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9.11 An ideal gas constrained to remain at constant volume and T, is also a system at constant internal
energy and volume, since U is only a function of temperature for the ideal gas. Consequently, at
equilibrium, the entropy should be a maximum.
Suppose there were N1 molecules and N lattice sites. For any distribution of the N1 molecules
among the N lattice sites there will be N1 lattice sites with molecules, and N 2 = N N1 empty
lattice sites. Thus we can consider the lattice gas to be a mixture of N1 molecules and N 2
holes, and the entropy of various configurations of this binary system can be computed.
Following the analysis of Appendix 7.1, it is clear that the random mixture, or uniform
distribution of gas molecules, is the state of maximum entropy. A completely ordered state (for
example, the first N1 lattice sites filled, and the next N 2 = N N1 lattice sites empty) is an
especially low entropy configuration.

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