ERTL LL SOG ae PIC.11-1984 REAFFIRMED 1995 FOR CURRENT COMMITTEE PERSONNEL PLEASE SEE ASME MANUAL AS11 Fans PERFORMANCE adh CODES RaW ela aaa cee a2 a ead Ree ey New York, N.Y. 1001PERFORMANCE TEST Fans CODES ANSI/ASME PTC 11-1984 THE AMERICAN United Engineering Center SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL 345 East 47th Street ENGINEERS New York, N.Y. 10017ANSI/ASME PTC 11-1984 FANS [AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD SECTION 2 — DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTION OF TERMS 2.1 SYMBOLS Uni Value Symbol, Description US. Customary sw a Symbols and Subscript Symbols A Cross-sectional area of duct te mt 5 Parameter nq (5.14-20) imensioness dimensiones ° Parameter in £15107 dimensionless dimensionless c Cross-sectional area of caliraionjetor m= ‘ind tunnel Gu cyete {see pp. 64nd7) € © Drag coefficient of probe section dimensionless dimensionless ce ich presure coelicient dlimenontes dimensionless Speci heat at constant pressure Btu/lom °F vig “ Specie heat at constant volume fuAom +4 Mek > Duct diameter ‘ ' 4 Probe diameter f a ‘ Hectic potential wotage) v v oF Specie Line energy ftom ve h umber of points factor dimensiones imensiontes fs Steady operation actor for x where dimensionless Aimensiones Mim 9eP. oN 5 Local acceleration due to gravity. fvsec® mvs? a" (see p.7) A Enthalpy su/im ia | 1 tlectic current amperage) A a | 1 ee.7) f, Probe otal pressure confilent dimensionless dimensionless | k Probe velocity pretue cowie dimensionless dimensionless ‘ Compressiity coeticient Aimenstontss dimensionless (mas low ~ specie energy approach) e « Compress coeticient dimensonen Alenersanes Cre on preseappcach |FANS. ANSI/ASME PTC 11-1984 [AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARO ASME PERFORMANCE TEST CODES Code on FANS SECTION 1 — INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERAL This Code provides standard procedures for conducting and reporting tests on fans, including those of the centrifugal, axial, and mixed flow types. The principal quantities that can be deter- mined are: (a) fan mass flow rate, or alternatively, fan vol~ ume flow rate; (b) fan specific energy, or alternatively, fan pres- sure; and (c) fan input power. Hereinafter these parameters shall be inclusively covered by the term performance. Additional quan- tities that can be determined are: (d) gas properties at the fan inlet; and (e) fan speed; hereinafter inclusively covered by the term operat ing conditions. Various other quantities can be determined, including: (1) fan output power; (g) compressibility coefficient; and (h) fan efficiency. 1.2 OBJECTIVES The objectives of this Code are: (a) to provide the rules for testing fans to deter- ‘mine performance under actual operating con tions; and (b) to provide additional rules for conver ng measured performance to that which would prevail under specified operating conditions. 13° SCOPE The scope of this Code is limited to the testing of fans after they have been installedin the systems for which they were intended. However, the same directions can be followed in a laboratory test. (The laboratory test performance may not be duplicated byatestafter installation because of systemeffects.) The term fan implies that the machine is used primarily for moving air or gas rather than compres- sion. The distinction between fans, blowers, ex- hausters, and compressors in common practice is rather vague; accordingly, machines that bear any of these names may be tested under the provisions of this Code. (It is conceivable that these machines ‘can also be tested under the provisions of PTC 10, ‘Compressors and Exhausters.) This Code does not include procedures for determining fan acoustical characteristics. 1.4 APPLICABILITY A Code test requires a large investment of npower and equipment. This Code and PTC 1, General Instructions, should be studied thoroughly when preparing procedures for testing a fan. The provisions of this Code are mandatory for a Code test as are the provisions of Part III of PTC 1-1980,ANSI/ASME PIC 11-1984 [AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANOARO FANS SYMBOLS (cont’d.) 7 Uni/Value symbot Description US. Customary s Symbols and Subscripted Symbols (contd) 7 ‘ Time wee ‘ vs -Abnolute uncertaimy in X same as same asx vs Relative uncertainty mn X per unit per uni v Velocity fom ms w Hectrical power input to motor bw kw ° ‘Volume traction of gas constituent whose Ae ten? chemical symbol 8X . Function wed to determine Ky dimensionless dimensionless : Fan specific energy fe to/ibm ng 2 Function used to determine Ky dimensionless dimensionless Greek Symbol e Kinetic energy corection factor dimensionless Simensioness ’ Parameter wedtocorrectprabe calibration dimensionless imensionles {or blockage 7 Fan ellcency percent o per unit percent or per unit ine Motor elliceney percent or per unit percent or per unit » fan static ffciency petcent or per unit percent or per unit % fan ouaetficency escent of per uit percent or per uni « Power factor dimensiones dimensionless ‘ Sensivty coetiient serious various “ Dynamic viscosity lomvte-see Pas . Density Home e/a? ” fan gas density tbavit kg/m? Pn Fan mean density tbovtt be’? sD Summation of corected valves over i observations , Torque ten Nom ° Pach angle seg es, Yaw angle der, eg, Subscripts < Converted value ae Dry gas ‘ tiguid te Liquid 10 vapor & Vapor 4ANSI/ASME PIC 11-1984 ‘AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD 2.1 SYMBOLS (cont’d.) Univvalue Symbot : US. Customary st Symbols and Subscripted Symbols (contd) ‘ Ratio of speci heats (/) imensntess dimensionless Mach number dimensionless imensioness ™ Molecular weight thao mol ke/hg-mol * Maslow ate lbm/sec he’s fn Fan mas low rate thmsec ers " Rotational speed ‘om vows 6, Specited rotational speed om revs > Counts or number dimensionless dimensionless %» Number of poles dimensionless dimensionless " an input power te kw "o Fan output power hp ww bs Barometvic presure ing ara Pe Saturated vapor presie in He rs Pa Fan state presse ing Note ra Pu Fan total pressure ine ra Pr Fan velocity pressure in Pa 6 Pata pressure of water vapor in. He ira ” Static pressure ing tra Pa Absolute static presure sna [Note (2) ra a Total pressure ing bes Pa Absolute total presure ina kPa Velocity pressure ing ra Ditteremia pressure in. ra fan volume tow rate im ms Probe Reynolds Number dimensionless dimensionless Specie gas constant {e-totom-°R Vig fo (ee p.7) s Aspect parameter dimensionless dimensioniss 5, Frontlareaotprobecrporedtocaibraion if mt ‘ Spectc humidity tom vaporlom dy 38 he vapor cry gas % Speciic humility a saturation tom vaporIom dy gas ke vapor dey gas r Abnolute static temperature “R K 1 Absolute total temperature °R x 1 Dry-bulb temperature * : Static temperature * *c ‘ Total temperature sc ‘ Wet-bulb temperature “ FANS @ toDate of tsvance: October 20, 1984 ‘This Code will be revised when the Society approves the issuance of a new edi ‘addenda or written interpretations of the requirements of this Standard issued to this edition. ‘This code or standard was developed under procedures aceredited as meeting the criteria for Amer: ican National Standards, The Consensus Committee that approved the cade or standerd was balonced to assure that individuals from competent and concerned interests have had an opportunity to parte pate. The proposed code or standard was made ewilable fr public review and comment which pro. vides on opportunity for ditional public input from industry, academia, regulatory agonces, and the publicatiorge ‘ASME does not “approve,” "rat activity. ASME does not take any postion with respect to the validity of any patent right asserted in con ection with any items mentioned in this document, and does nat undertake to insure anyone utilizing fF “endorse” any item, constuction, proprietary device, or ‘2 standard against liality for infringement of any applicable Letters Patent, nor stwume any such lia: bility. Users of a code or standard are exaressly advised that determination of the validity of any such /atent rights, and the sk of infeingement of such rights, is entirly their own responsibility. Participation by federal agency representativels] or partons) affiliated with industry fs not to be Interpreted as government or industry endorsement of this code or standard. ASME does not accept any responsibility for interpretations of this documant made by individual volunteers No part of this document may be reproduced in any form, In. electronic retrieval system or otherwise, ‘without the prior written pormission of the publisher, Copyrignt © 1984 by THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS All Rights Reserved Printed in U.S.A There will be no cé@ ce (@FOREWORD (This Foreword isnot part of ANSI/ASME PTC 11-1984) PTC 11-1946, entitled Test Code for Fans, was published by the Society in 1946. As noted in its Foreword, the personnel of the committee that developed the Code consisted of members of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, the National Association of Fan Manufacturers, and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. The Code, as written, was basically alaboratory test standard in that it provided instructions for arrangement of test equipment such as ducts, plenum chamber, and flow straighteners, as well as instruments. It even stated that the test could be conducted in the manufacturer's shops, the customer's premises, or elsewhere. This Code was widely distributed and the principles set forth in it undoubtedly provided the basis for many other laboratory standards for testing fans Most ASME Power Test Codes (later called Performance Test Codes) provided instructions for testing equipment after it wasinstalled. Since PTC 11-1946 was basically a laboratory standard, it was allowed to go out of print with the expectation that a revised code would be written that would provide directions for site testing of fans In July of 1961, a new PTC 11 Committee was formed. Several drafts were prepared, but all of them essentially provided laboratory directions. This Committee still con- sidered field or site testing to be impractical unless laboratory conditions could be duplicated The PTC 11 Committee was reorganized in 1971. Itinitially attempted to resolve the difficulties of site testing by resorting to model testing, This was not acceptable to the Society. Ultimately, procedures were developed that could be used in the field without the need to modify the installation so as to condition the flow for measurement. The Committee performed tests to determine the acceptability of these procedures. These tests included full-scale field tests of two large mechanical-draft fans as well as various laboratory tests of various probes for measuring flow angles and pressures. Subsequent tests (Ref. 19) performed independently of the Committee have demonstrated the practicability of this Code with regard to both manpower and equipment in a large- power-plant situation, The Committee has also monitored the progress of an International Committee which was writing test codes for fans. While this Committee, ISO 117, had not completed its work, it was obvious that several things they were doing should be incorporated in PTC 11. The major item contributed by ISO 117 is the concept of specific energy (also called work per unit mass) which, when combined with mass flow rate, provides an approach to fan performance that can be used instead of the volume flow rate/pressure approach. ISO also recognizes the distributionality of velocity across the measuring plane and PTC 11 incorporates provisions to account for this. This Code was approved by the Board on Performance Test Codes on May 19, 1983. It was approved and adopted by the American National Standards Institute, Inc., on March 23, 1984.PERSONNEL OF PERFORMANCE TEST CODE COMMITTEE NO. 11 ‘ON FANS. (The following isthe coster ofthe Committee a the time of approval ofthis Code.) OFFICERS R. Jorgensen, Chairman ©. 0. Wood, Vice Chairman M. M. Metker, Secretary COMMITTEE PERSONNEL 1 Bohanon, ACME Engineering and Manufacturing Co. 1. Campbell, Foster Wheeler Boiler Corp, J. Dorsey, TRW, Inc - M. Gerhart, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron Henry, Sargent & Lundy Engineers Jorgensen, Bulfalo Forge Co W. Lovejoy, Long sland Lighting Co. 5. Nolte, Steatns-Roger, Inc * P. Nuspl, Babcock & Wilcox F. Storm, Flame Refractor = ©. Wood, Fan Systems Co prrggz me ore Former with | STU Babcock | Carolina Power & Light | ssw esinghouse Hectic Corp.9 wf BOARD ON PERFORMANCE TEST CODES C.B. Scharp, Vice President G. J. Gerber Ww. G. Mclean £5 cues 1s Murdock XG. crothues Le nee f fogensen BI Peyton "a we ketch Wa Polk ftecer 0. Pantup P teone Tes westeot SW. LeyForeword Standards Committee Roster - CONTENTS Section 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 General 1.2 Objectives 13° Scope : 14 Applicability DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTION OF TERMS 24 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 GUIDING PRINCIPLES 3a 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3.10 an 3.12 33 4a 42 43 44 45 Sanboke eee Temperature Specific Energy and Pressure. Density Fan Boundaries Fan Performance Fan Operating Conditions Errors and Uncertainties. Introduction! Prior Agreements. Code Philosophy System Design Considerations Internal Inspection and Measurement of Cross Section Test Personnel Point of Operation Method of Operation During Test... Inspection, Alterations, Adjustments Inconsistencies Multiple Inlets or Ducts Preliminary Test Reference Measurements General Considerations Traverse Specifications Atmospheric Pressure Temperature Moisture INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS OF MEASUREMENT46 47 48 49 4.10 an Gas Composition Pressure Sensing. Pressure Indicating, Yaw and Pitch Rotational Speed, Input Power 5 CALCULATIONS 51 5.2 53 5.4 55 56 57 58 59 5.10 5.1 5.12 General Considerations Correction of Traverse Data Gas Composition Density Fluid Velocity Mass Flow Rate : Flow Weighted Averages... Fan Input Power Fan Speed (Slip Method) Mass Flow Rate — Specific Energy Approach Volume Flow Rate — Pressure Approach Uncertainties. : : 6 REPORT OF RESULTS 61 62 General Requirements Test Report Typical Inlet and Outlet Boundaries Typical Input Power Boundaries 4.1 Sampling Point Details (Rectangular Duct) 4.2 Sampling Point Details (Circular Duct) 43(a)_ Probe Orientation — Centrifugal Fans 4.3(b) Probe Orientation — Axial Fans 44° Fan Room Pressure 45. Fechheimer Probe 46 Five-Hole Probe 47 Free Stream Nozzle Jet 5 48 Typical Calibration Curves fora Five-Hiole Probe 5.1 Psychrometric Density Chart, 5.2 Compressibility Coefficients (Volume Flow — Pressure Approach) Table 4.1 Summary of Instrumentation Requirements Appendices ‘A Typical Results Summary and Data Sheets B Computer Code and Input Form Sample Computer Output D Derivations of Uncertainty Equations E Assigning Values to Primary Uncertainties F References : 7 7 32 3 3 35 37 37 37 39 42 a2 44 45 46 46 47 50 57 57 57 10 a 2 4 25 26 28 29 3 34 a 48 36 59 65 109 mM 129 133 a 9ANSI/ASME PTC 11-1988 [AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD FANS: SYMBOLS (cont’d.) Symbol Deserpt Subscripts (cont'd) i Indicated value ata point , Corrected value at a point eo Moist gas k Reference measurement rel Value for calibration eterence probe @ ' Turbine and drivetrain x Total value at plane & tor A, and Q or average value at plane x for ep, e4: 4M Py Pr Tot ¥, 0), 0, and p y Total value at plane y for A, rh, and Qy or average value 3 plane yfor cpg, Ms Pr Be Toty. VAR), a.and p ° Plane 0 (ambient) 1 Plane 1 (an inlet) : 2 Plane 2 (fn outlet) 2 Plane 3 (alternate velocity transverse station) @ e Random s systematic Unit Conversions and Dimensional Constants G wore marc G 60 ec/min ross G 10 RK G 0572 IbnVvAt- see vo Pas G 1.0 Btu/lbm °F 4185 I7kg °C G 2.96 x10". Hey? 3.2510 kPa G 159% 10°F HF 186x107 rare G 0.4 in, He 69210" kPa a 270° 500°C Co 707 tot -in. Hg 10) yon kPa wn 5.19 ein. ww Vm? kPa on 097 lbm/t- min? in. wg)? 7060 (m"/s*- kay”? Gs 13620. wg/in. Hg 110 kPa/kPs a 7487 Wihp 10 ww Ge S252 40-1 rev/hp-min ———_(10°/2e) Nm cew/kWes @FANS 2.4 SYMBOLS (cont’d.) ANSVASME PTC 11-1984 [AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Unit/Value Symbol Deserp US. Customary st Unit Conversion and Dimensional Constant (cont 55011 Ibrhp see Nomvawes Ry NOTES: (0) in. wg stands for inches wat {2} in. wa stands for inches wate 2.2. TEMPERATURE 2.2.1 Absolute temperature (T) is the value of temperature when the datum is absolute zero. It is measured in kelvins or degrees Rankine. The abso- lute temperature in degrees Rankine is the temper- ature in degrees Fahrenheit plus 459.7 and the absolute temperature in kelvins is the temperature in degrees Celsius plus 273.2. 2.22 Static temperature (t,, T,) is the temperature measured in such a way that no effect is produced by the velocity of the flowing fluid. It would be shown by a measuring instrument moving at the same velocity as the moving fluid. Absolute static temperature is used as a property in defining the thermodynamic state of the fluid 2.23 Total temperature (t,, T.), sometimes called stagnation temperature, is the temperature that would be measured when a moving fluid is brought to rest and its kinetic potential energies are con- verted to an enthalpy rise by an isoenergetic compression from the flow condition to the stag- nation condition. At any point in a stationary body of fluid, the static temperature and the total tem- perature are numerically equal. 