Panglong Conference Thuanthu

26/04/2016
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Panglong Conference Thuanthu

ChinState
01:29
Aricle,Article,Zuk
SalaiVanCungLian(UK)
1.0Thuhmaihruai:
Dr.SalaiNgunCungLiancuLawtlawngtanutenihJune14,2015niahZiangruangahChinpawlhin
PanglongconferencelaiahStatehoodanrakdillotimiasuttikahDr.NgunCungLiancun
RampakhataneituinStatedindinginandilasiahcun,pakhatkhatasualdingruangaha
si.Thildangpakhataummicu,Pangongconferenceihthuanrellaiah,Chinpawlihsimmi
kha,antonglettupainasimsualtikahansualthluh.CuruangahChinnihStateindillotimi
thuasuaknakasi.CuruangahBurmaramsungihkanumtlangdingasiahcun,Kawlca
kanthiamtuldingtiawtiahalet.Himialetnakhi,Dr.L.HSakhongihnganmiInsearchofChin
Identitytimicauksungtaareferencemiasidingtiahkazum.Dr.SakhongnihStatekanrakngahlonakhi
KanramcukanmahteinlekanphunglamningteinukkanduhtimikhaVumKhoHauinRam
Vum
aiahDistricttiahasimruangahasitiahangan.ChinraminStatekanngahlonakhiVumKhoHaupakhat
Vum
lawngapuh.Acauksungahhitinangan..Onthatoccasion,VumKhoHaumisinterpretedwhat
Vum
ChiefHlurHmungandChiefKioManghadsaid.HewronglytranslatedtheChinword
PhunglamintotheEnglishwordcustomarylaw.ThemeaningofthewordPhunglamismore
thancustomarylawthecorrecttranslationmustbewaysoflife,whichincludestraditional
politicalsystems,religioussystemsandalmosteveryaspectoflife.Customarylawisonlythe
judiciaryaspectofthebroaderpoliticalsystem.Itdoesnotincludelegislativeand
administrativeaspectsofpoliticalpower.Worstofall,hetranslatedtheChinwordramtothe
Englishworddistrict,notcountryornationstate.[InsearchofChinIdentiry:pg.212].
Panglongthuanthukazingzoitheitawktiangahcun,mipakhatihtongletsualnakmenruangihStatehoodkan
rakngahlomiasilothukaraksimding.Panglongconferencelaiahthutampithurelmiaumnan,himika
cahramahcunStatethuhlalawngahkarakfocusding.
2.0MiranginBurmaramaukdan
Mirangsanihukawkdanah,Burmaram(MinisterialBurma),Tlangparmipawl(Frontier Areas: Chin
Hills,NagaHills,KachinHills,Karen)leFederateShanstatestinadministrationadangdangtenukawkarak
http://www.thechinvoice.com/2016/01/panglongconferencethuanthu.html
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si. Tlangparmi pawl (Frontier Areas) cu Burma Frontier Services

(BFrS) in a rak uk hai. Tahhim nakah, Chin Hills ih Deputy
CommissionerrakuandahtuL.BNaylorleHNCStevensontepawl
hi Burma Frontier Services thuai ih hnatuan an si. Himi
administration pathum (Ministerial Burma, Frontier Areas le Shan
State) cu Governor of Burma in a uk thluh hai. Mirang uklai ih sin
ShanhiFederalStateanraksizo.ShanStatecu,CommitteeCouncil
of the Federated Shan States timi a um ih, Swabwas pawl in himi
Council hnen ah budget le a dang dang atul mi pawl thuronnak an
nei. Federal Council in Governer hnen ah report a pek. Shan cu an
mahtenancawnawthei,andingtheiih,centralBurmaahsiahan
pek.FrontierAreaspawlcucentralBurmainbudgetapekhai.
Leitlunralpi voihnihnak (WW2) a cem hnu ah cun Mirang pawl ih
1935BurmaActvekinmipakhatthuneihnakvekihukawknakacang
theinawnlodingtiahukawkdananthlengtum.HlanlaivekinMiuk
pakhat lawng ih thuneihnak ih uk si nawn lo in, mipi aiawh tu
Councilihukdingintimtuahnakanraknei.Asinan,Chinramah
cumhimiCouncilcuMiukpawlihthorondinhmunhrangahanrak
tum [FACE Report & The Chin National Day by Pu Hrangtar Nawn
Khar].Ukawknakthlengdandinghrangahtlangparhmunpawlih
uktu Frontier Areas Administration (FAA) Director HNC Stevenson in tlangparmi pawl tonkhawmnak a rak
tuah.MinisterialBurmakhalcuBurmapawlaiawhmiteltuExecutiveCouncilofBurmainaukhai.CunGen.
AungSantepawlkhalin,Burmarampizalennakngahdingihnasazetinanrakzuam.
3.0WhitePaper1945(
WW2acemhnuinBurmaramuktuSir.DormanSmithcun1944ihraktawlrelmiSimlaWhitePaper
1945(May)timiaraksuahih,Burmaram(MinisterialBurmalawng,Tlangparmipawltelhrihlo)cuStep3
inzalennaklakdingintimtuahnakaraknei.Cui,WhitePapersungihsteppa3tlacu
Step 1: Burma ram cu 1942 ih lungkimnak vek in Emergency Administration vek ih uk ding. Cun, Executive
CouncilsungahkhalKawlmiasilomikhaltelhding.Cun,legislativecouncilkhaltuahding.Himistep1nak
hikum3hrawngareiding.
Step2:December9,1948hlanahhrilawknak(Election)tuahinconstituentgovernmenthrildingih,cumipawl
in Mirang pawl hnen ah thurawn in daanhrampi an ngan ding. Zalennak ngaingai hrang ah cun Mirang
thawnthurawnasiding.Shanleadangtlangparmipawl(FrontierAreas)uknakkhalMirangkutsungahasi
hrihding.
Step3:BurmaramcuZalennakpekinBritishCommonwealthsungahtelhding.Himistep3nakahcaanlimit
aumlo.
HimiWhitePaperhiKawlpawlinanrakhuazet.Kawlpawlcunzalennakarangtheibikinngahanduh.
CommunistPartyofBurmakhalinCommonWealthsungihumanrakduhlo.
1945 May thla ah UK ih hrilawknak (General Election) ah Clement Atlee ih homi Labour Cozah in an neh.
LabourCozahcunanukmiBritishEmpiresungihrampawlihsinsuakthluhdinginthutiam(mesuai)nakan
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raknei.LeitlunralpivoihnihnakacempektesivekinEurope,Palestine,IndialeBurmaahbuainakanraknei.
Gen.AungSanleinzalennakarangtheibikinngahdinginanrakdil.Indiazalennakpekthlangdingansi
vekin,BurmaramcuMiranghrangahathupinawnlotikah,Burmaramihsinarangtheibikihsuakdingin
anraktum[WhattodoaboutBurma:Dr.ThantMyintOo].
Sir.DormanSmithihtimtuahmiWhitePaperthuaiahcunBurmaramcunuamtetenzalennakpekdingarak
si. Labour Cozah cun a rang thei bik in suak an duh tik ah Sir. Dorman Smith cu an mah Labour milai Sir.
Hubert Rance thawn August 1946 ah an thleng. Gen. Aung San cun 1946 ah ramsung buainak a rak tuah,
hnatuanlodingin(Strike)mipiafialtikahrampiarakbuai.MirangpawlkhalintingeihnaktheiloinGen.
AungSancuExecutiveCouncilofBurma(ECB)sungahSeptember1946ahantelter.Gen.AungSante(ECB)ih
thuneihnakcuMinisterialBurmasunglawngahasiihTlangparmipawl(FrontierAreas)leShanpawltlun
aharakdaibanlo.Gen.AungSanlecundaibandingindilnaklezuamnakanraknei.Cutin,andaiban
theinak ding ah cun, tlangparmi pawl Burma ram sung ih um a tul tikah, Gen. Aung San te pawl cun,
tlangparmipawlBurmaramsungihumdinginsawmnakanraknei.
Tlangparmipawl(FrontierAreas)pawlkhalkawlrampizalennakngahdingasitikah,anhmailamthuanrel
ve thlang. FAA Director Henry Noel. C Stevenson cun tlangpar mi pawl Burma ram sung ih kom lo in,
tlangparmipawllawngtelmirampakhatarakdintum.Cucu,UnitedFrontierUnion(UFU)tiahtheihasiih
Chin, Kachin, Shan le Karen pawl tel ih rak dintum mi a si [Historical Dictionary of Burma: Donald M
Seekins].BurmaramleTlangparrampawlihdinhmunadangtuktikah,Kawlpawlinnikhatahanukleh
dingtimiarakphang.Stevensoncun,LabourCozahih,tlangparmipawlzatenBurmaramthawnhmunkhat
ahzalennakpektlanginBurmainaukdingmihirakdodalbiktuasi.Chinramkhalahreipiummiasiih,
tlangparmipawlparahlainatnakarakneizet.
