Curso de Ingls Online

Upper-Intermediate

 Copyright
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Introduo
Voc est comeando um mdulo do Curso de Ingls do Portal Educao.
Para ns uma satisfao poder contribuir com o seu aprendizado e proporcionar-lhe as ferramentas necessrias
para que voc aprenda esse maravilhoso idioma.
Esta apostila ir auxiliar voc a navegar pelo curso, oferecendo explicaes e exerccios adicionais, alm de dicas
que sero muito teis durante seus estudos. Procure utiliza-la para estudar, tanto quando no estiver conectado
internet (em casa, no nibus, no trabalho, no metr, etc), quanto quando estiver online, acessando o curso, pois seu
contedo se relaciona com o material disponvel no Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem.

Saber Ingls
Prepare-se para a abertura de um novo mundo. Saber Ingls no s um diferencial para seu currculo, ou um prrequisito para aquela vaga de emprego que voc tanto quer. Saber ler, compreender e falar esse fabuloso idioma ir
abrir muitas portas para voc, ao permitir aprender sobre diversos temas e interagir com pessoas de todo o mundo.
Seja ao fazer uma busca na internet, ler um livro, assistir um filme ou conhecer pessoas de outros pases, saber
ingls ajudar voc a conhecer um novo planeta de oportunidades, curiosidades e informaes.
Com certeza voc j se acostumou a buscar informaes na Internet. Se voc s faz essa busca em Portugus,
imagine o quanto poder aprimorar suas pesquisas quando souber ler e compreender textos em Ingls. nesse
idioma que est a maioria das informaes disponveis online, dos sites comerciais aos blogs. Tambm em Ingls
que so divulgadas em primeira mo as principais notcias do mundo inteiro, pesquisas cientficas e lanamentos
tecnolgicos.
A experincia de ler um romance em seu idioma original singular. Parece que voc est dentro da histria e a
trama fica muito mais verdadeira. O mesmo vale para assistir filmes sem precisar ler as legendas. Nesse caso, em
especial, voc ficar livre para se ater a detalhes dos personagens e da fotografia.
Fazer amigos em outros pases mais uma vantagem trazida pelo conhecimento do Ingls. Seja pela internet, ou
pessoalmente, falar com essas pessoas e entender totalmente o dilogo poder te abrir portas em todo o planeta.
impossvel transmitir em um breve texto o quo ser valioso saber Ingls, para o seu crescimento profissional e
pessoal. O mais importante que voc ir perceber isso aos poucos e, conforme for avanando em seus estudos, ir
compreender que o Ingls far muito por voc.

Estrutura do curso e avaliao

O Curso de Ingls dividido em Mdulos, que tambm so comumente chamados de Nveis. Cada um desses
Mdulos possui 3 (trs) ou 4 (quatro) Unidades, com temas diversos. Cada uma dessas Unidades possui 3 (trs) ou
4 (quatro) Lies, que trazem contedos diferentes e exerccios de fixao.
Cada lio dividida em dois momentos:
Useful English: Durante a Useful English voc ser exposto ao contedo da lio e praticar o que est
aprendendo por meio de exerccios interativos cujos erros e acertos no so contabilizados pelo sistema.
Practice: J durante a Practice voc ir solucionar diversos exerccios interativos, enquanto seus erros e
acertos so contabilizados pelo sistema para a formao da nota da Unidade.
Ao final do Mdulo, o sistema ir identificar se voc conseguiu obter mdia igual ou superior a 7,0 em cada unidade.
Caso no tenha obtido este desempenho, o prprio sistema ir apresentar-lhe a chance de fazer a Recuperao
daquela Unidade. Voc poder fazer a Recuperao quantas vezes necessitar, at que consiga assimilar o contedo
e ter o desempenho mnimo para avanar no curso.
No momento em que voc estiver com mdia individual superior a 7,0 em todas as unidades, o sistema ir lhe
apresentar a Examination, que corresponde prova final do Mdulo. Fique atento, pois a nota obtida nessa prova
ser a sua Nota Final do Mdulo.

Aulas online
Dependendo do curso em que est matriculado, voc pode agendar e participar de aulas online, que ocorrem em
tempo real, via plataforma de audioconferncia. Existem dois tipos de aulas online:
Conversation: Aula de conversao livre sobre um tema previamente definido, na qual os alunos so
chamados a interagirem entre si em Ingls, a fim de praticar a oralidade no idioma.
Review: Aula de reviso sobre determinada Unidade do curso, na qual o professor revisa contedos
daquela Unidade, tira dvidas dos alunos e d dicas gramaticais para uma melhor compreenso daquele
contedo.
O calendrio de aulas online est disponvel dentro do ambiente do curso. Para visualiz-lo, basta clicar em Ver
Horrios, tanto das Conversation quanto das Review.
Alguns cursos permitem que voc adquira novos pacotes de aulas online, que esto disponveis para compra em
Minha Conta. Caso no consiga localizar esta informao, entre em contato com a equipe de suporte ou com o
administrador do seu curso.

