UDC 66.041,57:662.614:656.94 JAPANESE INDUSTRIAL STANDARD a Heat balancing of cement rotary kiln JIS R 0303-» 3 Translated and Published by Japanese Standards Association Printed in Japan 24sTh the event of any doubt arising, the original Standard in Japanese is to be final authority. OUDC 66.041.57:662.614:666.94 JAPANESE INDUSTRIAL STANDARD JIS ‘Heat balancing of cement rotary kiln R 0303-1991 1. Scope This Japanese Industrial Standard specifies heat balancing of rotary kiln (hereafter referred to es the "Kiln”) and its accessories by which Portland cement clinker is made. Remarks 1, Applicable Standards to this Standard are shown in the following: JIS B 8222-Heat Balancing of Boilers for Land Use JIS K 2249-Testing Methods for Density of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, and Petroleum Measurement Tables Based on Refer- ence Temperature of 15°C JIS K 2251-Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products — Sampling JIS K 2272-Testing Methods for Ash and Sulfated Ash of Crude Oil and —. Petroleum: Products SS JIS K 2275-Testing Methods for Water Content of Crude Oil and - Petroleum Products ‘MIS K 2279-Testing Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocar- bon Fuel by Bomb Calorimeter JIS K 2541-Testing Methods for Sulfur in Crude Oil and Petroleum Products JIS M 8813-Methods for Ultimate Analysis of Coal and Coke JIS M 8814-Determination of Calorific Value of Coal and Coke JIS R 5202-Method for Chemical Analysis of Portland Cement JIS Z 8808- Methods of Measuring Dust Concentration in Fuel Gas 2. In this Standard, the units and values shown in {_ ) are based on the traditional units, and appended for informative reference only. 2. Reference 2.1. The heat balancing shall be made based on results of not less than 24 hours consecu- tive normal operation of the kiln, 2.2. ‘The heat balancing shall be performed for 1 t of Portland cement clinker (hereafter referred to as the clinker"), 2.3. The reference temperature of heat balancing shall be outside air temperature. 2.4 The heat value of fuel shall be the low heat value of it at use. 3, Items to be measured and recorded 3.1 Records concerning plant and equipment The following shall. be recosded concem- ing the plant and equipment: (1) Name and location of plant (2) Kiln number (3) Manufacturing system(!) (4) Size (inside diameter and full length)Oo 2 R 0303-1991 (3) (6) MO (8) @) (10) ap 12) Effective inside volume(?) Kind of fuel used Type of bumer Type and size of cooler(?) Type of suspension preheater and number of steps and diameter of each step of eycione : Type, number, size (inside of calcining furnaces ‘Type of Repol-preheater and size (length and width) of grate History(*) Notes (!) Identification of dry method (presence or absence of waste heat boiler, suspension preheater, and calcining device), semi-dry method, or wet method (presence or absence of waste heat boiler and filter). meter and height) and effective inside volume(”) @) Inside volume measured when bricks are not stuck. In the case of Ht multitube cooler, inside volume measured to the center of the exit. ©) In the case of air quenching cooler, size (effective length and width) of grate; in the case of multitube cooler, number of tubes and size (diameter and length) of each tube. (4) Dates of construction and remodelling, and outline of remodelling. 3.2. Measuring items The item for measurement shall be 2s follows: a) (2) @) @) ) (6) mM (8) @) ao) ay (12) a3) ‘Measurement period (time and date) and name of measuring person(s) Climate, atmospheric pressure, wind speed, and temperature and humidity of out- side air Clinker output Composition and lime saturation’degree of clinker Temperatures of clinker at cooler entrance and exit Volume of exhaust gas emanating from dry materials, Used quantity, water content, and temperature of materials Kind, brand, composition (at use)(>), heat value, temperature, and used quantity of fuel Volumes and temperatures of primary and secondary air for burning, and static pressure of primary air ing furnace Volume, temperature, and static pressure of fluidizing air for calci Volume, temperature, static pressure, composition and air ratio of exhaust gas at preheater exit Volume, temperature, static pressure, composition and eir ratio of exhaust gas from kiln Volumes and temperatures of cooling air of air quenching cooler and exhaust in exhaust tube of the cooler3 R 0303-1991 (14) Quantity of dust scattering at preheater exit (or kiln exit when preheater is ab- sent) Note (5) Fuel composition (%) is as follows, according to fuel used (elements in. )-should-be described-only when clement-analysis is performed): (@) In the casé of fuel oft: water, ash, sulfur, (carbon), (hydrogen), (oxygen) and (nitrogen). (®). In the case of coal: humidity, water content, ash, volatile mat- ter, fixed carbon, burning sulfur, (carbon), (hydrogen), (oxygen) and (nitrogen). 4. Measuring methods 4.1. Output, composition, lime saturation degree and temperature of clinker The output, composition, lime saturation degree and temperature of clinker shall be measured as follows: (@) Output should be measured actually. It may also be calculated from quantities ro) of dry materials sent in, (2) Composition and time saturation degree shall be obtained as follows: (a) Composition should be measured according to JIS R 5202. (b) Lime saturation degree, L. $. D., should be obtained from the composition of clinker according to the following formula: (C20) 4.5. D.= F3(Si0a) + 12 (A203) + 0.65 (Fea0s) where, (CaO) : calcium oxide in clinker (%) (SiOz) : silicon dioxide in clinker (%) (Al203) : alumi jum oxide in clinker (4) (e203) : ferric oxide in clinker (%) (3) The temperatures should be measured at position as near the entrance and exit of cooler as possible. 3 4.2, Volumes of exhaust gases emanating from dry materials (Volumes of vapor and carb- on dioxide) The volumes of exhaust gases emanating from dry materials per | kg of clinker ‘Shall be obtained from the composition of clinker according to the following formulae, (1) When it is supposed that aluminium oxide (Al203) in clinker comes out from kaoline (Ka), the quantity (kg) of kaoline (Ka) is: = 258. y (Al203) © (Al203) (Ka) = sor * 00 +253 x “ie Further, the mass (7no (kg)] and volume [Vine (m3x)} of vapor emanating from this are objained from the following formulae: 36_,, (Al20s) sor * Sag = 0353 x go = (Al2Os) 100 448, (Ans) _ (A205) voz * “109 = 943° * “004 R 0303-1991 (2) When it is supposed that calcium oxide (CaO) and magnesium oxide (MgO) in clinker come out from calcium carbonate (CaCOs) (kg) and magnesium carbon- ate (MgCOs) (kg), quantities of calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate are: = 100, (Cad) © (C20) (CaC03) = SP LAPP = 1.786 x _ 84 (MgO) © (igo) (MgCOs) 2 x 100 10% “To. Further, the mass [7ricor (kg)] and volume [Vco, (m*x)] of carbon dioxide emanat- . ing from these are obtained from the following formulae: 4 M20), 44 (MRO) men = SE *~T00* GO * 100 = 0.786 x {S20 5 1.4 x iB0). 100 = 22.4 (Cad) 22.4 MgO) oO : Mea isp cere 100i 40 eh -100 is (C20) Mg0) 0.40 x “EO + 0.56 x -E9 where, (CaO) : calcium oxide in clinker (%) (MgO) : magnesium oxide in clinker (%) Remarks 1. When slag is used as a part of materials, the above calculation should be performed using the quantities of (CaO) and (Alas) which are subtracted by the quantities of (CaO) and (Al2Os) com- ing from slag, as given in the following expression: (@) The ratio R of (CaO) coming out from lime stone to that from slag is obtained according to the following’ formula: _ o1xm Ro Cem oO where, C1: quantity of (CaO) in lime stone (%) Co: quantity of (CaO) in slag (%) ‘my : rate Of lime stone compounded in raw materials (%) ma: rate of slag compounded in raw materials (%) (©) Quantity (4%) of calcium oxide (CaO) coming out from lime stone is obtained from the formula in (2) using the fol- lowing formula: : R {CaO} = (CaO) x ap5 R 0303-1991 © Quantity (%) of aluminium oxide [A103] coming out from clay is obtained from the formula in (a) using the follow- ing formula: [Ai03) = (Alas) - (Cid) x = x & apa eens THR *G where, A: quantity of aluminium oxide in slag (%) (Al2O3) : quantity of aluminium oxide in clinker (%) (CaO) : quantity of caleium oxide in clinker @) 2. Correction of composition according to ash in fuel should be performed in conformity with the case of slag, as appropriate. aS .3. The my is the unit of volume of gas in the standard condition 0°C, 101.3 kPa{760 mmHg}. 