2.2.4 Dry-bulb temperature (t4) isthe temperature measured by a dry thermometer or other dry 2.2.5 Wet-bulb temperature (t,) isthe temperature measured by a thermometer or other sensor cov- ered by awater-moistened wick and exposed to gas, in motion. When properly measured, itis a close 6354 12 in, wpyhp amin Lo kvkW-s 32.17 fe bmvlb sec? Vokg-mv/n-s 778240-Ib/Be 10M 1545 f-b/lbm-mol-°R 8314 J/kg: mol K approximation to the temperature of adiabatic saturation. 2.2.6 Wet-bulb depression is the difference be- tween the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures at the same location. 2.3. SPECIFIC ENERGY AND PRESSURE 23.1 Specific energy is energy per unit mass. Spe- cific kinetic energy is kinetic energy per unit mass and is equal to one-half the square of the fluid velocity, Specific potential energy is potential en- ergy per unit mass and is equal to the gravitational acceleration multiplied by the elevation above a specified datum. Fluid pressure divided by density is sometimes called specific pressure energy and is considered a type of specific energy; however, this, term is more properly called specific flow work. 2.3.2 Pressure is normal force per unit area. Since pressure divided by density may appear in energy balance equations, it is sometimes convenient to consider pressure as a type of energy per unit volume 23.3 Absolute pressure is the value of a pressure when the datum is absolute zero. It is always positive 2.3.4 Barometric pressure (ps) isthe absolute pres- sure exerted by the atmosphere. 2.3.5 Differential pressure (Ap) is the difference between any two pressures. @ANSIASME PTC 11-1984 [AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD, 2.3.6 Gage pressure isthe value of a pressure when the datum is the barometric pressure at the point of measurement. It is the difference between the absolute pressure at a point and the pressure of the ambient atmosphere in which the measuring gage is located. It may be positive or negative. 2.3.7 Static pressure (p,, p,.) is the pressure mea- sured in such a manner that no effect is produced by the velocity of the flowing fluid. Similar to the static temperature, it would be sensed by a m« suring instrument moving at the same velocity as the fluid, Static pressure may be expressed as either an absolute or gage pressure. Absolute static pres- sure is used as a property in defining the thermo- dynamic state of the fluid, 2.3.8 Total pressure (p,, pis), sometimes called the stagnation pressure, would be measured when a moving fluid is brought to rest and its kinetic and potential energies are converted to an enthalpy rise by an isentropic compression from the flow condi- tion to the stagnation condition. It is the pressure sensed by an impact tube or by the impact hole of a Pitot-static tube when the tube is aligned with the local velocity vector. Total pressure may be ex- pressed as either an absolute or gage pressure. In a stationary body of fluid, the static and total pres- sures are numerically equal, 2.3.9 Velocity pressure (p,), sometimes called dy- namic pressure, is defined as the product of fluid density and specific kinetic energy. Hence, velocity pressure is kinetic energy per unit volume. If compressibility can be neglected, itis equal to the difference of the total pressure and the static pressure at the same point in a fluid and is the differential pressure which would be sensed by a properly aligned Pitot-static tube. In this Code the indicated velocity pressure (p,) shall be corrected for probe calibration, probe blockage, and com- pressibility before itcan be called velocity pressure. 24 DENSITY 24.1 The density (p) of a fluid is its mass per unit volume. The density can be given static and total values ina fashion similar to pressure and tempera- ture. Ifthe gasis at rest, static and total densities are equal. Fans 24.2 Specitic humidity (s)isthe mass of water vapor per unit mass of dry gas, 25 FAN BOUNDARIES The fan boundaries are defined as the interface between the fan and the remainder of the system, These boundaries may differ slightly from fan to fan. The fan accepts power at its input power boundary and moves a quantity of gas fromits inlet boundary to its outlet boundary and in the process increases the specific energy and pressure of this gas. The inlet boundary may be specified to include inlet boxes, silencers, rain hoods, or debris screens as a part of the fan. The outlet boundary may be specified to include dampers or a diffuser as a part of the fan. The input power boundary may be specified to include the fan-to-motor coupling or a speed reducer as part of the fan. See Figs. 2.1 and 22. 2.6 FAN PERFORMANCE 2.6.1 General. Fan performance can be expressed in terms of different sets of parameters. This Code provides the user with two choices, One set uses ‘mass flow rate and specific energy, The other uses volume flow rate and pressure. The product of mass. flow rate and specific energy and the product of volume flow rate, pressure, and a compressibility coefficient are each designated fan output power. However, values of output power calculated by the two methods are slightly different [Appendix F, Ref. a. 2.6.2 The Mass Flow Rate — Specific Energy Approach. The fan performance parameters that are associated with this approach are defined as follows (a) Fan mass flow rate (ry) is the mass of fluid passing through the fan per unit time. (b) Fan specitic energy (y,) is the work per unit ‘mass which would be done on the gas in an ideal ((rictionless) transition between the actual inlet and outlet states. Theideal work done on a unit mass of fluids equal tothe integral of the differential of the static pressure divided by the fluid density for the fan flow process plus changes of specific kinetic energy and specific potential energy across the fanANSUASME PTC 11-1984 FANS: AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD @y---4 O}--(O O-~O So) OHO__oHo © © ‘Axial Fane ® GENERAL NOTES: CS tetanus Tne outer boundary tat @ @ tor wcanvitugal fn without acittuer ovat @ @ ie itn prt of ef ‘An axial fan is ually furnished with a aitfusr. FIG. 2.1 TYPICAL INLET AND OUTLET BOUNDARIESANSI/ASME PTC 11-1984 AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Ga) GENERAL NOTES: Te input power bound isnoraty at (the pina counting between hie sina the ‘he input power boundary may bat @)—th point of counting etn theater and ea imum rive sioment09, averaged coping, the ne senant cooled abe 8 favor me en race i he ‘The input power boundary maybe at ©) —the elec i totenpato elon rive wan ie considered FIG. 2.2 TYPICAL INPUT POWER BOUNDARIESFANS. The fan specitic energy is the average of the ideal work for all fluid particles passing through the fan. Refer to Par. 5.7 for appropriate averages. ‘Only the component of velocity in the nominal direction of flow shall be taken into account when determining the specific kinetic energy. It is cus tomary to assume that changes in potential energy are negligible in fans. For an incompressible flow process, the product of fan specific energy and fluid density is equal to the fan total pressure. For a nonconstant density process, fan specific energy can be approximated by assuming some thermodynamic process within the fan in order to perform the pressure-density integtation. {c) Kinetic energy correction factor (a) is a di- mensionless factor used to account for the dif- ference between the true average kinetic energy of the fluid and the kinetic energy calculated as one- half the square of the average velocity. (d) Fan mean density (pq) is the ratio of the pressure change across the fan to the thermo- dynamic path integral of the differential of the pressure divided by the density. (oein-ooff') In this approach, mean density is approximated by the arithmetic mean of inlet and outlet densities. (Pm = (os + pi¥/2) (e) Fan output power (Po) is equal to the product, of fan mass flow rate and fan specific energy. Since mass flow rate equals the product of volume flow rate and density at a particular plane, fan output power can also be expressed as the product of fan inlet density, fan inlet volume flow rate, and fan specific energy. (f) The compressibility coefficient (K,), defined as the ratio of the fan inlet density to the fan mean density, is useful in this approach. (g) Fan efficiency (n) isthe ratio of the fan output power to the fan input power. In this approach there is only one definition of fan output power so there is only one definition of fan efficiency, ANSI/ASME PTC 11-1988 [AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD 2.6.3 The Volume Flow Rate — Pressure Ap- proach. The tan performance parameters associ- ated with this approach are defined as follows. (a) Fan volume flow rate (Q,) isthe fan mass flow rate divided by the fan gas density (b) Fan pressure. In this approach, three fan pressures are defined: (1) Fan total pressure (p,) is the difference between the average total pressure at the fan outlet and the average total pressure at the fan inlet. Only the component of velocity in the nominal direction of flow shall be taken into account when determin: ing fan total pressure, Refer to Par. 5.7 for appropri- ate averages. It is customary to assume that pressure changes due to elevation changes are negligible in fans, (2) Fan velocity pressure p,,)isthe product of the average density and average specific kinetic energy at the fan outlet. Refer to Par. 5.7 for the appropriate averages (3) Fan static pressure (p,) is the difference between the fan total pressure and the fan velocity pressure. Therefore, fan static pressure is the dif- ference between the average static pressure at the fan outlet and the average total pressure at the fan inlet. Refer to Par. 5.7 for appropriate averages. (c) Fan gas density (or) is the total density of the {gas at fan inlet conditions. {d} Fan output power (Po) equals the product of fan volume flow rate, fan total pressure, and com- pressibility coefficient Ky, {e) The compressibility coefficient (k,) is a di- mensionless coefficient employed to account for compressibility effects (Ref. (4)] and is calculated according to the procedure given in Par. 5.11.4 [Ref. (19) (1) Fan efficiency. In this approach, fan ef- ficiency is expressedas either fan total efficiency or fan static efficiency. (1) Fan total efficiency (m) is the ratio of fan output power to fan input power. This may also be called total-to-total efficiency. 2) Fan static efficiency (n,) is the ratio of fan output power to fan input power, in which the fan output power is modified by deleting the fan velocity pressure. This may also be called total-to- static efficiency. 2.64 Fan input power (P)) is the power required to drive the fan and any elements in the drive train that are considered to be within the fan boundariesANSI/ASME PTC 11-1984 AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANOARO 2.7 FAN OPERATING CONDITIONS Fan operating conditions are specified by the speed of rotation of the fan, and sufficient infor- mation to determine the average gas properties including pressure, temperature, density, viscosity, as constants, and specific heats at the fan inlet, 2.8 ERRORS AND UNCERTAINTIES 2.8.1 Errors the difference between the true value of a quantity and the measured value. The true value of an error cannot be determined, 2.8.2 Uncertainty is a possible value for the error [Ref (2)]. is also the interval within which the true value can be expected to lie with a stated proba- bility (Ref. (3)]. The uncertainty is used to estimate the error. Absolute uncertainty (U) has the same units as the variable in question. Relative uncer- tainty (u), also called per unit uncertainty, is abso- lute uncertainty divided by the magnitude of the variable and is dimensionless. 2.8.3 Random uncertainty (U®, uf) is uncertainty due to numerous small independent influences Fans that prevent a measurement system from delivering the same reading when supplied with the same input, Random uncertainties can be reduced by replication and averaging (Ret. (3)] 2.84 Systematic uncertainty (US, v') is uncertainty due to such things as instrument and operator bias and changes in ambient conditions for the instru- ments. Systematic uncertainty cannot be reduced by increasing the number of measurements if the equipment and the conditions of measurements remain unchanged [Ref. (3)] 2.8.5 Confidence level (fc) is a percentage value such that, ifa very large number of determinations of a variable are made, there is an &c percent probability that the true value will fall within the interval defined by the mean plus or minus the uncertainty. A value for uncertainty is meaningful only if it is associated with a specific confidence level. As used in this Code, all uncertainties are assumed to be at the 95% confidence level. If the ‘number of determinations of a variable is large and if the values are normally distributed, the un- certainty at the 95% confidence level is approxi- mately twice the standard deviation of the values, 9FANS: ANSI/ASME PIC 11-1984 AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD SECTION 3 — GUIDING PRINCIPLES 3.1. INTRODUCTION {In applying this Code to aspecific fan test, various decisions must be made. This Section explains what decisions shall be made and gives general guide- lines for performing a Code test Any test shall be performed only after the fan has been found by inspection to be in a satisfactory condition to undergo the test. The owner and vendor shall mutually decide when the test is to be performed The parties to the test shall be entitled to have present such representatives as are required for them to be assured that the test is conducted in accordance with this Code and with any written agreements made prior to the test. 3.2. PRIOR AGREEMENTS Prior to conducting a Code test, written agree- ment shall be reached by the parties to the test on the following items: (a) object of test (b) duration of operation under test conditions (c) test personnel and assignments (4) person in charge of test {e) test methods to be used (1) test instrumentation and methods of cali- bration (g) locations for taking measurements and orien- tation of traverse ports (h) number and frequency of observations (i) method of computing results () values of primary uncertainties {k) arbitrator to be usedif one becomes desirable (1) applicable contract performance curves and/ or the specified performance and operating conditions (m) fan boundaries {n) number of test runs 3.3 CODE PHILOSOPHY 3.3.1 This Code offers the user the choice of ex- pressing fan performance in terms of mass flow rate and specific energy or volume flow rate and pres- sure. After reviewing both methods, the parties to the test shall decide which method they intend to use, Once a method is selected then the principles and procedures for only that method shall be adheredto throughout the test, rather than comming- ling the various aspects of the two methods (Ref. ay 3.3.2 The methods of this Code are based on the assumption that fan pressures or specific energies are measured sufficiently close to the fan bound- aries that corrections for losses between the mea- surement planes and the fan boundaries are not required. It is not feasible to include methods for such corrections in this Code; therefore, if such corrections are necessary, the test cannot bea Code test. For the purpose of determining proper average values of pressure, temperature, and density, it is always necessary to measure point velocities at the fan boundaries. However, only the point velocities measured at traverse planes conforming to the requirements of this Code (see Par. 4.2.3) shall be used for fan flow rate. If the conditions at the fan boundaries do not meet the criteria given in this, Code for a suitable flow traverse, then point veloc- ity measurements made at the fan boundaries shall, be used only for determining average values of pressure, temperature, density, and specific kinetic energy and not for fan flow rate. If this condition exists, then the fan flow rate may be determined at a plane other than the fan boundary provided that no fluid enters or leaves the duct between the fan boundary and the measurement plane. Although the point velocities measured at the fan boundaries may not conform to the requirements for a valid e 9ANSW/ASME PIC 11-1984 ‘AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD flow traverse, they can provide a useful statistical basis for substantiating the fan flow rate. 3.3.3 For large ducts handling gas flows, often the only practicable method of gas flow measurement is the velocity traverse method. This method shall be considered the primary method for measuring flows of the type addressed by this Code. Other methods of determining flow, including but not limited to, stoichiometric methods (where appli- cable), ultrasonic methods, and methods using such devices as flow nozzles, may be permitted ifit can be shown that the accuracy of the proposed method is at least equal to that of the primary method. In the velocity traverse method, the duct is subdivided into a number of elemental areas and, using a suitable probe, the velocity is measured ata point in each elemental area. The total flow is then obtained by summing the contributions of each elemental area, Within the framework of the veloc- ity traverse method, many different techniques have been proposed for