Como usar esta apostila

Este material fornecido gratuitamente para voc e serve para lhe auxiliar durante seus estudos. Alm de conter
explicaes sobre os temas das Lies e algumas tradues s quais voc pode recorrer a qualquer momento, este
material tambm tem exerccios complementares, cujos gabaritos encontram-se ao final da apostila.
A vo algumas dicas para aproveitar melhor sua apostila:
1) Procure avanar na leitura conforme voc avana no contedo online;
2) Responda os exerccios da apostila ao final da Useful English e antes da Practice;
3) Tome nota, rabisque, sublinhe e desenhe na apostila, pois isso ir facilitar a memorizao dos contedos;
4) Utilize a apostila para lembrar de contedos que voc j aprendeu durante o curso, assim evitar ter que
voltar para telas anteriores;
5) Aproveite para utilizar a apostila quando no estiver conectado internet. Com ela, voc pode estudar em
casa, no trabalho, no nibus, no metr e em muitos outros lugares.

Dicas para estudar a distncia

Estudar a distncia completamente diferente de estudar presencialmente, pois exige que voc tenha mais disciplina
para continuar estudando, mesmo sem ter a cobrana fsica, o tempo todo, de um professor.
1) Acesse o curso pelo menos durante 3 horas por semana.
2) A cada acesso, estude por no mximo duas horas.
3) Mantenha uma agenda de estudos, como se fosse participar de um curso presencial. Agende para si mesmo
os dias e horrios que voc ir reservar para estudar.
4) Participe de pelo menos uma aula online por semana, seja Review ou Conversation, pois assim poder
conversar ao vivo com outros alunos e com o professor.
5) Tenha pacincia. O aprendizado vem com o tempo.
6) Aprender um novo idioma requer dedicao e, principalmente, continuidade. Portanto, estude regularmente,
pois s assim conseguir criar uma seqncia em seus estudos.
7) Enquanto estiver estudando, mantenha-se longe de distraes, como televiso, rdio e barulho.
8) Utilize nossa equipe de tutoria para tirar suas dvidas.

Dicas para aprender Ingls

Durante esses vrios anos ensinando idiomas, o Portal Educao reuniu diversas dicas que podero auxiliar voc a
aprender e a melhorar seu conhecimento nesse fabuloso idioma.
1) Prefira os livros em Ingls. Geralmente eles so s um pouco mais caros que os traduzidos, mas o benefcio
vale o investimento.
2) Assista filmes com udio e legenda em Ingls. Assim, voc treina a audio e a leitura ao mesmo tempo,
sendo que uma servir de suporte para a outra.
3) Pense em Ingls. Enquanto estiver relaxando, procure formar alguns pensamentos em Ingls, simulando
mentalmente as frases que construiria em cada situao.
4) Enquanto estiver estudando, faa anotaes na apostila ou em um caderno.
5) Quando estiver ouvindo uma msica em Ingls, procure compreender a letra. No incio, voc conseguir
compreender apenas algumas palavras, em seguida frases inteiras e, finalmente, toda a msica.
6) Ao pesquisar sobre determinado tema na Internet, procure em Ingls.
7) Configure seus aparelhos, como celular, computador, etc, para o idioma Ingls.
Essas so apenas algumas dicas, mas voc poder fazer muito mais para aprimorar o seu Ingls. O importante,
afinal, colocar o Ingls na sua vida.

Agenda de Estudos
Construa neste espao a sua agenda de estudos, marcando os dias da semana e os horrios que voc pretende
reservar para estudar Ingls. Nossa recomendao que voc estude pelo menos 3 vezes por semana, por no
mximo 2 horas em seqncia.
Anote os horrios que pretende estudar tambm na sua agenda (seja eletrnica ou no papel), como um
compromisso. Respeite essa agenda como se voc estivesse indo escola. Assim ser mais fcil manter a disciplina
para continuar estudando e aprendendo durante o curso.

Introduo ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 3
Agenda de Estudos _____________________________________________________________________________________ 6
Unit Eighteen __________________________________________________________________________________________ 8

Lesson One _______________________________________________________________________________ 8

Extra Exercises: __________________________________________________________________________________ 8

Lesson Two ______________________________________________________________________________ 10

Extra Exercises: _________________________________________________________________________________ 16

Lesson Three ____________________________________________________________________________ 18

Extra Exercises: _________________________________________________________________________________ 20
Unit Nineteen _________________________________________________________________________________________ 24

Lesson One ______________________________________________________________________________ 24

Extra Exercises: _________________________________________________________________________________ 26

Lesson Two ______________________________________________________________________________ 27

Extra Exercises: _________________________________________________________________________________ 27

Lesson Three ____________________________________________________________________________ 29

Extra Exercises: _________________________________________________________________________________ 29

Lesson Four _____________________________________________________________________________ 31

Extra Exercises: _________________________________________________________________________________ 32
Unit Twenty __________________________________________________________________________________________ 34

Lesson One ______________________________________________________________________________ 34

Extra Exercises: _________________________________________________________________________________ 37

Lesson Two ______________________________________________________________________________ 39

Extra Exercises: _________________________________________________________________________________ 43

Lesson Three ____________________________________________________________________________ 47

Extra Exercises: _________________________________________________________________________________ 54
Unit Twenty-one _______________________________________________________________________________________ 57

Lesson One ______________________________________________________________________________ 57

Extra Exercises: _________________________________________________________________________________ 64

Lesson Two ______________________________________________________________________________ 66

Extra Exercises: _________________________________________________________________________________ 75

Lesson Three ____________________________________________________________________________ 79

Extra Exercises: _________________________________________________________________________________ 83
ANSWERKEY _________________________________________________________________________________________ 86

Unit Eighteen
Lesson One
This lesson teaches you how to make questions about the duration of an action.
HOW LONG is used when asking about the
duration of an activity and it can be used with the
Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous
tenses to indicate something that happened or
something that happened and is still happening at
present. Check the structures in the box.

