O0 167.49
2.871
0.975
0.01 o9
0.2098
1.O98
538.8
122.3
0.2639
67.5
187.4
135.80
Gas - Refrigerant 134a

Mole weight
102
PC
TC
590.3 psia
213.8
OF
TABLE C.6.5
DERIVED TEST FUNCTIONS
14143
Pressure ratio
Temperature ratio
ratio
Volume
q ICFM
qhV ICFWrpm
1st stage tip speed
(ft/sec)
Machine Mach no.
Machine
3.49
Reynolds
Rem
no.
exponent
Isentropic
factor
Polytropic
work
exponent
Polytropic
Polytropic head (ft-lbf/lbm)
efficiency
Polytropic
Unit gas
(hp)
power
Pressure Ratio
3.375
1.1 56
2.980
'P
'1
'V
6.3
352.6
0.654
x 106
1.O718
7 1.o01
1.1139
10735.2
0.778
2059
U
Mm
ns
f
n
WP
VP
p.
rp = p&i
67.5
20
= 3.375
TemperatureRatio
rt = T&;
(460 + 187.4)
(460 + 100)
647.4
=-
560
= 1.156
141

0759b70 O b O 5 5 b b 42q D
TABLE C.6.6
DATA SUMMARY
Test Data Converted
To Specified
Test Data
operating
Conditions
N
9
9m
WP
7lP
PS
Pi
660.8
Pd
ti
246.7
b
0.7578 Vi
4.8
0.7578
Vd
rPm
ICFM
2245
141 37
6.297
10736
0.778
2059
20
67.5
115
1O0
187.4
2.871
0.9635
2.98
122.3
140.04
ft-lbf/lbm
hP
psia
psia
OF
OF
ftVbm
6
V/lbm
Vr
164.9
hi
hd
164.9 Btu/lbrn
Btu/lbrn
InletSpecific
Volume
vi
Predicted Performance
At Specified
Operating Conditions
3600
22670
6.297
27690
0.780
32180
200
3600
22734
6.31 5
2731O
0.781
31790
200
650
115
0.2562
2.958
0.2602
2.91 2
210.5
ZiR Ti
-=
209.84
0.975
1545
(
x
(560)
)
= 2.8716
(20)
144pi
144
Specified Volume Ratio
r, =
V&
2.8716
0.96347
= 2.9805
InletCapacity
9 = mvi = 4923 x 2.8716 = 141 37ICFM
Capacity/Speed Ratio
q/N =
141
37
2245
= 6.297
142

S T D - A S M E P T C 10-ENGL 1997 II 0759b70 Ub055b7 3bI1
TD N
=
U=
1st Stage Tip Speed

720
a 3 6 . 0 x 2245
720
= 352.6 ft/sec
Mm = U/a =
MachineMachnumber
352.6
538.8
= 0.654
= Ub/pv

Rem
352.6 (2.5/12)(1488.2)
0.01 O9 (2.871 6)
n,
Isentropic Exponent
= In(pdpi)/ln
=
f=
(1 38.50
1 .O7212
0.072 1 2
In (67.5/20)
In (2.871 6/0.9234)
1.07212
- 20 (2.871 6)]144
= In (rp)/ln(rv)=
=
1.1138
143

(vM)
- 122.3) 778.1 7
(67.5 (0.9234)
Polytropic Exponent
3.493 x 106
= 1.002
In (3.3750)
In (2.9805)
S T D - A S M E P T1C0 - E N G L
Polytropic Head
0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob055bB 2 T 7 9
1997
n
wp = (7)
(PdVd - pivil
1.1138
[67.5
(m)
(0.96347)
- 20
= 10736 ft-lbf/lbm
= 0.7777
Wpw - 10737 (4923)
pg=
Gas Power
0.778 (33000)
TIP
= 2059 hp
Supplement C.6.B
Calculation:Conversion From TesttoSpecifiedPerformance
Inlet Capacity
= 141 35
(-)3600
2245
= 22670 ICFM
Reynolds Number Correction forEfficiency
RC, =
0.988
Remp243
--
0.988
144

= 0.0254
(3.49 x 106~243
(2.871
611
144
~~~~
~~
0 7 5 7 b 7 0 Ob055b9 L33 D
Remf
= 1.0
13.67
RBf =
[4.8X lo6 X b]
Remf
RAI = 0.66 + 0.934
2.5
4.8 X
= 0.66 + 0.934
RC, =
RCt
lo6 X -
0.0254
12]
3.493 x 106
= 1.565
0.988
0.988
= 0.01 61 2
(Rem,p)0.243(2.266 x 1 07)0.245
--
RA, = 0.66 + 0.934
(4.8 X lo6 X
Remsp
b)"sp
("'1
4.8 x 1 0 6 x -
= 0.66 + 0.934
RB,
= 1.548
2.266 x lo7
= 1.0
1 .S48 1 .O
= (1 - 0.7777)
-
1.565
- qp,
- VPsp = 0.2199
145

o.o1612
1.0
S T D - A S M E PTC LO-ENGL 1997 D 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob05570 755
VPSP
= 0.780
Remcorr= 1.O03
Polytropic Head
(2)
2
Wpsp= Wpt
= 110736
Remcorr
3600
(-)2245
1.O03 = 27690
ft-lbf
Ibm
Power
3600
(-)
= 14137 2245
Pg =
w~sp
SP
(-)0.7578
- 27690(2991
= 29915
5) = 32, 8o hp
0.780
(33000)
Supplement C.6.C
The conversion from test conditions to computed specified conditions involves an iteration to
obtain the discharge pressure from theknown head and discharge enthalpy. Theiteration procedure
and calculation involves assuming a dischargepressureat
the known dischargeenthalpyand
finding the corresponding temperature and specific volume.
The polytropic exponent and polytropic
head is then calculated for the assumed discharge pressure. This polytropic head is then compared
to the actual and, if not the same, then a new discharge pressure is assumed.The new assumed
pressure is evaluationforproperties
at the known dischargeenthalpy,and
a new discharge
volume is evaluated and polytropic exponent are computed. This iteration procedure is continued
until the conditions matchtherequired head.
146

FIG. C.6.1 POLYTROPICHEAD vs. PRESSURE,

CONSTANTENTHALPY
FiguresC.6 .1 and C.6.2are a plot of discharge conditions at a constantenthalpy of 210.5

Btu/lbm. The finalpoint at 27,605 ft-lb/lbm is 659 psia,246.5"F.This
methodcaneither
be
computerized or done graphically as shown in thisexample.
Calculation Procedure:
Known
Wp= 27,690 ft-lbf/lbm
pi= 200 psia

hi= 164.9 Btu/lbm
vi= 0.7578 ft3/lbm
147

~~
S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1997 D 0759b70 Ob05572 728 D
630
650
660
670
680
Pressure, psia
FIG. C.6.2 TEMPERATURE/SPECIFIC VOLUME vs. PRESSURE,

CONSTANT ENTHALPY
148

690
qp= 0.780
f= 1 .O04
Step 7 - Calculatedischargeenthalpy.
= 165.9 +
Step 2
- Assume
Btu
27690
= 210.5 0.78 (778.1
7)
Ibm
a discharge pressure.
Pout = 660.8 psia
Step 3 - For pd and hd, obtain the discharge volume

Vd =
for the properties.
0.2562 ft3/lbm
Step 4 - Compute the polytropic exponent.

n= In rp/ln r,
T,= 660.8/200 = 3.304
r,= 0.757810.2562 = 2.958
n= In 3.25/1n 2.905= 1 .lo2
Step 5
- Compute the polytropic
head.
1 .O04
[660.8
(0.2562)- 200 (0.7578)]
144
fi-l bf
= 27705 Ibm
Step 6 - Compare the computed W, to the actual.

If they are within acceptabletolerance,thenthedischargeconditionsareestablished.
If they donot match,then a newdischargepressuremustbeassumedand
theprocedure
repeatedfrom step 2 thru 6 .