selecting the number of points at which velocity is measured, for establish- ing the elemental areas, and for summing (theoreti- cally integrating) the contributions of each ele- ‘mental area. Options that have been proposed include the placing of points based on an assumed (usually log-linear) velocity distribution [Rets. (4), {5}] the use of graphical or numerical techniques to integrate the velocity distribution over the duct cross section [Refs. (5), (6)], the use of equal ele- ‘mental areas with simple arithmeticsumming of the contribution of each area to the total flow [Refs (5), (7), (8)], and the use of boundary layer correc tions to account for the thin layer of slow-moving fluid near a wall. Asa general rule, accuracy of flow measurement can be increased by either increasing the number of points in the traverse plane or by using more sophisticated mathematical techniques (e.g., interpolation polynomials, boundary layer corrections) [Refs. (5), 7)].Itismorein line with the requirements of field testing as welll as more realis- ticin light of the varied distributions of velocity that ‘may actually occur in the field, to obtain the desired accuracy of flow measurement by specifying mea- surements at a relatively large number of points rather than by relying on assumed velocity distribu- tions or unsubstantiated assumptions regarding such things as boundary layer effects. For these reasons, this Code has elected to specify measure- ments at the centroids of equal elemental areas and simple arithmetic summing of the contribution of, each elemental area to the total flow. Investigations of flow measurement under conditions similar to those expected in application of this Code have demonstrated the validity of this approach [Refs. 7), (8), (9)) 3.3.4 Due to the highly disturbed flow at the fan boundaries and the errors obtained when making measurements with probes unable to distinguish directionality, probes capable of indicating gas direction and speed, hereinafter referred to as directional probes, are generally required. Only the component of velocity normal to the elemental area is pertinent to the calculation of flow. Mea- surement of this component cannot be accom- plished by simply aligning a nondirectional probe parallel to the duct axis, since such probes only indicate the correct velocity pressure when aligned with the velocity vector. Errors are generally due to undeterminable effects on the static (and toalesser degree, total) pressure sensing holes. Therefor adequate flow measurements in a highly disturbed region can only be made by measuring speed and direction at each point and then calculating the component of velocity parallel to the duct axis. Only in some circumstances (see Par. 4.7) may nondirectional probes be used. 3.3.5 Various methods of averaging are required to calculate the appropriate values of the parameters that determine fan performance. These methods, along with the large number of traverse points, the directional probe, and requirements for measure- ‘ments at the fan boundaries make it possible to conduct an accurate field test for most fan installa tions (Refs. (8), (9), (10) 3.3.6 The instruments and methods of measure- ment specified in this Code are selected on the premise that only mild compressibility effects are present in the flow. The velocity, pressure, and temperature determinations provided for in this Code are limited to situations in which the gas is moving with a Mach number less than 0.4 This corresponds to a value of (K, pu/Pux) of approxi- mately 0.1 (See Par. 5.2.1) 33,7 Although this Code provides methods for Conversion of measured fan performance variables tospecified operating conditions, such conversionsFANS: shall not be permiited if the test speed differs by more than 10% from the specified speed or if the test values of the fan inlet density (p,) or fan gas density (p¢) differ by more than 20% from specified values 3.3.8 A question that invariably arises in connec tion with any test is “how accurate are the results?” [Ref. (2)]. This question is addressed in this Code by the inclusion of a complete procedure for the evaluation of uncertainties. It is believed that all significant sources of error in a fan test have been identified and addressed in this procedure. Since in fact any results based on measurements are of little value without an accompanying statement of their expected accuracy, uncertainty evaluation is made a mandatory part of this Code. 3.3.9 Commercially quoted fan performance is usu- ally based on measurements made under labora- tory conditions. In a laboratory test, a fan is oper- ated in a system specifically designed to facilitate accurate measurement of fan performance param- eters and to minimize those system effects that can degrade fan performance [Refs. (4), (17)]-Compara- tive fan tests conducted according to a laboratory standard [Ref. (4)] and according to procedures of this Code have demonstrated that similar perfor- ‘mance ratings can be obtained if the fan is operated under laboratory conditions (Ret. (18)]. The user of this Code should be aware that application of the procedures contained herein will reveal the performance of the test fan as it is affected by the system in which itis installed. These in-situ performance ratings and ratings of the same fan based on laboratory tests or ratings of a model fan based on laboratory tests may not be the same due to various effects generally called system ef- fects (Ref. (17)]. Any methods for reconciliation of in-situ performance ratings and laboratory based ratings are beyond the scope of this Code. 3.4 SYSTEM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS. There are field situations where it is not possible to obtain sufficiently accurate measurements to conform with this Code. Consideration of a few simple concepts when a new system is designed will facilitate fan testing as well as improve the fan sys- tem performance. ANSI/ASME PTC 11-1984 AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD 3.41 Generally the most difficult parameter to determine during a field testis the fan flow rate. If the following considerations can be made during the design of the fan and duct system, fan flow rates will be easier to determine, (a) Design of inlet and outlet ducts should avoid internal stiffeners for three equivalent diameters, both upstream and downstream of the fan bound- aries. (b) Abrupt changes in direction should not be located at the fan boundaries. {c) Alltransitions in duct size should be smooth (d) A duct length of approximately 3 ft (1 m) should be allowed at the fan boundaries for insert- ing probes. This section should be free of internal obstructions which would affect the flow mea- surement and external obstructions which would impede probe maneuverability such as structural steel, walkways, handrails, etc. 3.4.2 Considerations that can be observed that will aid the determination of fan input power are: {a) installing a calibrated drive train; or (6) allowing sufficient shaft length at the fan for the installation of a torque meter. 3.5 INTERNAL INSPECTION AND MEASUREMENT OF CROSS SECTION ‘An internal inspection of the ductwork at planes where velocity and/or pressure measurements are tobe made shall be conducted by the parties tothe test to insure that no obstructions will affect the measurements. Areas where there isan accumula- ion of dust such that the duct area is significantly reduced shall be avoided as this indicates that the velocities are inadequate to prevent entrained dust from settling. This dust settlement will in effect cause the duct cross-sectional area to decrease during the test. Where this situation exists, it is recommended that velocity measurements be made in vertical runs The internal cross-sectional area shall be based on the average of at least four equally spaced mea- surements across each duct dimension for nom- inally rectangular ducts, and on the basis of the average of at least four equally spaced diametral measurements for nominally circular ducts. Suffi- cient equally spaced measurements shall be used to limit the uncertainty in the area to 0.3%. IV the duct, area is measured under conditions different from operating conditions, suitable expansion or con-ANSI/ASME PTC 11-1984 ‘AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD traction corrections for temperature and pressure shall be made. 3.6 TEST PERSONNEL 3.6.1 A test team shall be selected that includes a sufficient number of test personnel to record the various readings in the allotted time. Test personnel shall have the experience and training necessary to obtain accurate and reliable records. All data sheets shall be signed by the observers. The use of au- tomatic data recording systems can reduce the num- ber of people required, 3.6.2 The person in charge of the test shall direct the test and shall exercise authority over all ob- servers. This person shall certify that the test is conducted in accordance with this Code and with all written agreements made prior to the test. This person may be required to be a registered profes- sional engineer. 3.7 POINT OF OPERATION This Code describes a method for determining the performance of a fan at a single point of operation. If more than one point of operation is required, a test shall be made for each. The parties to the test must agree prior to the tests on the method of varying the system resistance to obtain the various points of operation. If performance curves are desired, then the parties to the test shall agree beforehand as o the number and location of points required to construct the curves. 3.8 METHOD OF OPERATION DURING TEST 3.8.1 When a system contains fans operating in parallel, the fan to be tested shall be operated inthe manual mode during the test and the remaining fans in the system used to follow load variations. The fan to be tested shall be operated at a constant speed with constant damper and vane positions. Various positions may be required for part-load tests 3.8.2 The system shall be operated to maintain constant gas flows and other operating conditions. For example, for draft fans the boiler load should be steady. Soot blowers should not be cycled on and FANS off during the test. If soot blowing is necessary, it should be used throughout the test. The operation of pulverizers, stokers, baghouses, scrubbers, air heaters, etc., shall not be allowed to affect the results of the test 3.8.3 Adequate records of the position of variable vanes, variable blades, dampers, or other control devices shall be maintained. 3.9 INSPECTION, ALTERATIONS, ADJUSTMENTS Prior to the test, the manufacturer of supplier shall have reasonable opportunity to inspect the fan and appurtenances for correction of noted de~ fects, for normal adjustments to meet specifications and contract agreements, and to otherwise place the equipment in condition to undergo further op- eration and testing. The parties to the test shall not alter or change the equipment or appurtenances in sucha manner as to modify or void specifications or contract agreements or prevent continuous and reliable operation of the equipment at all capacities and outputs under all specified operating condi- tions. Adjustments to the fan that may affect test results are not permitted once the test has started. Should such adjustments be deemed necessary, prior test runs hall be voided and the test restarted Any readjustments and reruns shall be agreed to by the parties to the tes. 3.10 INCONSISTENCIES If inconsistencies in the measurements are ob- served during the conduct of the test, the person in charge of the test shall be permitted to take steps to remedy the inconsistency and to continue the test. Any actions in this regard myst be noted and are subject to approval by the patties to the test. Any such action shall be fully documented in the test report 3.11 MULTIPLE INLETS OR DUCTS there is more than one fan inlet, measurements shall be obtained at each inlet or in each inlet duct. is not permissible to measure the conditions at one inlet and assume the conditions are the same for all the inlets, Similarly, if the discharge duct from a fan splits into two or more ducts and it isFANS more practical to measure the conditions down- stream of the split, then the conditions in each branch of the duct shall be measured to determine the total flow. 3.12 PRELIMINARY TEST Prior to performing a Code test, a preliminary test shall be made. The purpose of the preliminary test is to train the observers, to determine if all instru ments are functioning properly, and to verify that the system and fan are in proper order to permit a valid Code test. The preliminary test can be con- sidered a Code test if agreed to by the parties to the test and all requirements of this Code are met. 3.13 REFERENCE MEASUREMENTS For the purposes of determining that the system hhas reached steady state, verifying the constancy of operating conditions, and verifying that the fan performs at a constant point of operation during the test, the following reference measurements shall be made. fa) speed (Ne) {b) driver power, or some quantity proportional to driver power (e.8. le» Tee Wa, et) {c) fan inlet static pressure (Pie) {d) fan outlet static pressure (Dae) {e) fan inlet temperature (Tx) ANSU/ASME PTC 11-1984 [AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARO. (f) fan outlet temperature (Tox) (g) total pressure rise across the fan (Pie) (h) velocity pressure in either inlet or outlet plane (P.) The measurement of speed and power made in accordance with the requirements of Section 4 for determining fan performance shall be used for reference purposes. The reference measurements for pressure and temperature shall be in accor- dance with Section 4 except asingle point measure- ment shall be used for each parameter instead of the sampling grid. For purposes of reference mea- surements, probes capable of sensing total pres- sure, static pressure, velocity pressure, and temper- ature connected to appropriate indicators shall be permanently fixed at central locations in the inlet and outlet planes. These need not be directional probes nor do they have to be calibrated since ‘measurements taken from these probes are for reference purposes only. At 15 min intervals, the reference measurements of temperature and pres- sure shall be averaged over a2 min window of time and recorded, preferably on a graph. This may be done manually or automatically If the reference measurements indicate a de- parture from steady conditions at a fixed point of ‘operation which will cause an uncertainty uygx in ‘excess of 1%, then the test shall be invalidated. The person in charge of the test shall be solely, responsible for deciding when operating condi- tions are sufficiently constant to begin the test and continue the test6 FANS: ANSI/ASME PTC 11-1984 [AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD. SECTION 4 — INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS OF MEASUREMENT 4.1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 4.1.1 Accuracy. The specifications for the selection and calibration of instruments that follow include accuracy requirements, Unless otherwise stated, the specified accuracies are expressed in terms of the maximum uncertainty in any reading due to the instrument based on a minimum confidence level of 95%. Itis a requirement of this Code that the parties to the test agree in advance on the limits of possible measurement errors and test uncertainties. The parties should base their judgments of possible error on the references cited for each instrument, any records pertaining to the instrument to be used, and their collective experience with similar measurements, 4.1.2 Instrument Calibration. All instruments used ina Code test shall be calibrated. Itis not necessary to calibrate al instruments specifically for the testif the parties to the test agree on the validity of previous calibrations. The calibration data for an instrument shall be represented asa continuous function which may be determined by graphically fairing a smooth curve among the calibration points, or by fitting, using the least squares methods, a mathematical curve which has a number of fitting parameters less than Or equal to one-half of the number of calibration points. In 2 polynomial, the fitting parameters are the undetermined coefficients. In a power law formula, e.g.,ax°,2 andb are the fitting parameters. The fitting parameters for other cases may be determined in a similar manner. Where the physical facts dictate, the calibration function may be extrapolated tothe origin, Calibra- tion data should cover the entire range of instru= ‘ment readings, except where extrapolation t0 zero isindicated. Any other extrapolation requires agree- ment among the parties. 4.1.3 Monitoring Operational Steadiness. It is a -quirement of this Code (see Par. 3.13) that operat- ing conditions and point of operation be held steady during the test. Readings for some of the test Parameters, such as rotational speed and input Power, can be monitored for operational steadi- ness. Other test variables, such as velocity and pressure, are not uniformly distributed; therefore, test readings should not be used to monitor opera- tional steadiness. Separate instruments shall, there- fore, be used if these variables are to be monitored. Such monitoring instruments shall be held in a fixed position rather than used to traverse the plane. Monitoring instruments shall be sensitive to changes in the monitored variables that would affect results. However, the accuracy and calibra- tion requirements for the measuring instruments that follow can be relaxed or eliminated for instru- ments used only for monitoring purposes. It may even be desirable to use instruments with appreci- ably more damping than would be acceptable for measuring instruments as long as the response is, fast enough to adequately indicate departures from operational steadiness. 