Example:
A: How long have you been in France?
B: I have been in France for two months.

A: How long has he had his car?

B: He has had his car for six years.
Other ways of using HOW LONG:
1. How long do you spend at college?
2. How long does it take Maria to get dressed?

Extra Exercises:
1) Write questions with HOW LONG and the correct present perfect form.
a. How long / Ben / suffer from asthma
________________________________________________________________?
b. How long / Vicky / be a flight attendant
________________________________________________________________?

c. How long / Marie / take piano lessons

________________________________________________________________?
d. How long / Cindy / take this medication
________________________________________________________________?
e. How long / Ted / be a bus driver
________________________________________________________________?
f. How long / Harry and Don / be unemployed
________________________________________________________________?
g. How long / Paula and Beth / train for the marathon
________________________________________________________________?
h. How long / Martha / work for the Red Cross
________________________________________________________________?
i. How long / the homeless / live in this area
________________________________________________________________?

2) According to the situations below, make questions using HOW LONG.

Example: Sally's a nursing student. She got into college 3 years ago.
How long has Sally been a nursing student?

a. Neil writes novels. He started it when he was a college student.

_________________________________________________________________?
b. Maria has an old sedan. She bought it in 1980.
_________________________________________________________________?
c. The Sanders live on the coast of California. They moved there last year.
_________________________________________________________________?
d. Professor Mills teaches marketing. He got this job right after he got his master's degree.
_________________________________________________________________?

e. Karla has a basset hound now that she moved to a house.

_________________________________________________________________?
f. Miss Meyer's students do voluntary work. The program started this year.
_________________________________________________________________?
g. They are hooked on heavy metal, a passion from their teen years.
_________________________________________________________________?
h. Mr. O'hara is the president of the company. He was elected last month.
_________________________________________________________________?
i. The TV's on. It's been an hour and nobody's turned it off.
_________________________________________________________________?

Lesson Two
This lesson presents the Present Perfect Continuous tense and compared to the Present Perfect tense.
Look at the examples:

I have been doing yoga for a year. (I started a year I have been cleaning the house for 2 hours. (I
ago and still do it.)
started the cleaning 2 hours ago and now I am still
cleaning it or have just stopped.)

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We use the present perfect continuous for

actions that began in the past and are still going on,
sometimes including the moment of speaking.

Examples:
We have (we've) been dancing for two hours.
She has (she's) been studying math for three
days.

Lets remember!

The expression HOW LONG HAVE YOU... is used

to ask about the duration of an action.

How long have they played soccer?

Example: How long have you lived in the USA?

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How long has he been a photographer?

How long has he lived in Japan?

How long has she worked in a bank?

How long has she studied French?

12

How long have they studied at Fairmont High How long have they gone to Triton University?
School?
We use the Present Perfect Continuous for
actions that began in the past and are still going on.
Example:
I have been coaching for about two years.
We have been working for 10 hours.
The Present Perfect Continuous form is:
subject + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + verb + ING
Example:
We have been flying for 3 hours.

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Non-action verbs and the Present Perfect Continuous

Important! We can't use the Present Perfect
Continuous with non-action verbs like: understand,
love, like, have, remember, believe, and know. In
English we dont say that we are knowing
something: either you know something or you
dont know it.

Example:
I have known her for two years. CORRECT
I have been knowing her for two years
INCORRECT

More examples:
I have had this scooter for 2 months now.
CORRECT
I have been having this scooter for 2 months now.
INCORRECT

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Compare the tenses:

The Present Perfect Simple and the Present

Perfect Continuous inform the same idea when
they mean continuity.

When you started doing something and right now

you're still doing it, then the Present Perfect
Continuous is used so that this moment can be
included.

Examples:

Examples:

1. I have lived in Toronto for 14 years.

2. I have been living in Toronto for 14 years.

1. I've been trying to solve this exercise for hours.

It's very hard.

In examples 1 and 2 the idea is the same: I lived and

I still live in Toronto.

2. Cindy won't shut her mouth. She's been talking

all through the film.

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The Present Perfect Continuous is not used with

non-action verbs like: understand, love, like, have,
remember, believe and know.

Example:
I have been having this computer for 2 years. INCORRECT
I have had this computer for 2 years. - CORRECT

Extra Exercises:

1) Some people have answered an Internet quiz. Mark T (true) or (F) false.
Gloria

Jessica

Arthur

I've decided to change my diet.

Fat food is only for the weekends.
Cakes and pies not even at
birthday parties. I need to be
more disciplined.

Sometimes I feel like eating fries.

But the problem is I put a lot of
sugar in my juice. I've been trying
to cut down on sugar.

I'm not overweight but I am

careful. I don't exercise at the
gym regularly but I walk to work
every day. My sin: beer.

a.

( ) Jessica has been having fries every day.

b.

( ) Gloria has been eating cakes only at birthday parties.

c.

( ) Arthur has had obesity problems.

d.

( ) He has been drinking beer.

e.

( ) Gloria has been having a lot of fat.

f.