4:3. Used quantity, water content, temperatufe and heat value of materials The used quantity, water content, temperature and heat value of materials shall be measured as follows: (1) Used quantity of dry materials Since quantity of gas emanating from 1 kg of Ker iS (rtiwo + Meo,) (KB) aS calculated in 4.2, used quantity mm (kg) of éry materials per 1 kg of clinker is obtained according to the following formula: Pin = 1.0 + [Mino + Moos) (2) ° Water content and temperature of materials These values should be measured on the samples taken out from the kiln entrance, the suspension preheater or Lepol preheater entrance. (3) Heat value of materials. The heat value of materials including flammable ob- jects should be measured in the similar way to that given in 4.4. a 4.4 Composition, heat value and used quantity of fuel The composition, heat value and o used quantity of fuel shall be measured as follows: (1) The testing method of composition of fuel should be based on the following Japanese Industrial Standards, Further, the sample of coal should be taken from a position as close to the injection point as possible): (@ MS K 2251 (b) WS K 2272 ©) MS K 2275 @) MS K 2541 @) IS M8813 (2) ‘The measuring method of heat value should be based on the following Japanese Industrial Standards:6 R 0303-1991 (@) Ms K 2279 (b) “JIS M 8814 @) Used quantity (@) ~ The-used quantity of fuel-oil should be measuréd by first measuring the volume with a positive-displacement flow meter or tank, then converting the volume into mass using the specific gravity(*). (b) The used quantity of coal should be expressed in mass in the state at injec- tion. Note (°) The specific gravity of fuel oil should be as given in JIS K 2249. 4.5 Volume and temperature of air for buming The volume and temperature of air for burning shall be measured as follows: _ (1) Volume (@ The volumes of the primary air, fluidizing air for calcining furnace, and ex- tracted air from the cooler for the calcining furnace should be measured with an orifice tesier, Venturi tube, Pitot tube, or other apparatus. (>) The volume of secondary air should be obtained as the difference between the volume of the primary air and the total volume of air calculated from the composition and used quantity of fuel, and the composition of the ex- haust gas from the kiln. (2) Temperature (2) The temperature of the primary air should be measured before fuel is mixed. (b) The temperature of the secondary air should be measured with an aspirating pyrometer, as far as possible. 4.6 Volume, temperature, pressure, composition and air ratio of exhaust gas from preheater The volume, temperature. pressure, composition and air ratio of the exhaust gas from the preheater shall be measured as follows: (1) The volume should be obtained from the used quantities and compositions of materials and fuel and the composition of the exhaust gas from the preheater. (2) The temperature and static pressure should be measured at a position near the preheater exit. (3) At measuring the composition, the sample should be taken at a position as near the preheater exit as possible, and it should be analysed with an Orsat analyser. (4) The air ratio should be calculated from the composition of exhaust gas. 4.7 Volume, temperature, pressure, composition and air ratio of exhaust gas from kiln The volume, temperature, pressure, composition and air ratio of exhaust gas from the Kiln shall be measured at the kiln exit in conformity with 4.6, as appropriate. 4.8 Volumes and temperatures of cooling air and exhaust of cooler The volumes and temperatures of the cooling air and exhaust of the cooler shall be measured in the same way as that for the primary air stated in 4.5, as appropriate.7 R 0303-1991 4,9 Quantity of dust scattering at preheater or kiln exit The quantity of dust scattering at the preheater exit shall be calculated from the result of measurement of quantity of dust contained near the preheater exit according to JIS Z 8808 and the volume of exhaust gas from the preheater obtained in 4.6, In the casé of a kiln without a preheater, the quantity of dust scattering at the kiln exit should be obtained by measuring the quantities of boiler dust and precipitated dust, then converting the resulis to the value per 1 kg of clinker. 5. Items for heat balancing and their calculations Bach item for heat balancing given at the left column of Tables 1 to 2 below shall be calculated in the way shown to its right column in the tables. Calculations shall be per- formed per 1 kg of clinker for convenience, but, they should be expressed per 1 t of clinker by multiplied by 10%. The heat balancing of the waste heat boiler should be performed ac cording to Annex.8 R 0303-1991 @) Kiln Table 1 Them i ~ Calculation method — = 1. Thermal ing (0) Heat of combus- | Q. = myx Hy yer tkeat)) Hon fel |" where, my used qunty of ee por kg of linker Ox) O Hy! low heat value of fuel (elke (kealécg)) Remarks1._ Inthe case of a new suspension type (hereafter refered to as the "NSP*), this should be calelated for each of the kiln and the calcining furnace, 2, Method of converting analyzed values and heat values of fuel to the ones at use time base, 1). Composition: whole water content w (%), ash eon- tents'a (%), exon c (fe), hydrogen h (4), buming sulfar 5 (%), nitrogen n (i), and oxygen 0 (%) shoul be convened searing othe following for- sulae: nyy = 100 = We went Sage xm 0=100-(wrarerhes+a) wher, wat humidy () vr water ecording to instal chemical Srajls (wat Dist) (®) 2 ash acording to indueal chemical Shue (vats (8) carbon scoring to clemensal analysis Gyre) Jot hydrogen scoring to elemental Ueber ay ba buming sulfur according o clement Enya (ry bas) (2) yi nlttogen according to elemental sis (ry bart (2) (2) Heat value: High heat value #, (kal) and ow CAO et value GO{keal}) should be sonvered wih the following formula: 100 = wa 4, “00 Me Hy= I, - 69h +6) where, Ho: high heat value (humidistat base) Cediepikeallg)) wat humidity (%) ‘he hydrogen (%) ws whole water (4) Ay O9 R 0303-1991 Table 1 (Continued) Caleulation method tem (1) Heat of combue tion of fuel 2.0 kcal}) “3. Tn the ease of fuel oil, humidity wy (%) should be es- timated as O, and the composition and high heat value of fuel at use measured from the sample should be used as it 4, When elemental analysis is aot performed for fuel oi, its carbon and hydrogen should be taken as 86 % and 12% respectively, (2) Sensible heat of fel QsGeT {eal} Db = myx Gx y=) where, my: quantity of fuel used per 1 kg of clinker kg) Cp: specific heat of foe! (ikg"Clkeal/kg"C)) 1p: temperature of fuel °C) 1 outside ai temperature (C) Remarks]. The Cris 1.88 iikg"C(0.45 keal/eg"C) for fel of, end 1105 Kifeg"C(0.25 keallkg"C) for coe 2. Inthe ease of an NSP, this should be obtained for each of the Kin and the calcining fernace, (@) Heat of combus- tion of matedale 2.bciikeal)) TX Haw wher, + mass of dry materials per 1g of clinker Og) mn" Gould be obained sccerding 43). Hag: low heat valve of materials (lg (el) (@) Sensible heat of material Ode keal)) (2) Sensible heat of dry materials Qa {kes!}) Qe = Mm X Co X Cm =) where, mz mass of dry mat ial pec L kg of eink (x) ed according 43) Cu specific heat of matralsClc'Chkeal in tomperanue of materials at preheater orn envance () 1 outside afr tempera CC) Remarkst The Cy is 0.84 KIdcg'C(0.20 kealsg'C) (@) Sensible heat of water ontent in materials QaGtkca!}) a= ms m=!) where, m+ quantity of water content materials per} kg Stelinker Oe) tn temperate of materia al prebeter or in enteance CC) 1 ouside air temperature C) Rents, They shou be obtained coring 1 the allowing fo When watris measured on material not added with ae (8) When watee content is measured on mat wh ase yg Bia ML 4 OX Wat a aw where, mi: mas of dry materials pe 1g of dlink (3) vim wale in materials not added with dust the preheater or iin entrance (8) wwe: ater content of mat dust atthe preheater or w 4: mining rte of dust rato of qoaniy of Sustieary materials) » als added entrance10 R 0303-1991 Table 1. (Continued) Tem Calevlation method (A). Sensible heat of. material Gas (kcal) ‘2, "When water content in materials i lle, this may be (©) Sensible heat of materials Qe heal)) Qa = Qn + Qeo where, Qai + sensible heat of dry materials (kJ (kcal). Qea sensible heat of water content in materials (s(keal)) G) Sensible heat of poieds Beertiesiyy AlxCaX (ter — 1) where, At? Yolume of preheste primary ar per 1g of ‘linker nbn) Ca: specific heat of air (kJ/m?x"C{keal/m*y'C}) tats preheater temperare of te CC) 3 outside air temperature ("C) Remarke 1, This heat shouldbe summed together only whe pimary Airis prehesed with any ofthe others than Kin or ooolr. 