Important Points

IMPORTANT POINTS

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Maximum Pressure Renal artery

Maximum Velocity Pulmonary artery
Dznt Get Enough Blood During Excercise Kidney Not Skeletal Muscless
Dznt Get Enough Oxygen During Excercise Skeletal Muscles
IF Question About Peritonitis Remember Any Manipulation Be the
Surgery/Gynocological procedeure Bacteroid will be the Organism , If
"Peritonits" asked without additional word then E.coli
Barr Body Diagnostic For Turnur
Scanty Barr Body In Klinfilter
Foreign Body
in Standing or Sitting position,material localizs in posterobasel segment of
Right Lower lobe in Supine position,the superior segment of Right Lower lobe
in the Right sided position, the Right Middle lobe or the posterior segment of
right upper lobe The most common aspiration site is the superior sement of the
right lower lobe..
Most common nrv injurd during thyridectomy is External larngeal . ref baily nd
love
wid inf thyroid artery RLN wid superior Thyroid artry External Laryngeal nerve
nd most common nerve injurd External laryngeal nerve ref Love Baily
In Diabetes Both Wet nd Dry Gangrenes r found nd Diabetic Foot is Example
Of WET GAN
Sleep
1. Night Mares in REM sleep
2. Terrors in NREM
Metastasis is Most Importanat Characteristic Of Malignancy nd Invasion is 2nd
most common so Metstasis will always be the option to select nd if not present
only then Invasion will be The Answer
Most common asbestos relatd tumour is Bronchogenic Ca
Most common cause of Death in MM is infections(Recurrent)
Esophageal opening is in left Crus of diaphragm ref RJ Last
Most common cause of hypercalcemia in malignancy is bony Metstasis, PTH
relatide peptides are second most common cause
Most Commo pathogen Transmitted by blood Transfusion is CMV ref Goljan
Most important Buffer in the Body is HCO3
Most Important Intracelluar Bufffer is Protein
Most Common cause of CNS infctions r viral >Bacteria>Fungi ref Nelson
Among Bacteria Agalactae upto 1 month, 1 month to 18 years Nisseria nd 18
years nd above strept pneumonia
Highest Energy Compound is ATP
Highest Energy Content is Starch

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27. Most common Cause of Death in Measles is Pneumonia ref Nelson

28. Mst Common comlication of Measles is Acute Otitis Media Ref Nelson
29. ALL is the Most Common Childhood Malignancy ,(Account for 40 percent of all
childhood malignancies, Nervous system malignacy r 2nd Most common (30
percent) and embryonal Tumours and sarcomas 10 percent each ,some
people confuse it wid WILMS tumour which is not 1st but 4th most common
Ref Nelson

GH release ,, NREM>Excercise>REM sleep

Most important Buffer in the body is Bicarb
Most imprtnat buffer in the Blood is Bicarb
Most imp buffer in intersitial fluid/extracellualarly is Bicarb
Most Imp intracelluar buffer is Protein
For RBCs u can say Deoxy Hemoglobin but not for All cells
Most imp Renal Buffer is Still Bicarb , phosphate nd ammonia becom imp Whn
bicarb is used up then Most imp Qualitativly is Phosphate nd Quantativly
specially in Chronic cases Ammonia becomes most imp.........

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1. Sexually Transmitted Disease

1. Trichomonas Veginalis 1st Most common (Rx: Metronidazole)
2. HPV 2nd Most common
3. Chlamydia 3rd most common
4. Nisseria 4th nd Treponema Pallidium 5th Most common cause of
Sexually transmitted Disease....
2. But MCC for PID is Chlamydia, 2nd: N Gonorrhea, But if the presentation is
lots of pus with dilated fallopian tube = N Gonorrhea

Most Common

1. Most Common Cardiomyopathy is Dilated Cardiomyopathy

2. Most common Cause of sudden death in Athleats is Hypertrophic CardioM......
3. Most Common, Staph Aureus In Intravenous Catheters, Most Common cause
of endocarditis is Staph Aureus In urinary catheterisation most Common cause
of Endo.... is E.coli

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Tumours in The Heart Are Metastaic

Primary Tumour of The Heart in Adults r Cardiac Myxomas
primary Tumors of heart in infants nd Childrens R rhabdomyomas
Cause of Myocarditis is Adeno Virus (Viruses r On top overall)
Endocarditis
1. cause of Endocarditis Over all is Viridans Group
2. Cause of Acute endocarditis is Staph Aureus

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3. Cause in IV drug abuse is Staph Aure...