4.0FirstPanglongConference1946
FAA Director HNC Stevenson nih cun a tummi United Frontier Uunion (UFU) hrang ah, conference pakhat
Panglong khua ah timtuahnak a rak nei. UFU hrang ah Frontier Areas ih hotu pawl hmeltheih ternak le
ukawkdanthelngawdingahthurelnakaneiduhmiasi.CumihrangahChinaiawhinPuHlurHmung,PuKio
Mang,PuPumZaMangleonglettuPuKawlSumanrakfeh.PuHlurHmunglePuPumZaMangcuLeitlun
ralpivoihnihnak(WW2)laiahMiranganrakbawm.PuThangTinLian(ZahauTribalAreaChief)lePuVan
Hmung(TashonTribalAreaChief)nihcunMirangpawldungankircuahcoanhmutikah,Mirangdungtunin
Japan pawl an rak bawmnak ruang ah Tlaisun khua le Zathlir khua khal vanzam in Bomb an rak thlak.
MirangpawlChinramanraluhsaltikahPuVanHmungleafapaPuSiahLuailePuThangTinLiankhalcu
Japanpawlnanbawmasitiahthawngmaltesunganrakthlak[KellyBurmasCampaign:DesmondKelly].
Cunah,anmaharakbawmtuMiukpawllawnganrakhrilnakasi.Mirangpawlanmahanduhmi,anmah
thawnhnatuanolsamtheidingmilawnganraksawm.
Hi mi Conference cu Conference ngaingai si lo in, Seminar lole tonawkhawmnak a si ruangah, thurelcatmi
(resolution)arakumlo[PinloneSadanbyUOngPhe,GutwePinlonebyUPheKhin].BurmaramihsinPalai
khalanrakaiih,FrontierAreasihpalaipawlcuBurmaramsungihumdingihsawmnakanraknei.Burma
palaiahUNuleUSawin,UnionofBurmahrangihanneihmisunmangpawlansim.Shanpawlkhalinan
duhdanansim.Thurelcatmingaingai(resolutions)cuaumlonan,tlangparmipawlhmailamihhnaantuan
tlangtheinakdingahtiahUnitedBurmaCultureSocietytimianrakdinihSaoShweTaikcuPresidentdingin
anrakhril.
(Photo2FirstPanglongConferencearakkaituChinpalaipawl)
5.0FalamConferenceOctober1946
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1946 Panglong Conference ih a va

kaitukanpulepathumcuChinramah
an ra tlung sal ih, Panglong ih an
relmi thu le kan Chin ram hmailam
hrangthureldingahFalamahMiukle
thunei52thawnthurelnakanraknei.
Himi conference hi 1946 kum October
2930ahFalamahanraktuah.Himi
thurel nak ah Resolution pa 4 an rak
reltlu(pass).[Photo2&3:Himireport
hiBritishLibraryihkangahmiasi].
Resolutions an rak pass mi pawl tla
cu
1.ChinHillscuMiranguknaktangahumhrihding(MirangpawlFrontierAreasihsinsuakantumhrihlo).
2.TlangparmiunaudangShanleKachinpawlthawnhnatuantlangding.
3.1946PanglongihdinmiUnitedBurmaCultureSocietyahtelnakpehzomding.
4.a)Chinmipipawlfimthiamnakanneiih(enlightened)anmahtenandingtheiih,anmahledan
tenanukawktheidingasiahcun,BritishCozahihWhitePaper(
)ahleBurma
ramuktupain1946Panglongconferenceahasimciavekin,Burmaramthawnkomdingah
zianghmanharsanakaumloding.
b)Cutinasiloahcun,kankomloding.
Himiah,kanfiangdingmicuSimlaWhitePaperathihrihlo.LabourCozahcunEmpireihsinsuakdingcua
duhthusamlawngasilai.SuaknakdingahLawleAgreementzianghmanatuahhrihlotikahBurmaramcu
1935 Burma Act vekin le Sir.Dorman Smith ih White Paper vek in a feh lai. White Paper ih a sim vek in,
MinisterialBurmalawngzalennakpekdingasiih,FrontierAreaspawlcuMiranguknakthuaiahumhrihding
araksi.Asinan,Kawlpawlihsawmnakruangah,FrontierAreaspawlcuBurmaramsungahteltheidinghril
dingmi(option)kanrakneizo.
No.1nakanrakrellaiah,MiranguknakihsinsuakinBurmaramsungahlutdingthuanreltikah,meetinga
kaituhrekkhatcunBurmaramihlutdinginanlungkimnakanlangterinanding.Asinan,ziangtinkanlut
ding,ziangkancangdingticuanraktheilo.Meetingihthoron(advisors)MiranghnatuanpawlcunBurma
sungihumlodinginansimhnulawngah,Mirangkuttangahkanumhrihdingtinanlungkimnakasi[Chin
NationalDay:PuHrangtarNawnKhar].
FalamconferenceahResolutionpa4anrakpassmisungah1,2,le3ahcuBurmaramcuMiranguknaktang
ahumin,tlangparmidangpawlthawnhnatuantlangdingtimicuafiang.HNCStevensonihtumtahnakvek
inafehhrih.HimiFalamconferenceahChinHillsZipengDeGlanvillekhalinChinHillscuMiranguknak
thuaiihumdingihaforhfialhai[PuChawnKioLaimiChuahKehNakThuanBia].HimiahPuChawnKioin
Chin Hills D.C cu De. Glanville tiah a ngan nan, culaiih Chin Hills D.C cu Karen pa Josuah. Poo Nyo a si
[Kelly Burmas Campaign: Desmond Kelly]. De Glanville hi British Library ih um a record sung ah 194547
sungihatuahmingankhumasilo.1945hlanahcunHeadQuarterAssistantcunhnuahD.Caraksi.1945
AugustthlaihsinJ.PooNyoinasawng.
Falamconferenceinanpassmiresolutioinah,Burmarampikankomlodingtiahrelcatcuasilo.No.4kan
zohleBurmaramsungumdingahkanpulepawlcunsangkaanonawhrih.Dr.SakhongihResoultion1le2
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lawngacauksungahatarlang.HimithurelnakahPuKioMang,PuThawngZaKhuplePuHlurHmungcu
1947ihPanglongahfehdinginanhriltiahangan[InSearchofChinIdentity:pg.211].Attheconference
they also elected three leaders, Chief Hlur Hmung, Chief Thawng Za Khup and Chief Kio
Mang,astherepresentativesoftheChinpeoplefromEastChinram.
HimimeetingahPuThawngZaKhupakailo.Meetinghmankailomiziangtinfehdingahanrakhrilthei
ding?Photo2le3sungihmeetingkaitupalai52sungahPuThawngZaKhupatello.Cun,Chinmiukpawlin
zovakaisehtiahthupektheinakthuneihnakhuham(power)anrakneilo.E.g.PuHlurHmungkhal1946ah
HNC Stevenson hnen in sawmnak ca a rak ngah. 1947 Panglong hrang khal ah Chin Hills District
Commissionerin1947Januarlythlaahsawmnakcaarakpek.Caangahveten,Januaryni26inLumbang
ihsinasuakihFebruaryni6niahPanglongathleng[FalamCentenaryMegazine.Pg.69].
CulaiihBurmaramnewspaperpakhataraksimiTheFreedomin18th November1946ahhimiconferencethu
thawnpehparawinhitinthuthanganraksuak.Whenthemassofthepeopleareenlightenedtorun
andrepresenttheirownaffairs,theyanticipatethatthereshouldnotbeanyobstaclestounite
withBurmaaspromisedbytheBritish.(or)b)toremainseparatefromBurma.Atameeting
ofaChinChiefsheldrecentlyaBritishOfficerenquiredtheChiefsiftheywerewillingtoget
theirstatesincludedintheBurmaProperandthuscomeundertheBurmeseadministration,
allChinChiefsexpressedtheirwillingnesstohavecloserrelationwiththeBurmese.Oneofthe
Chin Chiefs is going to Rangoon shortly to meet Bogoke Aung San to hold discussion in this
connection.
(Photo3,4&5ReportfromFalamConference&TheFreedom
Extract)
6.0AungSanAtleeLungkimnak1947(WhitePaperAThi)
1946 sungah Gen. Aung San te ih Mirang an donak (duhlo nak lang ter,
hnatuancawlterStrike)ihsinrampinasazetinabuaiter.Kasimzovek
in,BurmaGovernorSir.HubertRancecunramdainakdingahGen.Aung
SancuExecutiveCouncilsungahaSeptember1946ahathun.Sir.Hubert
RanceleGen.AungSancuthurelnakanneiih,AungSancuLondonihUK
Cozah hnenah zalennak thuhal rel ding ah an lung a kim. Cutin, 1947
JanuarythlaahGen.AungSancuUKramihUKPrimeMinisterClement
Atlee thawn lungkimnak Aung SanAtlee Cachuk timi an rak nei. Himi
lungkimnak in Conservative Cozah in 1944 ah tawl rel in 1945 May ah
publish a si mi White Paper cu official in a thi ter. Ministerial Burma cu
kumkhatsungahzalennakpekdinginanlungkim.WhitePaperathitik
ah, Frontier Area pawl Mirang nih an uk hrih ding timi khal a thi cih.