2 When primary ais preheated wil kiln apd ool is should be surumed together ts 3, Circulating he 2. Inthe eave of NSP, this shoul be clelated foreach of Hives casey mec, (6) Sensible heat of cooling ar of One (keal}) O= Ae Ca (lac = where, Ae: volume of cooling air per 1 kz of clinker (m"x) Cy specific heat of ait (kI/m®n'C(keal/my"C}) foc: preheating temperature of alt (°C) + outside air temperature (°C) Remarks 1, This heat should be surnmed together only when cooling air is preheated with any of the others then kiln or cooler. 2. When cooling air is prehested with kiln and cooler, this should be summed together a8 3. Circulating heat. () Total thermal input Oier (kel) Qt = Qe + Ob + De Da+ Qe + Or where, eat of combustion of fuel (KI(keal}) ensible heat of fuel (KI{keal)) eat of combustion of materials (ki {keal)) ensible heat of materials (KI (kcal)) sible heat of primary ar (k(Kea!}) Qf: sensible heat of cooling sir of cooler (kI(keal)) (D) Heat for clinker bumin QgfkS fkeal)) 2. Themmal ouiput xtaiteat}) (@) Sensible heat required to heat dry materials 0 900°C Qgi(ki{keal)) im X Cm 900 ‘rig: mass of dry materials per 1 kg of clinker (ke) Cn: specific heat of materials (ki/kg’C{keallkg'C}) Remarks 1. Specific heat of materials should be obtained from the compounding rate of clay or slag. whose specific hess, are 1.105 kifcg'C (0.264 kealfagiC) and 1.017 Kifke'C (0.243 kealfig'C) respectively. 2. This ealculation should be carried out based on OC, be- cause there is most no difference whether the caleule- tion bated on ordinazy temperature oF O°C. (©) Heat required for decomposition of esleium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, snd kaoline Qa) (keal]) + Qya= 1674 x (CaCO) + 1172 x (MgCOs) + 933 x (Ka) 89 x (CeO) + 2461 x (MgO) +2361 x (Alz02)n : R 0303-1991 Table 1 (Continued) Item 2 Thermal ov (1) Heat for clinker | (Q2(ki {kcal}. burning ele kcal) Caleulation method ‘pa = 400 x (CaCOs) #380 x (MgOOs) + TB x = 714 x (C20) + 588 x (MgO) + 564 (A103) where, (CaCOs) : mass of calcium carbonate per 1 kg of clinker ke) (MgCOs) : mass of magnesium carbonate per 1 kg of BO. Anker OB) Ka) (C20) 40) ‘mass of Kaoline per 1 kg of clinker (cg) mass of calcium oxide per 1 kg of linker (kg) ass of magnesium oxide per 1 kg of clinker 5) (Al03) +: mass of aluminium oxide per 1 kg of clinker Oke) Remarks! This should be obtained according to 4.2 when slag i used as raw material. (© Heatrequied wheat decomposed matrns rom 900°C w 1450°C Pestk3 Qg3 = 1.109 x 450 = 0980 x 800 = 726 {Qys = 0.265 x 1450 ~ 0.234 x 900 = 173 keal) Remarks: Specific heat of decomposed materials at 900°C 10 1450°C }OULd be regarded as the same as that oFclinker, and quan~ tity of decomposed materials asthe quantity of clinker. (€) Heat of product during clinkering Qyu(tS[keal)) Qga = 418.6 KI{100 keal} ‘Remarks: This numerical value has been obtained from the literetare by Nacken. (©) Sensible heat of carbon dioxide and steam coming out of decom- position at 900°C, Qas (kStkeal)) es = (eos x Cos + Vio X Cryo) x 3768 = 783 x (CaO) + 1097 x (MgO) + 666 x (AlL03), Des = eos x Coos + Vito % Cito) % 900 = 187 x (CaO) + 262 x (MgO) + 159 x (AhOa) where, Veo, Yolume of carbon dioxide emanating from materials per 1 kg of clinker (m?x) Vino : volume of steam emanating from materials HO eof clinker Gh pe Com: ite haan C0: specific heat of steam (ki/m?y"C{kcal/m?y"C}) (Go) quay esa xe et tlk (kg) (MgO): quantity of magnesium oxide par 1 kg of clinker (ke) (Al203) : quant of aluminium oxide per 1 kg of clinker (ke) Remarks: The Yeo and Vio shoei be obtained according 4.2, and (Cid), MgO) and (Alz0s) according o 4.1 2) (0) Sensible heat possessed by clinker at 1450°C, Qps(ki (keal)) Qe = 1.109 x 1450 = 1608 KI (Doe = 0.265 x 1450 = 384 keal) Remarks: Ils aken that average specific heat of clinker at 1450°C is 1,109 eifg'C(0.265 kealfeg*C). (@) Heat for clinker burning p(k {keal]) Qg= Ogi + Oya + Os + Qq4 + O55 + Qos where, pl: sensible heat required to heat dry materials to 900°C (i {kcal})12 R 0303-1991 Table 1 (Continued); tem Culeuletion method 2. Thermal output] (1) Heat for linker ‘ea sad fo: death of clin eax Oxtrtkeal) bering Oe hema mepnesion cabonss ad oli ste keat) Gatkeu Og; heat required to heat decomposed materials From 900°C to 1450°COH eal) Og eat prodaced during linker burning l(a) ra sonstble het of extbon dioxide and stam con- Bp ou of deconpositon 900°C05 ed)) ‘Ogg sensible heat possessed by clinker at 1450°C (cS{keal}) Remarks. When cay is used as material, heat for einker burning alia may be ens secording 1 the foow. Se tormalac 2s~ Bay 5204640) +1965 MgO) + 155% (Q9= “06 +527 x (CaO) +326 x (MgO) + 405 x ho - 3117 Qqy may 2s be as follows: ‘im = 1 + 0.353 x (Al2Os) + 0.786 x (C20) + 1.10% (Mte0) When Cn = 1.105(kiMcg'C)(Cn = 0.264(kealhkg"C)) Ooi = 996 + 352 x (Al2Os) + 783 x (CaO) + 1093 x eo} {Qt = 238 + 84 x (AlOs) + 187 x (C20) + 261 x (20) Consequently, Opis: (Qy = 2087 (Ah On) + 2989 x (C10) + 2657 (MAO) ~ {Oy = 489 x (Alz0s) + 714 x (CaO) + 587 x (MgO) - 73) “Y Example of ealeolation: Heat for boring por 1 ke of ase When the composition of inks fs as follows: (Ala03) = 5.2% 658% 13% (106 + 1967 + 32306) = 1799 13 (0p (254470 + 8~ 73) = 430 keal) 2._ Reaction of elinker formation is very complicated. For texampi, the following rection i expected on CxCO3: aC 03 > C10 + C02 +o CaO + Al203, SiOz, Fe2O3 — clinker mineral + 0:2 Therefore, hea of resetion. a,c, at cach emperature Should be ealeuated and te average shouldbe taken However, heat of reaction at 900°C is for con- veri conden the completion In rexeon of clinkor Formation. (2) Sensible heat of + linker entering into cooler (Qs0kd (es!)) Oh = Cer x (ten ~ 1) where, Curt specific hoat pf clinker (klfkg"C(eal/eg*C}) fen: temperature of clinker at cooler entrance (*C) 1: outside air temperature (°C) Remarks: The Qs should not be added to the total thermal output.13 R 0303-1991 Table 1 (Continued) Item Celeulation method "2 Thermal ouput | @) Sensibleheat | Qr= Cax (en — 0 Onli {kcal} taken away by where, Cal specific heat of clinker (ki/kg'C{kealkg'C)) 2igeF keal}) tata temperature of clinker at cooler exit (°C) 1: outside air temperature (°C) (A) Sensible heat | (a) Sensible heat taken away by exhaust gas from cooler Qn(kI{keal}) taken away by 7 Xen Sanus pos Qn = Asx Cox (e~1) From coset ‘where, Ap volume of exheust gas from cooler per 1 ke of (Ox0e (keal}) clinker (ms) Cat specifi haat of ar Qin?y'C (Realin?y’C)) ‘tg temperature of exhaust from cooler (C) ‘+: outside sir temperature (°C) Remarks: When 2 part of ai puided into the exhaust be fiom the sir quenzhing cooler is used to preheat primary ur or cool- ‘ng air of the cooler or the like, the heat quantity used for such purpose should be sobiacted. : () Sensible hes taken away by dust in exhaust from cooler Opt (keal)) Qin = Ca (te 1) X me where, Cat average specific heat of dust at ty Getfeg'C hecalee'C}) te temperature of exhaust from cooler C) 1 outside air temperature (*C) ime? quantity of dust in exhaust from cooler (kg/kg stinker) (€) Sensible heat taken away by exhaust from cooler QjkI(kesl)) = 0+ Qn where, nt sensible heat taken away by exhaust gas from cooler (kI{keal)) + sensible heat ten away by dustin exhaust 7 from cooler (kJ(kcal)) ( Heweot | Qexmexr vaporization of where, ae quantity of water content in materials per 1k eater content in Sfelngee (ug {shoal be obtained by 1. (4) > aaa Sensible heat of materials.) Qx(k3 (Keal}) +r heat of vaporization of water at outside air temperature (k/rg (keal/kg}) Remarks: Heat of vaporization of water content at outside air femperaie shoold be obtsined using the following for = 2499 - 2:30 r{r = 597-05 1) __« Desimal placer should be rounded off. where 11 outside alr tempeiatre CC) (©) Sensible heat (a) Sensible heat of steam emanating from materials Qx(kI{keal)) taken aay by pee | On = BEE x (r+ mina) x C0 x Co 0 orn ; Seis!) wher, me quantiy of water conten in materials perk of clinker (Kg) Whon water is measured on clinker mixed with dust, my’ should be used [shoul be one by i (Sensible ea of materials}. ‘mugo + quantity of steam emanating from kaoline (kg) {should be obtained according 10 4.2 (1).14 R 0303-1991 Table 1 (Continued) - Tem I Calealaon method 2, Thermal output -} (6). Sensible heat- Cz + specific heat of vapor (kJ /m'y"C {keal/m'y°C}) Pater al} taken away by tg? temperature of exhaut ga from kiln or Foemprebeter preheater CC) or na £2 outside air temperature (°C) OAKS (keal}) (b) Sensible heat of carbon dioxide emanating from materials Qn0eFtkeal}) Qn = Voor x Coon x (ty) where, cos? volume of carbon dioxide emangting