4. cause of subacute Endocarditis is Viridans Group
5. cause in Demaged Heart valves is Viridans Group
6. cause in Artificial Valves in age group <60 is Staph Epidermidis
7. Most Common in G.I lesions is Strept Bovis
8. Mitral valve is Most commonly involved over all
9. Tricuspid in IV drug abusers
Congenital heart diseases are most common heart diseases
Most common CHDs is VSD
Most Radiosensitive Tissue is Lymphoid Tissue
Least Radiosensitive Tissue is Bone
Most common Tumors Of the Lungs R Metastatic nd CA Breast is Most
Common
Most Common Primary Tumors of the lung is Adenocarcinoma
Most common cause of Megaloblastic Anemia is Folic acid Deficincy but Not
B12 def nd Most common cause of Folic Acid Def is Alcohol Abuse

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14. Aplastic Anemia is most commonly Idiopathic nd most common cause of
known etiology r Drugs
15. Iron Def Anemia is Over all Most common cause of Anemia
16. In chldren nd Developing world Most common cause is Poor bioavalaibilty nd
in Adults Chronic Blood Loss is Most common cause e.g Peptic Ulcer Disease,
in older people Polyps nd Colorectal CA is Most common cause nd in female
of reproductive Age most common cause is Menorrhagia

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Tumors

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1. Most Common Chldhood Malignancy is ALL but Not wilms tumour which has
4th Number
2. Esophagus
1. Adenocarcinoma Esopahgus is Most primary Tumour of esophagus is
US
2. SCC is Most common tumour of eso in developing world
3. Most Common Type of Gastric CA is of Intestinal Type
4. Most common risk factors for Cirrhosis Alcohol >HCV>HBV (In Pakistan,
Hepatitis is MCC of cirrhosis)
5. Most common cause of HCC post cirrhotic Necosis of HCV/HBV
6. Most Common cause of Ca pancrease is Smoking as smoking is most
common for Bronchogenic CA , TCC ,Renal Cell Carcinoma etc
7. Most Common Tumour in Adult Male is CA prostate
8. Most common Thyroid and also Endocrine Tumor is Pappilary carcinoma
(Good prognosis, Asymptomatic course initially)
9. Superficial Spreading Melanoma is Most Common Melanoma

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1. Pseudotumor cerebri (idiopathic intracranial hypertension) ---- most commonly

seen in obese women of childbearing age. MRI shows flattening of the
posterior globe (100% positive predictive value).
2. Blockage in aqueduct of Sylvius ---- most common cause of hydrocephalus in
newborns.
3. Bloody CSF from spinal taps is most commonly ----- iatrogenic but can also
represent a pathologic hemorrhage into the subarachnoid space (e.g.,
ruptured berry aneurysm, intracerebral bleed near the surface of the brain or
ventricles).
4. A CSF IgG index (calculated with a formula) is useful in distinguishing acute
inflammation from demyelinating diseases ---- the most common CNS disease
producing an increase in IgG.
5. High-resolution CSF electrophoresis, however, is most useful in detecting
demyelinating disease, of which ---- multiple sclerosis is the most common
cause.
6. Meningocele ---- most common in the lumbosacral region.
7. Meningomyelocele ---- most common in the lumbosacral region.
8. Neurofibromatosis ---- type 1 most common of the two types.
9. Tuberous sclerosis ----- second most common phakomatosis after
neurofibromatosis. Repeated episodes of hypoglycemia have the same effects
on the brain as does global hypoxic injury. Hypoglycemia ---- most commonly
occurs in type 1 diabetes mellitus.
10. Strokes more common ---- in men than in women.
11. Atherosclerotic (thrombotic) ---- most common overall stroke. it is a sub-type of
ischemic stoke. (the other type of ischemic stroke is embolic).
12. Most common site of atherosclerotic stroke is ---- middle cerebral artery (MCA)
13. Intracerebral hemorrhage ---- hypertension most common cause.
14. Most common site of intracerbral hemorrhage is ---- basal ganglia (35-50% of
cases occur in the putamen).
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16. Subarachnoid hemorrhage ---- majority are secondary to rupture of a saccular
(berry) aneurysm.
17. Most common site for berry aneurysm is ---- the junction of the anterior
communicating branch with the ACA.
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19. Lacunar infarcts ---- secondary to either hypertension ----- (most common) or
diabetes mellitus.
20. CNS infections ---- most are due to sepsis.
21. Meningitis
1. Bacterial meningitis ---- majority of organisms originate in nasopharynx.
2. Viral meningitis ---- most often transmitted by fecal-oral route.
3. Enterovirus ---- most common cause of viral meningitis.
22. Cytomegalovirus (causes encephalitis) ---- most common viral CNS infection in
AIDS.
23. HIV (causes encephalitis) ---- most common cause of AIDS dementia.
24. Group B streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae) ---- most common cause of
neonatal meningitis.
25. Neisseria meningitidis ---- most common cause of meningitis in those between

