GROUP Biological 12, 13 Abnormal 51, 52 Cognitive 25 Essays #4, #24 Sociocultural 38, 39, 40 Erin, Alex, Ryan and ScottBLOLOGUCAL #12 EXAMINE ONE EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION OF BEHAVIOUR Fessler (2006): He argued that the emation of disgust allowed our ancestors to survive for long enough to produce offspring, who in turn passed the same sensitivities on ta us. During the first trimester, hormones lower the immune system. The nausea is a response to compensate for the immune system, © The experiment 496 healthy pregnant wamen between the ages of 18 and 50. They were asked to consider 32 “stomach turning scenarios” EX: stepping barefoot on an earthworm, maggots on a piece of meat, a fish hook thraugh the finger. Before asking the pregnant wamen to rank the how disgusting the scenarios were, he asked a series of questions to determine if they were experiencing morning sickness. * Findings: Women in the first semester scored a higher disgust sensitivity than wamen in the second third trimester. © Conclusion: Many diseases that aur ancestors could not affard to get came fram food that is ingested.The sensitivity decreases as risk of disease decreases Curtis et al (2004): Developed an online survey with 20 images, participants were asked to rank the level of disgust af each image. Among the 20 images were seven pairs in which ane was infectious to the immune system, and the other was visually similar but nat infectious. The disgust level was higher for the images that threatened the immune system. Disgust decreased with age and was higher in wamen than menBOLOGICAL #13 DISCUSS ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN RESEARCH INTO GENETIC INFLUENCES ON BEHAVIOUR. e Genetic research can reveal unexpected information that may harm research participants. EX: The participant learns he or she is a carrier for a gene for a genetic disorder. This can cause the participant stress. e Some groups may object to the study as a cultural principle.COGNITIVE #25 EVALUATE ONE THEORY OH HOW EMOTION MAY AFFECT ONE COGNITIVE PROCESS (FOR EKAMPLE, STATE-DEPENDENT MEMORY, FLASHBULB MEMORY, AFFECTIVE FILTERS) FLASHBULB MEMORY: Suggested by Brown and Kulik (1977)- refers to vivid and detailed memories of highly emotional events that appear to be recorded in the brain as though with the help of a camera's flash. Brown and Kulik suggested that there may be a special neural mechanism which triggers an emotional arousal because the the event is unexpected or extremely important. Participants were asked of they had flashbulb memories of personal events.... 73/80 participants had flashbulb memories. Ex: sudden death of a family member.SOCLOCULTURAL #36 DEFINE CULTURE AND CULTURE NORMS e Culture: Defined as the way of life followed by a group. The social norms of a region such as language, dress, customs, art and is generally passed down from a hierarchically path within a blood line. e Culture Norms: Defined as a social set of rules followed by members of a culture, predominantly influenced and ingrained by family members, close friends, or social role models such as teachersSOCLOCULTURAL #31 EXAMINE THE ROLE OF TWO CULTURAL DIMENSIONS ON BEHAVIOUR Societies differ in culture and thus exhibit contrary attributes including the idea of individualism versus conformity. Nations such as the United States exhibit individualistic behaviour, peoples acquire social norms through smaller groups such as family and friend differing in behaviour compared to the large complex social body of the nation. Other nations such as China or Japan exhibit conforming behaviour by following social norms at a much larger scale, peoples follow the rules set by a nation compared to breaking national norms and setting more localized rules.SOCLOCULTURAL #40 EMIC V5. ETC CONCEPTS The differing viewpoints of observation of a group depending on whether the observer is part of the in-group or out-group. Emic is the study of a culture from within as a member. An example would be a study conducted on college professors by college professors. This is because a college professor exists within the society of what the study was conducted on. Etic is the study of a culture conducted from an outside observational point of view. An example would be a caucasian american conducting a study ona japanese family. Since the American and Japanese cultures clash and the observer does not exist within the japanese culture the study is considered etic.ABNORMAL #51 AND #52 Abnormal Psychology 51. Discuss the use of eclectic approaches to treatment. © Incorporates principles or techniques fram various systems or theories. Recognizes the strengths and weaknesses to therapies, and gears session toward the needs of the patient. © Drugs can be used to stabilize the disorder but psychatherapy gives the patient coping skills. A combination of psychotherapy and drugs is more successful than psychotherapy or drugs alone. (Klerman et al., 1994). 52. Discuss the relationship between etiology and therapeutic approach in relation to one disorder. © Symptom of depression is distorted cognitions (self-defeating thoughts). Cognitive- behavioral therapy (CBT), focusing on current issues and symptoms. 1st... the use of cognitive restructuring- finding out which thaughts are associated with depressed feelings and correct them (Beck). 2nd encourage people to gradually increase any activity that is rewardingESSAY #24 DISCUSS CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN THE PREVALENCE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS Different psychological disorders are more common in some places than they are in others. ‘The below study deals specifically with the prevalence of depression among different countries and for males vs. females ‘Weisman et al. (1996): Found cross-cultural variation in data from 10 countries. The study found that the lifetime prevalence of depression ranged from 19.0 % (Beirut in Lebanon) to 1.5 % (Taiwan). Korea had rates of depression twice as high as those in Taiwan (2.9%) although they are both Asian countries. Paris had arate (16.4%) close to that of Beirut although Beirut had experienced war for 15 years. Women had a higher rate than men in all countries. The researchers argue that different risk factors, social stigma, cultural reluctance to endorse mental symptoms as well as methodological limitations of the study may account for some of the differences. Differences in prevalence rates among different regions could be attributed to the fact that in some parts of the world, itis more socially acceptable to have a disorder than it isin othersESSAY #4 DESCRIBE ONE EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION OF ONE BEHAVIOR Humans have evolved since the beginning of time to react and behave in ways that will increase their chances of survival STUDY. Curtis et al. (2004) found that the disgust reaction may help to prevent illnesses. Method: Participants (77, 000 from 165 countries) were tested to see if there were patterns in disgust responses via an online survey Participants were asked to rank their level of disgust for 20 images ‘Within the 20 images were 7 pairs where one was infectious or harmful to the immune system and the other was similar but non-infectious (for example, one image was a plate of bodily fluid and its pair was a plate of blue viscous liquid) Results: The disgust reaction was strongest for images which threatened the immune system. Disgust also decreased with age and women had higher disgust reactions than men. Conclusion Natural selection may have helped human ancestors to be more disgusted at things which threatened the immune system to avoid things that could potentilly lead to diseases or sickness