from materials per 1kg of clinker (rx) (should be ‘obtained according to 422 (2) Coo, : specific heat of carbon dioxide (Elim’y"C (kealim’y'C}) 1,5 temperature of exhaust ges from kiln or preheater °C) 1 eutside ar temperature (*C) (©) Sensible heat of combustion ges Ort (keal)) D0 = [Ge X Co + ho x (m—1) x Ca} X MY Ug = 1) w re theoretical volume of combustion gas per 1 ki fee Oe ee Gat See Cot etka + theoretical volun of at for combustion yer Meet ied Go) mi airtto Ca: specific heat of air (kllm'y'C (keal/ny'C)) ed quay of fel per 1 kof clink Og) tg tempeatre of exhaust as from Bly or 7° preheater (C) . tte ac vemperatire °C) Remarks: Calculating method for theoretical volume of combustion 25 Goltnu/kg fuel), air ratio m, and theoretical volume of Bir for combustion Ao(mn®y/kg fuel). i Go= (1 = 0.21)Ay + [1.87e + 11.2h + 0.75 + 1.24 + 0.8] where, + total water content in fuel at use (%) 1 carbon in fuel at use (%) ‘hs hydrogen in fuel at use (%) 41 buming sulfur in fuel at use (%) nityogen in fus} at use (¥) oxygen in fuel at use (%) (2): volume of nitrogen in dry exhaust gas % (G2): volume of oxygen in dry exhaust gas @) (CO): volume of earbon monoxide in dry &x- haust g3s (3) When theoretical volume of combustion gas Go(m'y/kg fuel) and theorstical volume of sir for combustion Ae (rn ufkg fuel) are obtained from the low heat value of fuel Hj the following formulae may be used for convenience:1s R 0303-1991 Table 1 (Continued) tem Celeulation method 2 Thermal ouy Bydtkal)) (©) Sensible heat isken away by hao om prabestr oki Ockttical)) @) In the case of fuel oi! 15.15(1— 1100) yoo 218 12:380/1 = 1100) ba i) In the case of coal ax 2905 + $50) sy _ LOMH1 + 550) Ae 700 (@) Sonibe heat taken away by exhaust gs from ils o preheater Saeteca) fy 21= On + 2a + On ‘etre, Sensible het of vapor emanating from Ons sete (heal) : (On: sensible het ofeabon dioxide emanating from sacral fheal)) ” Qn: sensible ent of combustion pas (Keal)) a ‘Sensible heal taken away by dust Qn} keal}) Qn=Cax ip 0% ma where, Cai average specifi heat of dust tty (kidkeg’C{keal/kg’C}) tpt temperatre of exhaust r05 from kiln ot preleater CC) 1 outside ae temperature (*C) sma quay of dus scaring at kiln or preheater Sei Geprg clinker) Remarks: Specific heat of dost should be obtained from Informative Reference | Table 2. @ Heat Jost due to radiation, etc. Qnled (keal}) On = Qi = (05+ 0: +0) + 21+ O1+ Qn) ‘where, Qj + total thermal input into kiln (e{kea!}) Qg + heat for clinker burning (kJ (eal}) sensible heat taken away by elinker GCkesl}) sensible het taken away by exhaust from cooler (kd {keal)) + heat of vaporza rateils Qa { ical) heat taken away by exhaust gas from ‘oateal)) Qn: sensible heat taken eway by dust (iS[Keal)) Remarks. Loss caused by unburning of fuel isnot included inthe table of heat balancing, since itis hardly recognized in ex- haunt gas. However, # space i left for CO inthe uble of ‘reasurement results, in which loss due to unburning, i ny, should be writen. Informative Reference 2 should be refered forthe measuring method of the het dissipation. 2, Sensible heat taken away by water in water-cooled walls ‘of eoolee and prcheiter, heat lest doe to spray in 8 Drchealer and cooler etc. shoulé be ealeuated as inde- pendent items as needed16 R 0303-1991 Table 1 (Continued); Tem Calculation method 2. Thermal ourput | (9) Total thermal | Q2 = Qa + Qi + Qj + Or + 21+ Qn+ Qn - Pah (kcal) eS teea)y where, Qg heat for clinker burning (k3(Iceal)) ‘Qj: sensible heat taken away by clinker (kI(keal)) (Qf: sensible heat taken away by exhaust from cooler (e(keal)) Qk: heat of vaporization of water content in mitrials 6 fkeal}} + senibe eat taken way by exhast ges 0 oleh ken ey by xh (Qn: sensible hea taken aay by dist QS (kel)) (Qu: het lost det radiation, othe Like (Kal) 3. Circulating heat (1) Heat recovered 2:e3 (keal}) i Sy paimany a o.deifheth) Taxed where, Ai: Volume of primary air per 1 kg of clinker (m°x) Ce : specific heat of air (kI/m'y'C{kealfmy"C)) fay: preheating temperature of primary air (“C) owt oie either ap mare aeariet 2) Hea coved aec0 Brot kin and exacted ir fom colt fumace - Qp(k3 {keal}) (0) Heat recovered by secondary a of Kiln Qpa(t (keal)) Opt = Ax CeX Ginn) whe, "Aa pune of eon ai per of tinker Ca specific heat of sr (k/nn7C(Reain'y"C)) tan preheating temperate of secondary ais (C) 1 outside air temperature °C) (&) Heat secovered by enraced tir fom cooler for esleining fumace zeal) Qpe = As % Ca % (tas = 2) whore, 3 volume of extracted air from cooler pot Lk of linker (ns) : specific heat of ar (kS/my'C(keal/m?y?C}) +) lemperature of exrtced air from cooler (C) side air temperature °C) (©) Heat recovered by secondary air of kiln and extracted ar from cooler for calcining fumace Opbl (kesh) Op = Opt + Ore ‘where, Ope: heat recovered by secondary air of kiln Gslicead) heat recovered by extacied sr from cooler for esicining furnace (at keal}) ts p © Fea * ateooler ‘DeCk3{Keal)) Oy = Aex Co (ree 8) ‘where, Ae? volume ofeooling sir por 1 kg of clinker (my) Cot specific heat of air (KmBy'C(keal/m2y'C}) Jae: womperature of eeoling air of cooler (1C) 1 outside air temperature (°C) Romarks: This ealeulation should be performed only when waste heat of kiln and cooler is uilized for eooling air of cooler.Ww R 0303-1991 Table 1 (Continued): Them eee Culeulation method 4, Thermal ‘Buminig efficiency Qe Oe efficiency mh) wo 100 2) Foe * where, Qa t heat of combustion of fuel (kJ(Keal}) Qc: heat of combustion of materials (kcal) (Oz: sensible heat of materials ({keal}) Og: heat for elinker burning A kcal)) Remarks: There are two ways of considering thermal efficiency of In that user meteial wih much melsture, such a he wet ‘ln and the Lepol kiln; one considers only heat for clinker- ing as effecive heat, and ihe other considers hea! of Yaporization of moistre as effective hea! too, ‘The thermal efeency obtained inthe former way is called burning ef= Felency. whe at obtained in the later way is calle Min efficiency. When material with liule moisture is used, the two thermal eficlaneies are alms he same.18 R 0303-1991 @) Cooler Table 2 - Item a - method ‘Thermal input] (2) Sensible heat of | Qa = Cai x (ten cool + volume of cooling ai per 1 ke of clinker (my) Oki kcal) @) Total thermal input ‘Qatel (keal}) specific heat of air (kl /n'y'C {keal/m'y’C)) + preheating temperature of air (°C) 1 outsie air temperature ('C) Remarks1. This heat should be added together only when cooling air is patented by any ofthe ota than the kn or the cobier. Th sooling aris preheated bp ihe Kin and cous Qa = O44 0, where, Qk: sensible heat of clinker entering cooler Geliveai)) Qj: sensible heat of ceoling sir of cooler 2 2 Thermal ovipar sted cals (GQ) Sensible heat al of kiln and extracted air from cooler for calcining fur- Belk tkeal)) (@), Sensible heat by secondary air of Kiln Qpi(kT(Keal)) Oph Aa C6X (loa ~ where, Aa: yolame of secondary tr per 1g of clinker 7) specific heat of ait (kI/m'y*C (keal/m®y"C)) prcheating temperature of secondary air 'C) 1 outside sir temperature (°C) (©) Sensible heat by extracted air from cooler for ealcining furnace Dp!) Ope = AB x Ca X (tos ~ 1) where, 3: volume of exuracied air from cooler per 1 kx of inker Gn?) Cet specific heat of air (ki/m?x"C {keal/mPy'C)) tes temperature of extracted air from cooler (°C) 1 outside sir temperature ((C) (©) Sensible heat by secondary slr of kin and extracted aie from oaler for ealeining furnace QpCkI (keal)) Op = Opt + Ope where, Qpk sensible heat of socondary sir of kiln (ki (Keal}) + sensible heat of extracted air from cooler for oe eorSning fomacs Gasca) (2) Sensible heat taken away by clinker Qiks {heal} ) Oi = Oax lin where, Cat specific heat of clinker (kI/kg"C(keal/kg"C)) ‘ein? temperature of elinker at cooler exit (*C) f: ouiside air temperature (°C)Shes 19 R 0303-1991 Table 2 (Continued): ikem fee _ Calculation method 2 Thermal oopot | G) Sensible best | (a) Sensible eat taken away by exhaust gus from cooler Q,G3(keai}) Ws03(keal}) taken away by “| gi, = Asx Cax (te~2) cooler where, Art-Yolume of exhaust from cooler per I kg of eS(eea}) Shaker Ghd) Cat specific heat of sic (kin'y°C UKealénty*C)) ‘gt temperature of exhaust from cooler ((C) 1: outside air temperature ("C) (©) Sensible heat taken away by dustin exhaust from cooler Saoeitkea) On= Cet uD X me where, Cat average specific heat of dust at fs aeie'c healer c}) te lemperaie of exhaust from cooler ((C) 1 outside air ternperature (C) ‘me: quantity of distin exhaust from cooler (g/g Sikes (6). Sensible eat taken away by exhaust from cooler Qj tkeal)) Q)= O+ On ‘where, Qj. sensible