FrontierAreaspawlihhmailamthucutheihasinawnlo.AungSaninUK
CozahhnenahFrontierAreaspawlkhalzalenmiBurmaramsungihumdinginarakdil.Cutikah,Frontier
AreaspawlcuBurmaramsungah,komanduhasiacun,ankomtheitimilungkimnakaumtheimiasi.Hi
hlanahcun,KawlpawlinFrontierAreapawlBurmasungihkomdinginanrakdilnan,FAADirectorHNC
Stevensoniharakduhlo.TucuUKCozahhnenroriihsin,FrontierAreapawlinankomduhasiahcun,kom
thei ti a si thlang. Cun, Frontier Areas pawl in ziangvek in an kom duh timi theitheinak ding hrangah
zingzoinaklethusuhnakFrontierAreasCommissionofEnquiry(FACE)tuahdingthukhallungkimnakanrak
nei.
ShanStateihthuneitu(CommitteeCounciloftheFederatedShanStates)cun,AungSanUKihafehlai30th
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December1946niahUKCozahhnenahLashioihsinhitintelegramanrakkuat.
HonorableAungSaninFrontierAreascontroldinginalodildingcukantheihciamiasi.Hitinalodil
pangsile,kanlotheihterduhmicu,AungSanleahopawliinFrontierAreaspawlhrangahlaireltheinak
thuanneilo.FrontierAreasmipipawlkhalihfialmiansilo.FrontierAreaspawlBurmaramsungihanum
duh le duh lo cu, Frontier Areas sung ih um mipi pawl ih lairel ding mi a si. Himi thuah Frontier Areas ih
palaipawlthawnthukanrelrerolaifangasiih,kanrelthehinUKCozahhnenahleBurmahnenahtheihter
nakkanneiding.TuumAungSanaratlawnglaiah,FrontierAreaspawlihhmailamthunanreldingasiah
cun,kannihkhalinFrontierAreaspalaipawlanduhdanreltheinakdingahUKahkanrakthlahveding.
Zangfahten,arangtheibikinintheihterhramuh,culawngahaulmihrangahtimhtuahnakkanneithei
ding.[HistoryofBurma:TheCirriculumProject].
UK Cozah cun himi telegram thawn pehparaw in letsalnak a nei lo. Frontier Areas pawl ih thu tel lo in,
FrontierAreasihhmailamthucuUKCozahleAungSaninlungkimnakanraknei.
HimiAungsanAtleelungkimnakanneithehveten,Gen.AungSanhomiPha.Sa.Pa.Lacuntlangparmipawl
hnen ah rualremnak (Chitgyiyii) hrang ah palai pawl thlah ih zuamnak an rak nei thok. Saklam Chin ram
hrangihpalaipawltlacuPuVumThuMawng,UBaSaingleUMgGaleansi.ThlanglamChinramkhalah
Vum
Pha.Sa.Pa.LacunBoSanHtunleTakhinAungMinanrakthlah.KachinleShanramkhalahpalaipawlarak
thlah. Gen. Aung San in tlangpar mi pawl Burma ram sung ih tel ding ah a rak zuam [British Library Ref.
M/4/2811].SaklamChinrampalaipawlcuFalamkhawpiah10thJanuary1947niahanrakthlengihFalam
Townhall ah thusimnak an nei ih Falam mipi khal in sunglawizet in an rak hmuak [Falam Centenary
Megazine].
(Photo6NewspaperExtract)
7.0FAADirectorHNCStevensonhnatuanina
cawl
UnitedFrontierUniondintumtuFAAdirectorHNC
Stevenson nih cun tlangparmi pawl, Burma ram
thawnkomdingarakduhlotikahUKCozah,Burma
ram uktu Sir. Hubert France thawn an rak rem aw
nawnlo.Cun,Gen.AungSanthawnkhalanrakrem
aw lo. Cu tik ah 1947 Panglong tuahnak ding ni 13
duh ah a suak. A rak tum mi an tuah thei lo ding
tikah a hnatuannak ihsin a cawl mi a si. Mirang
pawl cun, Burma ram ih suak zangzang an duh,
tlangparmipawlkhalBurmaramsungihanumding
si ah cun, an hrang ah hnatuan a ol sam ding ih,
zamrangten inn an tlung thei ding. UK ram ih
Conservative Cozah an rak kai lai ahcun, Mirang
hnatuanpawlFrontierAreasahkumreipihnaanraktuantikah,tlangparmipawlihdinhmun,tulnakpawlan
rakthei.
HNCStevensonleChinHillsD.CkhalinBurmathawnkomlodingin,Mirangkuttangihumhrihanrakduh.
HNCStevensoncuSir.HubertRancehnenah22January1947niahresigndingincaakuat[Telegram.IOR:
L/PO/10/18 The Struggle of Independence by Hugh Tinker]. Sir. Hubert Rance cun Lord PethickLawrence
hnen ih a cakuat miah There is no doubt but that Stevenson is almost a fanatic where the
FrontierAreaareconcerned.Heobviousllyhadastorngholdoversomeofthetribalchiefsbut
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there is no doubt that he has done excellent work in the past in Hills areas. Considering all
aspects however I honestly believe that it will be better for all concerned if he is allow to
retire.LordPethickLawrencekhalinJanuaryni23niihalehmicaah,SirHubertRanceihthuthunlutmi
cu a lung kim ih a mah ai ah, FAA Deputy Director John Leyden hril ding in khal a rak lung kim. HNC
Stevensoncun1947FebruarythlaahPanglongconferenceumdinginaraktawlrel,Janni22niahresign
dingincaathunlut.Cutin,amahaiahJohnLeydenleLabourCouncillerSir.ArthurBottomleycuPanglong
Conferenceahvahohadinginuanvoanpek[TheStruggleforIndependencebyHughTinker].Dr.Sakhong
nihcunPanglonghlanzarhkhatduhahansuahtinangan[InsearchofChinIdentity.Pg.211].Ngaingaiten
tiah cun, HNC Steven hnatuanban ding in lungkimnak a um ni hi January ni 23 a si. January ni 23 ihsin
Panglongconferenceathockni(February6)tiangni13asi.Zarhhnihzikteasi.
HNC Steven hnatuan suak thu ah Burma: The Curse of Independence: pg.219 ah He was succeeded as
director of the Frontier Areas Administration by John Leyden, one of the few officers in the
FAAwhosupportedAtleespolicyofunitingMinisterialBurmaandtheFrontierAreasunder
oneadministrationcontrolledbyBurmans.
Cun, Forgotten War: Christopher Bayly & Tim Harper sungah HNC Stevenson served in Civil Affairs
SecretariatBurma,194445DirectorofFrontierAreasAdministration,1946toFebruary1947,
whenhewasreplacedforbeingtooclosetominoritiesleaders.
HNCStevenacawlhnucunFrontierAreapawlhrawngihaausaktudinganumnawnlo.Burmaramahkom
hlahuhtiihadotudinganrakumnawnlo.UKCozahihduhdaninatuahtudingpawllawngantangthlang.
8.0PanglongConference1947(ConferenceKaituPalaiPawl)
1947PanglongConferencezikahPuPumZaManghiarakdamlo.Cutikah,amahaiahPuThawngZaKhup
(SaizangChief)kaidinginMirangpawlinanrakhril.PuThawngZaKhupkhalPuHlurHmunglePuPumZa
MangvekthothoinJapanraldoin,MiranglampawlJapanraldorakbawmtuasi.AnaupaPuThawngChin
Thang khal Mirang cozah hnatuan (Assitant Superintentdent) a rak si. Pu Thawng Za Khup ih Mawlike
GovernmentSchoolihphun7ongmiaraksiihKawltongtheilobepbepasilo.Phun7aonghnukhalah
TedimVanarcularSchoolahtlawngsayaaraktuan[saizangcentre.weebly.com].PuHlurHmungkhalFalam
tlawngakaihmaisabiktupakhatasi.Cuisanah,Falamtlawngcukawltonginanrakzirih,cunahtunitiang
(KawlTlawng)tinkankolai.CuisancuMirangleKawlcaincaanrakzirih,Mirangcakhalanrakthiam
zet.PuHlurHmungtlacukawltongathiamzetih,amahtenroriaAutoBiographykhalKawlcarorinangan
[Correspondence with Pu Hlur Hmung fapa]. Pu Hlur Hmung hi 1917 khal ah Lumbang pacangrual thawn
Franceramihrakfehtukhalasi.MirangSiangpahrangKingGeorgeVkhalBuckinghampalaceihraktongtu
asi.Cunah,kanpulehiKawltongtheilolethiamlobepbepansilo.