4.2. TRAVERSE SPECIFICATIONS 4.2.1 Quantities Measured by Traverse. Because the distributions of velocity, pressure, temperature, as composition, and moisture across the duct cross section are nonuniform, each quantity shall be measured at a sufficient number of points to facilitate the calibration of a proper average value. Point values of all of these quantities are theoret- ically required at every traverse plane, but thisANSI/ASME PIC 11-1986 [AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANOARD Code recognizes that the distributions of gas com- position and moisture are generally much more uniform than the distributions of velocity, pressure, and temperature. Accordingly, the Cade does not require that gas composition and moisture be measured at every point in a traverse plane. Simi- larly, the Code does not require that these quan- tities be measured at ll traverse planes if there are sound reasons to believe that there will be no change between planes. There may also be cases, where the distribution of temperature is quite uniform. The parties may, therefore, agree to relax the requirement for temperature measurements if they are convinced this will have anegligible effect on the results, 4.2.2 Number of Traverse Planes. Two traverse planes are required to determine specific output (fan pressure or fan specific energy), except for the case listed below. The preferred locations for the traverse planes are at the fan inlet and outlet boundaries. However, a slight offset, upstream or downstream, is usually required so that heavy flanges or stiffeners do not have to be penetrated. Similarly, when dampers are located at the fan boundaries, it is more desirable to traverse slightly upstream of these dampers than downstream of them. Only one traverse plane is required to determine flow rate, but if both the inlet plane and the outlet plane qualify, each should be used. If neither the inlet plane nor the outlet plane qualifies, a third plane will be required for the velocity traverse to determine flow rate. If at its inlet boundary the fan draws gas from an essentially quiescent region of large volume and the inlet flow paths free from obstructions (e.g., a fan-drawing_air_trom the atmosphere or a fan Jocated inside a large room), itis not necessary to traverse the inlet to determine specific output. The inlet total pressure, inlet static pressure, and in- let velocity pressure are all zero if the inlet re- gion pressure is selected as the datum. If the inlet region pressure is.not the datum, then the inlet ve~ locity pressure is zero and the inlet total and inlet static pressures are each equal to the inlet region pressure (see Fig. 4.4). However, if such fans are equipped withinlet boxes, the flow can be expected to be quite uniformat the entrance to the inlet box, particularly f equipped with an inlet bell, and this ‘may be the optimum location for a velocity traverse to determine the flow rate, FANS Traverse Planes. To qualify for a velocity traverse for purposes of determining fan flow rate (see Par. 3.3.2), a plane shall meet the following specifications (a) There shall be no internal stiffeners ot other internal obstructions. (b) There shall be no accumulation of dust or debris, {c) The traverse plane shall be at least one damper blade width upstream or ten damper blade widths downstream of a damper. (d) A preliminary velocity traverse shall show that the flow is reversed or essentially stagnant at no more than 20% (preferably 0%) of the elemental (e) There shall be no sudden change in either cross-sectional area or duct direction, 4.2.4 Determination of Sampling Grid. Measure- ments shall be taken at centroids of equal ele- mental areas. However, allowing for probe stem droop and the need to avoid outside duct bracing, the probe tip shall be located within a central area the sides of which are no more than 30% of the corresponding dimensions of the elemental area. Similarly, the probe tip may be outside the traverse plane by no more than 30% of the largest elemental area dimension, and then only if the duct areas the same as at the traverse plane. Refer to Figs. 4.1 and 42. The number of test points shall be the larger of the following. (a) 24 points, or (b) not less than one point for every 2? (0.2 m") For measurement planes of rectangular and square cross section, the aspect parameter § shall be between 7 and 4 where aspect ratio of duct cross section The long dimension of the elemental area shall align with the long dimension of the duct cross section, The intent of this specification is to make the elemental areas closely geometrically similar to the duct cross section. (See Ref. (7) and Fig. 4.1.] For measurement planes of circular cross section, there shall be a minimum of eight equally spaced radial traverse lines (8 radii or 4 diameters), and the distance between adjacent points on any radial line °ANSI/ASME PIC 11-1984 FANS: [AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANOARO, = Pores for probe insertion (Use bath ses foe long insertions.) “These porte offi to clear obetructions Teaverse plane tf 0.30 ow Peeterad locations SAMPLING POINT DETAILS (RECTANGULAR DUCT) GENERAL NOTE: ‘See Par 4.2.4 for specifications FIG.ANSVVASME PIC 11-1984 AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD. FANS. Pretecras 7 saeco] fe tment cael so points each radius '9= point amber, a Prefered Traverse Zones Along Each Radius where Ty = depth in adil direction 4, = D~ 2% i 24 a + numba of ai Be ~ mix Y S)SFIG. 4.2. SAMPLING POINT DETAILS (CIRCULAR DUCT) SY 30 ao DDFANS shall not be less than 0.5 ft (0.15 m). (It may be necessary to increase the number of radial lines to meet this requirement.) Refer to Fig. 4.2 4.25 Orientation of Traverse Ports. Yaw and pitch are the two angles necessary to orient the velocity vector with respect to the nominal direction of flow {normal to the measurement plane). Its desirable, when measuring both yaw and pitch, to measure the larger angle by rotating the probe as explained in Par. 4.9.5. For this reason, the traverse ports should be located in the duct wall or walls which will orient the probes accordingly. For measurement planes of circular crosssection, the traverse ports should be oriented so that the probe stem will be inserted radially. For measurement planes of rectangular cross section, the traverse ports should generally be oriented so that the probe stemis parallel to the fan shaft. This is particularly appropriate for inlet mea~ surements on either axial or centrifugal fans with inlet boxes. Itis also appropriate for outlet measure ments on centrifugal fans unless the geometry of the diffuser would suggest otherwise. In any case, the parties should agree in advance to the orienta- tion of the traverse ports. Refer to Figs. 4.3(a) and 4.3(b}. 4.3 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE 4.3.1 Instruments. The atmospheric pressure shall be measured with a barometer. A Fortin type barometer is generally preferred, but an aneroid type can be acceptable. 4.3.2 Accuracy. The barometer shall have a demon- strated accuracy of plus or minus 0.05 in. Hg (170 Pa). Readings shall be corrected for temperature and gravity according to the procedures given in PTC 19.2 in the section on barometers. 4.3.3 Calibration. The barometer shall be cali- brated in accordance with the section on barom- eter calibration in PTC 19.2, 4.3.4 Number of Readings. Measurements shall be made in the test vicinity at the beginning of the test and repeated every 15 min until the test is com- pleted. These readings shall be used not only for 23 ANSU/ASME PTC 11-1984 AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD calculation of results, but for monitoring opera- tional steadiness. Note that the absolute pressure may vary signifi- cantly between two locations, both of which are in, the vicinity of the test. For instance, if the fan is installed in a room and the air is drawn through silencers or heaters, the pressure in the room will be lower than that outside. See Fig. 4.4 4.3.5 Operation. The method of using a barometer is amply covered in the section of barometers in PTC 19.2, 4.4 TEMPERATURE 4.4.1 Instruments. Gas temperatures shall be mea- sured using thermometers or other temperature ‘measuring systems as appropriate. Ordinary liquid- in-glass thermometers are generally preferred for ambient air measurements. Thermocouple systems are generally preferred for measurements in ducts. 2. Accuracy. The temperature measuring system shall have a demonstrated accuracy of +20°F (£1.0°C), Readings shall be corrected for emergent stem, reference junction temperature, and any other condition which might affect the reading as noted in the appropriate paragraphs of PTC 19.3. 4.4.3 Calibration. instruments shall be calibrated in accordance with the chapter on calibration of instruments in PTC 19.3 4.4.4 Number of Readings. Temperature measure- ments shall be made at each traverse point for each traverse plane. Temperatures can be measured imultaneously with pressures if the thermocouple isattached to the pressure probe so thatit does not interfere with other measurements Ifthe fan handles ambient air, the air tempera- ture shall be measured in the test vicinity at the beginning of the test and every 15 min untilthe test is completed. These measurements are used to monitor the operational steadiness and to calculate the results 4.4.5 Operation. The operation of various temper- ature measuring systems shall conform to PTC 19.3.ANSI/ASME PTC 11-1984 ‘AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANOARO Outlet wraverse plone-2) Inlet traverse planet) Side Elevation Probe Axis Parallel to Fan Shaft FIG, 4.3(a) PROBE ORIENTATION — CENTRIFUGAL FANS. FANS.ANSI/ASME PTC 11-1984 [AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Fans SNV4 TVIXV — NOLLVINIIYO agOUd (4)¢" yrs weg ob seg xy oar wonenal3 pus 25ANSI/ASME PTC 11-1984 ‘AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANOARO FANS. one rae ve atone — — sive ache bot a — 7 oem f atmosphere Gage pressure = — PP FIG. 4.4 FAN ROOM PRESSURE eFANS: 4.5 MOISTURE 45.1 Instruments. The moisture content of am- bient air shall be measured using a psychrometer or other humidity measuring system. A simple sling psychrometer is generally preferred. The moisture content of other gases shall be measured using a condensation/desiccation sam- pling train or other moisture measuring system. Stoichiometric methods can also be used in some cases. The condensation/desiccation method is generally preferred because it does not require fuel sampling and analysis. 45.2 Accuracy. The humidity measuring system shall have a demonstrated accuracy of 0.001 mass, units of water vapor per unit mass of dry gas 45.3 Calibration. The various elementsin the mois- ture measuring system shall each be calibrated according to the procedure for that element in the appropriate PTC 19 Supplement. 4.5.4 Number of Readings. If the fan handles am- bient air, the ambient air measurements shall be made in the test vicinity at the beginning of the test and repeated every 15 min until the test is com- pleted. These readings shall be used to monitor operational steadiness and to calculate results. Moisture measurements in other gases shall be made at every other point using every other port for at least one traverse plane. The samples from any port can be mixed before measurement. Even this requirement can be reduced to a single point sample if the parties agree that the preliminary test shows the distribution of moisture is sufficiently uniform 4.5.5 Operation. The operation of a moisture sam- pling train shall conform to the Federal Register, Vol. 42, No. 160, August 18, 1977, 4.6 GAS COMPOSITION 1 Instruments. The composition of air can gen- erally be assumed to be that of normal atmospheric air and measurements need not be made. The composition of other gases shall be mea- sured by using a sampling train containing a gas analysis system. The Orsat apparatus is generally preferred for flue gas measurements, 2 ANSI/ASME PTC 11-1984 AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD 4.6.2 Accuracy. The gas composition measuring system shall have a demonstrated accuracy of 0.1% by volume for each major constituent (eg.. 5% £0.1% for oxygen 4.6.3 Calibration. The various elements of the gas composition measuring system shall be calibrated against appropriate standards. Certified standard gas samples are available commercially. 6.4 Number of Readings. Gas composition mea- surements shall be made at every other point using every other port for at least one traverse plane. The samples for any port can be mixed before mea- surement. Even this requirement can bereducedto a single point sample if the parties agree that the preliminary test shows the distribution of gas com- position is sufficiently uniform, 4.6.5 Operation. Operation of flue and exhaust gas analysis systems shall conform to PTC 19.10, 4.7 PRESSURE SENSING Point values of pressure (velocity, and total or static pressure) shall be measured using a probe that can be positioned at the appropriate points by insertion through one or more ports as required. A probe capable of measuring static pressure, total pressure, their differential, yaw, and pitch is pre- ferred. A probe with only yaw measuring capability can only be used if a preliminary test gives good evidence that pitch does not exceed 5 deg. A nondirectional probe may only be used where the preliminary test gives good evidence that neither yaw nor pitch exceeds 5 deg. 4.7.1 Instruments. Nondirectional probes include Pitot-static tubes and Stauschiebe tubes. The latter are also called type S or forward-reverse tubes. Direction finding probes include the Fechheimer probe which has two holes and is capable of determining yaw angles and static pressure only. A three-hole version of the Fechheimer probe, also alled a three-hole cylindrical yaw probe, can be used to determine total pressure (and therefore indicated velocity pressure) as well as the static pressure and yaw. See Fig. 45. A five-hole probe is generally required to determine pitch angles as well as the various pressures and yaw angles. Seea ANSI/ASME PTC 11-1984 AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Fans, Yow angle To thermocouple State Velocity pressure Nut belance GENERAL NOTE: Gene Utubes ae shown but inclined manometers Usb or other transducers ean be ured oron FIG. 4.5 FECHHEIMER PROBEANSI/ASME PTC 11-1984 ‘AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Fig. 46. Probes with wedge shapes where the holes are located are slightly preferred over probes with cylindrical shapes throughout, because they are easier to null-balance. See Par. 4.9.5. If more than ‘one probe is present in the measuring plane, the total blockage of all probes shall not exceed 5% of the duct cross-sectional area. 4.7.2 Accuracy. Refer to Par. 48 for accuracy of pressure readings and to Par. 4.9 for accuracy of angularity readings. 4.7.3 Probe Calibration. All probes except Pitot- static tubes shall be calibrated. Pitot-static tubes are considered primary instruments and need not be calibrated provided they are maintained in the specified condition described in Ref. (4). The cali- bration procedures specified in this paragraph apply to pressure measurement only. Calibration of probes for direction sensing is usually cartied out simultaneously with calibration for pressure. See Par. 4.9.3 for calibration procedures for direction sensing, Probe calibration may be carried out in a free stream nozzle jet (see Fig. 4.7) or a closed wind tunnel. In either case, the probe blockage shall be tess than 5% of the cross-sectional area. Preferably, the probe blockage should be as small as possible. The flow should be adjusted to produce at least eight equally spaced calibration points. The calibration reference may be a standard Pitot-static tube (preferred) or a previously brated reference probe of another type. The block- age of the reference probe should be as small as possible. In no case shall the blockage of the reference probe exceed 5% of the cross-sectional area. The reference probe and the test probe shall ‘each be mounted so that they can be placed in the stream alternately and their positions in the stream will be the same and firmly held. When calibrating directional probes, the probe shall be aligned with the stream in order to eliminate yaw according to the null-balance principle described in Par. 4.9.5. Static pressure indication shall be from the ap- propriate static pressure hole(s) of the reference probe and test probe and not from wall taps (wind tunnel) nor shall it be assumed equal to ambient pressure (free jet). The test probe and reference probe shall be connected to appropriate indicators so that the indicated static pressure ps, indicated total pressure p,,, and their differential, the indi- FANS cated velocity pressure p,,, can each be recorded for each probe. When calibrating directional probes, the static pressure [rom each static pressure hole should be observed and any differences, noted. The static pressure hole thats used to obtain indicated velocity pressure during the calibration should be noted and the same hole used for subsequent tests Probe calibration shall be expressed in terms of a probe total pressure coefficient K, and a probe velocity pressure coefficient K,. The probe total pressure coefficient is calculated from the test data by ‘The probe velocity pressure coefficient is calcu- lated from the test data by (ates) (Ga) . (ea (Pa where Se) a-o3 (3 and. et (Baba 2k (Pahl NOTE: It is recognized that Cp s usually not known to a high Gegree of accuracy. Lacking specific information, Cy = 1.2 for probes of cylindrical shape: fora closed wind tunnel, B wil be positive: fora tree jet, will be negative, The equation for K, includes a correction for probe blockage derived from the analysis pre- sented in Refs. (11) and (12). Ifthe reference probe is a Pitot-static tube, Ky, = t and the blockage of both the reference probe and the test probe is negligible (S)/C < 0.0005), the equation for Ky assumes the simplified form (Pods Padine ‘The probe total pressure coefficient and the probe velocity pressure coefficient shall be repre-ANSV/ASME PTC 11.1984 ‘AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANOARO sented as functions of Reynolds Number for non- directional and three-hole probes and as functions of pitch pressure coefficient, Cy, and Reynolds Number for five-hole probes. See Par. 4.1.2 regard- ing calibration function, Calibrated probes should be handled with care because large scratches or nicks near the pressure taps will invalidate the calibration. 