( ) Arthur's been to the gym on a regular basis.

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g.

( ) He's been walking to work.

h.

( ) Jessica has been trying to cut down on fries.

i.

( ) Arthur is the only one who's been doing some exercising regularly.

2) Some people have been doing some sports. What sports have they been doing?
a)

Ben = ______________________________________________.

b)

Greg = ______________________________________________.

c)

Victoria = ______________________________________________.

d)

Nancy = ______________________________________________.

e)

Zack = ______________________________________________.

f)

Janet = ______________________________________________.

g)

Frank = ______________________________________________.

h)

Dennis = ______________________________________________.

3) Underline the best option. If the two of them are right, choose both.
a. So, have you bought / been buying / both the shirt you wanted?
b. Have you heard / been hearing / both of Pat? Can you believe she's in Sweden?
c. Get out of the shower, Ben. You have taken / been taking / both a shower for hours!
d. Dinner is ready! Mom has cooked / been cooking / both pasta tonight.
e. Jessica has graduated / been graduating / both in law. She's now a prosecutor.

17

f. Sarah has studied / been studying / both for the finals.

g. Have you learned / been learning / both John got married again?
h. It seems nobody has understood / been understanding / both it. I'll explain again.
i. Who has he called / been calling / both?

Lesson Three
This lesson teaches us how to make sentences using conditionals.
First Conditional
We use the first conditional for situations that we
think are possible in the future.
The sentence structure is the following:
If + Simple Present + WILL
NOTE: As we are talking about a condition, we
have if in the sentence. All conditionals take if.
Examples:

If you work this Saturday, you will miss our trip to

the beach.

If she loves you, she will come see you.

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Second Conditional

We use the second conditional for situations that

are unlikely (improbable) to happen.

N Note:
If I were you, I would study English. (formal)

Compare:

If I was you, I would study English. (informal)

If they play the game, they will win.

If they played the game, they would win.

When talking to non-English speakers, it is better to

say the first sentence, so you show that you know
the language.

The second conditional sentence structure is:

If + Simple Past of the verb + WOULD
Example:
If I wanted a dog, I would go to a pet store.

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Zero Conditional
The zero conditional is used for talking about
situations that are real and possible, sometimes
related to general truths, such as scientific facts.
Examples:
If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.
Or
Water boils if you heat it to 100 degrees.
NOTE: Both in the conditional and in the result
clauses we use the Present Simple. The
conditional clause is the one introduced by IF, and
the result clause is the one that shows the possible
result.

Extra Exercises:
1) Match the sentences to find the right complement.
1) Match the sentences to find the right complement.

a.

If he plays the game,

b.

If they love each other,

c.

If we run very fast,

d.

If that lady opens the gate,

e.

If the gardener doesnt come,

f.

If you eat all the cheese now,

g.

If we wait more,

h.

If they travel for Christmas,

i.

If Mary runs for the city council, ...

1.

( ) we will get there on time.

20

2.

( ) I will mow the lawn myself.

3.

( ) we will have a stronger team.

4.

( ) they will get back together.

5.

( ) we won't have any for the pizza.

6.

( ) the dog will attack her!

7.

( ) she'll be elected for sure.

8.

( ) we'll miss the game.

9.

( ) they will visit their family.

2) Choose the best option to complete the sentences.

1. If you sleep too late,
a. you won't be able to get up early.
b. you'll need to go to bed late too.
c. we will get there on time.
2. If she takes your advice,
a. you won't advise her.
b. you won't have to worry.
c. she'll give you some advice.
3. If he doesn't accept our offer,
a. we'll have to give up.
b. he won't reject it.
c. he will consider our offer.
4. If you give me a 10 % discount,
a. I'll ask for a discount.
b. you'll buy more.
c. I'll get two of these.
5. If profits go down again,

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a. our company will be in trouble.

b. our income will go up.
c. we'll open a new branch.
6. If you don't finish this report by 2 pm,
a. You'll finish by 2 pm.
b. the boss will congratulate you.
c. the boss will be mad at you.
7. Unless we need some help,
a. we will call you.
b. we won't call you.
c. you'll need some help.
8. If I quit my present job,
a. I will start up my own business.
b. I will take this job seriously.
c. I won't take this job.
9. You can't park here. If you do,
a. we'll get a good spot.
b. you won't get a ticket. It's a non-parking zone.
c. you'll get you car towed away.

3) Make sentences with the zero conditional from the cues below.
a. ice / float / you / drop / it / in water

b. you / not / breathe / you / die

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c. it / not / rain / the plants / not / grow

d. you / freeze / water / it / get / solid

e. plants / die / they / not / get / enough light

f. you / be / allergic / you / catch / a cold / more easily

g. you / not / practice / your English / it / get / rusty

h. you / mix / black and white / you / get / gray

i. I / not / have breakfast / I / feel sick

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Unit Nineteen
Lesson One
This lesson shows the Present Perfect tense and some expressions used with it.
Past Perfect tense
The Past Perfect Simple is used to make
statements or ask questions about things that
happened in the past, and explain that one thing
took place before a definite time in the past.

Example:
Until getting home, John didnt realize (simple past)
that he had lost (past perfect) his keys.

Note: When it is important to show that the first

action was completed before the second action
began, the Past Perfect is used in the action that
happened first.