Vum
VumKhoHauhiJapanpawldodingahSizangIndependeneArmy(S.I.A)dintupakhataraksi.Mirangrallai
ahJapanCozahtangihhnatuanmiasinan,MirangpawlihIntelligenceOfficerkhalaraksithotho.Falam
ahphun8tiangakaihnuah,SagaingahHighSchoolphun10aonghnuinFalamahMirangCozahhnaa
raktuan.WW2athehhnuahChinLeadersFreedomLeagueihhotuaraksi.Cun,SizangWarCounciltimi
khalanrakdin.MirangpawlantlungthlangdingihChinramhmailamthureldingthuantheihtikah,Sizang
War Council thawn thu an rel hnu ah, Chin Hills D.C hnen ah siannak an rak dil. D.C pa cu Independent
Observerdinhmuninfehdingahsiannakarakpek[ChinNationalDaybyHrangtarNawnKhar].
Cutin,VumKhoHauleSingLian(Limkhai)timipakhal,anmahprogrammeinanrakfehve[ZoHistoryby
Vum
Dr. Vum
Vum Son]. Vum
Vum Kho Hau cun a mai cauk A Profile of Burma Frontier Man timi sung ah hitin a ngan
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ChinpalaipawlahkeimahsiarlocuCozahihhrilmipawlansi.Panglongihkafehhlanah
Chin Leaders Freedom League ih hotu ka si vek in, Councils thar an din mi pawl thawn
thurelnak ka nei ih, Bogoyke Aung San ih Chinram hrang ah ziang si a tuah tum timi va
zingzoidingahinsimtiahangan.
The Union of Burma" timi cauk ngan tu H. Tinker khalin "The Shans were led by Sao Shwe Thaik,
Sawbwa of Yawnghwe, and the Sawbwa of Mongpawn. The most prominent Kachin leader
wastheSamaDuwaSinwaNawngofMyitkyina,whohadworkedfortheJapanese.TheChins
wererepresentedbyVumKhoHau,aformerleader'oftheAlliedChinLevies''
Vum
tinangan.
9.0PanglongConferenceihthurelnakahZiangtinansimcio..
Panglongconferencethuhikanngancionankhawitawktasourcebikkanngahtimihihmuaharzet.Theih
danvekinanngancio.Rinsansirhsantlathuhram(Realiablesource)taktakansimmihihmuhaharzet.Dr.
SakhongihnganmiStatekanngahlonakhiVumKhoHauih
Vum
ongletsualruangahasitinanganmikhal,
khawitawktaalaktimihitheihasilo.Himipanglongthuthawnpehparawin,arealiablebiktinkahmumi
pawlkaraknganding.Panglongahthutampianrelnan,Statethuhlalawngkarakfocusding.
(Photo7:PanglongConferenceProgrammecover)
a.SummaryofJ.LeydensecretreporttoGovernorofBurma
PanglongConferenceihakaituFAADirectortharJohnLeydencun,
PanglonglaiihacangmihmuahhmuahreportanganihGovernors
Secretaryhnenahakuat[BritishLibraryRef:M4/2811].Cumisungta
summarykatuahmiasi.Leydenreportsungah.
AungsanAtlee Agreement kan ngah ve ten Frontier Areas ih D.C pawl
hnenahkankuatthluh.ChinHillslawngkankuatlo.Asinan,Panglong
Conference ah Agreement paragraph 8 (See Photo 8) kan sim ding ih,
himi conference hi London Agreement thawn kaih in kan tuah mi a si
timiantheifiangding.
6thFeb1947:HiminiahShanleKachinpalaipawlthurelnakanneiih
pointpa5lungkimnakannei(Anlungkimmipointkarakngannawnlo
ding).HiminiahChinpalaipawlanthlengmanloruangahhimi
lungkimnakahanteltheilo.Zanlamahanrathlengih,thaisunthurelnakahteldingansi.
7thFeb1947:HiminiahShan,KachinleChinpawlthurelnakannei,mizanihthurelmicuChinpalaipawl
inanlungkimpi.Atanglampointspa3anbet.Cupawltlacu
1.Shanihangahmicovo(rightsleprivilages)pawlcuKachinleChinkhalinanmipumzatihzirin
(populationbasis)inancoveding.
2.Paisaatulnakaumasiahcun,Burmainabawmding.
3.SupremeExecutiveCouncilsungahShan,KachinleChinpalaipawltelin,cuipalaipawlcunanram
hrangananmahtenthuanthentheidingihpolicykhalantuahtheiding.
8th Feb1947:HiminiahAungSanleUTinHtutanrathlengihatlunihtlangparmipawlihlungkimzomi
pawlparahanlauzet.Tlangparmipawlihdilmileawkamtlunahanmangbangzet.
9th Feb1947:HiminizianglamahSir.A.Bottomley,Mr.Ledwidgelekeimahpanglongconferenceahkan
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thleng.1:00pmahAungSanihmipilepalai2000hmaiahthusimnakanei.AungSancunEnglandihMirang
CozahhnenahFrontierAreaspawlkhalkanmahMinisterialBurmavekthothoinabangrepmicovo(rights)
ngahdinginkandil.MirangCozahincun,FrontierAreaspawlinanlokomduhasiahcun,ankomtheitiah
lungkimnakkannei.MinisterialBurmacuFrontierAreaspawlnanmahtennandinginukawktheinakding
ah(selfgovernment)acangtheitawkinkanlobawmding.NanmahFrontierpawlinnanhmailamhrangah
nanduhthunansimaul. Nan ukawknak ah kan ra tel lo ding, nan mah nan duh vek in nan ukawk ding.
Sihmansehla,Burmasungihumdinginnanrelcatpangasiahcun,BurmaGovernmentsungahpalainannei
aul.
UAungSanihthusimmicumitampiinanuarzet(verywellreceived),keimahihhmuhnakahkhalafairzet
mithusimnakasi.
10th Feb1947:HiminiahFrontierAreasihpalaipawlcuMr.Bottomley,Mr.LedwidgeleUAungSanthawn
thurelnakannei.UAungSanihlungkimnakagyan(DraftAgreement)cuFrontierAreaspalaipawlhnenaha
pek.FrontierAreaspalaipawlcunDraftAgreementzohihAungSanhnenihtheihtersaldingasi.HimiDraft
Agreementcutelegramkalokuatmi(TelegramNo.C1FA)khaasi.Himisunah,FrontierAreaspalaithawn
canreipikaumih,DraftAgreementihpointspawltlunahsimfiangnaklebawmnakkanei.
11th Feb1947:HiminiahFrontierAreaspawlthurelnakanneiihDraftAgreementsungihtermspawlthuan
relih,adviceindilmipawlhrekkhatahbawmnakkapek.FrontierAreaspalaipawlcunDraftAgreementsung
ih text pawl an mah te remnak an nei. Asinan, Aung San ih ta thawn a dang tuk lo. Zaanlam nazi 5 ah
Mr.Bottomley le Frontier Areas palai pawl meeting an nei ih Mr.Bottomley in a ciangkuang lomi point
(irregularities)pawlkhihhmuhnakanei.FrontierAreaspalaipawlcun,draftagreementhicantawite(interim)
sunghrawnglawngasitimiantheifianglo.Himiagreementcu1935BurmaActihthuneihnaksungthothoah
avatlak.HimimeetingthehahMr.BottomleycunFontierAreaspalaipawlleBurmapalaipawltongawksal
ding in a timtuah. Cu veten, U Aung San le U Tin Htut cun Fronter Areas palai pawl thawn meeting an nei
lohli. Himi zah ah State dinner a um ih, cui State Dinner theh hlan deuh te ah lungkimnak an nei ih cutiin
PanglongAgreement1947timiaraksuak.Anlungkimnakpointspawlcu,hmuntinahngahtheihasiruang
ahhitawkahkatelhnawnloding.
12thFeb1947:PanglongAgreementcuhminhtootnakannei.Mr.Bottomley,UAungSan,UTinHtutle
keimahcuPanglonginsinTaungyiahkanfeh.
Panglongihatellotupengdangpawl(Representation)
HimiConferenceahKarenni,Naga,SouthernChin,Wa,SalweenleArakanpawlantello.Hipawlihhmailam
cu Frontier Area Commission of Enquiry (FACE) in a rel sak lai ding ih, himi Panglong Agreement hi an
lungkimpivedingledinglotheihasilo.KachinkhalinhimiagreementahsignanhtootnaksanbikcuFACE
inBhamoleMyitkyinapengcuKachinramsungahantelhterdingtimizumnakruangahasi.1935BurmaAct
aumsungahcun,ziangtinhmaninhimicuacangtheidingmiasilo.
CounsellorleDeputyCounsellers
Panglong Agreement ih lungkimnak No.1 vek in Supreme Council of the United Hill People timi a um thok.
BurmaramhrangihdaanhrampilethuneihnakkhaltuahasihrihlonanPanglongihlungkimnakanneivek
inCounsellorleDeputyCounsellerscuhrilasiding.MangpomSwabwacuCounsellersidingahhrilasizo.
Deputy Counsellers hrang ah Kachin pawl cun an hril lohli thei lo. Chin palai pawl khal in Taunggyi ih ni
16.2.1947niihkantongawknakah,ChinHillsantlunghnuankanhrilawkdingtiahinsim.