149

S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL L997 m 075'7b70 Ob05579 S T O

TREATMENT O F A TWO SECTIONCOMPRESSOR WITH
EXTERNALLYPIPEDINTERCOOLERS,CONDENSATE
REMOVAL
This sample calculation illustrates the computational procedure, at specified operating conditions,
for a multisection compressor havingexternally piped intercoolers.
Consider a two stageaircompressor
equipped with oneintercoolerand an aftercooler.
Section 2
U 1065 D = 12.204
N = 20,000
Section 1
U = 1200 D = 13.751
N = 20,000
-:
After
After
Cooler
Final discharge
discharge
Final
conditions
"
"
Leakage
Condensate
Leakage
Condensate
Power requirements
* Measurement stations
It is desired to calculatethe compressorperformance at thespecifiedoperating
conditions
shown. The compressor has been tested and the test data reduced
to the following dimensionless
form. Thedatawas
collected with pressureandtemperaturebeingmeasured
at the inlet and
outlet of eachsection.The
flow coefficientswerecalculated
based upon test rotor flow rates.
The selectionof testmethodandthemeansofestablishingleakageandcondensate
flow rates
were subject to prior agreementby parties to the test.
The first step in calculating thespecifiedoperating condition point of interest is to establish
the first section performance, starting
with the flow coefficient. Taking the saturation pressure of
water vapor at 560"R to be approximately 0.949 Ibf/in2, with the remaining specified operating
conditions at the inlet, we obtain
pw = RHpsv= 0.60 (0.949) = 0.569 Ibf/in2

pa = 14.7
and

- 0.560 = 14.1 31 Ibf/in2
STDOASME PTCLO-ENGL
L997
0 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob05575 437 D
Thegas constant for the mixture is
= 0.0250 Ibrn
w/lbm
da
The rotor flow rate is the same as the inlet mass flow rate.The flow coefficient is then
Wrotor
Q=
w~RT~
6.5 (60) 54.13 (560)
(F)
144 (14.17) 27r (20000)
13.751
= 0.0295
3
With the flow coefficient established the corresponding polytropic efficiency, polytropicwork
1 dimensionlesscurves
coefficient,and total workinput coefficient areread fromthesection
(see Fig.C.7.1).That
is
= 0.83, ,up = 0.599, and
= 0.722 at C$ = 0.0295.To continue
the calculationstheproperties of air at thespecifiedoperatingconditionsmust
be known. For
the purpose of this example we assume that the air-water vapor
mixture maybetreated asan
r),
Section 2
Section 1
0.50
E
I
0.035 0.030 0.025 0.020
U,
0,040
Q
The Mm, Rem, k, and v;/vdfor the data are assumed to match the specified operating conditions
within Table 3.2 Limits. The Rem match is assumed sufficiently close
so as to render the Reynolds
number correction negligible.
FIG. C.7.1
152

S T D - A S M E P T C 10-ENGL L777 M 0759b70 O b 0 5 5 7 b 373 D
ideal gas with constant specific heat. k = 1.395 is used as being representative of the end result
which might be obtainedby considering the properties of the constituent
gases over the compression
range. This value will be used for both sections for this example. The average constant pressure
specificheat is
Btu
0.2457 Ibm "R
Usingthe polytropic efficiency of
vP
= 0.83 gives
k
"
n-1
or,
n =
= 0.83
1.395
= 2.931
0.395
1.5178.
Using the polytropic work coefficient of
= [l
Thedischargepressure
= 0.599 gives
,up
0.599 (1 20012
(2.931) 54.13 (560) 32.174
2.931
= 2.166
is
The temperature ratio and discharge temperature
are
and
The power absorbed in the compressor section is obtained using the total work input coefficient
S1 = 0.722.
The shaft seal which is located downstream of the rotor leaks 0.03 Ibm/sec for these conditions,
is
so the mass flow rate at the intercooler entry
w/cooler entry = wrotor-
Weak
= 6.50
- 0.03
= 6.47 Ibm/sec
The intercooler is known to cool the flow to 560"R atthemass flow rate, gas entry state, and
specifiedoperating condition coolanttemperatureand
flow rate.Theairstreamexperiences
a
total pressure loss of 0.8 psi across the intercooler. It must now be determined if and how much
153

condensation occurs in the cooler. Since the cooler exit velocity is assumed, very low stagnation
valuesareused in the analysis. Thesaturationpressure of the vapor at 560"R is approximately
0.949 psia. If the exit air is at 100 percent relative humidity, the humidity ratio is
HRd =
2 zsv
i::;:
Ibrn water
--)
= 0.0196
Ibrn da
p
(31 .O4 - 0.949
where p = 31.84
0.8 = 31.04 psia
Sincethesaturated humidity ratio is less thanthecoolerentry
humidity ratio,condensation
must occur. The difference between the
two is the ratio of condensate to dry air
COndenSate/Wda = HRi
- HRd = 0.0250 - 0.0196 = 0.0054 Ibm
w/lbrn da
Themass flow rate of dry air is given by
so, the condensate is

Condensate = (condensate/wd,)
W/
= 0.0054 (6.312)
= Ibm/sec
- water vapor mixture
The exit mass flow rate for the air

Wex
Wda
- condensate
is
= 6.47 - 0.0341 = 6.436 Ibrn/sec
The intercooler exit conditions are the second section inlet conditions.
The previous calculation sequence is repeated for the second section, starting
with calculation
of the flow coefficient. Thegas constant changes slightly due to the water vapor removal.
= 53.96 ft-lbf/lbrn "R
And the flow coefficient is
6.436
--
(53.96)
(560)
144 (31.04)
(3
2000 (
ni
= 0.0197
3
Reading q p = 0.81, p P = 0.560, and

= 0.691 from the section 2 dimensionless performance
curves(seeFig.
C.7.1) for q5 = 0.01 97, andusing
154

S T D * A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1 7 7 7
0757b70 Ob05578 L 4 b
53.96 1.395
0.2449
Btu
Ibm
O R
yields
pk E =
= 0.81 1.395
0.395
yielding
n
- 2.861, and n
"
n- 1
= 1.537
n
n-1
rp=
1+
fip
gc
(L)
RTi
n- 1
=L1+
0.56
1 0652
-
12.861
(2.861) 53.96 (560)

gc
= 1.801
ZU2
-60
Wrotor
Gas Power =
gc
3300
6.436
(0.691
1 10652) 60
32.1 74
= 285.1 hp
3 O00
3
Theshaftsealdownstream
ofthe rotor leaks 0.06 Ibm/sec for theseconditions,
flow rateattheaftercoolerentry
is
Wcooler entry
so the mass
= 6.436 - 0.06 = 6.376 Ibm/sec
Theaftercooler is known to cool the flowto 580"R at this mass flow rate,gasstate,
and
specifiedoperating condition coolanttemperatureand flow rate.Theaftercoolerpressure
drop
is 1 psi. Assuming a saturation pressure of 1.692 psia and following the intercooler condensation
analysisscheme,
155

HR=
-(R,
Rda
psv
1.692
) =A(
53 34
85.76
54.91
- 1.692
= 0.0198
Ibm
W
Ibm da
where p = 55.91 - 1 = 54.91 psia.

Sincethesaturatedhumidityratio
is greaterthantheentry
humidityratio, no condensation
occurs in theaftercooler.
In summary, the final discharge pressure at the aftercooler exit is 54.91 psia, the final discharge
temperatureattheaftercoolerexit
is 580R, andthetotal
gas powerrequirement of the two
sectionsis 667 hp.
156

STD. ASME P T C 10-ENGL L777 m 0759b70 Ob05580 8 T 4
TABLE C.7.1
SUMMARY OF RESULTS
Conditions:
re
Section:
Specified
Inlet mass flow rate
total
Inlet
pressure
total
Inlet
relative
Inlet
humidity
constant,
air Gas
dry
water
constant,
Gas
1 st Section:
Rotational speed
Tip diameter
2nd
Rotational speed
Tip diameter
lbmhec
6.500
14.7
560.