Example: After she had finished the book, she

took it back to the library.

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The following time expressions are commonly used with the Past Perfect Tense: until, as soon as, when,
by the time and once.
As soon as I had heard the news, I called Mary.
By the time Daniel got home, the film had ended.
Once the sun had gone up, the air turned warm.
The Past Perfect is formed by:
The auxiliary verb had +
The main verb in the past participle

Note: This tense is called past perfect because the

auxiliary verb, to have, is in the past tense.
Look at the chart to study the structure of the past
perfect tense.

Important!
The past perfect tense is also used when we are
reporting what someone asked or said. This is
called reported speech.
Look at the examples:
Sam: I saw Carmen downtown.
She said she had seen Carmen downtown.
Sam I asked her mom about the party.
She told me she had asked her mom about the
party.

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Extra Exercises:
1) In the story below put the verbs in the sentences into the correct tenses Simple Past or Past
Perfect.
a. When Steve _____________ (arrive) home, a man _______ just_______ (rob) the local library.
b. The train__________ (go), so Steve ________ (have) to walk back home.
c. A police officer ___________ (notice) Steve ____________ (carry) some books.
d. Steve ____________ (walk) past the library before he _______ (get) home.
e. The police officer _________ (think) that Steve ___________ (rob) the library.
f. Steve ________ (tell) the police officer he _____ just ______ (come) home from the bookstore.
g. The officer ________ (feel) embarrassed because he __________ (make) a mistake.
h. The police officer __________ (be) disappointed he ____________(not catch) the burglar.

2) Unscramble the sentences to make past perfect sentences in the story below.
a. when / the seat belt / took off / had / fastened / I / already / the plane
________________________________________________________________
b. it / the / took off / had / given / all the instructions / already / the fight attendant / when
__________________________________________________________________
c. the upright position / our seats / us / she / had asked / in / to put
__________________________________________________________________
d. said / that / she / had to / the mobile phones / be turned off / had / also
__________________________________________________________________
e. the weather conditions / we had taken off / the captain / about / after / told us
__________________________________________________________________
f. informed / the trip / would take / had / already / how long / he
__________________________________________________________________
g. started / departed / the flight attendants / we / had / once / the service
__________________________________________________________________

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h. there were / told / us / two sorts of meals / that / had / they

__________________________________________________________________
i. after / chose chicken / I / meat dish / had / seen / I / my wifes
__________________________________________________________________

Lesson Two
This lesson shows how to use the expression I wish I ... + Simple Past.
We use wish + Simple Past when we want to
change a present or future situation:

Examples:
I wish I had enough money to travel this summer.
(But I don't.)
I wish I were rich to travel a lot. (But I'm not.)

NOTE: Remember that it is formal to use were

with I in conditionals. The same happens when we
use wish. Check the example above.

Extra Exercises:
1) Complete each of the following sentences with the Past Simple of the verb shown in brackets.
Example:

They wish they ___ ____. (not/come)

They wish they didnt come.
I wish I ________ at the party. (be)
I wish I were at the party

a. I wish I ______ ______ the test answers wrong. (not/get)

b. They wish they _________________ the appointment. (remember)

27

c. He wishes he __________________ us the book. (buy)

d. They wish we __________________ the food. (enjoy)
e. We wish it _______________ today. (not/rain)
f. She wishes he ______________ the window. (open)
g. They wish I _______________ the news. (hear)
h. We wish you _______________ what to do. (know)

2) Look at the chart and write sentences with WISH + past simple.
1.Bessie

Control her temper

5. Mr. and Mrs. Smith

Have a bigger house

2.Gina

Be practical

6. Jane and May

Go to university

3. Peter

Travel abroad

7. Rose

Find a job

4. Sonia

Live in another country

8. Cleo

Live alone

1. Bessie_____________________________________
2. Gina ____________________________________
3. Peter ____________________________________
4. Sonia ____________________________________
5. Mr. and Mrs. Smith ____________________________________
6. Jane and Mary ____________________________________
7. Rose ____________________________________
8. Cleo ____________________________________

3) Write T (true) or F (false) according to the text below.

My name is Carol. I am a student at university. I study Biology. But I wanted to do something else. I
wanted to be an archeologist. I wanted to travel all over the world and find out about ancient cultures. If I
could, I would study in the capital of Italy. I would be an expert in Roman culture. I would write a book on
this civilization and become famous.
a. She wishes she studied archeology. (
b. She wishes she lived in Britain. (

c. She wishes she traveled all over the world. (

d. She wishes she didnt have to study biology. (

)
)

28

e. She wishes she found out about new cultures. (

f. She wishes she read a book about Rome. (
g. She wishes she studied in Rome. (

h. She wishes she became famous. (

Lesson Three
This lesson shows how to use wish with the Past Perfect tense.

We use wish + Past Perfect to talk about past

regrets.

Example:
I wish she hadn't gotten so disappointed. (But
she did.)
I wish I had told her the truth. (But I didnt.)

Extra Exercises:
1) Complete with the appropriate form of the verb in the past perfect.
a. I wish you ____________ (not/tell) lies about me yesterday.
b. How much I wish the Brazilian team ____________ (win) the match last Sunday.
c. I wish you ____________ (not/shout) in my classes last week.
d. I wish I ___________ (be) richer, so I would have bought a big and comfortable house.
e. If only we _____________ (not/have) the drought last year, the crops would have been good.
f. We all wish you _________(join) us last Saturday at our housewarming party.