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General(JohnLeydenThlirnak)
KahmuhnakahShancunMinisterialBurmathawnkomdinganduhih,adangpa2(KachinleChin)inan
dung an thlun. An za ten, economic le political lam in United Burma sung ih an um tul zia an fiang,
sihmansehlaanmahteukawkduhnak(autonomy)anduhcio.Autonomyhiacangtheingaingaipeimawticu
theihasihrihlo.
Himicaan(interim)sungahcunziangngaiacangtheidingkazumlo.1935BurmaActaumsungahcun,
zianghmanngaingaituahtheihasihrihlo.CounsellorscuhriltheihasikodingihatuiShanStateCouncil
khal1935BurmaActsungihdanvekinthuneihnaktamdeuh(additionalpower)pektheihasiding.Culodang
cu,zianghmankantuahtheimiaumhrihlo.
CommitteeofEnquiry
Himi Enquiry in Burma ram hmailam caan saupi (long term) hrang ah thu a hen ding. Himi Enquiry cun
tlangparmipawlBurmaramsungahziangtivekinankomdingihBurmaramdaanhrampisungahziangtin
hnaantuandingtimianzingzoiding.Committeeihtuahdingmipawltlacu
1)PanglongAgreementhminahtootupawlin,PanglongAgreementhihmailamcaansaupi(longterm)
hrangahathamiasileasilonemhngetding.
2)PanglongConferenceihatellotupawlin,hiAgreementhiancohlangtheiletheilozingzoiding.
3)WhethertheKachinsofMyitkyinaandbhamoagreetounitewithBurmaasalongtermmeasureinthe
asbenseofanyfinalsetellementinregardstothefutureofBhamoandMyitkyinatowns.
4)TlangparmizatenihPanglongAgreementanlungkimasilen,anpalaipawlConstituentAssemblyah
telterdandinghawlding.Electioncuacangtheilodingruangah.
5)SupremeCouncilofUnitedHillPeople(SCOUHP)leConstituentAssemblyhmailamkeankarding
tuahding.
6)WhethertheBurmaFrontierServiceistocontinueasaserviceoftheGovernmentofBurmainthelong
termarrangementsandifsowhetheritsofficersaretobepostedtotheareasdescribedasinternally
autonomousasrepresentativesoftheCentralGovernmentorhandedoverasadviserstothelocally
autonomousadministrationandunderitscontrolentirelyand
7)Uponwhatlinesmustthefinancialsettlementsbemadeunderwhateverformofassociationisdecided.
Cun,Lydeninhminahtooihaniangan.Anicu2021947asi.
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(Photo8AungsanAtleeAgreementPara8)
b.Dr.MaungMaungLLDnihacaukBurmaConstitutionsungah
KachinpawlcunUnionsungihuminmahteukawktheinak(autonomous)stateandil.Hithucuthilharsazet
miasi.Kachinpawlcunvurihkhuhmitlanglawngannei,anmahteancawmawktheidingahaharsading.
ChinpawlcuanhotukumnoteVumKhoHauinahohaiih,AungSanhnenahChinramhrangahlamzin,
Vum
tlawngpawlintuahsaktheidingmawadil.AungSancunalungkimtikahUnionsunglutdinginanlungkim
mei.Statekhalandillo(TheChins,ledbytheiryoungleaderVumKoHau,askedAungSanifhewould,take
Vum
carethattheChinHillsgotgoodroadsandschoolshepromised,andtheydecidedtojointheUnionnoteven
botheringfor'aseparateState).HiChinpawlihUnionsungihtelduhnakhinPanglongAgreementhrangah
lamzin a sial. Shan Swabwa pawl khal in an duh mi an dil, Kachin pawl khal in mahte ukawk theimi State
(separateState)andil.Himiandilmicuthatenzingzoinakleruatnakkantuahtaatultiahangan.
c.ChinpalaiVomKhoHaucunacaukAprofileofBurmaFrontierMansungah
BogokeAungsanPanglongiharathlengsunah,tlangparmipalaipawllakihsinhmeltheihternakatuahtu
hmaisalamkasi.AungSanthelnghlanahChinaiawhinthukarelnakah,Kawlpalaidangthawncunkan
theiawzo.Cuminithothoah,UTinHtutthawnzanriaheinakahkantotlangih..UTinHtutcunkeikhal
MindonkhuasuakChinmikasi.BogokekhalNatmauksuakasiihYawChinthiatel.Unaukansithluh,mi
dangdangkansilotiahisim.KakiangihtomiSir.MaungGyeecucuithukasimihanihkhalin,keikhal
Shankahpyakasi.HimitonakahYawChinloleShanthitellohikanmaltedingtiahIsim.Hithucukan
Chinpalaipawlhnenahkasimtikahanlungawizet.
Cunhitinapehbet.NikhatahBogokeAungSanleBoKhinMaungGalecukariahbukahanraih,ningzak
vektenkanrakluttheidingmawtiahinti.Rauhtiahkakohaiihruaihtuahmizialparahkanto.Shan
lakphakkasohihthukanrel.CuleGen.AungSanhnenahhitinthukasut
BurmaramcunChinramhrangihatulsammipawlhrangahbomnakinpekdingmaw?Awati.
IfwebecomeaStatewillBurmahelpus?"Yes"wasthereply.
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"IfwedonotbecomeaStatewillBurmahelpus?
Burma cun a lo bawm thotho ding. Burma ram thawn hmunkhat te ah zalennak nan lak poh ah cun paisa
kuangkhatsungtakanhmangtlangthluhding.NanmahtenStatedinhmuninnandingduhkhalasilen,a
tulmisumpaicukanlobawmthothodingtiahIsim.
Cun,StatethuthawnpehparihBogokecunChinleShanhrangahStatehoodcuaharsalodingnan,Kachinin
Stateadilmicuthatenkanruataul.BhamoleMyitkyinapengcukanmahMinisterialBurmasungihumring
ringmiasi.FrontierAreasihummiasilo.ChinleShanhrangihStatethukhalcuhitawkahkareltheimia
si lo. Executive Council ah thu kan rel ta a tul tiah i sim. Statehood thu leng ah Gen. Aung San te nih cun
Executive Council ah Frontier Ares ihsin tonak pa khat le Deputy pa 2 lawng an pek duh. Shan in Exective
CouncilalutleKachinleChiincuDeputieslawngansithei.FrontierAreaspawlinExecutiveCouncilahtonak
pathumandil.
Cutin,StatehoodthuahleExecutiveCouncilihFrontierAreapalaipawltonakthuahlungkimlonakaumtik
ahPanglongconferencehlawhtlinglodingvekasi.ChinramcukantulsammibawmnakdinghrangahGen.
AungSanihintiamkamzovekinhimiStatehoodthuhlacuConstituentAssemblyahrellehdinginSamaDuwa
SinwaNawhnenahkavasimihanihkhalinalungakim.CuhnuahkanpahnihinSaoShamHtunhnenah
kanfehhnukanlungkimnakcuBogokeAungSanhnenahkansimihalungawizet.Cutin,lunkimnaksign
kanhtootheimiasitiahangah.Febni12zaanStatedinnerkhalahChinpalaipawlaiawhinVumKhoHau
Vum
inthusimnakanei.Dr.MaungMaungkhalinThePanglongconferenceagreementwaspromotedto
averylargeextentbytheChinandVumKoHau.
Vum
AtlunihtapawlcuVomKhoHauihnganmipawlasiih,anihinsimnakahcunStatehoodcukanrakdilko,
asinanChinramihkantulbikmithansonakhrangkanngahdinghrangahStatehoodcunetaihreldingih
kanlungkimtiahasim.
(Photo9:PanglongConference
Aungsan,BottomleyandVKH)
d.PuLianUkcun
Stateinnanumasiahcun,paisa
maltelawngnanngahdingih,District
innanumasiahcunpaisatamdeuh
nanngahdingtithuaumruangah
Districtinanrakdilnaksawnasitiah
angah.
[http://www.academia.edu/9925242/Pu_Lian_Uk_Lehnak_Chin_Miphun_Hi_Secession_Right_Pek_Kan_
Rak_Si_Maw]
e.GovernorofBurmainSecretaryofStateforBurmahnencakuatah.
Panglong conference ah Chin thawn pehpar in hitin a sim Chin Miuk pawl cu uar an um nasa. Chinram
Burmaramsungihumatulziaanthei,anhmailamBurmaramsungahaumihanlungaawi.Miukpawlin,
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PanglongConferenceanlungkimnakhminkanhtoonanChinmizatenhrangahkanautheilo.Chinramkan
tlungdingihtonawknakkantuahsalatul.Sihmansehla,ChinMiukpawlcunanmipipawlolsamzetinan
leemtheidingkazum.