4.7.4 Number of Readings. Pressure measurements shall be made at each traverse point for each traverse plane. The indicated velocity pressure and either the total pressure or the static pressure shall be measured. The remaining pressure can be de- termined arithmetically. Pressures can be obtained at two or more loca- tions, simultaneously, by using two or more probes as appropriate. It may be desirable to traverse both inlet boxes of a double inlet fan and to traverse from both sides of the outlet, all simultaneously. This would require four probes and four probe crews, but it would significantly reduce the total elapsed time required for the test. 4.7.5 Operation. Refer to Pars. 4.8.5 and 4.95. 4.8 PRESSURE INDICATING 4.8.1 Instruments. Manometers or other pressure indicating systems shall be connected to the ap- propriate taps of the pressure sensing probes to measure point values of pressure. A five-hole probe requires one indicator for velocity pressure, ‘one indicator for static pressure or total pressure, and additional indicators for nulling and pitch determination. (See Par. 4.9 for the latter.) A three hole probe requires the same indicators, except that for pitch determination. A nondirectional probe requires indicators only for velocity pressure and either static or total pressure. Inclined manom- ters are generally preferred, but U-tube manom- eters and other indicators are acceptable if they ‘meet the following specifications. 4.8.2 Accuracy. Pressure measuring systems includ- ing the sensor and the indicator shall have a demonstrated accuracy of 1% of the reading or 0.01 in, wg (2.5 Pa), whichever is larger. Readings shall be corrected for any difference from calibra- tion conditions in specific weight of manometer 2 FANS fluid, gas column balancing effect, or any change in length of the graduated scale due to temperature. However, corrections may be omitted for tempera: ture changes less than 10°F (5°C) from calibration and elevation changes less than 5000 ft (1500 m), 4.8.3 Calibration. Pressure indicating instruments shall be calibrated against a suitable standard. For pressures from 0 to 10 in. wg (0 to 25 kPa), calibration shall be against a water-filled hook gage of the micrometer type or a precision micro- manometer. When the pressure is above 10 in. wg, (2.5 kPa), calibration shall be against a water-filled hook gage of the micrometer type, a precision micromanometer, of water-filled U-tube. Pressure indicating instruments should preferably be cal brated in place, but the parties may agree to 2 remote calibration in a more suitable laboratory environment. Inthe latter case, extreme care should be taken to mount the pressure indicating instru- ‘ment in exactly the same manner for calibration as itis mounted for the test. Calibration points shall be selected to fall at both ends of the expected range and at sufficient intermediate points so that no reading will be more than 0.25 in, wg (60 Pa) removed from a calibration point for inclined ‘manometers or more than 1 in. wg (250Pa) removed for U-tube manometer. 4.84 Number of Readings. Pressure measuring struments shall be read at each position of the probe as outlined in Par. 4.7.4. Since pressures are seldom strictly steady, the pressure indicated on any instcument will fluctuate with time. In order to obtain a reading, either the instrument shall be damped or the readings shall be averaged in a suitable manner. Averaging can be accomplished ‘mentally, ifthe fluctuations are small and regular. If the fluctuations are large and irregular, more so- phisticated methods shall be used. Itis possible to ‘obtain a temporal average electronically when an electrical pressure transducer is the primary ele~ ment. Even though the spatial average velocity is, obtained from the square roots of the temporal average velocity pressures, itis not proper to take the square root of the raw data before temporal averaging as this may introduce a bias into the average values (Ref. (9) 4.8.5 Operation. For many of the principles of operation, refer to PTC 19.2. Refer to Figs. 4.5 and xFANS: 4.6 for the proper hose connecting arrangements for probes and indicators. Precautions should be taken to protect the indicator from the effects of wind, sun, and boiler radiant heat. Periodically during the test, probes, hoses, and indicatoré should be checked for leaks or plugging. Plugging can result from either particulate buildup in the probe ‘or condensation in a portion of the system, Indicators used for static or total pressure mea- surement have one tap open to atmosphere. If the indicator is not located in the same atmosphere as the barometer, an additional measurement to de- termine the difference in pressure is required, See Fig. 44 4.9. YAW AND PITCH 4.9.1 Instruments. Yaw and pitch angles shall be measured using a directional probe equipped with suitable indicating devices. A five-hole probe is preferred as noted in Par. 4.7.1. Athree-hole probe may be suitable in some cases. Sag Figs. 4.5 and 4.6. 4.9.2 Accuracy. The yaw and pitch measuring sys- tem shall have a demonstrated accuracy of +2 deg, each. 4.9.3 Calibration. A reference line shall be scribed on the probe at the time of calibration for pressure response. The protractor scale with which the probeis then equipped can be checked against any high-quality protractor used as a reference. As noted below, the protractor arrangement is only used to measure yaw. Pitch angles are determined from a pressure measurement obtained with a pressure indicator connected across the fourth and fifth holes of a five-hole probe. Calibration for pitch can be per- formed in a free stream nozzle jet or in a wind tunnel, The probe shall be precision aligned at various pitch angles and the pressure difference across the taps for the fourth and fifth holes recorded. The flow should be set at several values for each position of the probe and each time the pressure difference across the yaw taps should be hulled A calibration {unction which represents pitch angle as a function of pitch pressure coefficient, Cy (© pitch pressure difference/indicated velocity pres- sure) and Reynolds Number is derived. See Fig. 4.8. 3 ANSVASME PTC 11-1984 [AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD 4.9.4 Number of Readings. Yaw and pitch angles shall be measured at each traverse point for each traverse plane. This is the same requirement as, for pressures which should be measured simultane- ously, 4.9.5 Operation. In operation, afive-hole probe is inserted in the proper port to the proper depth for each traverse point. The probe should be rigid enough over its inserted length to avoid any droop beyond the permissible amount as noted in Par. 4.2.4. The reference line on the probe should be used to orient the probe in such a way that when the total pressure hole is pointing upstream per- pendicular to the measuring plane, the indicated yaw angle is zero. The probe is then rotated about its own axis until a null balance is obtained across the taps of the static pressure holes. The angle of probe rotation from the zero yaw reference direc- tion is measured with an appropriate indicator and is reported asthe yaw angle. Without changing the angularity of the probe, the pressure difference across the taps for the fourth and fifth holes shall also be recorded and used with the indicated velocity pressure and the pitch pressure coefficient to determine pitch angle. Measurements of indi- cated velocity pressure and static pressure or indi- cated velocity pressure and total pressure as out- lined in Par. 4.7.4 shall be recorded with the probe in the proper null-balance position. (Note that a null balance can be obtained at four different positions but only one is correct. Incorrect null positions usually correspond to negative velocity pressures.) A three-hole probe is operated in a similar manner except that the pitch pressure difference is omitted. 4.10 ROTATIONAL SPEED 4.10.1 Instruments. The speed of the fan shall be measured with aspeed-measuring system. An elec tronic counter actuated by a magnetic pulse gener- ator or photoelectric pickup is preferred. Slip counting with stroboscopic light may be acceptable for speeds close to line frequency synchronous speeds. Hand tachometers, mechanical revolution counters, and vibrating-reed tachometers are unacceptable.ANSI/ASME PIC 11.1984 ‘AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD sy6uy ogoid = @ eva 20 o ° @ e e@ 38OUd FIOH-3AL V HOS SIAUND NOLLVYANVD IWIdAL POE 1311909 auntsaug wound — 9 90 vo zo ° ro- vo- 90- 20- oo son oz set 21)909 e014 — MFANS 4.10.2 Accuracy. The speed-measuring system shall have a demonstrated accuracy of +0.1% or +1 rpm, whichever is smaller. 4.10.3 Calibration. Speed-measuring instruments shall be calibrated against the line frequency of a suitable major power circuit or other frequency standard measured atthe beginaiog of the test and every-15, the conclusion of thezest. These readings hall be used to monitor operational steadiness as welt as for calculations. 4.10.5 Operation. The electronic counter should be equipped with a digital readout and may be equipped with a recorder and an automatic averager. With the slip method, the shaft must be marked with a reference line or other mark that is easily visible under stroboscopic light flashing at line frequency. The mark will appear to slowly rotate opposite shaft rotation and permit visual observa- tion of the slip frequency. A stopwatch shall be used to measure the time for atleast ten rotations of the mark. Average slip frequency is derived by dividing the total number of mark rotations by the measured time interval for which the counts were made. See PTC 19.13 for further information on the measurement of rotary speed 4.11 INPUT POWER 4.11.1 Instruments. The fan input power shall be derived from measurements of torque with a torque ‘meter, or measurements of electrical input when a calibrated electric motor is used, or other suitable measurements if the fan is driven by some other calibrated prime mover and drive train. Both the torque meter and the calibrated prime mover ‘measurements qualify as preferred methods. If a torque meter cannot be used and if the drive train is ‘ot calibrated prior to installation, the parties to the test must agree upon a method of estimating the drive train losses. Also, it must be noted that various methods and procedures for calibrating the drive train may result in accuracies which are unaccept- able for this Code. The parties to the test and the party responsible for the calibration must agree 35 ANSI/ASME PTC 11-1984 [AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD. beforehand to the method of calibration and the expected accuracy. (See Section 5 of PTC 197- 1980.) Since the temperature rise through a fan is generally not large enough to permit accurate ‘measurement and since heat transfe losses through the casing are indeterminate, the heat balance methods not acceptable for determining fan input power. 4.11.2 Accuracy. The input-power-measuring sys- tem shall have a demonstrated accuracy of £1%, 4.11.3 Calibration. A torque meter shall be cal- ibrated in accordance with the provisions of PIC 197, The drive tain in the context of this Code includes the driver, whether it be electric motor or steam turbine or other prime mover, and any intermediate elements, such as gear boxes and variable speed drives. The drive train may be calibrated as a unit or the driver and any inter- mediate elements may be separately calibrated, Calibration procedures as given in the following documents shall be followed as appropriate. ANSI/IEEE 112-78 Test Procedure for Polyphase Induction Motors and Generators IEEE 115-65 Test Procedure For Synchronous Machines eee 193-72 Test Code for Direct Current Machines With Supplement TBA-76 [ASME PTC 65 Simplified Procedures for Routine Performance Tests of Steam Turbines ASME PTC 17 Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines ASME PTC 18 Hydraulic Prime Movers ASME PTC 19.7 Measurement of Shaft Power [ASME PTC 22 Gas Turbine Power Plants Calibration shall be performed under specified operating conditions and a range of loads sufficient to cover the anticipated test conditions. 4.11.4 Number of Readings. Torque or electrical input shall be measured at the start of the test and at least every 15 min until the conclusion of the test. ‘These readings shall be used to monitor opera- tional steadiness as well as for calculations.ANSI/ASME PTC 11-1984 [AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD, FANS. TABLE 4.1 SUMMARY OF INSTRUMENTATION REQUIREMENTS Frequency of Paragraph Measurement Instrument Accuracy Readings Reference No. ‘nimospheric Barometer “£0.05 in. He 15min prc 192 a pressure 2170P3 Temperature Thermometer oF 2208 tach tavene PIC 19.3 “ thermocouple soc point Moisture Paychrometer o (0.01 fbm/toem pas AN 1S min prc 19.10 43 ‘condensation’ 0.007 kgrkg gas Gas alternate PIC se 4s desiceation traverse points Gas analysis Orsat or 0.1% by volume Alternate PIC 19:10 46 electronic averse analyzers points Pressure Manometer or Larger of ach taverse PIC 19.2 4a pressure indicator 210% or point 20. in. we 225% Yaw angle Protractor £20degree Each uavense 49 point Pitch angle {See Pressure) Each waverse 40and49 Speed Magnetic pulse smaller of 1s min prc 19.13, 430 Fiber optic 40.1% oF £1 pm orsip Power Torque meter oF 210% 15 min erc197 an PIC 196 ‘calibrated drive 4.11.5 Operation. Operation of prime movers is covered in the various Standards listed in Par. 4.11.3, Operation of the instruments for measuring the ‘output of these prime movers is covered in various supplements on instruments and apparatus. Elec- trical instruments shall conform to ANSI C 39.1, Requirements for Analog Indicating Instruments. A wattmeter and voltmeter or an ammeter, volt- meter, and power factor meter may be used to- gether with the necessary instrument transformers. Refer to PTC 196, Electrical Measurements in Power Circuits, for instructions. Meter ranges and transformer ratio shall be such as to produce readings above ¥4 full scale. Instruments shall have 36 full-scale accuracy of 0.5% or better. They shall be used in the same position as rated (usually hori- zontal). Care should be taken to maintain insteu- ments at a uniform and constant temperature near the calibration temperature; otherwise, correc- tions shall be made according to manufacturer's instructions regarding lead wires, waveform, etc. The preferred location for taking electrical mea- surements is at the terminals of the motor. If this is not possible, then allowance shall be made for the drop in potential between the point of measure- ment and the motor terminals. Care shall be taken to measure motor power only and not include any auxiliary’s power. @ aANSL/ASME PTC 11-1984 FANS: [AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD. SECTION 5 — CALCULATIONS 5.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS The results of the test shall be calculated in accordance with the appropriate paragraphs of this Section and any prior agreement reached by the parties regarding computation of results. The following paragraphs are intended to cover all possible cases but it is not necessary to use every paragraph for any particular case. For instance, itis not necessary to refer to the paragraphs on products of combustion if the test gas is air. Similarly, only the paragraph on computing power which corresponds to the method of power measurement shall be used. Various other calculations may be omitted depending on whether mass flow rate and specific energy or volume flow rate and fan total pressure are used to express fan performance. The data to be used in the calculations are the measured values of pressure and temperature at various planes, the fan input power measurements, various geometric information (primarily duct areas at measurement planes), and information used to determine gas composition. 