29

g. I wish I ___________________ (not/get) drunk and kissed John.

h. I wish I ___________________ (not be) ironic with Paul. He got mad at me.
i. If only I ___________________ (not drive) fast. I wouldn't have gotten a fine.

2) It is Monday and Dan is complaining about his weekend. Read and choose the right answer.
It was raining last week and I couldnt go to the park. I usually play tennis on weekends, but I wasnt able
to. I was very upset because I didnt have anything to do and I didnt see anyone. I stayed at home just
watching TV and reading. I love reading, but I wanted to be with my friends. I called a few friends but they
had already made plans. On Monday I was back to work and I was very disappointed since I hadnt
enjoyed my weekend.
Dan wishes:
1.

a. It hadnt rained last weekend.

b. It had rained.

2.

a. He had played tennis.

b. He hadnt played tennis.

3.

a. He hadnt been upset.

b. He hadnt been busy.

4.

a. He had just watched TV.

b. He hadnt just watched TV.

5.

a. He had read more.

b. He hadnt just read.

6.

a. He had been with his friends.

b. He hadnt been with his friends.

7.

a. He hadnt made any plans.

b. He had made other plans.

8.

a. He had had a quiet weekend.

b. He had had a busy weekend.

30

3) Do the following wish clauses express a present situation (PS) or a regret (R)?
a. I wish I were taller. (

b. She wishes she had studied more. (

c. He wishes he had told the truth. (

)
)

d. She wishes she had bought that dress. (

e. I wish I didnt come to the party. (

f. They wish they didnt have classes today. (

g. I wish I understood this exercise. (

h. He wishes he had practiced more sports as a teenager. (

i. Mary wishes she had a baby. (

j. Marco wishes he bought a new car. (

k. I wish I had enough money to travel. (
l. They wish it were December. (
m. We wish we were younger. (

)
)

)
)

n. You wish you had bought that house. (

o. Mom wishes she had had more time with the kids. (
p. Dan wishes he had studied Physics at university. (

)
)

Lesson Four
This lesson teaches us how to use the Third Conditional.
The third conditional is used to describe unreal
situations in the past.
Examples:
If someone had asked me out yesterday, I would
have accepted it.
If I had stayed at home, I wouldnt have missed
her call.
If I had studied more, I would have passed.
If I hadnt driven so fast, I wouldnt have crashed
my car.

31

Extra Exercises:
1) For each situation given below, make a complete statement expressing a past unreal situation.
Follow the example.
a. I didn't stop for gas and ran out of it.
If I had stopped for gas, I wouldn't have run out of it.
b. I stopped doing exercises and got fat.
_____________________________________________________________.
c. I moved to a small town and I wasn't happy.
_____________________________________________________________.
d. He broke up with his girlfriend and got depressed.
_____________________________________________________________.
e. My parents invited me to travel with them, but I didnt go and was upset.
_____________________________________________________________.
f. We lost the game. We were out of the championship.
_____________________________________________________________.
g. You didnt tell me you would arrive today so I didnt pick you up.
_____________________________________________________________.
h. I didnt wait longer to see my favorite actress at the airport, so I left without seeing her.
_____________________________________________________________.

2) In the following examples, does

mean would or had?

a. Id never seen anything like that.

b. Wed just gone out.
c. Youd love it.
d. Howd they got there?
e. Itd never crossed my mind.
f. I think Id ignore the letter.
g. Whatd you do?
h. Whatd he done?
i. Theyd appreciate it.

32

3) The sentences below should have been written in the third conditional. But there is a mistake in
each of them. Find the mistake and correct them.

a. If I had called Harry, he will answer.

b. If she will go, I would have met her.

c. If I saw him, I would have said hello.

d. If Mary took the job, she would have made money.

e. If we traveled, we would have had a wonderful time.

f. I would have talked with him if he calls.

g. I will buy the house if I had had money.

h. I change jobs if I had found a better one.

33

Unit Twenty
Lesson One
This lesson introduces the use of Reported Speech, also called Indirect Speech.
When we want to report (give information about)
something that someone else has said, we use
Reported Speech. To form Reported Speech
sentences, we usually have to change the verb
tense.

Look at these examples:

1. Jane: I want to go to Europe.
Reported Speech: Jane (or She) said (that) she wanted to go to Europe.
Example 1
Simple present

simple past

34

More examples:

Jane: I am getting married on April 17th.

Burt: I am talking on the phone.

Reported Speech: Jane (or She) said (that) she was Reported Speech: Burt (or He) said (that) he was
getting married on April 17th.
talking on the phone.
Examples 2 and 3: Present continuous

Past continuous

Notes:

Look at the charts above: they show the necessary In reported speech, now is replaced by then.
changes in verb tenses when using Reported
Example: Jenny said: It's 10 pm now.
Speech. Remember: that is optional in Reported
Jenny said it was 10 pm then.
Speech sentences.

35

Reported Speech in the Present

It's possible to use reported speech in the simple
present. That's when something is reported right
after it was said, or it expresses something that
doesn't change over a time.
Example:
Cindy: I love dogs.
REPORTED SPEECH: Cindy said she loves
dogs.

CAN and COULD in Reported Speech

Can is replaced by could in reported speech in the
simple past.