TheChinChiefsweremuchmoreimpressive.Theywererealistsandappreciatedthattheirfuturelaywith
Burma.TheChiefsadmittedthatalthoughtheyhadsignedthePangongAgreementtheyhadnofullauthority
tospeakforallChinsinpartoneareasandthattheywouldhavetoholdmeetingsonreturntotheirown
country.IgatheredhoweverthattheChiefsdidnotexpectmuchdifficultypersuadingthemajorityofother
leaderstoaccepttheagreement.[Telegramdated22ndJan1947.B/F&FA1252/1947].
f.Keimahthlirnak
PanglongthuanthukazingzoinakahJohnLydenihreporthiarealiablebikmiasi.Cun,GovernorofBurma
ihnganmiahkhalChinpawlcuBurmaramthawnkomdinginanlungkimzettiahangan.Dr.MaungMaung
ihnganmisungahkhal,ChinnihcunStatedilloin,anramthansonakihatulmipawllawngandiltiaha
ngan.Asinan,VumKhoHauihsimnakvekinasiahcuChinpalaipawlnihStatecuKachinleShanvekin
Vum
kan rak dil ve ko nan, hi thu ruang ah Panglong conference a hlawhtling lo ding vek a si tik ah, Chin ram
hrangahcunthangsonakdinghrawngihbawmnakhiathupisawnruangah,cumipawlbomnakngahding
dinhmunihBurmaramthawnkomdingahkanraklungkim.PuLianUknganmihiFrontierAreaCommittee
of Enquiry ih kan pu le pawl sim mi thawn a deng aw zet. Cumi cu a tang ah karak ngan ding. Dr. L.H.
SakhongleDr.NgunCungLianihnganvekinVomKhoHauihtongletsualruangahStatehoodkanngahlo
timicuasiloziafiangzetinkanhmuthei.
Cun,LeydenihFACECommitteepawlihhnatuandingmipawlanganmizohinFACEhiziangtlukathupi
timikanhmuthei.PanglongahcunShan,KachinleChinlawnganrakkai.FACEcun,Panglongihkailotu
pawlkhal,UnionofBurmasungahathunlutthluhthei.PanglongihlungkimnakkhalFACECommitteein,a
tharin,hilungkimnaknanraktuahmi,anraktuahmihinancohlangmawtiahnemhngetdingansi.Chin
palaipawlinPanglongConferenceahpalhpanghaibangsehla,tongletsualinanduhmirakngahlotabang
haisehlahman,himiFACEahremthatnakcaanthakanneilai.AnrakcohlangthluhruangahUnionof
Burmaasuaktheinakasi.
10.0PanglongLungkimnak
Kanpuleihhminhtoomipanglonglungkimnakpointspa9hikakhaikhawmasile
Pont 14 tiang cu Executive Council sung ih Fronter Areas aiawh tu ding Counsellor le a sangtu Deputy
Counsellorpawlihtuanvopawlparahlungkimnakanneimiasi.Pointpa5nakahcunFrontierareaspawl
mahte ukawk theinak (Full autonomy) an nei thei ding cu a tlangpithu (Principle) in kan lungkim ti a si.
Lungkimihnemhngetasihrihlo,PRINCIPLElawnginlungkimasilai.Pointpa6nakcuKachinihadilmi
State thawn pehpar mi a si. Kachin pawl ih State dil mi thu le Myitkyina le Bhamo peng uknak thu cu
Constituent Assembly ah Frontier Areas ih Counseller le Deputy Counsellors pawl thawn rel a si ding timi
lungkimnakasi.Point7nakhiathupizet.Democracyrampakhatihcotlaktiihruatciomi,milaicovo(rights
andprivileges)pawlcuFrontierAreaspawlkhalinancoveding.Point8le9nakcufinancialthawnpehpar
mi a si ih, Shan cu an mah ten financial ah autonomy an nei ding. Kachin le Chin hrang ih financial khal
BurmaleShankarlakihlungkimnakanneihvekinExecutiveCouncilinatawlrelding.Himilungkimnakah
Statethurelcatasihrihlo.KachinihStatedilmikhalrellehdinginlungkimnakanneimiasi.
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(Photo10:PanglongConferenceAgreement)
11.0ChinBamaConference
Gen.AungSanhomiPha.Sa.Pa.LacunPanglongathehvetenChinmipiinBurmaramahkomduhhaiseh
tiah Chin le Bama rualremnak tum zet cu Htilin khua March ni 35 tiang ah an rak tuah. Himi puai ah
thlanglamChinramaiawhihUVumThuMaung,SaklamChinramaiawhihZokhuaihsinPuZaHuleKawl
Vum
aiawhinDedokUBaChopawlanrakkai.Gen.AungSanamahrorikaidingmiasinan,FAApawlthawn
thureldingaumruangahExecutiveCouncilihInformationMinisterDedokUBaChoathlahnakasi.Mipi
10000lengloanrakkaiih,himisungahChinmipi3000ankai.HimiChinBamaChitgyiyiihrawngahU
Vum
VumThuMaungleDedokUBaChoihlungphunhrangahtlakrawhkhalanrakret.CulainewspaperReuterin
an newspaper 8th March 1947 niah, himi rualemnak conference ah Chin palai 3000 leng an kai ih
Pha.Sa.Pa.Lathawnhnatuantlanganduhasitiahasim(SeePhoto6).
(Photo11&12ChinBama
Conference)
12.0FrontierAreaCommsionrof
Enquiry(FACE)
i.FACECommitteele
Tumtahmi
Panglong conference hnu ah Aung
SanAtlee Agreement ih um vek in
FACEcommitteenarakdin.Chinpalai
VomKhoHaukhalcucommitteeaha
tel ve. Committee ih tumtahmi cu
tlangparmi pawl Burma ram sung ah
ziangvek dinhmun in an kom ding timi hi a si. FACE report sung ah hitin a ngan. The Committee
originated from the conclusions reached in the conversations between His Majesty's
GovernmentandtheExecutiveCounciloftheGovernorofBurmainLondoninJanuary,1947.
A Committee of Enquiry shall be set up forthwith as to the best method of associating the
Frontier peoples with the working out of the new constitution for Burma. FACE hi Panglong
conference vek tho tho in a thu pi tuk mi a si. Panglong conference ah Burma ram ah kan kom ding timi
lungkimnakkanraknei.HimiFACEinziangtinkankomdingtimizingzoinakaraknei.Kankomduhdan
himiEnquiryahsimtheiharaksi.
Cun,MirangpawlinFrontierAreaspawlleBurmaramarangtheibikinkomdinganduhthukhalhimireport
sung ah hitin a ngan. In January, 1947, when the London Agreement cleared the way for the
speedycreationofanewconstitutionforBurma,theproblemofrelationsbetweentheFrontier
AreasandBurmaacquiredanewurgency.TheAgreement,moreover,gaveaclearindication
ofthemostdesirablesolutiontotheproblem,byproclaimingthatitwastheagreedobjective
ofbothH.M.G.andtheGovernmentofBurmatoachievetheearlyunificationoftheFrontier
AreasandMinisterialBurmawiththefreeconsentoftheinhabitantsofthoseareas."
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(Photo13FACECommitte)
ii.ChinPalaipawlhrilnak
Panglong Copnference lai ah cun Saklam Chinram ih Palai pawl lawng an rak kai. Himi FACE hrang ih
zingzoinakahcunthlanglamlaitlang,ArakanhillsleNagahillihpalaipawlkhalsawmansithluh.Chin
palaipawlcu1947April19nileh21niahMaymyoahthusuhnakanraknei.PanglongahcunMiukpathum
lawngsawmasinan,FACEahcunpengtinihpalaipawlsawmthluhansi.AsinanMiukpawlinanhotho
tho. Kanpetlet lawng ah mipi hril mi Pu Vum
Vum Thu Mawng an rak hril. Capt. Mang Tung Nung ih amahte
zuamnakihsinFalamleKanpetletihpoliticslamcangvaitupawlkhalFACEahkaitheinakcaanha an rak
nei.PuZaHreLiankhalinaduhdansimtheinakdingahsiannakanrakpe.Himizingzoinak,thusuhnak
(Enquiry)ah,Statethuanrelmilawngkaraktarlangding.Cun,PuLianUkihnganmiStatekansiahcun
paisamaltelawngkanngahdingihDistrictinkanjoinasiahcun,bawmnaktamdeuhkanngahdingtiaha
nganmihi,khawitawkinsourcealakticukatheilonan,himiFACEihkanpulepawlansimdanthawna
dengawzet.
iii.6.2.1Falampengpalaipawl
FalampengaiawhinMaymyoihafehtupawlcuPuThangTinLian(ZahauTribalArea),HniarKulh(Laizo),
ThangComA.P.R.O,SangKlir(Khuangli),LianNo(Laizo)leTialDum,F,C.C.S.pawlkhalansi.Falampeng
cunPuThangTinLianihhoinFACECommitteehnenihpekdingmiMemorandumcuHakhaleTedimpeng
palai pawl lungkim in an rak ngan. Himi Memorandum ah Falam, Hakha le Tedim peng palai pawl in
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lungkimnaksignanhtoothluh.FalampengaiawihinPuThangTinLianlePuZaHreLianlawngthusuhnak
an nei ih, mi dang cun a sim mi an lung a kim thluh. Thu an sut thok ihsin ih Memorandum cu Committee
hnenahapek.Memorandumsiarnakanneihnuahhitinthuansut.