5.1.1 Calibration Corrections. Temporal averaging shall be performed prior to correcting for calibra- tions. Calibration corrections shall be applied to individual readings before spatial averaging or other calculations. 5.1.2 Average Values. Recognizing that nonuniform velocity distribution and temperature or com- position stratification are normal on large fans, the appropriate volume-flow-weighted or mass-flow- weighted average values at the traverse planes must be used for determinations of fan performance [Ref. (10)} 5.2 CORRECTION OF TRAVERSE DATA Difficulties arise in employing traverse data in calculations as these data usually must be corrected for probe calibration and possibly for blockage and compressibility as well. The probe calibration coef- ficients K, and K, are generally functions of the probe Reynolds Number R,, which is determined by actual gas velocity V, density p, and viscosity u at the probe location. They are also-slightly dependent upon specific heat ratio k, As these four quantities are determined only from the measurements themselves, an iteration procedure may be necessary. Such a procedure would be as follows. {2} Select provisional values of K,, Ky and k (see Par. 5.2.1). (b) Correct the traverse readings for calibration and, if necessary, probe blockage and compres- sibility (see Par. 5.2.2) (c) Proceed with calculations. () After determining gas composition (see Par. 5.3), densities (see Par. 5.4), and velocities (see Par. 5.5.1) at all points in a traverse plane, calculate Reynolds Number (see Par. 5.2.2) at all points and determine new values of ky, and Ky (©) If new values of K, and k,,are significantly different from the old values, then the process must be repeated. The probe calibration coefficients are also a function of pitch pressure coefficient (C,); however, this, dependency does not affect the iteration process. PoANSI/ASME PIC 11-1984 ‘AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD FANS. 5.2.1 Guidelines for Initial Estimation of Probe Coefficient. To begin calculations, initial values of Ky, nd K,, must be selected, The selection of an appropriate value makes the calculation procedure converge more rapidly, often making iteration unnecessary. Following are guidelines to help the:initial selection of Ky, and Ky. (a) For Pitot-static probe, K,, and K,, = 1.0 and need not be changed. {b) For other probes, the K, and k,, versus R,, curves should be relatively flat in the range of interest, hence any reasonable first estimates of K,, and Ky should produce satisfactory results, The following ideas are suggested. (7) Select the values of K,, and K,, at the middle of the range of calibration data, or (2) Use an average K,, and K,, value based on the calibration data, or {G) Estimate R,, from specified fan conditions and use corresponding ky, and Ky values, oF {d) Estimate IR, from a typical point in the traverse data and use the corresponding Ky and Ky values. 5.2.2 Correction for Probe Calibration, Probe Blockage, and/or the Effects of Compressbility. ‘Measured values from traverses are f;, Py and py ot py. The remaining pressure can be calculated from pu, = Pu + pu-Corrected values, (subscript) at each point shall be obtained from the measured values, {subscript i) at that point and probe coefficients K,, and Ky; using Pu = KePu (52-1) (6.2-2) (52-3) (5.2-4) Py = Koll = 61P (py =0 for reverse flow) and (52-5) Tide) where (= 0 +C) (5.2-6) {ys used to correct for probe blockage and is calculated by (52-7) In these equations, (1 ~ ¢,) and (1. + ¢7} are compressibility corrections and are calculated by Kubo ans 1 (fete) (5.28) TEN Pay Fr <ANSVASME PTC 11-1984 ae [AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD, and te (+e) =1 4085 (5.2-) ¥ provided that (K,jcP,i/Puj) does not exceed 0.1. See Par. 3.3.6. NOTE: The recovery factor of the temperature sensor is assumed to be 085 [Ref, (13). 5.3 GAS COMPOSITION For the purposes of this Code, itis sufficient to use a uniform gas composition and uniform values of molecular weight, specific heats, and viscosity to characterize any particular plane. These values shall be determined by arithmetic averaging of gas composition data and the use of arithmetic averages of measured temperatures in the plane in question where temperatures are needed to determine the appropriate gas properties. 5.3.1 Arithmetic Averages of Composition and Property Data. The average volume fraction of constituent (X), at plane x shall be calculated from the point value (X), using w.-2 Ew, (53-1) The average temperature T, at plane x (to be used only for purposes of defining gas composition and properties) shall be calculated from the point values T, using (53-2) 5.3.2 Molecular Weight and Specific Humidity. The molecular weight of dry air is 28.965. The molecular weight of dry gas Mg, shall be calculated from the average volume fractions (X), using My, = 44,0(CO,) + 28.02(N,) + 28.01(CO) + 32.00(0,) + (53-3) The molecular weight of moist gas M, at plane x shall be calculated from “ : 7 18.02(1 +s) Mat +5) ™, (53-4) The specific humidity s of moist atmospheric air can be calculated from the wet-bulbt, and dry-bulbty temperature measurements using. gx Sabla ~ Galle ~ ide Phe (53-5) »ANSI/ASME PIC 11-1984 |AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD FANS and 18. hag (Pr ~ Ped 62-6 These equations can also be used to calculate the specific humidity of any other wet gas, provided reliable wet-bulb and dry-bulb temperature measurements can be made. Refer to the ASME Steam Tables for values of hy, hg, hy, and p...Refer to Eq. (5.3-12)for the calculation of the specific heat of the dry gases (Cou) In the eventa condensation/desiccation method is used to measure moisture content, acalculation method appropriate to the measurement method shall be used. 5.3.3 Specific Heat (Ref. (14)]. The specific heat of dry air ¢pax shall be computed from 1.253 _ 8376 , 3.087 x 10° ian? Gn” Grr (53-7) ana of The specific heat of the dry gas Gp shall be computed from the component specific heats Gyx using 65310" 14x 108 6. caren (Gn Gn aoa 4407 11515 - a + oa a Hi a aoa (53-9) 116 x 108 Co {on (63-10) ggg — 22210? , 107 x 108 Gi a “0 2 (53-1) 201 44.01(CO,kepco, + 32.00(0,)¢ 0, + 2B.02(NaICpn, + 28.0UCOKpco + * Soi a My (63-412) ‘The specific heat of the water vapor Cpii,0 shall be calculated from 597, 7500 « en? Gn coe 8 63-3) 19.86 “0 eANSASME PTC 11-1984 Fas [AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANOARO ‘The specific heat of moist air Cymy shall be calculated from 1, 5 “oon ey tO Tey (53-14) The specific heat of the wet gas Coug shall be calculated from 1 5 Some = ote Tyg MO Ty (53-15) 5.3.4 Specific Gas Constant and Specific Heat Ratios. The specific gas constant R shall be calculated from the molecular weight M, and the universal constant R,, using Re 16 & 53.16) The specific heat ratio k is 3.7) qk 5.3.5. Viscosity [Ref (15)]. The viscosity of air js shall be calculated from 10874 (GN ys tu= 6 PEG 9 63-18 The viscosities ofthe gas components shall be calculated from Meo, = C4 PL = 107 (53-19) * (CyT + 515.04) co = Cy WEIETY 5 49-7 (53-20) iGrezur (5.3-21) Bnicn , i (CyT + 238.54) (53-22) 12.03 (CT)? 7 ago = CEE 5 497 53:29 “ (CT + 987. 7 : : The viscosity of moist at jing shall be calculated from mass tof VTE a + VISIT ASE wg} / aaa 2868 { vasa + Vina 225} (53-24) 4“ANSIVASME PTC 11-1984 [AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD cane The viscosity of the moist £95 jing shall be calculated from img ={ VEDI (COS) sco, + VIE 0%) Ho, + VIBBT (CO) neo . 1s My + VIBE IN was +--+ VIET [SMI ao} / 7802 { Va¥0F (con + V5E89 103) + V28OT CO} s™M, rail) 6335 + VBR Ny +--+ viB[ 5.4 DENSITY 5.4.1 Atmospheric Air, The density of atmospheric air in the vicinity of the test shall be determined from measurements of dry-bulb temperature ty, wet-bulb temperature t,,.and barometric pressure pp Using Fig. 5.1 or a curve fit similar to the following. The saturated vapor pressure p, and the partial pressure p, of water vapor in air can be determined from Pe = Cott + Coty + Co (5.4-1) for air between 40°F and 100°F (5°C and 40°C), and Pe~ Pi (5.4-2) The density of the atmospheric air-vapor mixture pp shall be calculated using the ideal gas relationship Culba = 0378p.) “: 052 643) The point values of density shall then be calculated from a+ CPP 2 CTP — 5.4.2 Gas Products of Combustion. The density of products of combustion p, at each point shall be calculated from absolute pressure p,,, absolute temperature T,,,and specific gas constant R using the ideal gas relationship Pos (5.45) 5.5 FLUID VELOCITY 5.5.1 Point Velocities. The velocity V, at each point in a traverse plane shall be calculated from (55-1) 2ANSI/ASME PTC 11-1984 |AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD rans Wer Bulb Depreston, OF o 4 8 2 6 mm "RS T7T]Ty7T i) Teale Ber 26 SS ra LM ee re iB 8 [i 4 2 fe: — RS 1 Py = = a — = 4 o —— i ene ES 16 . — Bn = i e = 2; — 2 Eee ie es i e- ees = o FS eee eee eee E> tr (1) Calculate wet-bulb depression. 7 = _™ enter hart atthe top. | + (2) Proce veticly down to wre priate ey bulb temperature. | in (3) Read over horizontally to correct barometer reading 4 ae J 4) Rend vertically downward to Gena “0 piiutitititr 0.089 0078 007 0074 0077 0070 o0s8 0056 Goes 0067 0050 Air Density ~ tornlte3 FIG. 5.1 PSYCHROMETRIC DENSITY CHART (eeprom standard 175 by pemisionol he American Soc of esting, Reigerating andr Condoning gine.)ANSIVASME PTC 11-1984 ‘AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD FANS, 5.5.2 Correction for Probe Calibration Coefficient. For each point j, calculate the probe Reynolds Number Rp, using id a (55-2) nC Using the probe calibration, obtain new values of K,, and Ky; at each point. Recompute Py, Kyjcs Psy. Pays Py and Ty at each point using new K, and Ky in Eqs. (5.2-1), (5.2-2), (5.2-3), (5.2-4), (5.2-5), and (5.2-6), Recompute velocity at each point V, using new p, in Eq, (5.5-1). Atany point at which the value otk, andk,, has been changed by more than 0.1%, it will be necessary to repeat the calculations of Pars 5,2, 5.3.54, and 5.5 using corrected values of measured pressures and temperatures. If no points have K, and K,, changed by more than 0.1%, calculations may proceed using the latest values of ¥,, Py» Kyce Pr, Pyy,and Ty 5.6 MASS FLOW RATE 5.6.1. Mass Flow Rate at Plane x. The mass flow rate si, at plane x shall be calculated from Ais on L (9,05 ¥ cos 4) (5.6-1) 5.6.2 Fan Mass Flow Rate. If ri, and riz are both acceptable, see Par. 4.23 tng = (5.6-2) If only riy or rig is acceptable, ring = sy oF rity as appropriate, (5-6-3) I neither rr; nor mp is acceptable, rng = ty (5.6-4) 5.7 FLOW WEIGHTED AVERAGES ‘The averages which properly represent the mass and energy flows through the fan and reduce to the customary one-dimensional values in the case of uniform, parallel, constant density gas motion shall be calculated as follows [Ref. (10)} 5.7.1 Average Static Pressure at Plane x LX (p,¥,008 4 cos 4) (67-1) LX (cos 9,c05 @) 5.7.2 Average Density at Plane x XL (a¥,cos ¥, cos &) ‘ can (57-2) DX wycos ycosd) A, L(V, cos 4,054) “4 o 23ANSI/ASME PTC 11-1984 FANS: [AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD 5.7.3 Average Temperature at Plane x ZX yavjcos v,c08 6) AL Tyn¥,c0s #008 4) (5.7-3) A Gan, LX (av; cos ¥, cos 6) 5.7.4 Average Specific Kinetic Energy at Plane x LX (ov) co® vo) DL (a,¥} cos? v, cos") en 2 (57-4) i Fe.0 CP 2D (avjcos cos 4)6cC3 5.7.5 Kinetic Energy Correction Factor at Plane x a (575) 5.7.6 Average Velocity Pressure at Plane x (5.7-6) 5.7.7 Average Total Pressure at Plane x Pao = Pus * Bo 67-7) 5.7.8 Average Absolute Pressures at Plane x Par = Pu + CuPo (5.7-8) Pan = Pa + CP (57-9) 5.8 FAN INPUT POWER ‘The fan input power P; shall be calculated from one of the following as appropriate. 5.8.1 AC Motors (Three Phase) VEEL 0m Way aaa Ge 45ANSW/ASME PIC 11-1984 [AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD 5.8.2 DC Motors (Calibrated) bmw Perce (58-2) 5.8.3 Torque Meters w= (5.83) (58-4) 5.9. FAN SPEED (SLIP METHOD) When the speed is measured by the slip method, the stroboscope is operated on line frequency and the slip is determined by measuring the period of time a single mark on the shaft passes a fixed reference mark illuminated by the strobe light aset number n of times (e.g., ten times). Fan speed shall be calculated using v0f synchronous speed = = (59-2) N = (synchronous speed) ~ (slip) 5.10 MASS FLOW RATE — SPECIFIC ENERGY APPROACH When the mass flow rate — specificenergy approach [Ref. (1)]is selected, the following calculations shall be performed. 5.10.1 Fan Mass Flow Rate. (Refer to Par. 5.6.2.) 5.10.2 Fan Mean Density (5.10-1) (5.10-2) 5.10.4 Fan Output Power p= (5.10-3) Oe 46 FANS(eo ANSIVASME PTC 11-1984 FANS [AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD 5.10.5 Compressibility Coefficient = 609 5.10.6 Fan Efficiency Pe (5. nef (52105) 5.10.7 Conversion Calculations for rg and y¢ [Ref. (16)]. When operating conditions differ from specified operating conditions, converted performance shall be calculated using (5.10-6) Bo bemei ee ww Pe = i (5.10-8) ocx (2) (4) e109 neon (ts) a noon) (2) (2) 0m 5.11 VOLUME FLOW RATE — PRESSURE APPROACH When the volume flow rate — pressure approach (Ref. (1)] is selected, the following calculations shall be performed. 5.11.1 Fan Gas Density Tid Pa __ (5.111) nad] aANSI/ASME PTC 11-1984 ‘AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD FANS. r . eS oe A [ eZ 010 0.08 0.08 004 0.02 oot 002 0.09 008 0.08 0.06 007 008 0.08 FIG. 5.2. COMPRESSIBILITY COEFFICIENTS (VOLUME FLOW — PRESSURE APPROACH) (Reprinted rom Standard 51-75by permission of the American Society of Heating, Relrgerating and Air-Conditioning 4“ Engineers Ine) ‘eANSW/ASME PTC 11-1984 FANS AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD 5.11.2 Fan Volume Flow Rate x) | ee a 03) taveocty pesice py = Bre 5.11.4 Compressibility Coefficient PC ae QrPar : Pn (5.11-7) i] ae BAO one a 119 Cree QiPnKy to= Sate 611-9) { ® 5.11.6 Efficiency on Fan static efficiency 9, = os (5.11-11) 5.11.7 Conversion Calculations for Q, and pr, [Ref.(4)]. When actual operating conditions differ from the specified operating conditions, converted performance shall be calculated using 2.) (22) (2) (#2) (oa1-12) MbANSI/ASME PTC 11-1984 AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARO rans a stop tag tos 1-3) 1 11-14) EEN ENE a Kye = Kel By Koe 6.1.16) an =0/(%) (Fe 1-17) nc pn(2*) (%) (F2) (5.11-18) pre” ou(%) (24) 6m.19) Pre ™ Pre ~ Pr 6.11.20) no, = Sabha gman oe) (2) (8) ae a (5.11-23) 5.12 UNCERTAINTIES systematic US and u’ and random U® and uf uncertainties shall be calculated-for each of the performance variables according to the approach chosen for calculating the results of the test. The Systematic and random uncertainties for any particular variable can be combined using, or UU + (Uh! (5.1241, $.12-2) The equations listed below (some of which are derived in Appendix D) shall be applied to both random and systematic uncertainties by substituting the appropriate individual values. The individual alues should reflect the actual circumstances. (Appendix lists individual values that generally reflect circumstances that meet Code specifications.) ‘paragranhe5.12.1 through 5.12.11 apply to both approaches. Paragraphs 5.12.12 through 5.12.16 apply onty ta the mass flow rate — specific energy approach, Paragraphs 5.12.17 through §:12.2 apply only to the volume flow rate — pressure approach. 0ANSI/ASME PTC 11-1984 Pe AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARO 1] 5.12.1. Mass Flow Rate at Plane x vbeul, cul, tu (2) [Load ra, +h) Uh Cy ty ere) (4) (“Se (5.123) 5.12.2 Fan Mass Flow Rate anlad +e Leu io ayrLuh toy or yeu, or (5.1244, 5.125) vhsuk, or ud uh, (6.2126, 5.12-7) a5 appropriate. See Par. 5.6.2, ‘general equation will be useful in calculating uncertainties of other results Uh, = wah, + duh, + uh, (622-6) where crag va va ° ” 1 ° ° ° 1 ° on ° ° 1 5.12.3 Average Static Pressure at Plane x ay (ra)? a, 3X (*) 2, (512-9) 5.124 Average Density at Plane x 1 (4)'[ 3-08, +5 (2) [ua +e, + (52-10) ot eh (2) [ate +( 5.125 Average Temperature at Plane x : 6.21)ANSI/ASME PTC 11-1984 [AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD @ 5.126 Average Specific Kinetic Energy at Plane x Shey Larne (4 Py pee) : where Vieos? & c08 ¥, 5.12.7 Average Velocity Pressure at Plane x watt (rete 4)'La, nau 1 9a) 57307 5.12.8 Average Total Pressure at Plane x py £08? w €08%¢; Y'a3,+%( im Pa ( [ug of aan U3, + tant ov on 57.307 5.12.9 Average Absolute Pressure at Plane x + ChUiy Pose 5.12.10 Fan Input Power uh, = uly tub tube for AC motors us ulp tuk, tutu? for DC motors aad, tultuy for torque meters uh =uk, +l, for turbines 5.12.11 Fan Speed Usk for electronic counters haul tut for slip method 32 FANS: (5.12.12) (612-13) (6.12-14) (6.12-15) (5.12.6) (52247) (5.12418) (5.12-19) (512-20) (512-21){eo ( —_$§_— ANSI/ASME PTC 11-1984 FANS: AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD 5.12.12 Fan Mean Density (612-22) 5:12.13 Fan Specific Energy vee cot] [eae 2) ee hm Me (eee eh, +f fe tos (ea= Pa Pal ( 4, (22 Pa elPa~p. Pat (2 edb =a) Ppa Ba Ba" AY ve BY oa ss 5.12.14 Fan Output Power Yoo Ub tui, tuk (2) a, ea (2) un «(a -Somla =a) 0)" soem a a ee eee od Corea a aANSI/ASME PTC 11-1984 AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Fans wary Ba x otha Pa) Psa) yp iy Pas Ye ¥ 0 Pos -2P an Pm saps Go Baba 2p Par Ye 2m worn en)? ya (watts eur)? 