Examples:
Guy: I can swim fast.
REPORTED SPEECH: Guy said he could swim
fast.

Fran: I cant cook well.

REPORTED SPEECH: Fran said she couldnt
cook well.

36

TELL in Reported Speech

You can also use tell in reported speech replacing
say. You just have to include one more item in the
structure the personal pronouns (in example 1)
or the name of whom we're talking to (in example
2).
Examples:
Rick: I'm going to the mall.
1. Rick told me he was going to the mall.
2. Rick told Ann he was going to the mall.

Extra Exercises:
1) Put the following text into reported speech with the verbs in the past tense.

Hi. My name is Dennis Brown and I'm from Glasgow, Scotland. I study computer science at the University
of Toronto and I really enjoy it. It is a great experience to study in a foreign country. I speak English, but
Canada is very different from my country.

REPORTED SPEECH:
He said his name was Dennis Brown and

37

2) Mark T(true) or F (false) according to Jack's routine.

I get up very early. I have to take the bus at 7:00. If I don't take the bus at this time I have to walk to the
train station and take the train. I seldom do it. But then it's more than a fifteen-minute walk. And I have to
take the train downtown and then it goes by my work. Certainly I get late. So the bus is the best option; if
no friend gives me a ride, of course. I work an 8-hour shift from 8:00 am to 5:00 pm. My lunchtime is from
12:00 to 1:00, although it never takes me an hour. Back home, I sometimes get a ride. If I do so, I can
arrive home at about 5:30, instead of 6:00 by bus.
a. T
b. T
c. T
d. T
e. T
f. T
g. T

/
/
/
/
/
/
/

F
F
F
F
F
F
F

Jack said he goes to bed very early.

Jack said he usually takes the bus to work.
Jack said he gets to work late if he takes the train.
Jack said the train doesn't go by his work.
Jack said he has to walk 15 minutes from the train station to his work.
Jack said he has a one-hour lunchtime.
Jack said it takes him thirty minutes to get back home by bus.

3) Given the indirect/reported sentences below, transform them into direct speech.
Example:

Peter said he might go skiing.

Peter said, "I may go skiing."

a. Derek said he wanted to change jobs.

Derek

b. Jill said she had a new boyfriend.

Jill

c. Mary said she couldn't drive well.

.

Mary
d. Ben said he needed some help with the annual report.
Ben

e. Neil said he couldn't afford a convertible.

Neil

f. Gina said she hated to do the laundry.

Gina

g. Bob said he taught his kids English.

Bob

38

Lesson Two
Do you remember the difference between SAY and
TELL in reported speech? Look at these examples:

1. Ben said he was at home.

2. Ben told me he was at home.
3. Ben said he had to work until late.
4. Ben told me he had to work until late.
5. Ben told Adam he had to work until late.
As you can see, when TELL is used we need some
complement like the object pronouns (me, you,
him), in examples 2 and 4; or some reference to
the person who's being told the information
(Adam), in example 5.

Use of Ask

1. Frank: Who is at the office?

2. Frank: Bill, who is at the office?

Frank asked who was at the office.

Frank asked Bill who was at the office.

39

In example 1, ask doesn't need a complement because Frank didn't ask anybody in special. In example 2,
Frank asked Bill the question. Then, a complement is required: Frank asked Bill
The following is a list of substitutions in reported speech.

Other substitutions for the Reported Speech

40

Ask + Whether / If

ASK can also be followed by WHETHER or IF in

reported speech, as follows:

Although Whether and If are mostly equivalent,

some differences may appear, as in the following
examples:

Frank: Bill, is there someone at the office?

REPORTED SPEECH:

1. Frank asked Bill whether / if there was someone

at the office or not.

Frank asked Bill whether / if there was someone at

the office.

2. Frank asked Bill whether or not there was

someone at the office.
In example 2 if or not is not possible. Or not must
be at the end for if to be used:
Frank asked Bill if there was someone at the office
or not.
NOTE: In reported speech here is replaced by
there.

41

Verb Tense Changes in Reported Speech

In reported speech the simple past is replaced by

the past perfect.

2. Mary: Yes, I already paid the phone.

REPORTED SPEECH: Mary told Bill she had
already paid the phone.

Examples:
1. Bill: Mary, did you pay the telephone?

NOTE: Tomorrow is replaced by the next day or

the
following day in reported speech.
REPORTED SPEECH: He asked Mary if she had
paid the telephone.
Simple Past and Present Perfect
When we have the Simple Past or Present
Perfect in direct speech, they are both replaced by
the Past Perfect in reported speech.
Look at these examples:
DIRECT SPEECH
1. Frank: I saw Jennifer in the party last night.
2. Paula: I have met my friends from school.
REPORTED SPEECH
1. Frank said he had seen Jennifer in the party that
night.
2. Paula said she had met her friends from school.

42

Future (Will)
When will is used in direct speech, it's replaced by
would in reported speech.
Look at the examples:
1. Mark: I will call on you next week.
REPORTED SPEECH: Mark said he would call on
him/her the following week.
2. Sally: Mom will not/won't sell our house.
REPORTED SPEECH: Sally said her mom would
not/wouldn't sell their house.

Extra Exercises:

1) Complete the crosswords according to the tips.