heat ken away by exhaust gas from fooler Gotkeal) pt sensible heat taken say by dot in exhaust Ons em cooler teed)” @ Sesibichen | Qu~AaxGsx Gm {taken away by where, -A4: volume of extracted air from cooler for other, caused Ge fiom cooler for cher than eal Qutb kesh) than calcining fomace per 1 kg of clinker (7x) Cat specific heat of air (ks/mn?y*C{kealémy"C}) ‘og: temperature of extracted air from cooler for ‘other than calcining furnace (°C) 1 outside air temperature CC) Remarks: Extracted air from cooler for other than calcining furnace herein referred includes exhaust from cooler which is used to dry materials. @) Hest lon dveto | Or = Qe~ (+ 0i+ + On) nee where, Qa: total thermal input into cooler (k3{Kcal)) QsCkI{ kcal) Qry: sensible heat by secondary air of kiln and tracted air from cocler for calcining furn Ge(keal}) Qi: sensible heat taken sway by clinker (KJ {keal)) _----- Oj. sensible heat taken away by exhaust from, ‘eooler (K( Qu sensible heat taken away by extracted air from ‘cooler for other than calcining furnace eI {keal}) Remarks: Sensible heat sken away by water in water-cooled wall of ‘cooler, hest lost duc to spray in cooler, and the like should be ealeulated as independent items as required20 R 0303-1991 Table 2 (Continued) Item Calculation method 2. Thermal ouput | (6) Toul thermal | Os = Qp + Qi'+ O) + Ov +O: eee Dstatkeatiy | © ouput where, 1 sensible heat by secondary sir of kin and ex- Pasco Or aed at on coe fo calening mace Gatieal)) Qi: sensible heat taken away by clinker (kJ(kcal}) sna hea taken sway by exhaust frm a ‘cooler (KJ{keal}) 4 Qs : sensible heat taken away by extracied air from. fooler for other than calcining furnace tical (oat ot de oration and the ike (el keal}) 3, Circulating heat Heat recovered by Dy = Ae & Ca X (lee ~ 9 Geteltkes) | cooing siz of sooter| “where, Ag: volume of cooling ir per 1g of linker (ms) 7H Co: specific heat of alr (kJ/m?y°C (kealm?y'C}) : foe temperature of cooling sr of cooler (°C) 11 outside ar temperature ('C) Remarks: This calculation should be performed only when waste heat of kiln and cooler is applied to cooling air of cooler. © Beporect | Becnre eteioney oo. clency Secondary an gtx econsery ait | ne @) are x) where, Qh sensible heat of clinker entering cooler Geltkeal}) Op: sensible heat of cooling sir of cooler (ki{keal}) by secondary air of kiln and ex- fond cooler for ealeining furnace2 R 0303-1991 6. Recording formats of heat balancing ‘The items specified in 3. and the results of heat balancing carried out in accordance with 5, shall be recorded in the following formats: (1) Outline of plant and equipment ‘Name of plant = Kiln number ee aioe : Effective inside volume mn == ‘Suspension Type rn ‘Number of steps ee et ‘Number of units = z Effective inside volume 3 provexer [Length m im Remarks22 R 0303-1991 (2) Measurement items Measrement povod (ne tnd ac) faa ‘Name of measuring person(s) Le ee de em Measured value | Number of times Remacks Output ca Soe % AiO % SE Fads % x0 % 90 % Ting sagaon (LS. D.) Jape [Aiwokimme | oe At cooler exit ‘c Volame of exiaust| Steam iyi linker SSIS SCE ats| carbon donde [mit cnter Vaed avanti pt clinker Z ‘Water content % 3 Hoes Low heat value Jikg (kcal/kg) Kind Brad @ 3 @ % cer 7 3] ay @ @ % 3 @ High heat value Jig (kealkg) ‘Low beet alc | Ego) Tenperaire €24 R 0303-1991 (3) Table of heat balancing 1) Kiln 10° KIA clinker bail (10 Kal linker} % (1) Heat of combustion of fuel Qe @) Sensible heat of Fuel Qy G) Heat of combustion of materials Qe heat of materials Oy ‘Thermal input Qs ©) Seasibe heat of primary air Q, © Sensible heat of cooling ar of cooler Or Total (Heat for tinkering Oy (@_GGensible heat of clinker entering cooler) Qh < ) cy: (9) Sensible heat taken away by clinker Q; (10) Sensible hest taken away by exhaust from cooler Os (11) Heat of vaporization of water content in materials Ox (12) Sensible heat taken away by exhaust gas From preheater or kiln Oy ‘i ‘Thermal output Q2 Sensible heat rom materials (©) Sensible heat of combustion gaz (03) Sensible heat taken away by dust Qu (14) Heat lost due to radiation, and the like Qs Total Burning efficiency np (15) Heat recovered by primary air (16) Heat recovered by second air and extracted air from cooler for ealeining furnace Q, Circulating ‘heat Qa (17) Heat recovered by cooling air af cooler Qy Remarks: The numerical values in ( ) should not be summed together.23 R 0303-1991 Kiln ght clinker B | Sbay [eetening tomace | keh clinker Total gh linker Volume m’wh clinker J [Temperature c 2 > Pressure Pa{mmAg) ELE [yp [Vous rat clinker 3 /* | Ba Mempeaue e f] [85 Tren PalamAg) Efe | g [Volum Plt clinker gla)4 B | © [remperawre c 4 Ry [vom when a ‘Temperature ‘c Volume smPy/t clinker 5 Temperature c . Presiure Pa(mmAa) = COs, % 2 = | Sampo o % 3 | son co z of Ma % Air ratio - Yolume msi linker § “Temperature c 3 Presse PalmmAa) z COz % 3 Os % by co % 5 Ni % a : Cooling air of Volume mist clinker end ‘Temperature c Exhaust from Volume mii clinker oe Temperature c ‘Dust seaering | Mass ‘linker preheater or kiln Eu Temperature c Remarks Peet2s R 0303-1991 (3.2) Cooler 19° KJ/t clinker ap Hea EEE Eee (10 kealfclinker) % (1) Sensible heat of clinker entering cooler Qs (2) Sensible heat of cooling ait Q, Total Qe ‘Thermal input () Sensible host by seconds ‘euracted air from cooler {or ‘of kiln and aleining furnace Q, (@)__ Sensible hea by secondary air of kiln Op (@) Sensible hea by extracted sr from cooler Fer eaiaing tlnce oe (@) Sensible heat taken away by clinker Qr (S) Sensible heat ken avay by exhaust from cooler Qj fe ‘Thermal output Qs @) Sensible heat taken away cooler for other than calet extracted alr from ing furnace Qu (7) Heat lost due to radiation, et, Ox Total Recovery efficiency by secondary air 7e % (B) Heat recovering by cooling air of cooler Qy (3.3) Utilization of exhaust gas Tem Utilization er nonutilization Purpose for wilization Exhaust from preheater or kiln Exhaust from cooler26 R 0303-1991 Annex. Heat balancing of waste heat boiler 1, Items to be measured and recorded 1.1. Records relating to plant and equipment The recordings of waste heat boiler are as follows: qa @Q) @) @ 6) © Mm @ | @) (10) ‘Name and location of plant Boiler number Type ‘Maximum continuous evaporation amount Pressure of steam (at maximum and ordinary uses) Temperature of steam (at maximum and ordinary uses) Heat-transfer area of boiler Type and heat-transfer area of economizer Type and heat-transfer area of steam super-heater History 1.2 Measurement items The following items should be measured about the waste heat boiler: a) @) @) (4) 6) © a) ® Measurement period (time and date) and name of measuring person Climate, air pressure, and temperature and humidity of outside air Load factor of waste heat boiler() Quantity of feed water and temperatures of feed water at economizer entrance and exit Quantity and pressure of generated steam and temperature of super-tieated steam Volumes, temperatures, compositions, and air ratios of exhaust gas at boiler entrance and economizer exit : S) ‘ Quantities of dust collected between kiln exit and boiler entrance (dust chamber) and between boiler entrance and economizer exit (boiler) (both added together are called quantity of boiler dust) and average temperature of each Quantity of dust collected in Cottrell precipitator Note (') Load factor, F, should be obtained with the following formula: b %) = © x 100 F@m)= 2x where, a; maximum continuous evaporation quantity (t/h) b: quantity of actual evaporation (t/h)27 R 0303-1991 2. Measuring methods : For a waste heat boiler, the rate of recovery of waste heat from the kiln by the boiler is taken into consideration in some cases, and in other cases, thermal efficiency of the boiler it- ‘self is taken into consideration.” The former is the ratio to the total waste heat at the kiln exit, and the latter is the ratio to the heat fed at the boiler entrance, The former is called as the recovery rate of kiln waste heat and the latter, as the efficiency of boiler. 2.1 Quantity and temperature of feed water Quantity and temperature of feed water shall be measured as follows: (1) Quantity should be measured with a flowmeter or a tank. (2) Temperature should be measured at the economizer entrance and exit (boiler entrance), 2.2 Quantity and pressure of generated steam and temperature of super-heated steam Quantity and pressure of generated steam and temperature of super-heated steam shall be measured as follows: (1) Quantity of generated steam should be expressed with the quantity of feed + water, as a rule, Correction of quantity of feed water, if performed, should be based on 5.3 of JIS B 8222, as appropriate. The value obtained by a steam flowmeter should be one for informative reference, (2) Pressure of generated steam and temperature of super-heated steam should be measured at a position near the steam super-heater exit. If a steam super-heater is not provided, they should be measured in the boiler shell. 