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1 month and 18 years of age.

26. Streptococcus pneumoniae ---- most common cause of meningitis in patients
>18 years of age (some authors say N. meningitidis is the most common and
S. pneumoniae the 2nd most common).
27. Cryptococcus neoformans ---- most common fungal CNS infection in AIDS.
28. Toxoplasma gondii (causes encephalitis) ---- most common CNS spaceoccupying lesion in AIDS; ring-enhancing lesions on CT.
29. Multiple sclerosis ---- most common demyelinating disease and most common
debilitating disease among young adults.
30. Multiple sclerosis ---- is the most common cause of optic neuritis.
31. Alzheimer disease ---- most common cause of dementia. Sporadic late-onset
type of Alzheimer disease is the most common.
32. Idiopathic Parkinson disease is the most common type of Parkinson disease.
33. Friedreich ataxia ---- most common neurodegenerative hereditary ataxic
disorder.
34. Adult brain tumors ---- supratentorial.
35. Most common primary CNS tumor in adults ---- glioblastoma multiforme
(GBM).
36. Children brain tumors ---- infratentorial.
37. Most common primary CNS tumor in children ---- cystic cerebellar
astrocytoma.
38. Meningioma ---- most common benign brain tumor in adults. Most commonly
has a parasagittal location. common cause of new-onset focal seizures.
39. Metastasis ---- most common brain malignancy and lung ----- is the most
common primary site.
40. Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease ---- most common hereditary neuropathy.
41. Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) ----- most common acute peripheral
neuropathy. Also most common cause of acute flaccid paralysis. Rapidly
progressive ascending motor weakness. Diabetes mellitus (DM) ----- most
common cause of peripheral neuropathy.
42. Median nerve (C6T1) injury ---- most commonly due to entrapment of the
median nerve in the transverse carpal ligament of the wrist (carpal tunnel
syndrome) or between the bellies of the pronator teres muscle. Rheumatoid
arthritis and pregnancy are the two most common
Causes
1. Bacterial conjunctivitis ---- Staphylococcus aureus is the most common
pathogen. Stye ---- infection of the eyelid most commonly due to S. aureus.
2. Optic nerve atrophy ---- most commonly due to optic neuritis or glaucoma.
3. Macular degeneration ---- most common cause of permanent visual loss in the
elderly. CMV retinitis ----- most common cause of blindness in AIDS.
4. Cataracts ----- advanced age is the most common cause.
5. Otosclerosis ---- most common cause of conduction deafness in elderly.
6. Otitis media ---- most common cause of conduction deafness in children.
7. Malignant external otitis (severe infection of outer ear canal in patients with

diabetes mellitus); Pseudomonas aeruginosa ----- most common cause.

Cardiac Markers
Most Sensitive myoglobin
Specific Enzyme: CKMB
Specific Marker Troponin T

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Hookworm causes microcytic anemia and not macrocytic anemia