PuThangTinLian(ChiefofZahauTribalArea)thusuhnak
Chairrnan:Right.NowIamnotquiteclearaboutonepointDoyouwanttheadministrationofyourterritory
tobecontrolleclbyMinisterialBurmaaloneorbysorneGovernmentrepresentativeoftheFrontierandBurma
races?Yontalkaboutfederationinyourmemorandum,butitisnotquiteclearwhomyouhaveinmind.
(MomorandumihNo.1nakahtheChinsshallhaveequalrightsandprivilegesastheBurmese,aftertheyhave
federatedwithBurmatiinanngan.)
ChiefThangTinLian:Aswehavesaidiinourmemorandum,weshouldliketogointoBurmaproper.Only
asfarastherepreservationofChincustomsisconcernedweshouldliketodealwiththatmatterourselves.
Chairman:ApartfromtheancientcustomsoftheChinsallothermattersofadministrationaretobedealth
withbytheGovernmentofBurmaproper.DoIunderstandthat?
ChiefThangTinLian:Yes,Sir
Chairman:SowillyoubecomeoneofthedistrictsofBurma?
ChiefThangTinLian:Yessir.
CuhnuthusuhnakahPuThangTinLianihFederationinkankomduhtinalethai.Cumithawnpehparawin..
Chairman:TheansweryougavemewasthatyouwanttobeadministeredbythegovernmentofMinisterial
BurmaandtobecomeonormoredistrictsinBurma.NowyoutalkedaboutbeinggovernedbyFederal
Government.Whatexactlydoyoumean?
ChiefThangTinLian:AllourareasFalam,Hakha,TiddimandKanpetletshouldgointoMinisterial
Burmaasadistrict.WewerenotquiteclearregardingthesetermsFederalandBurmaProper.
Chairman:itmakesratheradifference.Doyouquiteunderstandthepointnow?
ThangTinLian:yesSir.
PuZaHre(Falam)thusuhnak
Chairman:ShouldtheChinHillsgointoMinisterialBurmaorbejoinedinaFederationwithBurmaandthe
otherFlontierAreas?
ZaHre:Sir,IthinkweshouldgointoMinistetialBurma.
iv.HakhaPengpalaipawl
HakhapalaiahChiefMangLing,ChiefVanKioleChiefMangKioankai.ChiefMangLinglawngthusuhnak
antuah,adangpalaipawlcunPuMangLingihthusimmianlungkimpi.
ChiefMangLingthusuhnak
Chainnan:OnepointisnotquiteclearintheMernorandum.DoyouwishtogointoMinisterialBurmaasa
districtordisttictsordoyouwishtobeadministeredbyaFederalGovernmentofallthepeoplesofBurma.
16/25
26/04/2016
ChiefMaugLing:Wedonotknowabouttheliteralmeaningof"federation".WhatwewantistojoinBurma
asadistrictinBurma.
v.TedimPengpalaipawl
TedimpengaalaiahChiefPumZaMang,ChiefThawngZaKhup,ChiefThuamZaMangleKhupKhenKham
ahkai.ChiefPumZaManglawngthusuhnakanneiih,adangpalaipawlcuChiefPumZaMangihthusimmi
anlungkimpi.
ChiefPumZaMangthusuhnak
Chairman:OnepointisnotquiteclearintheMernorandum.DoyouwishtogointoMinisterialBurmaasa
districtordisttictsordoyouwishtobeadministeredbyaFecleralGovernmentofallthepeoplesofBurma.
ChiefPumZaMang:WeshouldliketobeintheFederationaccordingtothePanglongAgreement.
UTinHtut:YouseemtobeundertheimpressionthatyouwillnotgetanyfinancialassistancefromBurma
unlessyoufederateunderthepanglongagreement:isthatso?
ChiefPumZaMang:Yes.Wehavethatfear.Ifwecouldpreserveourancientcustoms,weshouldliketojoin
withBurmaproper.
ThakhinNu:Whatas?
SwabwaofMangpom:AreyouafraidyoumightnotgetfinancialassistanceformBurmaifyoudonotjoinas
adistrictofBurma?
ChiefPumZaMang:Yessir.Thisiswhatwefear.
ThakhinNu:Ifthatisso,yourviewsareentirelydifferentfrominterviewsoftheothertwogroupswhogave
evidenceherethismorning?
ChiefPumZaMang:Ourviewsarethesame.
ThakhinNu:Accordingtothosetwogroups,theywantedtheChinHillstomergewithBurmaasadistrictor
ThissiteusescookiesfromGoogletodeliveritsservices,topersonaliseadsandto
districtsprovidedthattheycouldretaincustomsandtraditions.Doyouagreewiththatview?
analysetraffic.InformationaboutyouruseofthissiteissharedwithGoogle.Byusingthis
ChiefPumZaMang:Thisiswhatwemeansir.Wedonothaveenoughmoneytocarryontheadministration
site,youagreetoitsuseofcookies.
andaslongaswecanpreserveourtraditionsandancientcustomswearequitecontentment.Weshalljoin
LEARNMORE
GOTIT
Burmaforthesakeoffinancialassistance.
vi.SizangPengpalaipawl
SizangpalaiUSeinLiankhalinMemorandumahhminhtootnakaneive.Hitinthuansut.
Chairman:Couldyouclearonepointonwhichweareratherindoubt?DoyouwiththeChinHillstobe
administeredbyMinisterialBurmaasdistrictordistrictsorbyaFederalGovernmentrepresentatingthewhole
oftheFrontiersAreasaswell?
USeinLian:WeshouldliketobeundertheMinister,andtobeadministeredbythatMinister.
vii.Kanpetletpalaipawl
17/25
26/04/2016
KanpetletChinpalaiUBuKi,ULawHa,UPyunthangleULingGecunanmahtetimtuahmimemorandum
Committeehnenahanpeki.UBuKilawngthusuhnakanneiih,adangpalaicunathusimmianlungkim.
Chairman:AreyouthenanxioustogointoMinisterialBurma?
UBuKi:yes
SimaHsinwaNawng:Whatdoyoumeanbyfederation?(AnmemorandumnihNo.5nakahThey
(Kanpeletmipi)desirefederationwithBurmatinanngan.)
UBuKi:itisveryperplexingtous.Wehavenoclearideaofitatall.
viii.April21niihThusuhnak(TidimleKanpetletPalaiPawl)
Falam,Hakha,Tedim,SizangleKanpetletpalaipawlcuAprilni19,1947niahthusuhnakannei.Capt.Mang
TungNunglePuVumThuMaunghiApril21niahthusuhnakannei.
Vum
Capt.MangTungNung:Ouropiniondiffersfromtheirsinrespectofthemethodofelection,andalsointhe
formofadministrationstatedinItemNo.2.(AtlunihgrouppawlthawnFederationtimiahadanglamtina
sim).Capt.MangTungNungnihcunMipihrilmiinukawkkanduh.Chiefpawlihuknakkanduhlo.Mipi
hnenahSiahtampiankhonmikanduhlo.Cumisikandanglamnaktiahasim.
PuVumThuMaungthusuhnak
Vum
Chairman:DoyouwantKanpetlettobeunitedwithMinisterialBurmaordoyouwantittoformpartofa
federationwhichincludestheFrontierAreasaswellasBurma?
PuVawmThuMaung:Weshouldliketobeinafederation,Sir.Buttherearedifficuitieswith
regardtofinance,conrmunicationsandsoon.ThereforeweshouldliketobeinMinisterial
Burma.
ix.FACEEnquiryReport
Chatwee
1online
FaceEnquiryreportahChinthawnpehparihhitinanngan.Chinpalaipawlihsimnakahcun,Burmaramsung
ahfederateinanfehduhlo.AnnunphungledananhmanginankilkhawitheiasiahcunMinisterialBurma
sungahanumduh.ChinHillscuBurmaramihdistrictpakhatahacangding.Himithusuhnakkanneihnu
nikhatah,insuhmipointkantheifianglomiasi.KansimduhmicuChinHillscuBurmaramsungahmahten
uknakneimiState(separatestate)thawnkankomduhasitincainkuatsal.Thukankhaikhawmtheimicu,
ChinHillscunanmahtenlaireltheidingdinhmunansihrihlo,ziangkanduhtimihngetkhohzetinanding
pitheilo.Curuangah,hithucuConstituentAssemblyihanpalaipawlin,ConstituentAssemblyahChinHills
inziangaduhtimifiangzetinarellehatul.
On the evidence tendered before us, representatives from the Chin Hills do not desire to
federate the Chin Hills with Burma proper but prefer an amalgamation of their area with
ministerial Burma, stipulating only that there should be no interference with their tribal
customsandtraditionsandthattheirchieftainsshouldbeallowedtoadministertheirtracts
asatpresent.TheChinHillswouldotherwisebecomeoneormoreordinarydistrictsofBurma
proper. On the day after they had tendered this evidence, the witnesses submitted a letter
sayingthattheyhadnotunderstoodthepointcorrectlyandthattheyintendedtosaythatthe
18/25
26/04/2016
ChinHillsshouldformaseparatestatewithinafederatedBurma.Theonlyconclusionwecan
safely draw is that the people of the Chin Hills are not yet in a position to come to a firm
conclusion on this matter and that it will have to be left to their representatives in the
ConstituentAssemblytodefinetheirviewsprecisely.