60.
53.34
85.76
20000
psia
"R
%
ft-lbf/lbm-"R
ft-lbf/lbm-OR
rPm
13.751
20000
rPm
in.
in.
12.204
Intermediate CalculationResults:
Cas constant for mixture

Specific heat for mixture
Flow coefficient
Total work input coefficient
Polytropic exponent
Tip speed
Inlet pressure
Pressure ratio
Discharge pressure
Inlet temperature
C a s power
Inlet mass flow rate
Leakage flow rate
Discharge flow rate
Cooler condensate flow
Cooler pressure drop
1st Section
54.13
0.2457
0.0295
0.83
0.599
0.722
0.722
2nd Section
1.51 78
1200
14.7
2.1 66
31.84
560.
729.
381.9
6.5
0.03
6.47
0.0341
0.8
1.537
1065
3 1 .O4
l. 801
55.91
560.
687.9
285.1
6.436
0.06
6.376
O.
1 .o
Overall results:
Final discharge pressure
Final discharge temperature
Total gas power
Delivered mass flow rate
54.9
580.
667
6.38
psia
OR
horsepower
Ibm/sec
157

53.96
0.2449
0.01 97
0.81
0.56
0.691
0.691
ft-lbf/lbm-"R
Btu/lbm-"R
ft/SeC
psia
psia
"R
"R
horsepower
Ibm/sec
lbmkec
lbm/sec
lbmkec
psia
APPLICATION OF UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS

This sample problem highlights
some of thefeatures of uncertainty analysis as they apply to
a PTC 10 test.The propagation of measurementerror to final results is emphasized.
This particular casehasbeenselectedbecause
ofthe relative simplicityoftheequations
involved.There is nointention toimply that it covers all uncertainties of interest. Nor is it
intended to imply achievable or expected accuracy in general. It simply demonstrates the method.
Suppose that test results which meet Code requirements are available. It is desired to determine
flow rate.Assume that
the uncertainty in shaft power for agivenspecifiedoperatingcondition
the shaft power measurement method wasused during the test.
Uncertainty analysis is done following PTC 19.1, using the step-by-step calculation procedure
given i n that document. The steps, excluding final report,are:
( I ) Define the measurement process.
(2) List the elemental error sources.
(3) Estimate elemental errors.
(4) Calculate the bias and precision errors for each parameter.
(5) Propagate the bias and precision errors.
(6) Calculate uncertainty.
Step I - Definition of the measurement process requires expression
of the functional relationship
involved.FromTable 5.4 weobtain
Assumingasinglesectionand
no leakageorsidestreams
and,
Sincetheshaftpower
is being evaluated for a given flow and speed,
wspand
EU2
(F)
are treated as knowns having no error.

SP
159

Theterms
RshSP and Pparasiticsp

arerelated to test conditions,fromTable
ashsp= ash, =
(/%h
- Ppararitic)
5.3, as
33000
Assuming that Qm is the only parasitic loss,
and
where
In general the procedure would now be to break down the individual variables in this equation
if the shaft powerweredetermined from
a torque meter, that power would be expressed as the product of measured torque and measured
speed. Similarly,therotor
massrate offlowmight
beexpressed in terms of nozzle pressure
drop,pressure,temperature,and
gas composition. For brevity, in this example Pdt, Q m l r Ut, and
wf are treated as individually measuredelementalquantities.
Steps 2 rhru 4 - Assume thattheelementalerrorsourceshavebeenlisted,theelemental
errorsestimated, and the corresponding bias and precision errors calculated. Many examples of
this procedure may be found in PTC 19.1.
Thisprocessdepends upon theactualinstrumentation systemand data collection techniques
used.Theresultsmay
be expressed as follows. The bias limits and precision indicesrepresent
the combined effects of the independentmeasurementsforeachparameter.
in terms ofindependentmeasurements.Forexample,
Parameter
Absolute
Bias
wt
'
limit
Bwr = 0.01
S+
Bpfif
Qm,
W m ,
ut
Absolute
Precision
Index
sw,= 0.01 W,
W,
= o.o1 Phr
= 0.01
SPhr= 0.01 Phf

Som, = 0.01 Om,
Om,
BU, = 0.01 Ur
B, = 0.2
S, only in this section, is the Absolute Precision Index
MeanNQ
of the
SU,= 0.01 Ut
of the mean = S / a .
In everycase a onepercentvalue hasbeenassigned to each bias limit and precisionindex

for themeasuredquantities.This
of coursedoes not reflect what might be expected in reality.
Thesevalueshavebeenchosen
to demonstrate the effect of unit variations.
Step 5 - The individual errorsarepropagated
into theresultaccording
to a Taylorseries
expansion. To do so it is necessary to determinesensitivitycoefficients,the
precision indexof
the result,andbias limit of the result.
160

Thesensitivity coefficients #i are determined

if r = API, P2,P,,
PshsP
partial differentiation, .e.,
Pi), then +Pi =
[-$($)
#Om, = a
ag,
by
u 2
+(%)']J
33000
A bias error is assumed in the mechanical loss conversion equation dueto an assumed unknown
error in the exponent . It is estimated for this example as 0.2.
The precision index for the result is the square root of the sum of the squares of the product
of sensitivity coefficients and averageindependentparameterprecisionindices.Thus
The bias limit for the result is the square root of the sum of the squares of the product of the
sensitivity coefficients and average independentparameterbias limits. Thus
Step 6 - Calculate uncertainty

161

Uncertainty may be calculated according, by choice,

to two models. The models combine the
precision index and bias
limits of theresult differently.
UA00
psh
BpShsp + t9sSpSh
SP
SP
The value r is called the Students r. It is assigned depending upon the degrees of freedom of
the sample, which is usuallyone less thanthenumber
of points averaged.SeePTC
19.1 for
furtherexplanation.Assuming
a large sample, r = 2 maybe used.
Results
In order to allow expression of the results of this example numerically, assume
The sensitivity factorsare
dpsh,
= 1.20 (1 .OS) = 1.323
4QM1 -
-0.00456
33000
= -1.20 (1 .0512(1
dur = -2 (1.20) (1.05)* (1
- 0.1) (%)
= -1.1907
w t
- 0.1)
(3)
-
= -2.6638
(2)
I

(2)
2.5 (0.1) (1.05)2.5
The precision index
= 41.418 X
0757b70 Ob05585 3 8 b M
of the result is
+ 1.75 X
+ 7.10 X
+ 3.74 X
+ 1.20 X
10" = 0.0325
Psh,
... (b)
Theuncertaintiesare
Discussion
The UADDand URSS
uncertaintiesmaybeinterpreted
as follows. For UADD= 0.097 P+ the
measurement Pshr f 0.097 PSht will be expected to contain the true value 99 percent of the time.
Similarly, for URSS

= 0.072 PS+ the measured PShr? 0.072 Psht will be expected to contain the
true value within 99 percent of the time.
It is reasonable to assume that theuncertainty for this example is so large as to mask the
objective of the test (recall that the numerical values for the independent measurement bias limits
andprecisionindiceswereselected
at 1 percentsimply to demonstrate unit variations). It is a
very simple matter to review the calculations to expose the major uncertainty source. Inspection
of equations (a) and (b) for the largest terms immediately indicates the speed measurement. Thus,
for example, if the bias limit and precision error for speedmeasurement could be reduced to
BU, = 0.001 Ut, and SU, = 0.001 U ,
the uncertaintiesbecome
It is clear that such analysis is of great value in both planning a test and evaluating test results.
163

APPENDIX D
REFERENCES
(ThisAppendixisnot
a part of ASME PTC 10-1997.)
(D.8)Samurin, N. A., and M. A.Strite.Equivalent

PerformanceTestingofMulti-SectionCompressors. ASME 81-GT-150, March 9, 1981.
