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David Sweet
Mrs. Wielgos
English 1101
11 December 2013
Annotated Bibliography
Dehnhard, Nina. Good Days, Bad Days. PLoS ONE Volume 8. Issue 11 (13 November 2013):
8 p. Academic Search Complete. Public Library of Science. 8 December 2013. Typically,
chicks of small-sized penguin species, such as the southern rockhopper penguins, tend to
grow rapidly and become independent from the parents at an age of about 50 to 98 days.
However, during periods of poor environmental conditions, such as this era of global
warming, breeding success can drop dramatically, and may result in total breeding
failure. This is because global warming has an effect on food availability. Prey quality
and quantity delivered by the penguin parents are essential for the chicks growth and
survival, even after fledgling; when the chick becomes independent from the parents.
This study researched the foraging success of southern rockhopper penguins, which have
undergone a dramatic population decrease in their Antarctic breeding range. These
penguins depend on a high productivity of prey close to their breeding sites. Interestingly,
wind conditions are known to affect the presence of prey, and the ability of penguins to
catch their prey. The study focused on southern rockhopper penguins on the Falkland
Islands, which are currently located in the area of the southern ocean and west wind drift.
Day-to-day variability in adult body mass patterns were studied to compare the daily
foraging mass gain of male and female southern rockhopper penguins during different
stages of chick rearing, and to determine how these changes in body mass are related to

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wind speed and direction. This study showed that climate change scenarios predict an
increase of wind speeds and a southward shift of the Falkland Islands wind zone. This
would reduce the number of days with westerly winds in the future, meaning fewer days
with favorable foraging conditions for southern rockhopper penguins. On a global scale,
it can be expected that wind shifts due to global warming will affect seabird species all
over the world.
Peacock, Elizabeth. The Utility of Harvest Recoveries of Marked Individuals to Assess Polar
Bear Survival. Arctic Volume 65. Issue 4 (2012 December): 10 p. Academic Search
Complete. Arctic Institute of North America. 9 December 2013. This study on the
survival of polar bears in Baffin Bay, which is located off the southwestern coast of
Greenland, estimated the populations survival by using information from the harvest
recovery of marked bears. Baffin Bay, which has suffered from habitat decline in recent
years, was also studied previously in the mid-1990s to assess the status of the polar bear
population using marking techniques. The findings of this study suggested that the
population was unsustainable, and would decline. The current study used additional
harvest recovery of the marked bears to provide an update for the survival rates of polar
bears in Baffin Bay, and also assessed whether the sea ice concentration has been
declining, among other things. The study assembled all data on polar bear captures in
Baffin Bay, and harvest recovery data from earlier research. The findings of the current
research suggest a decline in the survival of polar bears in Baffin Bay since the previous
1990s study. This decline in population is correlated with the decline in sea ice.
Schmalenbach, Isabel. Potential Impact of Climate Warming on the Marine Biology Volume
157. Issue 5 (4 February 2010): 9 p. Academic Search Complete. Springer Science &

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Business Media B.V. 9 December 2013. This study was done to determine the impact of
global warming on the recruitment of the endangered population of the European lobster
in the North Sea off the northwestern coast of Germany. Interestingly, the waters of the
southern North Sea are warming at a faster rate than any other regions, meaning that sealife responses may be more evident in this geographical area than in any other. Recent
warmer temperatures have resulted in a strong seasonal forward shift of larval hatching.
With earlier hatching, lobster larvae could be released into environmental conditions that
are negative for the populations development and recruitment. The normal hatching
season for these lobsters takes place from late May to August, peaking in July when water
temperature averages around 16C. However, earlier hatching may cause larvae to
become exposed to water temperatures still too low for optimal development, and food
supply might still be too poor. This study focused on the potential impact of the predicted
future rise in North Sea water temperature on the timing of hatching, and on successful
recruitment of larvae. This study used different laboratory temperatures to estimate what
the lobsters in this region will face in coming years. The findings showed a strong effect
of temperature on larval survival, and on the duration of larval development. The clear
forward shift in hatching may cause two different problems. One, larvae will need more
time to metamorphosis, which is the process of becoming an adult, and an increase in the
larval period will probably lead to increased deaths by predators. Two, a rapid climate
change would probably change the quality and abundance of food in the area. Clearly,
increased temperatures would be catastrophic for this population of lobsters.
Booth, David T. Warm Water and Cool Nests Are Best. How Global Warming Might Influence
Hatchling Green Turtle Swimming Performance. PLoS ONE Volume 6. Issue 8 (3

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August 2011): 7 p. Academic Search Complete. Public Library of Science. 10 December
2013.