Ws cea Review ORS Haddy Haab, Dayee Brewer, fo SF)Biological Level of Analysis Outline the Principles that define the biological level of analysis: > Behavior canbe innate because it is genetically based m= Evolution- played a big role in passing down characteristics and behaviors = Some behaviors do not need to be learned because we are naturally born with the ability to do them m= Ex.sleeping, eating, adrenaline reaction to danger m= Natures. Nurture debate: this principle sides with the nature debate, it's the result of biological more than environmental factors > Animal research can provide insight into human behavior m= Because lab animals have certain correlations to the genetic makeup and anatomy of humans, they are often ago to tool used in experiments m= Thishelps researchers avoid any ethical issues that would come about if testing humans > There are biological correlates of behavior m= Itshould be relatively easy to find a link between a specific biological function to a specific behavior m= Use of technology can be used to help determine the effect of the biological function (hormone)-- MRI, PETBiological Level of Analysis Explain how principles that define the biological level of analysis may be demonstrated in research: > Behavior can be innate because it is genetically based Bouchard and Lykken-twin study: The aim of the study was to investigate the role of genetics and the environment on intelligence. To do this many sets of twins raised together and apart were found. The twins were issued over 50 hours of tests to determine similarities between MZA and MZT twins. Tests included IQ tests, job interest, belongings, personality test, life history, and physical health assessments. The tests showed that genetics influence who a child grows up to be more than environment does, Intelligence is 70% determined by genetics, 30% is subject to change by environment, and people's genetic tendencies mold their environment.Biological Level of Analysis Explain how principles that define the biological level of analysis may be demonstrated in research: > Animal research can provide insight into human behavior m= James Olds carried out research on rats to see what would happen if their pleasure centres were stimulated. He devised an experiment in which the rat would receive electrical stimulation of the nucleus accumbens by pressing a lever. It was found that the rats were willing to walk across electrical grids in order to get to the “pleasure lever”. They even preferred the stimulation to eating and drinking. Electrical activation of the nucleus accumbens is based solely on dopamine and serotonin. Further research showed that stimulation of areas in the limbic system produced pleasure in humans, too.Biological Level of Analysis * Explain how principles that define the biological level of analysis may be demonstrated in research: > There are biological correlates to behavior m= Newcomer et al (1999)- aim of the study was to look at the effect of the stress hormone cortisol on verbal declarative memory. To do this Newcomer split the participants into 3 groups: high level cortisol, low level cortisol, and placebo group. Each group had to listen to a paragraph and recall it later to test their verbal memory. Group 1 had the worst performance on the memory test, as compared to group 2 and 3. The low level of cortisol group showed no memory decrease. The experiment shows that an increase in cortisol over a period of time has a negative effect on memory.14. Outline principles that define the cognitive level of analysis. 1st principle- Human beings are information processors, and mental processes guide behavior. Bottom-up Processing: Where the information from the mind comes from, sensory system. Top-down Processing: Pre-stored information in the memory. Stereotyping: People have fixed ideas about others. Reconstructive Nature: Memories that may not be infallible. False Memories: People cannot distinguish from what they have experienced and what they have heard after the event. Perception: Cognitive processes that interprets and organizes information from the senses to produce some meaningful experience to the world. 2nd principle- The mind can be studied scientifically by using a number of models of cognition and developing theories. 3rd principle- Cognitive processes are influenced by social and cultural factors. Schema: Mental representation of knowledge.15. Explain how principles that define the cognitive level of analysis may be demonstrated in research. © Ulric Neisser 1960s- Cognitive psychology had become too artificial and that researchers should not forget that cognition cannot be isolated from our everyday experience - Part of the second principle - Attention and Perception- brain does nat encode all of information that they are experiencing - Visual illusions/optical illusions - EX: Group of peaple wearing black shirts and group of people wearing white shirts, asked to count the amount of times the white shirts passed the basketball © Frederic Bartlett- Coined the term schema, mental representation of knowledge - Cultural schemas influence remembering - People remember