Maretti, A., M. Giovannini,and

P. Nava.
Shop Full Load Testing of Centrifugal Compressors. December 1982 proceedingsof the
1l t h Turbomachinery Symposium, Texas A&
(D.9)Daugherty,
R. L., and J. B. Franzini. Fluids
Mechanics with Engineering Application.
McGraw Hill Book Co.; 1977.
M.
F. J. Wiesner. A New Appraisal of Reynolds

Number Effects onCentrifugal Compressor
(D.10)Lee,
J. F., and F. W. Sears. ThermodynamPerformance. Transactions of the ASME, pp.
ics.
Addison Wesley Publication Co.; 2nd
384-395~Vo~.10l,July1979,~ourna/ofngiedition,
1963.
neering for Power.
(D.ll)
Huber, M. L., and M. O. McLinden. Thermodynamic Properties of R134a (1,1,1r2-Tetrafluoroethane). July 14-1 7,1992 proceedings,
International
Refrigeration
Conference,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
(D.12) J.E. Lay. Thermodynamics. Charles E. Merrill Books, Inc., 2nd printing, 1964.
Simon, H., and A. Bulskamper. On the Evaluation of Reynolds Number and Related Surface
Roughness Effects on Centrifugal Compressor
Performance Basedon Systematic Experimental Investigations. ASME paper no. 83 GT-118:
Transactions of the journal of Engineering for
Power, presented March 27, 1983.
Nathoo, N. S., and W. G. Gottenberg. Measuring the Thermal Dynamic Performance of
Multi-Stage Compressors Operating onMixed
Hydrocarbon Gases. December1981proceedings of the 10th Turbomachinery Symposium, Texas A and M.
(D.13) J. M. Schultz.ThePolytropicAnalysis
of
CentrifugalCompressors.Transactions
of
the ASME, Series A. Vol. 84, lournal of Engineering for Power. January 1962, p. 69-82
and April 1962, p. 22.
(0.14)
M. V. Casey. The Effects of Reynolds Number on the Efficiency

of Centrifugal CompressorStages. Transaction of the ASME, April
1985, Vol. 107, p. 541 -548.Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbine and Power.
(D.15) A. Schaffler. Experimental and Analytical lnvestigation of the Effects of Reynolds Number
and Blade Surface Roughness on Multistage
Axial FlowCompressors. Transactions ofthe
ASME, January 1980,Vol. 102, p. 5-1 3,journa/ of Engineering for Power.
Herd, T. C., and E. J.Hipp. Accuracy Expectations for Gas Turbine and Centrifugal Compressor Performance Testing. Paper
ASME 83GT-128.
(D.16)
Carter, A. D. S., C. E. Moss, G. R. Green, and

G. G. Annear. The Effects on Reynolds Number on the Petformanceof a Single Stage Compressor. Aeronautical Research Council Reports and Memorandum, 1960; memorandum
31 84, May 1957, U.K.
165

A. H. Shapiro. Compressible Fluid Flow.

The Weld Press Co., 1953.
R. A. Strub. Influence of the Reynolds Number on the Performance of Centrifugal Compressors. Final Reportof theWorking Group
of the Process Compressor Subcommittee of
the International Compressed Air and Allied
MachineryCommittee(ICAAMC)Zurich,
October 1982.
(D.17)Nathoo,
W. S., andW. G. Gottenberg."A
New Look at Performance Analysis
of Centrifugal Compressors Operating
with Mixed Hydrocarbon Gases.', Transactions of the ASME,
October 1983, Vol. 105,p. 920-926,lournal
of Engineering for Power.
(D.18) Skoch, Gary J., and Royce D.Moore. NASA
Technical Memorandum 7007/5 AJAA-877745. AVSCOM Technical Report 87-C-21
"Performanceof two 10 Ib/sec centrifugal
compressors with different blade and shroud
thickness operating over a range
of Reynolds
Numbers." 23rdJointPropulsion Conference
cosponsored by theAIAA, SA,ASME and
ASEE, San Diego, CA, June 29-July 2, 1987.
(D.19) Moore, M. J.,and H. S. Shapiro. Fundamentals ofEngineeringThermodynamics. John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1988.
(D.20)
F. Kreith. Principles ofHeat Transfer. lntext

Educational Publishers, 3rd edition, 1973.
166

APPENDIX E
RATIONALE FOR CALCULATION METHODS
(This Appendixisnot a part of ASME PTC 10-1997.)
E.l
PURPOSE
The purpose of this Appendix is to describe the Code problem model, background theory,
simplifying assumptions.
E.2
and
PROBLEM MODEL
The ultimate aim of a Codetest is to determinecompressorperformancefor

conditions. That is, to determine relationships of the form
Dependentparameter
a given set of
= F (many independentparameters)
Examples of dependentparametersaredischargepressure,
head, efficiency,etc.Amongthe
independentparameters aregeometry,speed,
flow rate, inlet gas state, gas properties,etc.The
functional relationship f i s unknown. It is to be determined by the test.
Themanyindependentparametersrepresentthespecifiedoperatingconditions.Practicaltest
situations are often suchthatoneormoreoftheseparameters
is precluded from taking on the
desired specified operating condition value. Means must then be sought to determine the effects
of thedepartures. One method is to employ dimensional analysis.
E.2.1 Dimensional Analysis. The theory of dimensionalanalysisand similarity arediscussed in
PTC 19.23, Guidance Manual for Model Testing,andmany fluid dynamics textbooks. In essence
it provides a means to reduce the numberofparameters
in a problemwhich is expressed in
dimensional terms. This is done by appropriate grouping of dimensional
terms in dimensionless
groups.
E.2.2 Basic Model. Considerationof a simplemathematicalmodel of compressor performance

illustrates the general features of dimensional analysis as they are applied in this Code. A simple
conventional set of dimensionlessparametersoften applied is given by
vp= F1 (4, Mm, Rem,gas properties expressed in dimensionlessterms)
F,,= F2 (#J, Mm, Rem, gas properties expressed in dimensionlessterms)
p i n = F2f FI
The dimensionless parameters are defined in terms of dimensional variables,
.. .
n-
n
-f144piVj(F)
t7p
n-1
hd
167

- hi
" -1
with,
In
Vi
Vd
dJ=
Rem= ULIv
Mm= U/a
gas properties
. . . according to
gastypes
k= C&
Z= pv/RT
It is presumed in performing a dimensionalanalysisthat
all ofthevariablesaffecting
the
thermodynamicand fluid dynamicperformanceofthecompressorhavebeen
included. If so,
different sets ofdimensionalvariables
which combine to form identical sets of independent
dimensionlessgroups (4, Mm, Rem,gas
properties) will haveassociated with them identical
valuesfor r], ,
u, and p i .
This basic model is generally accepted to adequately describe the main features of compressor
performance. It has the immediate advantage of reducing the number of parameters which must
beconsidered in developing a test. But of at leastequalimportance
it provides a means of
accounting for unavoidable departures from desired specified operating conditions.
For example,
it may be used to establish an appropriate test speed to compensate for the effect of a test inlet
temperature which differs from the specified operating
condition temperature.
E.2.3 Allowable Departures. It oftenremains impractical to satisfy all theindependent dimensionless parameter requirements. This situation may be addressed by allowing controlleddepartures
in certain independent dimensionless groups. The assumption is that the limits placed upon these
departures render the effects upon the dependent parameters either
negligible or predictable. The
following approach is taken in this Code.
E.2.3.1 Mach Number. Mach numberdeparturesareassumed
to be of increasing relative
importance as the Machine Mach number increases, This is reflected in the allowable departures
shown in Table 3.2 or Figs. 3.2 and 3.3. It i s assumed that negligible effect is associated with
departure within these limits.
E.2.3.2 Cas Properties. Allowable departuresfromtheideal
gas lawsfor both the test and
the specified gasesare given in Table 3.3. When these limits areexceeded the gas must be
treated as real.
E.2.3.3Reynolds
Number. The allowable departures in Machine Reynoldsnumberare
given
in Table 3.2 and Fig. 3.4.

E.2.3.4Specific
VolumeRatio.