2 ‘at fe 512-24 +(e 2), (SB 8) (SE), (512.24 5.12.15 Fan Efficiency ub=uk, tub, (5.12-25) 5.12.16 Conversions (612-26) (612-27) (612-28) (612-29) ded (5.12-30) 5.12.17 Fan Gas Density ui =u, (5.12-31) 5.12.18 Fan Volume Flow Rate 2 wearin)? oa ( maths wath)? 9 wu, thgt tak + (4 Pat (22) a, (2Y' a, Co) a GR) a SRY a st a ta a ta Be _ Bays Dri P, "ty Pa 2A Pas Pant wat Ba)? ya, (at a (Bee) a (SR) oa (Sie) oe ey a, (6:12:32) 0 (0 (@ANSI/ASME PTC 11-1984 FANS: [AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD 5.12.19 Fan Pressure tog + lint Un Mn ta Bh (5.12.33) Gay, = oa (5.12-34), U2, + UR 2 (6.12.35) 0 Bi, 5.12.20 Fan Output Power warhs pa Du)? yp (Matta Pa)” yp ty Pa ) ba * any ») 2 (tat Bal ag (te oo Bul *\ Qe 5.12.21 Efficiency w= uk uF, (5.12-37) (5.12.38) 5.12.22 Conversions Wag = Uy # Uh (5.1239) Udpe = Ub AUR Hy (6.12-40) iggy, FAK Oy (5.12-41) 3sANSI/ASME PTC 11-1984 ‘AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD oh, 4a tu, ui, tou tul, cu, + 90h +, 6 FANS. (6.12-42) (6.12-43) (5.12-44) (5.12-45) ,ie FANS ANSI/ASME PTC 11.1988 |AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANOARO SECTION 6 — REPORT OF RESULTS 6.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS: The results of the test shall be presented in a written report “The preparation of the report shall be the respon- sibility of the person in charge of the test who shall certify its correctness. Prior to writing the report, the parties shall decide whether to use SI units, U.S. customary units, or both. This selection will generally depend upon the units in which the fan performance is specified, 6.2 TEST REPORT The following subsections shall be included in the test report. The descriptions of each of the subsections that follow include the information that shall be contained in the test report (a) Abstract (6) Introduction (c) Test Procedure {d) Instruments and Methods of Measurement (e) Methods of Calculation (f) Results (@) Discussion (h) Conclusions (i) Appendices 6.2.1 Abstract. The abstracts intended to provide a brief introduction to and summary of the test. It shall state the location and type of fan, the reason for testing, the specified fan performance, the measured fan performance converted to specified operating conditions, and the conclusions drawn from the test results. 6.2.2 Introduction. The introduction shall identify the fan being tested, and list the authorization for the test, the test objective, contractual obligations and guarantees, stipulated agreements, the person 7 in charge of the test, and the representatives of the various parties to the test. It should clearly identify: {@) manufacturer (6) type of fan(s) (c) serial number(s) (d) owner and location {e) specified fan boundaries (f) specified fan performance (8) specified operating conditions A description ofthe system of which the fan is 2 part and any other auxiliary apparatus, the opera~ tion of which may influence the test result, shall be included. if any modifications have been made to the fan or to those parts of the system that would affect fan performance which are deviations from the original design, they shall be described in fetal 6.23 Test Procedure. The test procedure shall deal with the sequence of events followed during the test program. Items such as equipment operating, conditions for the various tests shall be described, Forinstance, ina system with multiple fans, the test procedure may include tests of each fan’s perfor- mance as well as of al fans operating in unison. The test procedure must indicate which fan was operat- ing during each test. Any preliminary exploration required to locate traverse planes shall be de- scribed here. 6.24 Instruments and Methods of Measurement. This portion of the report shall describe what instrumentation was used for the test, where it was located, and how it was calibrated, Details concern- ing the instrumentation used, including the instru- ment's manufacturer, model number, serial num- ber, and date of calibration, shall be located in either this section or, if preferred, in an appendix depending upon the quantity of information to be included. The location of each instruments usually best identified on a sketch of the fan and duct system. If instruments or measurement methodsANSV/ASME PIC 11.1984 AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD other than those specified in this Code are adopted, reasons for such decisions shall be explained in detail 6.2.5 Methods of Calculation. The techniques used to reduce the raw data to fan performance param- eters shall be documented. A sample calculation which may be a computer output or a calculation sheet shall be presented. This section shall explain any conversion factors applied to the test measure- ments to compensate for deviations in the test conditions from those specified. 6.2.6 Results. The test results shall be presented in a clear format such as the Results Summary Sheet from Appendix A of this Code. This presentation shall include both the measured fan performance, fan performance converted to specified operating conditions, and uncertainties in the performance variables. Sufficient information about uncer- tainties shall be presented so that both systematic and random components can be identified. Gen- eral observations concerning the test environment, fluctuations of test conditions, or other things relevant to the test shall be recorded in this section, ss FANS. Graphical presentations such as plotting the test point(s) on the specified fan curves may be helpful in presenting and interpreting the results. 6.2.7 Discussion. The results and observations ob- tained from the test shall be discussed. Possible sources of errorsin the test and the uncertainties of the results shall also be discussed. Actions taken by the person in charge of the test to remedy incon- sistencies in accordance with Par. 3.10 shall be documented here. 6.2.8 Conclusions. Any conclusions drawn from the test results shall be simply stated or itemized, 6.2.9 Appendices. This portion of the report should include any information that will clarify any portion of the test report or make it @ complete, selt- contained document. This can include, without being limited to, tabulated data, equipment or instrumentation illustrations, calibration apparatus details, results of preliminary inspections and trials, computer codes, computer output, and any special calculations such as those to determine the uncer- tainties of the measurements or results 0| io i% APPENDIX A TYPICAL RESULTS SUMMARY AND DATA SHEETSRESULTS SUMMARY bate Test No, —_____ Time: From —__ to User ______ Plan Name/Unit No. _ Fan: Function —____ Mfg, _____ Mode! No. Contract Curve No, —________________ Serial No. "SPECIFIED OPERATING CONDITIONS: Fan Speed N Specific Heat Ratio k Inlet Gas Temperature t, Gas Being Moved, Inlet Static Pressure py Inlet Density total) or static J + DESIGN FAN PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS: Flow Rate ri, (or Q, Fan input Power P, Fan Pressure ps of pn Fan Specific Energy ys + INUET CHARACTERISTICS: Duct Area. A, No. Ports —___ No. Points/Port Probe Type —— + OUTLET CHARACTERISTICS: Duct Area Ay Probe Type No, Ports ___ No. Points/Port + FLOW TRAVERSES AT OTHER THAN FAN BOUNDARIES, Identify Location —__ Duct Area A, No. Ponts as aa Probe Type Oo + RESULTS: (OPERATING CONDITIONS: Fan Speed N________________ Inlet Gas Temperature Inlet Static Pressure p, Outlet Static Pressure pay Barometric Pressure py Line Frequency f ry Gas Composition by % CO, 0, — Volume measured at XN, 9% Inlet C) or Discharge 0% | % Specific Humidity 5 Inlet density total 1 or static) Specific Heat Ratio k + FAN PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS: Converted to Specified ‘As Measured Operating Conditions Flow Rate, or @,) —__ Fan Pressure py, Chor py, C) Fan Specific Energy y, Fan Input Power P, Fan Efficiency a, O orn NAMES OF TEST PERSONNEL Test Supervisor: =FAN TEST DATA SHEET TEST DATE ~ TIME — to —— PAGE — of oe User — Plant Name/Unit No. fan: Function Identification No, Barometric Press. —__— Recorded by — ___ Checked by _______—— Ambient Temp. —-—— Probe No. Lr oltel 2 | z 2|58|% «led ee |S )¥a| = |B lsecl = £828 | 23) 2 | 22 EBs] 2 60 | Se) ck) & $2 jekd) F : | Saleele |=8\Szel ¥ ie { O8|ze\e g\ ees) = gelée|2 |S<| ees] & \ etn + i ay iii || \| g | 3|82|82)25| ¢ | 83 L £|22|22\5o| &| 32 + ass diseloceteoleeactee | | To : [Additional sheets should be prepared for data on speed, input power, ambient conditions, and gas properties. Sample data sheets appear on the following two Pages 6SAMPLE DATA SHEET GAS ANALYSIS AND AMBIENT CONDITIONS: AMBIENT TEMPERATURE INBOARD OUTBOARD [ time | co, [ 0 | co | co, [| 0, | co | Bub wet Bulb Barometric Pressure Average Note: Inboard and outboard gas analyses are averaged together for data processing. Separate analyses for each inlet are recommended for informational purposes in order to explain temperature differences for fans handling products of combustion where infiltration may Date Time: From to Recorded by Test No, _____ Fan Identification No. User Plant Name/Unit No.____~ SAMPLE DATA SHEET POWER Phase eh Pulse Time | Volts Amps Angle Torque Counts Seconds | Frequency Average 120 X no. a spews )- (cents eof pore) ‘pm ed = (cps) pm oo (60 X no. pulses/rev. ™ omer = Totguer (Ib) X pm _ rs 35,000 Power = VEX vols" X amps* X power factor** x motor ef X meter calb. coell “ 745.7 . hp “Average quantties_**Power factor = cos (average phase angle) al Date Time: From to Recorded by Test Noy eee an Wendin Noe User Plant Name/tinit No. — . “aAPPENDIX B COMPUTER CODE AND INPUT FORMS The following computer code was originally developed under a grant from the Electrical Power Research Institute and modified by the PTC 11 Committee. This computer code is available in the tape form from: Electric Power Software Center University Computing Company 1930 Hiline Drive Dallas, Texas 75207 (214) 655-8883, 65aDNYW comiad NVJ 40 NOUYNINWI30 HOX WYOS LNAI WYHDONA 66aLARA AR SR Ce TShdae sates sesee esas eceres snes Clidscasastecasseceevecsossaweneneensnenesege sangaeeseaneteneaasusnneneens eee sibsaeeaensauoweaee dl o Cc 3 E € : é THIS PROGRAM KILL, CALCULATE, THE PERFORMANCE é 5 £ DPS PRUE AHS SHE RE THGO rae SCRIBED Th? € é é 5 E AeSePsEs PeTsCe 11 CRAFT CODE SEPTEMBER 1982 é 3 é 3 é é H {THIS COMPUTER CODE 15 PROVIOED TO SzRVE AS A GUIDE OMLY. — § 4B § NO CLAIMS ARE MADE OP THPLICO AS TO ITS CORRECTNESS § ii Seeneessecsssueeeusnesensanesnusnsnsnsnsentecsasasasaasasaaesesege’ iS BIB, peeeesesseesscesiessestinedd 12 € E € PROGRAMHED BY: Meds GORSEY » Us OF AKRON é 13 i DATE: SePTenece 1980 € 20 € ao : UPDATED BY: —-SaPs NUSPL y EABCOCK & WILCCK Fe € 35 é OATE: may i9e1 é 3s € § 38 é UPCATED SY: Ras LIPKL y GUFFALC FORGE 2 € af é Date octoser 1983 § 38 € € 8 Easanennenssseneeene aananaaaasenssesssgeseasasaaseesseee’ 53 SQUEDEESSESSSDSSISSSISSIS SISA aaese see H é u REAL JC MYSC MTU yKUGMCOT. yMCOTA ywOCT2 »HoOTS 33 1 gi ae th Ge Bat) i c 38 Intecer 2 6 c i$ CHARACTE® #3 ANS yTERH yTAG#LT ys € 8 £ io COMMON / AVRGS / HQT sBIK ag 1 Bat RRS “ MON 4 CONST 4 BO ic ay ESHHBN 7 BRET 7 € Prd Eoumon 7 EaTaL! 7 ke ag ESHNBN 7 ERTL 7 TO Ba ae Common 7 GATAL 7 PTL GPS uu 1 Agere ae connon 7 oats 7 ATs" SBsy 6 1 AREA TRHOU 8 common 7 cas 7 Cos" 162) Ea EOnMON 7 PREM 7 BMOL yRHOZ 5 1 Bone SRPRE A 2 ernie Be COPNCN 7 PRERMY 7 AL LeHA2 55 Eoumon 7 burst) 7 Ho Fon yp Ed ESPRON 7 OBESE 7 Uh SER St 1 oe ES. 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CALL UNCERT © ByVUyCEZIGCELLIG CELE) yNyRHOM LGR ? c fatnenseenensnsassoneneneneasacanensseecnennsnenssnenescasasasananasen € OUTPUT RESULTS FROM MASS FLOZ BATE(SPEC ENERGY AFPROACH € t : SeaebbT ine boter eS : E € € [vaauesssceneaeeseenseeeeesssqstensedneseceuscsasanneasanaanseseaeeenal ¢ Ie ¢ TeRy «Eee ) CALL QUIN ( MCOTsEHOW)KRMOSETA,TU ? Trt Teer SEE: SEALE GUTH TES} KRHC ¢ é 100 IF ( ECALE EG. 1) GO TO 110 © TFC TERM EG. (NOT D WRITECZ,51CC) feteteesenensnsnsanenssonsasseestasscseseaasesenenenenssnensnssanesens CALCULATE Fah PEREORMANCE USING TH! E GALE FE OL Re TEDPRESSURE RBAREREH E ¢ ARO. 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HAMITS) HGR oy oeaE tL € | PYTeEyyy = PStyud + PECT yD co 10 95 83, READ(S 41020) EENT(Iyy sever aTrG READE 910201 FEOT ET yy? sTOBREIY oy a estiryuy = PTEULyu) = “gn IPRT sEQs C sAND. 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TEASERS pene 3 2 ye RHOUCT,J) # VulTeu) # COSTAM baad + Ci 3eeze 2 / RHOX 24825 7 PIX 4 cosy Ud 7 PSK VARs # UPSURSHZ$ 26 psx ozs utsus / 18% 3 50 10 99 RuTSuS RUNR RUNS 15 CONTINUE © c , osPrT + RUTSuses2y VORB Eee2. TC see2e URSe#2e eSee2e ‘ 485 JeBIhewnoult si AVIETyudAcOs TAME’ 2 ss Uy 7 no vRgot 5 + UPVuSe* akERYED25 CONTINUE 9 BEER RBSEE SEES Go Tc 99 60 10 60 10 8 308 Uses ven UESeaze UETAMS¥® + RUNRO®: RUNS#e ze y UTaurss2. UTAUSew2s y THEN TPO +EG. 1ae u ‘ IFSe Ss qt e SERRE Sia aa Saas ADS SSSA NN SRA Oe oon 3 2 Aas akan Soa ene S838 28 o8 TSO SSvs PETS + AUPTIRES 26 1 PFSeRZ. Be) 1 PRTORE “4 ( qupTaResz. + AUPTISe®: 1 dasensaese SYSTEM ATIC 49 a @ Cd e@ @ ¥9Aupryses2+ 1 / PF Ses (AUPE TSe®. uprss upos. 99 RETURNLagat ADs SASeRe (33) LENE Caenesseewenence SUBROUTINE GASPRP DETERMINES TH AVEREGE, PROPERTIES OF t PLULS JF The ELULG CONSISTS CF, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, ‘ TRESERURG RIDES CAREC LER ESE, AaB EATER HEEERS [vecseceenenscessaseesegecsarstessvecssannenersesseeeesenesenaees: sbeeneneeeeeee Pere Papen eervestPetseett et TertstteSsntSiresiritirey SUBROUTINE GASPRP ( TX,CP, TOIT sPHOw ? ett daha HEGRE 28820 GCs Boo tHE oo YE pHBcoe FFEBE THBEo BGR Feo hE cage 4 GAs 7 882 092 1g EdunON 7 CONST 7 ROW UE EE Sense 7 Eeuetay ete Senay 7 Egy §IR ny BEOSE 7 ERPRL Ye Hy GPR ase srsass tre e DIMENSION C116) ‘ TFC TAIR sees 1 9 0 Te 26 ‘ : § CALCULATE MOLECULAR EIGHT OF ORY G&S : wu.cr # coz 38 Seb tke ‘ : s voz + neo + ana > ‘ £ : caceutare viscosity § stots é yap) § ; ‘ © se wos = ane96s £ roLecuiae uerowr at PLane x 5 Een 5.306 DA af $57 1EUEM (L408) 9 41a (EG C145 19) ik beac eran geuayepaens soy cegayetastegs ges? Wages teeeee) BHD oc anise peedseut Get Pehds}7 a ahs ‘ € Epes ete + Teneee + c(7) 4 Ta + e4e) £ paavsAe owessuce oF WATER vAPOR th AIH: EEN 5.4 pez PE - PE eC TD - Te 1 / C9) otwe | IGE esusaty or atnosenenre ArR-vAPOR wIxTURE + Leh 514-5 % pues = CCQ) e (Pe = Bee OP TLR EL TOS CIT Boe : 5 Ee 0 28 3 Mea ie A as PET nn | ; & ¢ BE oUF CALCULATE SPECIFIC HEAT £ | $8 ¢ E a CeuzO = CCE )#(1Y+B6=597 4 /UCUEIHTHI AE S#750C4/ (C3941 1/180 ¢ © "te are sess 2) 60 10 26 0: € gpecurse HEAT or ORY AIR: EON 543-7 Ug) 9a 34g-1 42537 (CUS DaTH A 46S B54 TE/(CU3ATXI#S/O8TEST ishrhiat i ented iz carae: ick fut: ii tE}etged ih reaeeat ies sepscers ifs Hee ih oe OHS HePese ie oe itt SPRTyL LESKCAVEGES+ sanenene Ey Laver susmc (2) :2¥R8) 3 Exeaee pepreesesiry benpeeeeeererciiria sesenenc 5 € el 4 € suancuTEne ,AVROES CALCULATES TMESLYCB EGE, c $ € SUPRSYTAREERUSOBRRRPETERS IN # TEST PLAKE € g € 8 5 Lcageesensenecaseeereaguneytytesssssssssennss sanecegesneensseseened! g SEIDISLEEDSUSSSEST SST a aa aaa aes eeeasene ts SBEERNT SESE 2 ¢ ‘peaourTEne AVRGCS ( YAwsVJyC2/CLD¢C23, 660s TERN REAL woot MU INTEGES 2 2 CHARACTER TERM c common / COuTRL/ CORHON 7 AYRES common 7 CNTRE LEDMHON 7 OATAS common 7 PROF | c oiwenston — YARUZS 21 : : Beate : GARE zy ges beh Hares ¢ | ¢ € é CALCULATE NEEDED SUNS FOR AVERAGING é ¢ € é ey bby 4 Vey av Q 3 c Pe bo 13 ut 30 t ye 3 yatteg 6 yathss % fy 5 8 Bhs 53 es 58 1 & WE cease st c 7 $3 29 CONTINUE 58 ¢ e t § te t CALCULATE AVERAGE VALUES ¢ re c es e é 6 & ‘ c i i u seeany 28 CE 5 Ef or yw aRERILD 1 C2 % ”sevens BEaPaTsL LABSRC.OUTH 19 9s(C Lac oLemonc tr) oUTH(ZL) lewattastaressaesseusenosenss Cee eeae tae se cae cae ace ea eee: sananecesononeseseoe® CUTPUT PERFORMANCE RESULTS ae cevennensuscegessnensusenenosasansnsesoay + umeTFs > THEN HOOT +AUNsPCUNy ARAN, PCRAN, ASYS »PCSYS, MDOT sAUNsPCUNs ARAN, PCRAN »ASYS »PCSYS: + uso é UBROUTINE OUTM OUTPUTS, SE SULIg FE QM FASS FLOW RA E oa : : He a seeseseaseensons senesesaneaweec Pea € c é € c € % O) | o ( adSYS +PCUN, ARAN PCRALyASYS »PCSYS. , YF pRUKy PCUNy ARAN PCP AN, ASYS yPCSYS PONG, AUN, PCUN,APAN,PCRAN ASYS yPCSYS POmCy AUN yPCUN, ARAN PCR AN ASYS »PC. 2MOM y AUN) PCUN ARAN PCRAN,ASYS yPCSYS CTAWAUN » PCUN, ARAN y PCRAR ASYS yFCSYS® ® 06 we G € € ic € HOM, AUN, PCUM, ARAN PCRANy ASYS y PCSYS OUTPUT CONVERSION RESULTS Qa ceneeeneeaseneeseneeneaeeaeenenensereoneseresneanesneneanenneneet eas wRITE FC yRUN»PCUNy ARAN y PCRAN ASYS yPCSYS WEN YFCyAUNsPCUN,ARAt» PCRAN, ASYS y PCSYS 1) MDOTCy AUN yPCUN, ARAN, PCRAN ASYSPCSYS, CsAUN yPCUN, ARAN PCPAN, ASYSy PCSYS hy ARAN PCREyASYS yPCSYS POWIC AUN, PCUN 98sepeeec G Sessetezs Ho GG Sénettece SS 35 S55 2 Tf eee eee eee eee. 99oa no RIED To? eno PRTGL LACSRC.MASNKS 100LavoLacsacts igmasngg 222 1 TEAS MILA al acces essecanee cassenencenan SUBROUTINE MASNRG DETERMINCS FAN, PEREGRNEHCE USING Sree on RATE/SPECIFIC CKERGY APPROACH STEISSDEEEDISSS2ILIS Sas aaaece wees aseaseesseesocersees SUBROUTINE HASNRG ( MCOT+C1L,CLO»RHOMSARHO PET AVEC AREA yupoTc — sKPHOC + KP ve Peau. MDOT KRHO Ke 1 eeOt; « precT2 — sMOOTS Powo 7 POWT 1 1 1 1 1 i Perron earen e7enoiee evoce cECteaccRee areas lee ricg a, } Beebe PRP] YRPMC GKC) | yRHOIC y TIC 1 3 PrALe 1 COMMON / PRFREL/ ALPHAL, ALPHAZ 1 EQuMON 7 PLKAVG / MOQTL sMOOTZ sey 188E 2 a ssl) ypyt A resin 3 2 Poke yPSAS yey GPS A 3 eve GKP 2 common / QuTME 4 MDOTC 4 ¥FC SETAC pRHOMC 3 : Conmon 7 PROP 7K A 2 DIMENSION AREA(S? 3 c 3 Eocesasanaanessesanseeees sannoecnecsasnecssnaassqeascsasananeage sense’ 5 € CALCULATE PERFORMANCE € z C aseneasenerecnasanenseseese banenccesancsecenssaseneasauannanenene ae x eHon = (RMOL #202 DL Ze 3 ARNOT e592 ot G77 gnow s rooteszs 7, ¢ 2° ate” x GEE tibuhees ceokHOzeede ® AREA CeDSAZ. 