in ways that make sense to them, nat like a tape recorder. - EX: War of ghosts; people changed the story- distortions. (Seen a drawing or told a story and needed to reproduce it after a short amount of time) Explains memory processing EE eee Ee Put into memory Maintain in memory Recover from memorySociocultural Level of Analysis * Outline principles that define the sociocultural level of analysis > Human behavior can only be fully understood if the social context is taken into account > 1st Principle: human beings are social animals and have a basic need to belong = Therelationship between an individual and a group is bidirectional: the individual is affected by being a part of the group but the individual can also affect the group's behavior > 2nd Principle: culture influences behavior = Culture is the norms and values that define a society = There is aneed to understand the effect of culture on a person’s behavior. This helps understand and appreciate the culture > 3rd Principle: because people are social animals, they have a social self = People don't only have an individual identity, but a social one as well. > 4th Principle: People’s views on the world are resistant to change = Culture helps shape our worldview and our communities influence our values which have been passed down for generations.Sociocultural Level of Analysis Explain how principles that define the sociocultural level of analysis may be demonstrated in research > Goal: to see how people interact with each other > Itis important that the behavior of the participants is as realistic as possible > Most research done with naturalistic approach ms “Asit really is.” The research is done in environments where it is most likely to take place > Participant Observation: seeing the world through the eyes of the participants u_ Researchers place themselves into a social setting for a period of time and observe behaviorsSociocultural Level of Analysis Explain how principles that define the sociocultural level of analysis may be demonstrated in research > When the participants know they are being observed it is called an overt observation = OReilly (2000). Studied British expatriates. Found that they actually were not unhappy with their lives. = OReilly spent a significant amount of time with the expatriates, carrying out interviews and observing behavior. She developed a trusting relationship > When the participants do not know it is a covert observation = Leon Festinger et al. (1956). Joined a religious cult believing that the world would end on December 21st. Festinger and his team became cult members and remained with the cult through December 21 = Monitored the group's debate, doubt, and rationalization of the world not ending. Decided it was God answering their prayersAbnormal Psychology- 1. To what extent do biological, cogni influence abnormal behavior? e, and sociocultural factors * Biological: Genetics are a part of the biological spectrum. When a mental illness says one of the causes of it is genetics, that is a biological influence. @ Cognitive: If someone is helpless and hopeless, it could lead to a mental illness. For instance, if someone has a terminal disease that has no cure, they are helpless and hopeless and will most likely get depression. @ Sociocultural: An individual's social life changes their behavior at home. If they are lonely at school, they typically want to be alone at home which could lead to a mental illness.2. Evaluate psychological research relevant to the study of abnormal psychology. Ba Rosenhan’s Study: Eight Participants, 3 women and 3 men, tried to gain access into a psychiatric ward. They would say they were hearing voices and they do not want to live anymore. After they were put in the ward, they acted completely normal. They were given medicine every day to take for their “symptoms” but they would flush it everyday. > > > > Methods: Independent Measures Culture: The results were skewed by cultural identity. Ethical Concerns: Putting sane people with insane people, wasting medicine. Criticisms: Very hard to measure.Essay Ba oot oa ee seal Pel Lue oa cee ir BEN Ru Ny eae Lee Ciegas > ways in which individuals are influenced ta comply with the demands and desires of others RC Orla ung > the basic idea behind commitment is that once peaple have agreed to something, they are likely to comply with similar requests due to various personal and interpersonal pressures Ceram a cao eC eeu en ee uy to something, the less likely itis that they will abandan their goal =e eRe cena > Claldini (1974)- asked one group of students if they would be interested in participating in an Dene CMe er Cece eRe Scr Eee Lehn Ma eae DE eset in Le) enue Ci el eae ows anc) POC Oca ee a Oe coy ae itdee Ree Ros on a cor * * * Outline the pri PET eag ee eRe maar ae Cue eee} Pee Ais PR eun cre enue Paeec ne Semel TINE NSC Es eae ciples of the cognitive level of analysis STUDY: Loftus’s Automobile Reconstruction wee ueed_| Averane Sones Estate > Watched video of a car hitting another car SO een ane Mens ie teac ue ce hack) > Speed estimates changed based on the word althaugh SMe Cae cae ae att Go over MCEG