The preceding allowable independentdimensionlessgroup
departuresmay combine to alterthespecificvolume
ratio between the compressor inlet and
discharge. As a result an additional restriction i s placed upon the volume ratio, r,, as shown in
Table 3.2. Theeffectsdue to volume ratio departure areassumed to be negligible when these
limits are observed.
168

STD-ASME P T C 1 0 - E N G L
L997
0'759b70 0b0559Cl 743
E.2.4 Secondary Flow Streams. Thebasiccompressorperformancemodelassumessingle

entry
and exit flow streams. In actual practice secondary flow streams may enter or leave a compressor
section.Examplesaresidestreams
and leakages,Thesesecondarystreams
give rise to a number
of additionaldimensionlessgroups.
Each additionalentry flow streamhasassociated
with it a
flow rateand gasstate, orthreeadditionalindependentvariables.
If we use volume flow rate,
enthalpy, and density to define thestreams we may form three additional independent dimensionless
groups by referencingmainstream values,
771 = (q/qx)m
Tz=
(hh,)rn
773 = (p/px)rn
where x denotesthesidestreamvalue,and
m denotesthereferencemainstreamvalue.
Theapproachtaken in this Code is to require that the ratio of sidestream to reference flow
rates remain within the limits of Table 3.5 or leakagesperpara.
3.3.6. When these limits are
observed it i s assumed that the effects upon the dependent dimensionless groups are negligible.
No specific restriction is placed upon the density or enthalpy ratios. It is assumed that departures
in theseratios will produce negligible effects upon the dependent dimensionless groups. Where
thorough mixing of inlet streams beforethecompression
is doubtful, this assumptionmay not
be valid. In suchcases the parties to the testmay elect by mutual agreement to further restrict
theseratios as well.
Departures in these secondary dimensionless groups do affect results in the dimensional sense.
This is accounted for in the calculation procedure.
E.2.5
Code Model Summary. TheCodeperformancemodelmaybesummarized
qpsp= q p ,Remcorr=
F1
( 4 , -,4 x M,,,,
as follows:
r,, dimensionles gas properties), Remcorr
qm
ppSp= pptRemcorr=
F2
( 4 ,-,
4 x M,,,/
r,, dimensionles gas properties)( Remcorr
4m
For agiven flow coefficient 9, certain departures are allowed in theremainingindependent

dimensionlessgroups.Thevolume
ratio restriction serves to limit theeffectsofthecombined
departures in the otherdimensionlessgroups.Thefirstthreedependentgroupshavethesame
form as those in preceding issues of this Code. The fourth,
is new to this issue as an explicit
parameter. It i s a power coefficient which takes on different forms for energy balance and shaft
powermethods. It is related to theotherdependentparameters,
but is useful explicitly in a
bookkeeping sense for complicated arrangements.
as,,,
169

E.3
CODE DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS
Appropriateunitsanddimensionalconstants
computations.
are requiredfor the system of unitselectedfor
E.3.1 Inlet and Exit Conditions. Thestructureofthe problem model is such that it is necessary
to carefully define the inlet and exit conditions which are used in calculating the dimensionless
groups.The exit conditions are thestagnation condition at thedischargemeasurementstation.
The inlet condition is the stagnation state assigned to the flow stream entering the impeller, and
is denoted by the subscript i on thermodynamic properties.
For a simple single inlet flow stream this is the stagnation state at the inlet flange. For multiple
inlet streams it is the stagnationstate computed from the mixing of the individually determined
streams. A standard calculation scheme is given in subpara. E.5.
E.3.2
Flow Coefficient. The flow coefficient is defined as

wrotor
3
Pi 2
N(;)
where
wrotor=mass flow rate entering rotor (mass flow ratecompressed)
pi= inlet total density
N= rotor rotational speed
Dis the blade tip diameter of the 1st impeller for centrifugal compressors
Dis the diameter at the leading edge of the 1ststage rotor blade for axial compressors.
Themass flow rateenteringthe
rotor i s determined giving dueconsideration to all section
inlet and outlet flow streams and leakages.
E.3.3 Gas Properties. The physical properties of the gasareexpressed

in dimensionless form
as theisentropicexponents,compressibilityfactors,andcompressibilityfunctions.
E.3.4 Specific Volume Ratio. The specific volume ratio is the ratio of inlet to exit total specific
volumes. The inlet specific volume is that assigned to the flow entering the rotor. The exit specific
volume is that computed for exit total conditions
where
E.3.5 Ratio of Flow Rates. The ratio of flow rates is the ratio of flow ratesat two points in the
flow. It i s given by
170

where
W=
local mass flow rate
P= local total density
and x and y denote different points in the section.

The flow rates so definedhavethe
units ofvolume flow rate, but donot representactual
volume rates of flow since they are defined
in terms of total densities. It is assumed that there
is aconstantrelationshipbetween these flow rates and actualvolume flow rates between test
and specified operating conditions. This
is true when the test and specified operating condition
local Fluid Mach numbers are equal, and the deviations are assumed negligible when the Code
Machine Mach numberdeparture limits areobserved.
E.3.6
MachineMach Number. TheMachine Mach number is givenby

Mm = U/a
where
U = first stage impeller blade or rotor blade tip velocity

a= acoustic velocity at the
For ideal gases
inlet total conditions
For real gases
The Machine Mach number so defined i s not an actual Fluid Mach number. It is nearly directly
proportional to actualFluid Mach numberswhentheCodedeparture
limits areobserved.The
Codedeparture limits shown in Figs. 3.2 and 3.3 for centrifugal and axial compressorsarealso
given in equationform in Table E.l.
E.3.7
Machine Reynolds Number. The MachineReynoldsnumber
i s given by
Rem = Ub/v
For centrifugal compressors, 6 is the exit width ofthefirst
stage impeller in thesectionof
interest.For axial compressors, b is the chord length at the tip of thefirst stage rotor blade in
the section of interest. The viscosity u is taken for inlet (stagnation) conditions. The Code departure
limits shown in Fig. 3.4 for centrifugal compressorsaregiven in equationform in Table E.2.
E.3.8
Isentropic Work Coefficient, Theisentropic work coefficient is givenby
171

0759b70 Ob05593 4 5 2
TABLE E.l
MACHINE MACH NO. LIMITS
Specified Mach No.
Upper
Range Limit
Lower
0-0.214
0.215-0.86
0.86 5 Mm,
Limit
- Mm4 c (-0.25 Mm,, + 0.286)

<(Mm,- Mms&c (-0.25 Mm,, + 0.286)
<(Mm, - Mms& c 0.07
<(Mm,
-Mmsp
(0.266 MITI,,- 0.271)
-0.042
AXIAL COMPRESSORS
Specified Mach No.
Limit
Upper
5
Range Limit
Lower
0-0.1
(0.266Mmq
6-0.6
0.1
0.6 5 Mmq
-Mm,
<(Mm, M m 4 c (-0.25 Mm,

<(Mmt - M m 4 c (-0.25 Mm,,
<(Mmt M m d c 0.05
- 0.1 9)
-0.03
+ 0.20)
+ 0.20)
TABLE E.2
REYNOLDS NUMBER APPLICATION LIMITS FOR CENTRIFUGAL
COMPRESSORS'
UPPER LIMIT
Remt/Rem, 5 1.O
x = (Rem,,/107)o.3
Application Range
9x
1x
lo4c Rem,<
lo7c Rem,
Equation
1 x lo7
RemJRem,, =
RemJRemp = 100
LOWER LIMIT
Remt/Remv c 1.O,
x = (Rem,,/107)n.3
Application Range
Equation
9x104cRem,,cl x106
1 x l o 6 c Rem,
RemJRem,,
Remt/Rem,
NOTE:
(1) See Fig. 3.3.