2.3 Volume, temperature, composition and ratio of air of exhaust gas Volume, tempera- ture, composlion and ir rao OY STnaueT gas SMa be measbred as Totlows: (1) The volume should be calculated from the volume of gas at the kiln exit and the composition of gas at the economizer exit. (2) The temperature should be measured at the economizer exit. (3) The composition should be measured from a sample extracted from the economizer exit. ‘The analyzing method should be based on 4.6 of the text. (4) The air ratio should be obtained according to calculation from composition of ex- haust gas, 2.4 Volume, temperature, composition and air ratio of exhaust gas at boiler entrance Volume, temperature, composition, and air ratio Of exhaust gas at the boiler entrance shall be measured as follows: (1) The volume should be obtained according to calculation’ from the volume of gas at the kiln exit and the composition of gas at the boiler entrance. (2) The temperature should be measured at the boiler entrance. (3) The composition should be measured from a sample extracted from the boiler entrance, The analyzing method should be based on 4.6 of the text. (4) The air ratio should be obtained according to calculation from the composition of exhaust gas.28 R 0303-1991 2.5 Quantities of dust collected in dust chamber and boiler, and their average tempera- tures The quantities of dust collected between the kiln exit and boiler entrance (dust cham- ber) and between the boiler entrance and economizer exit (boiler) should be measured respectively, and converted to the values per 1 kg’of clinker. The average temperature for cach should be measured at the same time. When only the recovery rate of kiln waste heat is to be obtained, the quantity of whole dust collected between the kiln exit and economizer exit should be measured, 3. Items of heat balancing and their calculation Each item of heat balancing at the left column of the Annex Table 1 shall be calculated in the way shown in its right column in the table. The calculation is performed for 1 kg of clinker for convenience, but the values shall be expressed for 1 t of clinker by being multi- plied by 10°,29 R 0303-1991 Annex Table 1: Tem , Culeslaion method 1, Thermal inpat (Q) Sensible heat of | Qs = mex Cw X (tm - 1) QI keal}) Saute where, ‘m, } steam evaporation per 1 kg of clinker (kg) 7 Cie specific heat of water (ki/kg’C(koal/g’C]) sha temperatine of fed water at economizer enirance (°C) 1 outside ar temperanre CC) ® soutien [a= 2: f where, 1 sensible heat taken away by exhaust gas from. chanet gas - iin Gidea) (hold ‘eon ‘fom ZO Optkitkeal)) preheater or Kiln of Table f ine text) @) Sensible heat | Qy= On Brought in by where, Qn i ‘apes heat ken away by Gece iecal pus [shoul obtained from 2. sensible hes : 2408 (keal)) Hen away by dont of ible Von he eat (@) Towa thermal | Qa = Qe +O, +O, a where, Qo: sensible heat of feed water (kJ(kcal}) Dave (keal}) ensfble heat brought in by exhaust gas from kiln (xI(keal)) Q4 sensible heat brought in by dost (kz(kest}) 2. Thermal ouput Oxdeieat)S (0) Heat possessed | Qr= mx =F) peated ‘uhere met steam evaporation pr kg of clinker (xp) rcesteca) i enthalpy of generated steam (keg (cal) thay of water at outside air temperanire Cite eats @ Hoatzcoveed [Bs =m x Cx X lina ~ tn) y econominer | ytere, eam evaporation per kg of elinker (kp) eee ecific heat of water (kS/kg’C{kealfxg*C)) ; 7 fat temperate of feed water at econominer exit ce temperature of feed water st sconomizer cance C) Remarks: This heat should not be added to the total of thermal outpat (©) Heat ikea | (0) Senile ea of tan emanaing fom materials Gr 007) any by x bust gas at | y= 2A x (me + mio) x Cino X (t6" = 0 ae where, mrt water content in materials per | of clinker oe) ‘When water ie messured on materials added! with dst, should be wed. [should be ‘obtained according to 1. (4) of Table ! in the tex) smiuo quantity of seam co Tohould be obsined text} Cino # specie het of seam (Uln’y’C(kealin'y'C)) ig + temperature of exhaust gas a economize ext eee ‘out from Kaoline (ke) cording to 4.2 (1) in the30 R 0303-1991 Annex Table 1 (Continued) 2s Thermal ouput alk {kal Tem fo Heataken fast gas at seonclze exit Qaitkcal}) taken away by dust ‘Daler (eat) (4) Sensible heat Calculation method ouside a tamperamye CO) (©) Sensible héat of carbon dioxide emanating from materials Qalkd(keal)) a= Veo x Coos ty’ ~ where, Voo:: volume of carbon dioxide emanating from materials per 1 kg of clinker (m?y) {should be obtained acccording to 4,2 (2) in the text] Coon! specific heat of carbon dioxide *y°C{keal/m'y"C)). tg! : temperature of exhaust ges at economizer exit cer" 1 ovtside air temperature CC) (© Sensible heat of combustion ges Qrs(kI{keal}) Dis = [Go X Co + Ae x (mi! ~ 1) X Ca) X mp hg ~ 1) where, Gy: aera yotame of combustion sper] Ke Co: specific heat of combustion gas Fimy'Clkcal/miy"C)) Ao: theoretical volume of air per 1 kg of fuel (mx) ‘nf ait rato at economizer exit Cat specific heat of air kT/my*Clkcalén'y"C)) ing + quantity of fuel used per 1 kg of clinker (kg) temperature of exhaust gas at economizer exit ce) 1: outside air temperature 'C) (€) Sensible heat taken away by exhaust gas at economizer exit © Sateen ve Q1= On + Qn+ On where, Qn sensible heat of steam emanating from iaterials (3 (keal)} Qa sensible heat of earbon dioxide emanating from Oe! snore Go el) i Qn: sensible heat of combustion gas (xI{keal}) ie (@)_ Sensible heat of boiler dust Qu (kd Tkeal]) Qu = Cae X (tae =X mate + Cab X (ay = 1X maid where, Cae! specific heat of dustin dust chamber kg Clkcales'C)) tact average temperature of dust in dust chamber ¢c) 1 outside ar temperature 'C) sae quantity of dust in dust chamber (kg/kg linker) ab! specific heat of dustin boiler room Cifee"Cticalkg'C)) ‘ay average temperature of dust in botler room (°C) ‘maiv quantity of dustin boiler room (kg/ke clinker) However, when 3. (2) Efficiency of boiler is not 19 be ob- tained, quantities of dust in dust chamber and of dust in botler room need not be ealeulated separately: and sensible heat of boiler Gust should be obtained fiom the following formale: Qui = Cd x (ta~ 1) X mas where, Cat specifi heat of dus (kifkgC(kealie'C)) {a average temperature of dust (*C)31 R 0303-1991 Annex Table 1 (Continued) lem Calculation method 2 Thermal oupot | (6) Sensible het 1 outside air temperatore (C) QaGel fkeal}} taken avay by sma: quantity of boiler dust (kg/kg linker) ‘Dates {eat (ma mac* ma) () Sensible heat of dustin Coweell’s dust collector Qua(ks(kea!)) Qin Ca (ig — 1) ma ‘where, Cat specific heat of dust (kifeg'C(kealfeg"C)) 1/1 temperature of exhaust gas at economizer exit co 1 outside aie temperature (C) ‘max: quantity of dustin Cowell's dust collector : coe clinker) (0) Sensible heat taken away by dust Qn(kI(keal)) Qu= Qn + Qin ‘where, Quy sensible heat of boiler dust (kB (keal]) ‘es: sensible heat of distin Cotel's dust collector ; athe} ©) Heion digo [Oy=e- Gr 401+ 99 radiation ‘where, Qe: total thermal input into waste heat bile ite lke Qo(ed(kes) eee (Or: he possessed by generated steam (k(Keal)) 1: sensible hes taken away by exhaust pa at Or Sonomizer at ikea Qu: sensible heat taken away by dust (kI(Keal]) (©) Total thermal | Os = Or + Or Qu + Qe courput where, _Qy heat possessed by generated steam (Ki (kcal) botea aia ‘Or! sensible heat taken away by exhaust gas at economizer exit (ki (Keal)) Qu: sensible heat taken away by dust (kI{kea!