17 ALPHA / 5 Tee eee. a ARERCL aaa. 1 27) 3 Ngot s YF OZ cil a RROL 7 RHO 4 4 + 4 4 4 ¢ c Gaaesasensensenssnsnvensnassonsqnsqnsssereeee tee sesennesenseee’ € CONVERT PERFORRANCE TO SPECIFIEU CONDITIONS ¢ easensecsenssessaensnssnsousoacsasanessnsessceeeee eaeneasanensacseenl 2 Rec / RPML deez. # TSE / TAC ne eC bee RRH cya Ke = ek ead Rand Tod ayy (etmek = 0k eee RON 1) 0) 52 4,7 aA BHOe 35 afte’ ys gyor My s KRHO / KRHOC eB eC RPRC YZ BPEL} 5s T+ Uepnd 7 peer orc 7 RHO * KRHO / KEROC 58 63 C RPRC 7 RPYE Ee 7 RHCL # KRHO 7 KRHOC a 58 c 59 1 c eb pRTyL LRSSRC-VOLPRS 01LaBeLassacts).voLpastz) Coseseentacoues : it 8 i ce “Common 7 PLALVS # Yonnon / cotve Bf t CIES ERT RTyL LASSRC.CUTY BS OETERMINES FAN PERFORMANCE USTAG Flom RATE/PSSSSURE APPROACH setetenesscsesnecererersosseeest aC Soussesaveneseednsosesesaosecnegnaceeenes: (PTAL CPL yMDGT CZ yCLIyCIT»UC,CFyRHOF 1 euor yRKo2 sPoxE sFowe Bonoc Tapa yRP#C yRnoic 1 i sors sPs1aPs2 reve 3e12 Psat wai TBEE BRE omy TPEVE aPFSC KPC yETASC Batic yxrwoc ,eTAC ,RnOM Kc gKPC KP KPC Oke, yRRHoc th aenenseanan enous eanenenseoneneg nan enc € CALCULATE PERFORPANCE ¢ Aanene eben ena eenennenenoasasuaneaaeenease ae anenc TAL / CEC PAL ® CO. # EK Pre TST OF dyTD 11 RhOF i ike) 7c 13) FY AnnnASHENTERSTeNeanen ean en ean ean enN ENN sHEtEeRC ZPFORPENCE TO SPLCIFIEU CONCITIONS € € eanenenseesenseneancnnanenssuensesseeaneanensel eciTy Care PTA) (OX * LOGE. HDD (kG sed 7 ke # PIAL s TALC: aH ROE OTS £7 proce a. + 20 Chet k Leds Ke + KPKPC Kexee 3 RPRBE 02 oUaeetgnsacca) ourvias) Cee sscsesseretseeee Sergersegeeserseeessessgsssessaseseaeec } Ree eee assess aaa seats é é SUBROUTINE CUTV OUTPUTS RESULTS FROM VOLUME FLO RATE / E 3 € PRESSURE AFPROECH £ i Ceteeccceesscesesssvecessnenssaetasanesssesseaseseanassesseesetasedeae’ 3 (staeaaascasscssssasaaesesssssoseansessscaensecscesacnaseesscccscaserse W i SUBROUTINE OUTV ( QF, RHOF, IU ) 12 COMMOK 7 PRERH / RHOL yRHOZ 4EK1_ 4EK2 BOWE, yPONO a3 . POwGC FRPMT fePHc KE) | jRHCIC TIC | is “common ¢ PLAAVG / HOQTT HOOT? 4MOOTS is common syQ0T2 sMOOTS vyr psa apse, Is iq pss Hope Hop Ae Hain 1 2 P3kz PSAB GTS1 VTS PRT GPRS) is 5 Pe tke 15 corMon 7 PROP 7K omy 26 Common 7 GuTVe 7 OFC) PETC. SPFYe PFSC yKPC ¥CTASC 4 3 1 er Tac JERE a 32 COMMON / CUTE 7 RUOTC TYFC.. 3POuTC yRRHCC ,CTAC yRHOM 3 COMMON 7 UVOPRP 7 UGER, SUPFTR GUPFYR SUPFSR JUETATR,UETASR, 35 COMMON 7 UVOPRS / USES." UPFTS JUPFYS yUPFSS JUETATS UETASS, 38 35 COMMON / UFASS 7 SiUYER VEER sUETAR wuRHOWRsUPOR FH 1 OMoTESsUYES | tuPTS iUanOWS; CPOs 38 cornon ¢ uvecr / Udr Fea tUPescesUPFVeRsURTCR UPOER ee 1 aeR H common / uvecs UuFEE™ uPr TCS ,UPFSCS,UPFVCS UPICS yuPOCS i oD uETAeS # Co REAL KP gk «KPC DOTA yMDOTZ 36 INTEGER 2 Fil « xh DATA 2/257 3s c a3 Ecaaesccsescesesssseescsrssesssusssaanssansesanesateaecessenseneneeeenl “I € € 8 E CUTPLT PERFCRHANCE RESULTS é 4g © SRUSDERADNOREAEEESEASSAONNAERE SN SSR ARF eR Sees ESE Heel a3 4 4 ; a3 H 3 } 33 , 4 53 CuceR + UGrs > (uare 3 58 (ucrs } eg a 56 cE 34 &F 36 bee 88 38 eo ies a a 1) THEN & ag} Sean PcUnsatansrcnanansyssPesys es & 2) CF yAUNSPCUN ARAN, PCRAN ASS yPCSYS a} $3 ee 7 1 ¢ UpETR + UPFTS > R Tt SBETE n TC uprTs > 8 Patad tt 2B s * PFT 103~ a a e@ oe 10s6) FARANsPCRAN ASYS yPCSYS sBUN PCUN, ABAN PCRAN , ASYS y PESYS PETC,AUN,PCUN, ARAN FCPAN, ASYS gPCSYS THEN } PESC AUN, PCUN, ARAN yPCRAN sASYS yPCSYS, , { sAUN PCUN, ARAN yPCRAN y ASYS PCSYS } PFC) AUN, PCUNY ARAN PRAM ASYS sPCSYS 106oe oe 2 oe ea Wo?4 6 6 6 0) 9 108APPENDIX C SAMPLE COMPUTER OUTPUT The following sample output is based on a four-point traverse. Obviously, no real test will have 25 few points as this, But additional points are not necessary to illustrate the calculations ane) the results. input data and intermediate calculations, as wel as fina results, are given. Both actual and converted tO ae un The results are given for both the mass flow rate — specific energy approach and ra are low rate -- pressure approach. The same measurements were used tc obtain the results for the two different approaches. 109tT@ @)® ®) ® ©Pass FLOW RATE static pacssuRe vevocrty pressure TOTAL PRESSURE un SPECIFIC KINETIC UMERGY KINETIC ENEREY CORR FACTOR aasoture STATZC PRESSURE AnsoLure TeTAL PRESSURE us VALUES AT OUTLET PLAN! 126.59 poses? 2aeae 197681 52.85 sese7s w2usce7 € Ins v6®» » ® ® 0aAPPENDIX D DERIVATIONS OF UNCERTAINTY EQUATIONS This Appendix deals with the propagation of uncertainties into the results, Included are derivations for four of the uncertainty equations that appear in Par. 5.12. The other equations in Par. 5.12 can be derived in a manner similar to one of the four examples. All of the derivations follow the approach suggested in Ref. (2) DI_UNCERTAINTY IN ri,, THE MASS FLOW RATE AT PLANE x The equation for ris given in Section 5 as Als Za E laycos sco 4), (5.6-1) Not all of the variables in this equation are direct test measurements. We can get closer to measurements by substituting for p, and V,, q Culpy + Cuspol RT, ar, (5.4-5) " i Cu (65-1) We can also improve this analysis by adding two factors, Fy and F.», to the original equation. Both the number of points factor F, and the steadiness factor F,», are assumed equal to unity; therefore, they will not change the original equation. However, they will provide a basis for evaluating the uncertainties due to number of points and unsteadiness. Substituting for p, and V, and adding F, and Fay gives Be vaeae seen 4). (01-4) I will be helpful to introduce A, which is equal to A,/n and substitute (oy + Copal? pcos v,c0s 6), (0.1.2) 4, en ; i ta & (4 we Defining the flow through 4, as ri,Cin ( (oat Cu”? a (4 Gm put cos sycose) (01.3) “The constants Cy, Ciz, and C2 can be considered exact and, therefore, ignored in the uncertainty analysis. It follows that - (D.1-4) Differentiating we = FFen (04-5) Kline and McClintock (Ref. (2)] recommended a second power equation for combining uncertainties. ar} (tear) af Bao oo La, (0.1-6) [Assuming complete independence of the individual terms, the cross product terms are all zero. Similarly, ES hyn thy tony testy iin + diy + + dig, (a L ii) =a? + aig? 4+ i +ceonrprodaer Terme? (04-7) 12Hence. EYL tay (0.18) Dividing by (,) (0.1-9) etc., where Uis the absolute uncertainty and uis the relative or per unit uncertainty in the subscripted quantity. Its also useful to denote the partial derivative of a result with respect to a particular variable as the sensitivity factor 8. For example, anh 4, oF etc, To develop a compact notation, let 0,2 for variables v,, in 1, The variables v, in m,are: A, PyPbsR,Ty»Py Wand dy Ii = 1.v,,18Aj:1 = 2,¥;,i8Pyii = 3,¥i,38P6s 1 4,yijisRii=5,¥,,18Tysl = 6.¥,15 yi = 7,18 43 andi = By,, is The various sensitivity factorsmtan 4, tan 6, All of these sensitivity factors have the general form where g(v,,) isa function of v,, We can also let L tdi? = Le v5, (01-10) However, ub= 2D @ur (oa) where U, is the uncertainty in the variable i, and where i = A), py, Pp, etc. It follows that Yu -d Louse (04-2) x Also 2 elley-( . (2 ore sou) aw 124 9Therefore, by substituting in (D.1-9) GY A) ors Setting F,, and F,,, equal to unity, rearranging, and substituting relative uncertainties where possible, (0.1.16) This is Eq. (5.12-3) D2 UNCERTAINTY IN p,,, THE AVERAGE STATIC PRESSURE AT PLANE x The equation for p,, is given in Section 5 as © (0,¥,c0s ¥, cos 1. (57-1) © cos ¥,c08 4), The V; cos ¥; cos @) terms in both the numerator and denominator are weighting factors in the averaging process. We will assume that the contributions of these weighting factors to uncertainty are negligible and approximate Eq. (5.7-1) by (2) only for the purpose of uncertainty evaluation, Differentiating Bo 02 Noting that aX =X op, bs(eS 0) E onat stwe assume the cross product terms to be zero (because of independence), we find (0.2.3) Dividing by p%, (0.2-4) Multiplying by p3//P3 Men sere mm @ since dp,/Py = Upy» the final equation is 1 (Pal vu, 4%, {0.2-6) BE (A) This is Eq. (5:12-9). D3 UNCERTAINTY IN P; FOR A CALIBRATED AC MOTOR o ‘The equation for Py is given in Section 5 as = Oe (58-1) Differentiating w P= Wang + nul) (03) substituting for W and my (0.3-2)Dividing by P,, squaring, and setting cross product terms to zero (eye) ea] 0 In terms of relative uncertainties, the result including the effect of unsteadiness is, This is Eq. (5-12-16), D4 UNCERTAINTY IN p,, THE FAN MEAN DENSITY The equation for pm is given in Section 5 as Differentiating (doy + dps) Squaring and dropping cross product terms dpi = 5 (det + dead Dividing by 0% (Y' _ dei + dot Pel (ort ed Writing in terms of uncertainties ui +U vom oy + walt This is Eq. (5.12-22) nr (03-3) (03-4) (5.101) (04-1) (0.4.2) (0.4.3)APPENDIX E ASSIGNING VALUES TO PRIMARY UNCERTAINTIES The equations in Par. 5.12 give the uncertainties of the various results of the test in terms of the uncertainties in the test measurements and in certain other factors. These measurement and factor uncertainties, herein called primary uncertainties, should reflect the circumstances of the test. Some of the circumstances that affect the primary uncertainties are discussed in this Appendix. Typical values of the primary uncertainties are also suggested here. Values are given for both the systematic and the random components of the uncertainties where appropriate. E1 NUMBER OF POINTS FACTOR (F,) ‘The factor F, was introduced in Appendix D in the derivation of the uncertainty in rh,. The factor F,, itself is assumed equal to unity and is dropped from the final equations for rh, and for us, The relative uncertainty in F, is called u}_, is systematic, and is believed to have a value of 0.01 or 1% if the specifications regarding number of points are followed. The uncertainty increases rapidly as fewer and fewer points are used. Increasing the number of points probably does not improve the uncertainty very rapidly. There is no random uncertainty in Fr. £2 STEADY OPERATION FACTOR FOR X (F,.) The factor Fy, was introduced in Appendix D in the derivation of the uncertainty in rh,. Similar factors Fy for other performance variables X are also required. In every case, the factor itself is assumed equal to unity and is dropped from the final equations for X and for uy. The relative uncertainty in F,, is fandom, is called uf,,,, and is evaluated from the reference measurements for the velocity pressure px, the appropriate temperature Tz, and the appropriate static pressure pg. The evaluation is obtained as follows: (a) obtain averages for pie, Te, and Pye Measurements for each window of time; {b) calculate tity = (Pe * Per/Te)"” for each window of time; {c) calculate the mean and the standard deviation for all rig (ie., for all windows of time); (d) multiply the standard deviation by 2; (e} divide by the mean; and (1) call the result uf, Other steady operation factors are required and a similar procedure can be used. Table E1 lists the factors, the reference measurements, and the combinations required to determine uf,,. There is no systematic uncertainty in Fy. £3 TEST MEASUREMENTS Typical values for both the random and the systematic components of the uncertainties in the various test measurements are shown in Table E2. 19Uncertainty ac ' a, f Se he vy Fa oh TABLE E1 ‘Combination of Reference Measurements Me Pe wun pee pte Par Pa Pasta * Me Ip 01 Wy Te Te Measurement A, R Py om Py Hoy Pe Soy 6 “, 4 w, w wy € uy ' us a uy GENERAL NOTE TABLE £2 0.001 0.001 digital 0.010 analog {2004 0.010 analog, 0.001 digital = Yooro analog = 0010 = Jottcecrona = ow Rae ~ slip These values should only be used ifthe actual circumstances support their use 130 oon oon 005 in. Hg A A ow oon oor 1pm oon ow nil tseThe various random uncertainties that are listed in Table E2 ave based on estimates of the fkuctaations in the measured variable during a typical fan (ort (excluding fluctuations due to doa see operation as reflected inthe steady operation factor). These fluctuations are due in part to oe chr the fan has a finite number of blades. The extent of the fluctuations will be influenced by the damping that operates on the signa] and thes lore ‘by the choice of instruments. Te Gatrous systematic uncertainties that are listed in Table FP are based on the assumption that inctiments will be selected for the test in accordance with (he ‘specifications in this Code. The irae pown are based on estimates of the residual uncertainty ater ‘calibration, on estimates of the seas sheemperature and other changes not included in the calibration, and on estimates of ‘operator bias. BIAPPENDIX F REFERENCES (1) Gerhart, P., Jorgensen, R., and Kroll, J., “A Comparison of Two Alternative Methods for Defining Fan Performance,” Journal of Engineering for Power, January 1982. (2) Kline, 5. J. and McClintock, F. A., “Describing Uncertainties in Single-Sample Experiments,” Mechanical Engineering, January 1953. (3) ISO Standard 5168, “Measurement of Fluid Flow-Estimation of Uncertainty of a Flow-Rate Measurement”. (4) ASHRAE Standard 51-75/AMCA Standard 210-74, “Laboratory Methods of Testing Fans for Rating”, (6) Brown, N., “A Mathematical Evaluation of Pitot Tube Traverse Methods,” ASHRAE Paper 2325, 1975. (6) “Draft Proposal for an ISO Standard: Measurement of Fluid Flow in Closed Conduits by the Velocity Area Method Using Pitot-Static Tubes,” ISO/TC-30/SC-3, February 1974. (7) “Particulate Sampling Strategies for Large Power Plants Including Non-uniform Flow,” EPA Report PB-257-090, June 1976. (8) Gerhart, P., Nuspl, S., Wood, C., and Lovejoy, S., “An Evaluation of Velocity Probes for Measuring Non-uniform Gas Flow in Large Ducts,” Journal of Engineering for Power, October 1979, (9) Gerhart, P. M. and Dorsey, M. |., “Investigation of Field Test Procedures for Large Fans,” EPRI Report CS 1651, December 1980. (10) Gerhart, P. M., “Averaging Methods for Determining the Performance of Large Fans from Field Measurements,” Journal of Engineering for Power, April 1981 (11) Wyler, J.5.,““Probe Blockage Fffects in Free Jets and Closed Tunnels,” Journal of Engineering for Power, October 1975. (12) Benedict, R. P., Fundamentals of Temperature, Pressure, and Flow Measurements, 2nd Edition, Wiley-Interscience, 1977, pp. 356-358 (13) Dean, R. C., ed., Aerodynamic Measurements, MIT Gas Turbine Lab Report, 1953, (14) Obert, E., and Gaggoli, R., Thermodynamics, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1963. (15) Perry and Chilton, Chemical Engineers Handbook, th Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co.,1973, pp. 3-248. (16) “Compressibility Effects for Industrial Fans,” ISO/TC 117/SC-1, January 1982, (17) AMCA Publication 201, Fans and Systems. (18) Clarke, M. $., “The Implementation and Analysis of a PTC 11 Test Program,” 1982 AMCA Engineering Conference. (19) Yost, John G., “Field Performance Testing of Large Power Plant Fans,” MSME Thesis, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 1ui CODES While providing for exhaustive tests, these Codes are so drawn Pies heat Rega eed pic 43 prc 23 prc 82 prc 121 prc 42 PIC 10 prc 391 prc 123, prc 2 prc 38 prc 2a prc 31 Pre 8 prc 71 prc 21 prc 24 prc 14 PTC 16 prc 44 prc 22 PIC 33 prc 1 PIC 18 Pre 31 prc 33 prc 32.1 prc 202 prc 203 prc 181 prc 7 prc 7 Pic 5 prc 25.3, prc 32 PIC 201 prc29 prc 26 prc 231 prc 12.2 prc 41 Pic 6 PIC 6A ric 6 prc 6s. prc 322 PERFORMANCE TEST CODES NOW AVAILABLE Atmospheric Water Cooling Equipment Centugal Pumps = Closes Feedwater Heaters Coal Puverzers = Compressors and Exhausters = Condensate Removal Devices for Steam Systems = Deserators = Deliniions ang Values Determining the Concen ‘Gas Stream — Determining the Properties of Fine Paruculate Matter Jaton of Particulate Matter in 2 = Diesel and Burner Fuels. = Displacement Compressors, Vacuum Pumps and Blowers: Displacement Purnps = Dust Separating Apparatus Ejectors = Evaporating Apparatus = Gas Producers and Continuous Gas Generators = Gas Turbine Heat Recovery Steam Generators = Gas Turbine Power Plants = Gaseous Fuels General instructions — Hydraulic Prime Movers — lon Exchange Equipment — Large incinerators — Nuclear Stew Supply Systems Overspeed Trip Systems for Steam Turbine-Generator Units — Pressure Control Systems Used om Steam Turbine-Genersior = Pumping Mode of Pump/Turbines Reciprocating Internal. Combustion Engines — Reciprocating Steam Oniven Ossplacement Pumps Reciprocating Steam Engines = Satety and Rebel Valves Sold Fuels = Speed and Load Governing Systems for Steam Turbine (Generator Unis — Speed: Governing Systems for Hydraulic Turbine: Generator ‘Unis — Speed: Governing Systems for Internal Combustion Engine (Generator Units — spray Cooling Systems = Steam-Condensing Apparatus = Steam Generating Units Steam Turbines — Appendia A to Test Code for Steam Turbines Report — Guidance for Evaluation of Measurement Uncertainty in Performance Tests of Steam Turbines. Report — Simplified Procedures for Routing Pertormance Tests of Steam Turbines Report — Methods of Measuring the Performance of Nuclear Reactor Fuel in Light Water Reactors (1968) (1958) (1965) 11978) (1969), (1965), (1960) (1977) (1980) (1980) (1965) (1958) (1970) (1962) (1941) (0976) (41970) (0958) (1981) (0966) (1969) (1980) (01973) (1969) (1965), (1970) 1978) (01973) (1949) (194: (1976) (1954) a7 (1965) (1962) (1983) (1983) (1968) 1976) (1982) (1969) (1970) 197) cosz64 ~~