172

= (0.olP
= 0.1
where
W= isentropic work per unit mass
Z U 2 = sum of rotor tip speeds
The isentropic work forthepurposesof
this Code is the work done in an isentropicprocess
between the inlet stagnationstateandthedischargestagnationstate.Theisentropic
work per
pound mass foranideal gas is given by
Forany gas the isentropic work may be calculated from
The isentropic work for a real gas mayalso be calculated from the following:
W, =
ns
f 144 pi vi[(:)
n,- 1
n,- 1
"' - I ]
Equation (a) differs from equation (b) by substituting n, for k and introducing f. For a real gas
the isentropicvolumeexponent is notthe same as k. On test, n, canbe calculated from
In P d
n, =
Pi
In
Vd
Vi
Substitutingthis n, for k in equation (a) would produce a small error unless the isentropic
exponent were constant and equal to
n, along the compression path. The polytropic work factor
f compensates for the difference between nSand the actual isentropic exponent.It is computed from
E.3.9
Polytropic Work Coefficient. The polytropic work coefficient i s given by
where
W,= polytropic work per pound mass

ZU2/gc= sum of rotor tip speedssquared
The polytropic work for the purposes of this Code
is the polytropic work required to compress
the gas from the inlet stagnationstate to thedischargestagnation state. Thegas properties are
evaluated at the arithmetic meanbetween inlet anddischarge conditions.
173

For ideal gases

n- 1
n
W, = -144 pi
n-1
[(?)T
- 11
For real gases

n- 1
W, =
f 144 pi Y [(;)y
- 13
n-1
where
or
n =
1
Y-m(1 + X )
and
It is assumedherethat
a variation in n affects W, just as thevarying n, affects W,. The
polytropic work factor f i s assumed to have the same value as computed in para. E.3.8.
E.3.10
Efficiencies. Efficiencies are in general defined as the ratio of ideal to actual work required
in a givencompressionprocess.Thestandardideal
work chosenforthisCode
is the work
required in a polytropic compressionprocess occurring betweenthe total pressure at the inlet
reference stagnation state and the total pressure at the discharge stagnation state. The actual work
is taken as thechange in total enthalpybetween thesestates. It represents theactual work in
the process only in the absence of heattransferandsecondary flow effects.Thedischarge gas
state calculated for specified operating conditions using this efficiency definition therefore assumes
the same relative heattransferandsecondary flow effects as those prevailing attest.
The polytropic efficiency is then
WP
- hi)
(hd
and the corresponding isentropic efficiency is
v 5
Ws
(hd - h ) I
174

E.3.11 Work Input Coefficient. The work input coefficient is defined in terms of thestagnation
enthalpy rise. It is a dimensionless representation of the actual gas work not including the effects
ofheattransferandsecondary
flow. The work input coefficient is given by
The ideal work coefficients are related to theforegoingefficienciesthroughthework

coefficient
input
E.3.12 Total Work Input Coefficient. Relative differencesin heat transfer and leakage or sidestream
flow rates often will occurbetween test andspecifiedoperatingconditions.
It is assumedthat
these relative differences are sufficiently small so as to produce negligible changes in the polytropic
work coefficient and efficiency. Theleakageandsidestream
flow ratedifferences,however,can
produce relative differences in actualpowerrequirement.The
following model i s presented to
establish a method to account for these effects as they relate to power consumption. The method
is based on relating the total work input to rotor mass flow rate.
The problem modelandnomenclature
are shown in Fig. E.l. Thedimensionless total work
input coefficient is determined as follows.
The first law of thermodynamicsfor a control volume surrounding the rotor (in Fig. E.l) is
The first law ofthermodynamicsfor
a control volume surrounding the section
From the conservation of mass
The only work done on the
so
gas is that done by the rotor,
-- PgrOtor = [ Wrotor h~~ - wrotor h
175

I
Qrotorl
33000
(in Fig. E.l) is
measurement
P
Figure Nomenclature
W ] = mass flow rateat the inlet measurement station.
hi= enthalpy per unit mass at the inlet measurement station.
Wd= mass flow rate at the discharge measurement station.
hd= enthalpy per unit mass at the discharge measurement station.
W/,,= leakagemass flow rate for gas escaping before the rotor,
.e., upstream of the rotor.
hlu= enthalpy per unit mass for escaping gas. When the gas does not escape, but inlet leakage
occurs, hlu is the enthalpy of the gas outside the seal.
W/d= leakage mass flow rate for gas escaping after the rotor,
.e., downstream of the rotor.
hid= enthalpyper unit mass of theescaping gas.For
inward leakage, it is theenthalpy of
the gas outside the seal.
W,,,= mass flow rateforsidestream
flow enteringafterthemeasurementstation
but before
the rotor.
h,,= corresponding enthalpy per unit mass.
Wsd= mass flow rateforsidestream
flowexiting after the rotor but beforethedischarge
measurementstation.
hd= corresponding enthalpy per unit mass.
Qrotw= net mass flow rate through rotor.
h ~ 1 =enthalpy per unit mass at rotor inlet.
h R Z = enthalpy per unit mass at rotor exit.
Qraor= heat loss rate from rotor.
Q= heat loss rate from section.
P= work input rate excluding mechanical loss.
FIG. E.l
176

Rearrangingandnon-dimensionalizing
with CU2
This equation represents the total work input to the gas in dimensionless form. It is called the
total work input coefficient and is giventhesymbol fl, .e.,
a=
33000 PS
CU2
wrotor
gc
This coefficient bears a closerelationship to thework input coefficient, pin, but accounts
additionally fortheenergylostthrough
heat transferandsecondary flow effects. Like the work
input coefficient it i s assumed to be invariant between test and specified operating conditions at
the same flow coefficient. Its purpose is to aid in properlyaccountingforheattransferand
secondary flow effects in power calculations.
Forheatbalance method tests,
Forshaft
power method tests,
where Pparasitic
represents all power in the shaft power measurement which does not represent
work input to the gas in the compressor section of interest, for example, mechanical losses and
power input to othersections.
177

S T D - A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1777 m 0757b70 Ob05577 970
E.4
SPEED SELECTION
Theprocess of structuring the Code performance model includes

adding the volume ratio to
the independent parameter list to serve as a limiting parameter for the effects of other dimensionless
parameter departures.
The volume ratio at test may be controlled at a given flow coefficient and inlet conditions by
controlling thecompressorspeedand
flow rate.The appropriate speedmaybe determined by
combining the specific volume ratio requirement
or
1
[ ( y ] ] , = [(3]
SP
with the polytropic work coefficient equality
or
which maybe written as
where
wpt= [(fi)
n - 1.
..
fZi R Ti (;)y
- 11
and
n- 1
These relationshipsmay be used to estimate the appropriate testspeed. It is anestimate in

the sense that the appropriate test speed depends upon a prior knowledge of the test efficiency
and gas properties.
The anticipated test efficiency is estimated from the design valuewhen available. The anticipated
polytropic exponent may then be estimated
for ideal gases from
178

FIG. E.2
and for real
E.5
gases from
INLET STATE FOR MIXED STREAMS
For compressor sectionswith multipleinlets it is necessary to establish the mixed inletconditions.

Ideally this would be the mixed stagnation state. It is conceivable that this state might be measured
by obtaining internal pressureandtemperaturemeasurementswherethecompressorgeometry
allows. However, in practice thesearevery difficult measurements to obtain. In somecases an
actual full mixed state maynotevenoccur.
The following development provides a standard method for calculation of the mixed conditions.
A number of simplifying assumptions are made. The computed reference conditions are only an
approximation to the stagnation state after mixing. The intent is simply to model the main features
of the mixing process. It is presumed that the same model when applied to the test and specified
operating conditions will produceconsistentresults.Other
mixing modelsmay be appropriate
for particular compressor geometries. These may also be used with mutual consent by the parties
to the test.
E.5.1 Inlet StagnationEnthalpy. The inlet stagnationenthalpy is deducedfromtheaverage total
enthalpy of the mixed streams. In the absence of work and heat transfer in the mixing section,
where the subscripts
a and b designate the individual streamvaluesbefore
mixing.