}) Qe! heat lost due to radiation and the Hike (i (Kes!) 3. Thermal (Recovery ae Qr- 00 efficiency of Hin waste = FS x 100 a heat 8" DFO : te (%) where, Qo: sensible heat of feed water (KJ (Keal}) + sensible heat brought in by exhaust gas from Or etka) ee 7 (O = sensible heat brought in by dust (KI (keal}) . Or: heat possessed by generated steam (k)(keal}) (2) Elficiensy of boiler mG) where, Qr heat possessod by generated steam (k){}eal)) + sensible heat of feed water (kI{keal}) 1+ sensible heat brought in by exhaust ges at Or Baer eacmnee (ikea 0,’ sensible heat brought in by dust at boiler ** Soames (tke ‘The Qp', Og! should be obtained according to Remarks I and 2. Remarks 1. Sensible heat brought in by exhaust gas at boiler entrance Oy’ (keal)) (should be obiained according to 1. (2), a5 appropriae.]32 R 0303-1991 Annex Table 1 (Continued) Tem : Calzalation method 3. Thenmal- (2) Efficiency of - ‘Oy = OF z Peer efficiens boiler where heat taken 21 aust gas from: 7) mG) ere OF tee a ols enacnee Ga kea O Of = On’ + Of +25. where, Qjr' ssensibie heat of steam emanating from ‘materials at boiler entrance (kJ{kcal}) Oz ssesible heat ofeazbon dioxide emanat- ing from materials at boiler entrance Geist) f :sentble heat of eombuston gas at boiler On See tee) : ‘The Qj’, Qz’ and Qj3’ should be obtained with the follow- Be reales eopectvcye 24 1" = PSs lm, + mne) % Co * ts!) sre twtr content in materials per 1g of linker Qc) When water if meassred on Imaueials added with dust, my should be bed should bp obiined according fo 1°(4} Sensible heat of materials of rable Vinge tex}. mg :quantty of steam eransting from Rotine (cp (onouid be obttined accord: ing © 42 (1) in the text) Cino sspesifie eat of sex Chima ClecaimdC)) fy stemperatore of exhaust gas at boiler cavance (C) * routs ar temperatire (°C) Qit = Veosx Coo, (is ~1) where, Veo, :Yolume of carbon dioxide emanati So *from materials per Fg of clinker (hy) {should be obtained actording 10 42 (3 Inthe tex) Coy specific heat of carbon dioxide Timi Clecalin'y C)) ty temperature of exhaust gos at boi urance ("C) ‘ouside air temperature (*C) Ops = (6.x Cot Ae x(n" = 1)XCa} X myx lb =D where, Go theoretical volume of combustion ges ‘per 1 kg of fuel (my) Ca specitic heat of comboston gas Gime Clsealimyc)) ‘Aa theoretical volume of air per 1g of fuel (os) sn :sirratio ot Bile entrance Ca specifi eat of sir GimeyrClkealn’y’C)) any squanity of fuel used pet 1 ke of clinker ‘ep where, ‘ty stemporature of exhaust gas at boiler ‘entrance ("C) # routside air wemperauure (°C) 2. Sensible heat brought in by dust et boiler entrance (Of (kd {keal}) {should be obtained according to 1. (3) Sen- sible heat brought in by dust}iO 33 R 0303-1991 Annex Table 1 (Continued) item ; Caleuiation method 3, Thermal @) Efficiency of 24 = 2 sfficlency baller where, sensible heat taken away by dust at 3G) mG tee coe Ga{eeal)” Qu = Coxe xmd where, Cot specific heat of dust at temperature of 85 at boiler entrance ike'Cealkg'C}) ‘s+ tempereture of exhaust gas a1 boiler enurance CC) 1 outside air temperature (°C) md quantity of dust soatering a boiler atrance Ckpfkg clinker) ind = ma~ rite where, ma: quantity of dust scatter- Spar in ot alten. OHNE uantty of dust in dust amber (kg/cg linker) mae!34 R 0303-1991 4. Recording formats of heat balancing The items specified in 1. and the results of heat balancing carried out in accordance with 3. shall be recorded in the following formats: (1) Qutline-of plant and equipment ‘Name of plant Location Boiler number Type Maximum coninuous evaporation quanilly va Steam pressure | Atmasimum in ie | Palkaen?) ‘At ordinary in use| Pa(ketlem?) Temperature of | Atmaximum in use c steam ‘At ordinary in use c Hleaticansfer aea of boiler mt Economizer are Heatiransfer oa mt Steam supersheater {222° : Heatransfer rea = History Remarks35 R 0303-1991 (2) Measurement items 1 ‘Measurement period (lime and date) 7 (hours) Name of measuring person(s) Climate Aimogeie resus | Ousidedtempsratwe | Ouse a bupity Item Measured value | Number of meas) peach Load factor @ antity | Port hour wh of feed water _| Per Itof clinker gh clinker Temper | Economizer enance c eee Economizer exit + z ‘Strum eraporsticn, g/t clinker Eg Pressure Pa(kgtfen?) SG | Temperature of super-heated steam] *e Volume my/t clinker z Temperature 7 2 CO % 2 | compo. O % aa [ i = Bg Ne % Air ratio 2 Volume my/t clinker 3 5 “Temperaure C & CO. % 2 8 | Compo- O % & | sition = = i Ni % 8 Air ratio Dust Mase elinker # chamber ‘Temperature c 2 [ciee [Mee wacker sateen Temperaiure %e a Mass: Wt clinker Total : Temperature c Queatecin Sf Mass Ut clinker Remarks36 R 0303-1991 @) Table of heat balancing Heat balancing of waste heat from kiln Heat balancing of boiler Tem —- ~ 19) iit clinker (10° Kealjt clinker) % 19° KIA clinker (20° kealf clinker} % ‘Thermal input Q7 (1) Sensible heat of feed water Qo (2) Sensible heat of exhaust gas from kiln Qe Op" () Sensible heat brought in by sea ) Seale eto in by eating Total ‘Thermal output Qt (@) Heat possessed by generated steam Q, (5) (Heat recovered by economizer) Q, O (© Heat taken away by exhaust gas at economizer exit, (a). Sensible heat of steam emanating from materials jent of combustion gas (7) Sensible heat taken away by dust Qu, Qe (a) | Sensible heat of dust in dust chamber (b) Sensible heat of dustin boiler room (2) Sensible best of dst in Coss st () Heat lost dve to radiation, and the ike Total ‘Thermal Recovery rate of kiln waste heat 7 efficiency 7} Efficiency of boiler 7» Remarks: The numerical values in (_) should not be added to the total. (4) Thermal flow chart Refer informative reference $ in JIS Z 9202 (General rules Tor heat balance).37 R 0303-1991 Informative Reference 1 . ~~ Informative Reference 1 Table-1-and- Informative Reference-1Table-2-show average specific heats of various gases and of clinker and kiln dust respectively. Informative Reference 1 Table 1. Average specific heats under constant pressure of various gases (Standard: 0°C) Unit; kJ/m3y°C (kcai/m3y°C) + ; Combustion ges ‘Temperature Nein * co; i Air co eC) : a oe Fuel olf Coal ° 169 1490 1301 Tat 1297 1364 1364 (oxs7, | (oss) | cosy | (osny | aslo) | (o3z6) | (0326) 110 1720 02 1305 1.305 1201 1.805 1305 foamy | oss) | fos) | cos) | (osm | foam | (oss 200 07 1519 1310 1310 1301 L397 1402 {0432} {0.368} (03318) {0313} {oan} {0.384} 40335) 300 1.88 1540 aie 1st 110 Lee 1022 | (0.450) {0.368} {0.315) {0.315} {0.313) {0.338} {0.340} “00 1954 1361 1381 1.351 1318 143s ass {0.467} {0.373} {0.318) {0.318} {0.315} (0.343) {0.345) 500 2017 1.506 1343 1303 1331 1436 14s (0402) | toa) | (osm) | foamy | ose) | fose) | (0.350) 00 2ost rent 1356 1360 1399 ats Laat (0.698) {0.385} {0.324} {0.325} {0.320} {0.352} {0.354} 100 27 14636 are sre sé 1484 1.506 {0.505} {0391} {0.828} (0.328) {0.324} (0.357) {0.360} 300 2359 2.66 1.395 1.399 1.368 1.510 123 tosis) | (oss) | goss | toss) | casey | oan) | s036ey $00 2st 1.626 10 ae 1st ser 1.536 1052s) | {oaoa) | qasssy | toass) | (ose | 403s) | (ossry 2000 2230 ins rao ane 1.399 aa 1.356 {0.533} {0.410} {0.337} {0.338} {0.332} {0.369} {0.372} 1200 2.209 1165 Lass 1089 dale sea 1.590 (osa7) | (04m) | (assy | fo.seay | (0889) | fosve) | (0.380) 1400 2335 ras |- 1456 1460 1439 sor 1819 tossey | coast» | (aseay | jose) | (ass | tose | co3e7) 1600 aan 1.862 173 Matt 1456 622 1.640 {0.568} {0.445} {0.352} {0.353} {0.348} {0.390} {0.992} 1800 2410 1908 1480 1496 1473 1683 14661 40576) | {0455} | (0386) | to3sr) | (052) | {0395} | (0.397) 2000 2.439 1.946 1.502 1.506 71481 1.669 1.678 {0.583} {0.465} {0.359} (0.360) (0.354) {0.399} {0.401} Remarks 1. Average specific heats at constant pressure of COz, H:0, air, CO and No i this table are cited from W, Heiligenstaedt: Warmetechnishe Rechnungen Industriebfen, 4 Avflage, Stahleisen-Bucher Band 2, p. 58 (1966). Specific heats of Nz in this table are not those of pure No: they are those of the remainder (including Ar, and the like) when Oz is eliminated from air. Specific heat of combustion gas is calculated when it is supposed that compositions are: fuel oil: C = 86 %, H = 12 %, and in the case of m = 1.0 coal: wi 2 %,a: 14%, 6:70 %,h: 5%, 0:2 % and n:2 %, and fuel ratio: 1.2538 R 0303-1991 2. When using the table of average specific heat based on 0°C, average specific heat, Cy, i ‘Therefore, the following must be used in heat balancing based on outside air temperature (t,): _ Sica~ Se Hh G However, C, based on 0°C is used here for convenience. Informative Reference 1 Table 2. Average specific heats of clinker and kiln dust Unit: kidkg*C{keal/kg’C) Temperance Specific heat Specific heat ve) Clinker Kiln dust Clinker Kin dust 0 0737 osm 100 {0.376} {0232} (0.28) ~» 0737 00, 0580 1.05 (0.176) (0.234) 4025) 100 0783 ose 11000 0.992 1.05 {0.387) (020) (0.237) {0.25} 200 oss 0.88 1300 1.009 (097 {021} (o241} 300 0.862 0.88 1200 1.034 (0.206) fo2i} (o2«7 0 0.896 092 1900 1059 (0214) (0.22) 40.253) 500 os? 0.96 1400 1.098 {o.219} (0.23) {0.261} oo 0.938 0.96 1500 3aze (0.228) {0.23} (0.268) 700 0954 3.00 {0.228} (028) Remarks 1. The average specific heat of clinker is cited from H. E. Schwiete: T. I. Z. 1932. N. 22. The specific heat at 1200°C or higher includes melting heats. 