13.0FACEReportThlirnakleChinSpecialDivision
FACE Enquiry ih kan pu le pawl simmi kan zoh tik ah Federate le State hi an thei fiang ngai ngai lo. An
memorandumahSeparateState/Federateinkanumduhtinanngancio.Asinan,thusuhnakahcuDistrictiin
kanduhtinansim.ChairmanReesWilliamleCommitteepawlkhalinhimifangihpalaitinkimhnenahan
sut.Nannganmilenansimmiafianglo,ziangsinanduhnak?tintuletuansutmiahsumpailamkanharsa
ruang ah District in kan join duh tin an sim thluh. Kan pu le hrekkhat nih tla cu fiang ten Federate timi a
sullamkantheilotiahansim.PuVumThuMaunglawnglawngin,Federationinkankomduhnan,sumpai
Vum
lamkanharsaruangahDistrictinkankomduhmiasitinfiangzetinasimthei.Zingzoithusuhnak(Enquiry)
ahehhnuahChinpalaipawlcun,kansimsualmiasi.SeparateStateinkanjoinduhasitincaankuat.Cui
ca cu FACE Committee member Vum
Vum Kho Hau in Chairman hnen ah a pek. Kan pu le pawl an sim mi le an
nganmianfianglo.Ansimthehhnuahthuanthlengsaltikah,Committeecun,Chinpalaipawlcu,ziangan
duhantheiawklo.AnmahtenthuanhentheilotheChinHillsarenotyetinapositiontocometoa
firmconclusiononthismattertiahthuanhen.Curuang ah an thu cu an palai pawl in Constutuent
Assemblyinrelsakdinginthuanrakrelcat.ConstituentAssembly(

)ihrelnakvekin,
ChinHillscubawmnaktulmiasiruangahSpecialdinhmun,SpecialDivisionpekdinginanrakrelcatih,
cutin 1974 hlan tiang Chin Special Division dinhmun in kan rak um [Chin National Day: Hrangtar
Nawnkhar].UNeWinihRevolutionCouncilakaihnu1974hnuihsinChinStateahkanrakcang.
14.0Conclusion:
PanglongConferencelaiahStatekandilledillohisimaharzet.ChinmiaiawhtupakhatasimiVumKho
Vum
Hauincukadilkonan,Statethuruangahpanglongconferenceasiatziktikahhithuhinetaahrellehdingin
kanlungakimtiahangan.Asinan,KawlsourcesleMirangreportahcun,ChindelegatepawlinStatethu
kanrelmihmuhdingaumlo.Kandilah,dilloah,athupibikmicuPanglongConferenceihsinBurmaram
ahkankomdingtimilungkimnakkanraknei.Statedinhmuninmawkanjoinding,Districtdinhmuninkan
join ding timi cu FACE lawng ah ah relcat mi a si. Kachin pawl ih dilmi khal Panglong ah relcat a si lo.
Panglongconferencevekthothoin,FACEhiathupitukve.PanglongconferenceinBurmaramsungkomding
inalungkim,FACEinziangtinkankomdingtimiazingzoisuak.
FACEReportkanzohtikah,kanpulepawlihsimmiroriparinthukanhenasiahcun,ChinHillscuBurma
ramsungahDistrictpakhatinkomkanduhtimifiangzetinalang.Asinan,kanpulepawlinFederatiointimi
hifiangtenanraktheiciolo.Anmawhlolawlaw,tusunhmanahmifimlecathiamkantampinanFederation,
Federalmodeltimiatheifiangtungaingaikanmaltedingkazum.Anmemorandumahcun,Federationkan
duhantinan,thuansuhnakahcunDistrictinkomkanduhtiahansimthluh.Evidenceanpekhnunikhat
ah,anthuanthlengsalihFederationsungahumkanduhasitinansimlalatikah,FACECommitteenihcun,
Chinpawlcuanmahtenthuanthentheilo,anthucuConstituentAssemblyihthensakdingintimtuahnakan
nei.Cutin,ConstituentAssemblyinSpecialDivisionahinpeknakasi.
Cun,kansimtambikmiMirangpawlinBurmaramahkomhlahuhtimithukanrakngailoruangahhican
kanthlengtinkhalkansimtheu.Himithuah,1946ihPanglongConferenceleFalamConferencelaiahcun
Simla White Paper dan vek in Burma ram (Ministerial Burma) cu zalennak ngah ding an si. White Paper
19/25
26/04/2016
timtuahnakahcun,MinisterialBurmalawngzalennakpekin,adangpawlcuMirangkuttangahumhrih
dingansi.ConservativeCozahihanEmpireihsinsuakanraktumhrihlo.Kawlpawlsawnihanthuneihnak
khaFrontierAreastiangthlengteranduhihFrontierAreaspawlBurmaramihteldinginansawm.1946lai
Simla White Paper a nung lai ah cu, Frontier Areas pawl in hriltheinak Mirang kuttang maw kan um ding,
Burma ram kan kom ding timi hriltheinak kan rak nei. Asinan, Aung San Atlee Agreement hnu in Frontier
Areaspawlinhriltheinakkanneinawnlo.Burmasungkankomlole,kanhmailamkhawiahkanthlengding
timizohmanihsimtheiharaksilo.1947PanglongConferenceahcun,Burmaramsungahkomhlahuhtimi
simtudingkhalanumnawnlo.Kankomloasiah,kanhmailamkhawikanthlengdingtizohmansimfiang
theiasilo.
Karenkhalkhizohuhla,ConservativeCozahihnanmahtenMatabankiangkaptelin,tipithuanthumluhnak
telinram(Karennistan)kanlodinsakdingtiahanraktiamkammiLabourCozaharakkaitikah,anhmailam
thuthensaktaloinanraktan.PangongkhalahObserverdinhmunlawnginantelih,Mirangansuaktikah
Burmaramsungihumdinginantanta.KannihChin,KachinleShancukanramziangvekdinhmunasi
ding,kanramkhawitiatasidingtikhallairelthluharaksi.Karencuzianghmanlairelnakumloinantan
men.CutikahMatabbanleTanintharihmunpawlteninKarenStatedinanrakduh,BurmaCozahihasiang
lo tikah cun buainak tumpi, ramsung ralpi tiang a rak suak. Kan nih kan Chin mi pawl khal Panglong ah
lungkimnakrakneihlahseela,kanhmailamthuhizohmanihsimtheihmithilasilo.
ZiangruangahBurmaramahkankomtimikhalhi,kanpulepawlihthuthencatnakruangahasikonan,a
ngaingaitentiahcuMirangpawlihpolicyruangahasi.Komdinginindirectlytenintuahsak.Komaduhlo
tupawlanhnatuanihsinandawithluh.Kanpulepawlculeitlunramkhel(politics)ahanhmuhnakakaulo
cukantheihciomiasi.HimiahMirangpawlininmerrerosawnmiasi.FACEEnquirylaikhalahkanpule
pawlinFederatinhiasullamkantheilotiahansimrerokonan,FederationinnanBurmaramnankomle
ziangtinasiding,Districtinnankomleziangtinasidingtimithufiangtaktenasimtuanumlo.Kanpule
pawlinkanfiangloasiantinacingin,ansutbetthothoihcutinancemtermen.KanChinralkaphiculaiih
hminthangbikralkapbattallionanraksi.
1 st le 2nd Battalion of Chin Rifles tla cu Sir. Dorman Smith in a va veh hai ring ring. Chin Hills Antitank
Regiment(ChinHillsBattalion)tlacu1894ihdinmiasiih,hmualaneibikmibattalionaraksi.Himikan
ChinBattalionpathumkhal,1945ihsinRegularBurmaArmysungahKandylungkimnak1945vekinarakum
zo.1945ihBurmaArmytharandintikahChinHillsAntiTankRegimenthiexperienceneibiklethuanthunei
bikBattalionpakhataraksi.Panglongconferencehlanpin,kanhmailamcuBurmaramsungihumdingah
Mirangpawlinantimtuahciaasi.
Atlunihsourcespawlkanzohtikah,mipakhatihtongletsualmenruangahStatekanngahlomiasilomia
fiang.PanglongConferencelaiahtongletsualinStatekanrakngahlohmansehla,FACElaiahkansimthei.
Kansualmiremtheinakcaanhakanneilai.Cun,PanglongconferenceahFrontierAreaspawlinziangvekin
Burma ramsung ah an kom ding timi thurelcat nak a um lo. Curuangah, mipakhat tongletsual nak ruang ih
ChinramStatekanngahlotimicuasualhrimhrimmiasi.
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si. Tlangparmi pawl (Frontier Areas) cu Burma Frontier Services

1946 Panglong Conference ih a va

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