E.5.2 Inlet StagnationPressure. The inlet pressuremaybe

calculatedby applying thelinear
momentum principle to a simplified mixing section model. The geometry under consideration is
given in Fig. E.2.
The following simplifying assumptionsaremade.
(a) The flow is one dimensional. Conditions atstations a, b, and c are described by constant
average values for the cross section. The flows are thus treated as being fully mixed.
b) The flow velocity at stations a and c is assumed to be parallel to the x axis.
(c) The flow velocity at station b is assumed to enter at an angle with respect to the x axis.
(dl The static pressure at station b is assumed equal to the static pressure at station a.
(e) The wall shear stress is ignored.
179

Thesubscript S in the following developmentrefers to static conditions.

With theseassumptionsthex-componentofthelinearmomentumconservationequationfor
the control volumeshown is
Introducing the continuity of mass equation yields the mixed inlet staticpressure
The inlet stagnation pressure is obtained by adding the dynamic head deduced from the average
Fluid Mach number at c.
The actual form of the equations to be solved depends upon the choice of gas.The following
set amenable to iterative solution may be written for ideal gases.
Pa
TJT,
"
"
PC
Pc/Pa
180

(1
PC
+) :
(9'
Ac
A,pa
"
[l
(T)
M:]
[1 + (y)
M$]
k
k
k-1
A simplerformulation assumingincompressible flowmaybewritten
as
where
A=
144 pa
Thisformulation will yieldsimilar resultsto thecompressiblesolutionfor

numbersandnearlyequalmixingstreamdensities.
Figure E.3 showssome typical resultsbased upontheprecedingequations.
181

low Fluid Mach
0.97
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
W b h
0.98
20
40
80
60
ab
1.07
1.06
1.05
/I///NI//I////////////N///I/N//
2?zzhzl
B
- 0.2
Ab is implied
1.O4
1.O3
1.o1
1.o0
0.99
wblwa
FIG. E.3

APPENDIX F
REYNOLDSNUMBERCORRECTION
(ThisAppendixisnot
a part of ASME PTC 10-1997.)
TheReynoldsnumbercorrectionfor
centrifugal
compressorsrecommended in thisCode hasbeen
changed significantly from the previous issue of PTC
1 O. The changes resulted from new references not
previously available. The old correction for centrifugalcompressorswasadaptedfromworkon
axial
compressors[Ref.(D.811
since no centrifugal compressor data was available. The
correction for axial
compressorsremainsunchangedfromtheprevious
issue of the Code.
The methodof correction, for centrifugal compressors, recommended in this Code is based on the
work done by Weisner[Ref. (D.211but has been
simplifed for ease of application. The data presented
by Weisner suggests thatthe
Machine Reynolds
number at which acompressoroperates
has an
effect not only on the efficiency, but onthe flow
coefficient and work input coefficient as well. The
correctionsare all based on thedeparturefroma
nominal Machine Reynolds number which may vary
fromonemanufacturer to another.Thecorrection
used in this Code, for centrifugal compressors, is
simplified in that the correction is only applied to
theefficiencyandpolytropicwork
coefficient. No
correction is applied to the flow coefficient or the
workinput coefficient. Additionally,thenominal
condition has been standardized to a Machine Reynoldsnumber
= 4.8 x lo6 x b andthesurface
roughness to 0.000125 in.
Another correction method has been documented
by Simon and Bulskamper [Ref. (D.411. This method
is developed by analogy with the turbulent flow in
rough pipes. Semi-empirical correlations are derived
for efficiency, flow coefficient, head coefficient, and
work coefficient. The equations developed include
a correction to the head, work, and flow coefficients.
Similar correction methods have been proposed by
Casey
[Ref.
(D.1411
andStrub[Ref.(D.1611.Test
datasupportingReynoldsnumbercorrections
has
beenpublished by NASA[Ref. (D.l8)].
183

S T D - A S M E P T C 10iNGL 1777 m 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 CIb05bU5 T T 4 H
APPENDIX G
REFINEDMETHODS FOR CALCULATING
TOTALCONDITIONS
Guidelines are presentedfor calculating total pressure and total temperature with accuracies that exceedthosedeterminedbythesimplermethodsof
paras.5.4.3and5.4.4.
The detailsof thermodynamic property evaluations
are not a part ofthis Code. The calculations outlined
below for both ideal gases and real gasesmust be
supplemented by the data andproceduresneeded
to provide the required properties.
Compressible flow and uniform velocity areassumed for themeasurementstation
in question.
Static absolute pressure, pStatic,
and measured absolute temperature, Tmeas, are the only local measurements. The mass flow rate, W, and pipe flow area,
A, are known andthermodynamicpropertiesare
calculable as needed. The remaining key assumption
is the recovery factor, rf, which is defined in para.
5.4.4 in terms oftemperature.
k - ratio of specific heats

Step 3
- Compute velocity
V = (w/60)/pA
Step 4
- Compute Mach number

V
M = d z m E
Step 5 - Compute total temperature

= tmeas +
Step 6
1+
= density (from p = 144 p/Rt)
Pstatic
[1 + ( k - 1) I]&
ShouldFluid Mach numbersbeunusually

high,
greater than 0.3 forexample,accuracy
could be
improved by evaluating cp and k at both t and &tatic
- specific heat at constant pressure

185

(k - 1) M
Step 7- Comparefrom
step 6 with thevalue
used in previous steps. If agreement is unacceptable,
use
from step 6 andrepeat steps 2 through 7
until thechange i n
i s acceptable (for example,
Ahtatic < O.OSOF).
Step 8 - Calculate total pressure
p =
c,,
21gccp
IDEAL GASES
The following iterative procedure is appropriate:

Step 1 - Let &tatic = heas bethe initial estimate
of static temperature.
Step 2 - Calculate needed properties corresponding to (pstatic,tstatic):
- rd V 2
- Compute static temperature

tstatic
G.l
(1
S T D O A S M E PTC LO-ENGL L977
and using average values of cp and

calculations.
G.2
0757b70 ObOSbUb 730 W
k in the above
Step 3
- Compute velocity
Step 4
- Compute kinetic energy
REAL GASES
Theterm"real
gas" normally suggests thatthe
compressibility factor, Z, is not unity andmust be
included in p-v-T calculationsaccording to pv =
ZRT.
The purpose of an equation of state is to provide
a mathematical expression relating pressure, volume,
andtemperature which corresponds as closely as
possible to known or expected p-v-t behavior.
Most equations of state use temperature and specific volume (or density) as independent variables,
from which pressuremay be calculated. That is,
Step 5 - Compute "measured" enthalpy
Step 6
- Compute static enthalpy
p = pkv)
Step 7 - Compute static temperature
Rigorous thermodynamic procedures are available

for evaluating all thermodynamic properties needed
forcompressorcalculationseventhough
only the
equation of state and low pressure (ideal gas) specific
heatcorrelationsareknown.
Only the resultsof
these calculations arereferred to below, such as:
(a) t (p, h), temperature obtainedfrom pressure and
enthalpy
(b) p (h,s), pressure obtained from enthalpy and entropy
Therecoveryfactor,
rf, will be defined in terms
of enthalpy rather than temperature,
giving
Step 8 - Compare Tstaticfrom step 7 with the

value used in previous steps. If agreement is unacceptable,
then
use
from step 7 and
repeat
in T'ric
is
steps 2 through 8 until thechange
acceptable (for example, AT&, < 0.05 "R).
Step 9 - Compute total enthalpy
Step 10 - Compute static entropy
This definition is the same as that given in para.

5.4.4 when applied to ideal gases. The above definition is considered to be more appropriate for real
gas calculations,and r[ = 0.65remains
the best
available value for typical applications.
The following iterative procedure is appropriate:
Step 1 - Let &tatic = b e a s be the initial estimate
of static temperature for the calculation of density,
Step 2 - Compute static density
Step 7 1
(Recall that static and total entropies are the same.)