2. The specific heat of dust is calculated approximately from ordinary components of dust, UO39 R 0303-1991 Informative Reference 2, Measuring method ‘of heat dissipation loss (1) Parpose~ So far, itv heat balaiicing, the heat loss from the shell has been treated: ~~ a5 a part of miscellaneous heat loss that is considered as the difference from the thermal input, The miscellaneous heat loss is very much varied according to cases since they include heat loss duc to kiln operation. If an approximate value of heat loss from the shell is obtained, the miscellaneous heats loss in its true meaning can be obtained. Then, such defects as misoperation or mismeasurement can be guessed, and the meaning of heat balancing will be recognized. As for the measuring method of heat dissipation amount, the measurement with a heat flow- meter which has been remarkably developed recently is convenient and good ac- curacy can be expected, however, the measuring method by @ radiation thermometer is explained below, because in some places the measurement with a heat flowmeter is impossible. These methods are quoted from T-8 "Investigation Relating to Heat Lost from Shell of Rotary Kiln" reported by Fuel Committee and issued by Cement Association. (2). Examination of contents @ Relating to radiation heat and convection heat from kiln ‘The general formula relating to the heat dissipation from the’shell of kiln is as follows: O = Fa (ts ~ te) where, Q.: whole heat released per 1 hour (kJ/h(kcal/h)) F : surface area per section (m?) : heat transfer coefficient from surface (ki/m?h"C {keal/m?h"C)) uurface temperature of shell (*C) ta : outside air temperature (°C) oO The value of , is the total of convection transfer coefficient and radia~ tion transfer coefficient, and fairly varies according to literatures. Informative Reference 2 Table 1 shows the values cited from the diagram of heat transfer coefficients in "Die Warmerechnung bei Brenndfen fur ‘Zement, Kalk, Magnesit und Dolomit” by W. Anselm. U. I, Deshko, M. B. Kreumer and T. A. Ogarkova of the Soviet Union propose an approximate formula about o a = 3.5 + 0.062 ts, in the section of heat loss from the shell in their book, "Thermal Technological Test of Rotary Kiln in Cement Factory". The values calculated by this formula are given in the last column of Informative Reference 2 Table 1.40 R 0303-1991 Informative Reference 2 Table 1. Heat transfer coefficient of kiln shell Unit: kJ/m?h’C{keal/m?h'C) “Temper. | Heat wenfer colin according w Anselm Spaiosky Temp oats ~~ -| Values according oF shell Wind speed (m/s) NPL Nosset | 0 és) 7 = - @=35 + 0.0621 100 Bs 10 27 02 368 6 i) 17} 1145) eo) (88) £92) 150 aa sa ei 36 357 we (97) 13 } (265) 6} 1183} 1128) 200 321 oS 795 10) 8 66 (226) 1158) a9) a6 } fas.) ass) 250 a 719, 922 204 Tal 738 {16 } {18.6} {22 } {19.2} (inh (19 } 300 735 308 i047 333 362 BS 09) (21.75 G5) (223) (208) {223} ) Informative Reference 2 Table 2 gives other values appearing in the same book, In these values, effect of wind velocity is considered to be very great. Informative Reference 2 Table 2, Wind velocity, shell temperature and heat transfer coefficient Unit: kJ/m*h*C{kcal/m?h"C} Heat nster coefficient m wind velocity of mir Shel! temperature difference Wind velosiy (wis) be ° 2 2 3 @ o 32 75 363 739 188 (34) ue} a} (272) ia.) @ a7 a2 382 nee rer oo) (194) (37) (279) (sa) 100 302 321 nar coy 1682 2} on (ra (16) (34) 180 @ 1089 1208 wea 160 us} (253) 312} 654) (38-4) 200 Tea a0 65 = 7 ce) (289) (38) Bo ws = = an a (2) "Technical Data on Fuel, 6 th ed. (British National Comminee, World Power Conference 1961)" edited by H. H. Spiers gives the following formulae to obtain radiation heat and convection heat: Radiation heat loss H, = €OT*(kJ/m*h (kcal/m?h}) .. : Emissivity ©: Stefan—Boltzmann constant 4.9 x 10% + absolute temperature (K) (273 + °C)4a R 0303-1991 Convection heat loss : He= C% 1.66 x (t= 6) (ki/m*h (keal/m2h) : surface temperature of radiator ((C) ts + outside air temperature ("C) C:: constant of convection loss (depending on state of surface) In the case of a vertical surface in still—ai c=10 In the case of a horizontal cylinder 1 m or more in length: Ca12 Based on the above information, the Cement Association investigated to enable measurement of heat dissipation amount from the kiln shell with a radiation surface thermometer, The results are as follow: (In order to measure temperature of the shell, the emissivity of shell needs to be measured. As a result of investigation, ¢ = 0.85 has been found appropriate. (i) Its necessary to know at how much emissivity the radiation surface thermometer to be used is adjusted. For example, let us think about a radiation surface thermometer which is graduated to indicate true temperatures when measuring radiators of ¢ = 0.92. Radiation heat value is calculated according to formula (1) using the indicated temperature and e = 0.92, independently upon the emissivity of the shell, since the thermometer indicates a temperature corresponding to the actual radiation heat from the shell. However, since the true surface temperature is dif- ferent from the indicated temperature depending upon the emissivity of the shell, the convection heat value must be obtained by putting in the formula (2) the true temperature which should be obtained by the foliow- ing method: Now, it is supposed that the emissivity and true surface temperature of the radiator arc Emissivity = «1, and t4 ((C) respectively, and that the thermometer graduated in « indicates ¢ ("C). Then, the relationship be- tween ¢ and radiation heat value is: Qnxe =O.xe where, Qu and Q, are radiation heat values at the true temperature, f4, and 1, € ="1.0, respectively. Therefore, the relationship between the true temperature and indicated temperature is from Q, = Aveo (T)—Ts4) a (Tt - Ts) = (M74) n=[2o-n+n ]F42 R 0303-1991 (®) Example of calculation Conditions: Radiation surface thermometer graduation * 4 = 0.92 - “Emissivity of shell a= 085 Constant of convection loss c=12 Indicated value of thermometer 250 CC) ‘T= 523 (K) Outside air temperature t,= 20 (1C) T, = 293 (K) (Radiation heat loss H, = 0.92 x (4.9 x 10-*) x ((523)* — (293)*} = 12.73 (Mi/mPh)(3041 keal/m?h) Gi) Convection heat loss 0.92 re He True temperature Ts =| ~F-ge-((523)* ~ (293)*) + (293)* A = 532.4 (K) He = 1.2. 1.66 & (532.4 ~ 293) = 7.85 (MI/m*n)(1876 kcal/m?h} sipation loss H =H, + H, = 20.59 (M3/m*h)(4917 keal/m?n) (3) Measuring and calculating method (@) Surface temperature of kiln should be measured with a radiation surface ther- mometer. (b) It should be taken that the emissivity of shell ¢ is 0.85. (©) It should be taken that the outside air temperature is 20 (*C) and temperature correction is not carried out. (iii) Total heat The values of heat dissipation loss at temperatures up to 500°C under the above condi- tions obtained according to the preceding item (b) Calculetion example are given in Informa- tive Reference 2 Table 3. The value (total) of heat dissipation loss can be obtained from an actually measured surface temperature of shell using Informative Reference 2 Table 3.5 43. R 0303-1991 Informative Reference 2 Table 3. Values of heat. dissipation loss from shell Outside air temperature: 20°C, no wind, and calculating conditions: radiation surface thermonieter based on ¢ = 0.92, emissivity of “Kiln shell € = 0.85, and ‘constant of convection loss C = 1.2 it: kI/m?h{keal/m?h } ee ° )] 0 | » | » | © 7] © | ® | ~w | © |- 90 0 | kiymh a6a | 7e0 | 1si¢ | iss | 2420 | 3056 | 3096 {kesl/mtb} o | (ey) (ay] taney] (443) ] 57a) |] (730) ] (888) arc as| 13] 2s | io | iss | is2 | iss | 169 300 | W/m’ | 440s | sass | soos | ores | 7627 | seo | o4s¢ | 10500 | misis | 12600 (eat/m*n}] (1.052) | {1231} | (2.415) | {2.612)] ¢2822)] (2047)} ¢2268)] (2513) | {2765} (9 029) arc 119 | 184 | ast | at za | ms | 258 | 264 | 281 200 | kien | 13056 | isoe7 | 16aes | i774 | 19330 | 2501 | 2219 | 23705 | asam | 27180 {eal/mth)| {3810} | {3.604} | 43915) | {4234)| {4570} ] (4919) | {5204) | (5663) | {6068} | (6493) arc a4] sia | 319 | 336 | 349 | 365 405 | as ‘300 | i/nch | ze072 | soasi | szese | aeo20 | s7o26 | sozre | «isos | ssaz9 | a6ssr | 09165 ieal/m’}} (s922}| {7370)| (7846) | (8342) | feass) | (9382) | {9990} | Costa} | (21 122) | (12-745) are 43 | 476 | 496 | soa | saz | sss | srs | 64 | 623 | es 400 | ifn | i920 | se7s7 | svoma | Gover | e309 | o720s | roses | rea1 | 774 | arses {keab/m*h} (22 403) | {23.076} | (18-777) | (24 S07) | (25 264} | (160054) | {36862} | (17 702} | (28.565) | (19 480) arc 3 | ror | 730 | 157 | 790 | 808] s40 | e63| s15 | 939 500 | i/meh | ese7s | 99540 (eeal/mh) | (20 419} | (21 390) arc 12 Remarks: The numerical velues in places of ten of under are rounded off in actual calcula- Hon. Therefore, it is enough to round off the values of 4.