Step 12
Compute total temperature
t(p, h)
186

- Compute total pressure
S T D - A S M E P T C LU-ENGL L 9 9 7 m 0759b70 ObD5b07 8 7 7 H
APPENDIX H
SI UNITS
U.S. Customary
Symbol
Description
Units
m2
dimensionless
Btu/lbmole "F
Btu/lbm "F
Btu/lbm "F
0.3048
0.3048
1
1
41 83
41 83
m
dimensionless
N-mkgmole K
N-m/kg K
Btu/lbm "F
41
N.m/kg,K
in.
in.
dimensionless
dimensionless
0.0254
0.0254
1
1
m
m
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
m/s2
ft/sec2
1
0.3048
dimensionless
0.031 08
1-
2324
1
2324
0.04896
N m/kg mole
kg w/kg da
f
g
gc
Dimensional
constant
32.1 74
H
HR
Molal enthalpy
Humidity ratio
Enthalpy
Coefficient of heat transfer
per unit area (for
combined convection
and radiation)
Btu/l bmole
Ibm w/lbm da
Btu/lbm
Btu/hr ft2 "F
Mechanical equivalent of
heat
ft * Ibf
778.1 7 Btu
C
C
CP
cv
D
d
e
Fa
h
h,
J
K
coefficent
Flow
specific
Ratio
of
heats,
SI Units
0.0929
Flow channel cross

sectional area
Acoustic velocity
Tip width
Coefficient of discharge
Molal specific
Specific heat
Specific heat at constant
pressure
Specific heat at constant
volume
Diameter
Diameter of fluid meter
Relative error
Thermal expansion factor
for fluid meter
Polytropic work factor
Acceleration of gravity
Conversion
X Factor =
ft2
ft/sec
m/s
ft
83
ft Ibm
Ibf + sec2
N m/kg K
a
m kg
N 'S
N.mkg
N m/s m2 K
not used
dimensionless
dimensionless
1
1
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
C&"
log
Common
logarithm
1O)
(base
187

S T D - A S M E P T C 10-ENGL 1997
Symbol
Description
0757b70 ObU5b08 703
U.S. Customary
Conversion
Units
X Factor =
dimensionless
Naperian (natural)
logarithm
Ibm/lbmole
Molecular weight
MW
Machine Mach number
dimensionless
Mm
dimensionless
Fluid Mach number
M
dimensionless
Polytropic exponent for a
m
path on the p - T
diagram
m
Mass (Appendix B only)
Ibm
N
Rotative speed
Tm
dimensionless
Polytropic exponent for a
n
path on the p - v
diagram
lbmole
Number of moles
n
(Appendix B only)
Isentropic exponent foran dimensioness
n,
isentropic path on a
p - v diagram
P
Power
hP
psi
Pressure
P
psi
Velocity pressure
Pv
Total mechanical losses
Btu/min
Om
(equivalent)
Casing heat transfer
Btu/min
Or
Btu/min
External
seal
loss
Qsl
equivalent
ft3/m in
Capacity
9
ft3/min
Volume
flow
rate
9
ft
Ibf/lbm "R
R
Gas constant
RA, RB, RC Machine Reynolds number dimensionless
correction constants
Re
Fluid Reynolds number
dimensionless
Rem
Machine Reynolds number dimensionless
RH
Relative humidity
dimensionless
r
Pressure ratio across fluid
dimensionless
meter
Recovery factor
dimensionless
u
Pressure
ratio
dimensionless
'P
dimensionless
Flow rate ratio
rq
Temperature ratio
dimensionless
rt
Specific volume ratio
dimensionless
rv
S
Btu/lbmole "R
Molal entropy
Heat transfer area of
ft2
SC
exposed compressor
casing and adjoining
in
Pipe
Entropy
Temperature
Temperature
BTU/lbm "R
"R
"F
188

SI Units
dimensionless
kg/kgmole
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
1
1
0.4536
0.01 667
kg
Hz
dimensionless
0.4536
kgmole
dimensionless
0.746
6895
6895
0.01 757
kW
N/m2(Pa)
N/m2(Pa)
kW
0.01757
0.01 757
kW
kW
0.000471 9
0.0004719
5.381
1
m3/s
m3/s
N.m/kg.K
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
41 83
0.09294
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
N mkgmole K
mz
41 83
N.m/kg.K
K
0.5556
K
0.5556
("F + 459.67)
S T D * A S M E P T C LO-ENGL 1 9 9 7
U 7 5 9 b 7 0 Ob05b09
bliT
U.S. Customary
Description
Conversion
X Factor =
Symbol
U
U
V
V
W
W
X
X
Y
Y
a
77
P
P in
PP
PS
Y
$
Y
e
fl
dl
Blade tip speed

Internal energy
Fluid velocity
Specific volume
Work
Mass flow rate
Mole fraction
Elevation
Compressibility factor as
used in ideal gas law,
pv = ZRT
Diameter ratio of fluid
meter
Partial derivative
Efficiency
Absolute viscosity
Kinematic viscosity
Density
Summation
Torque
Surface roughness
Total work input
coefficient
Flow coefficient
~~
ftlsec
Btullbm
ftlsec
ft3/l bm
ftllbf/l bm
Ibm/min
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
SI Units
dimensionless
0.3048
2324
0.3048
0.06243
2.989
0.00756
1
1
1
0.3048
1
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
m
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
Ibmlft sec
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
ft2/sec
Ibm/ft3
dimensionless
ft Ibf
in
dimensionless
1
1.488
1
1
1
0.09294
16.02
1.356
0.0254
1
dimensionless
dimensionless
kg/m S
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
m2/s
kg/m3
dimensionless
N.m
m
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
ft
189

m/s
N m/kg
m/s
m3/kg
N m/kg
kgls
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ASME-PTC10

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENTA. Approved for public release;

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

STD.ASME PTC L O - E N G L 1977

0757b70 Oh05923 158

Date of Issuance: September 30, 1998

Please Note: ASME issues written replies to inquiries concerning interpretation of

ASME is the registered trademark of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

This code or standard was developed under procedures accredited

No part of this document may be reproduced in any

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

P T C LO-ENGL L997 D 0759b70 Ob05925 T20

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

TEST CODECOMMITTEE NO. 10

ON COMPRESSORS AND EXHAUSTERS

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

BOARD ON PERFORMANCE TEST CODES

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Section Control Volumes ...................................

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

S T D * A S M E P T C LO-ENGL L997 D D759b70 0b05429

Permissible Deviation From

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

1777 W 0759b70 O b 0 5 4 3 1 378

1.2.1 General. Thescope of this Codeincludes

The calculation procedures provided in this Code

1.2.2 CompressorArrangements. ThisCode is designed to allowthe testing of single multiple

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASME PTC 10-1 997

COMPRESSORS AND EXHAUSTERS

configuration is used, thisshall be agreed upon in

This Code provides a means for determining the

TheCode on GeneralInstructions, PTC 1, shall

Definitive procedures for testing compressors are

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

S T D - A S M E P T C 10-ENGL L777 m 0 7 5 9 6 7 0 Ob05q32 L b 0

ASME PTC 10-1997

BASIC SYMBOLS AND UNITS

Flow channel cross sectional area

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

S T D D A S M E PTC LO-ENGL L997

0759b70 Ob05433 UT7 W

COMPRESSORS AND EXHAUSTERS

ASME PTC 10-1997

Heat transfer from the section boundaries

Diameter ratio of fluid meter, d/D1

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

STD-ASME PTC LO-ENGL

ASME PTC 10-1997

2.2.3 Differential Pressure. The differential pressure is thedifferencebetweenany

2.2.5 Total (Stagnation) Pressure.

2.2.7 InletTotal Pressure. The inlet total pressure

Condition at dischargepressure with

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASME PTC 10-1997

2.3.3 Total (Stagnation)

2.3.4 Velocity (Kinetic) Temperature.

2.4.8 Ratio of Specific Heats.