1. In reported speech you _______________ what was said.

2. If its a question, we use _______________ instead of say or tell.
3. Ask and tell need a _______________ like: me, her, John
4. In reported speech _______________ replaces here.
5. If and _______________ are equivalent.
6. In reported speech the _______________ perfect replaces the simple past and present perfect.
7. Now changes to _______________ .

43

1

7
2
6

2) Mark the right complement.

1) I asked Dan
a. ( ) what is his address.
b. ( ) what his address.
c. ( ) what his address was.
d. ( ) what was his address.
2) Can you tell me
a. (
b. (
c. (
d. (

) what that is?

) what that be?
) what it is that?
) what is that?

3) Jerry told
a. ( ) the game was exciting.
b. ( ) me the game was exciting.
c. (
d. (

) the game to me was exciting.

) me the game is exciting.

4) I asked Sheila
a. (
b. (
c. (
d. (

) what she needed.

) what she did need.
) what needed she.
) she needed what.

44

5) I asked her
a. (

) was she sure.

b. (

) she was sure or not.

c. (

) if she sure.

d. (

) if she was sure.

6) Joan asked me
a. (

) if there was coffee.

b. (

) there was coffee.

c. (

) was there coffee.

d. (

) where was the coffee.

7) Greg told me
a. (

) where he did buy his new house.

b. (

) where did he buy his new house?

c. (

) where he had bought a house.

d. (

) where his new house he bought.

3) Children are very curious at a certain time of their lives. They want to know about everything.
What's Adam asking his father?
Example:

why / be / cold / in winter

Adam asked his father why it was cold in winter.

a. why / he / have / wear / a tie

b. why / his mom / get / another / job
c. why / he / have / go / to bed early
d. if / Christmas / be / close
e. if / Santa Claus / live / in the North or South Pole
f. why / they / can (neg.) / have / a dog
g. if / they / be / move / into a house

45

4) Match the columns accordingly.

1. Dora said she had bought
2. Bob, Ann told
3. Sam told his boss
4. I said, It
5. Bob asked his mom
6. Terry asked me
7. Dan told Alan they
a. (

) me you broke up with her.

b. (

) is dangerous. Don't do it!

c. (

) to make his favorite dessert.

d. (

) if I could help her.

e. (

) a dress for her daughter.

f. (

) he needed a vacation.

g. (

) needed more money for their world tour.

5) Number the lines to put the text in order.

New life in London
(

) she decided to study French too as part of her major. Right now she has finished her TESOL,

(
(

) her parents she knew it was time to move out. They were very understanding and
) I will introduce you to my best friend, Melanie. She used to live in a small

( ) London. Her parents just asked her to be careful. As soon as she got there and got a flat, she got a job

(
(

) town in the north of England. When she turned 18 and finished school, she told
) supported her. She always said she wanted to live in

( ) an English teacher. She had studied German and French for a while but could only speak some
French. So, at University
( ) as a waitress until she was able to apply for London University. She told me she always loved
languages and then decided to become
( ) a teacher training course, and got another job as a part-time teacher in an international school
downtown London. I talk with Melanie over the net every Sunday.

46

Lesson Three
Adjectives ending in -ED and -ING

When we say Agatha is afraid we say she is not

causing the fear but having this feeling. We can
substitute afraid for scared:

Example:
Agatha is afraid.

Agatha is scared.

Now look at examples 2 and 3. In examples 2 and 3, Peter and John are having the feeling of being
intrigued and surprised. Here, intrigued and surprised are past
participles used as adjectives.
2. Peter is intrigued.
3. John is surprised.

As regular verb forms, their participles end in ED, as in the examples

below:

1. Agatha is scared.
2. Peter is intrigued.
3. John is surprised.

47

Confusing or Confused?

Whats the difference between confusing and

confused?
If someone is confusing, he/she is the cause of the
confusion. They are making other people
understand something wrongly.
If someone is confused, he/she is affected by the
confusion and doesnt understand something well.

Adjectives ending in ING are also used for

describing things, situations, events Look at
these examples:

1. The party was amusing.

2. The lecture was disappointing.
But:

For people, we can use adjectives ending in ED and

in ING.

3. The party was amused. - Incorrect

4. The lecture was disappointed. Incorrect

48

Some examples of ED / ING adjectives

Look at the situation below:

This man went to Global Travel Agency to buy some tickets to France. Read the conversation.

49

50

Now, lets review Reported Speech.

51

52

53

Extra Exercises:
1) Underline the adjective that best describes each situation.
a. Tracy is CONFUSED/CONFUSING. The math equation is very difficult.
b. What a CONFUSED/CONFUSING explanation! Did you get it?
c. The ALARMED/ALARMING firefighters were asking people to leave the building right away.
d. Pete was pretty ALARMED/ALARMING. He thought his car had been stolen.
e. Rita gets very EMBARRASSED/EMBARRASSING if she has to speak to an audience.
f. I hate Mark. Hes always EMBARRASSED/EMBARRASSING making fun of me in front of our friends.
g. Those big bodyguards are really FRIGHTENED/FRIGHTENING.
h. Are you FRIGHTENED/FRIGHTENING when you see horror films?

2) Fill in the blanks by placing the adjectives below into the correct position.
AMAZING

AMAZED

BORING BORED INTERESTING INTERESTED

INTRIGUING TIRED TIRING

a. A: Do you think this is an _______________ major?

B: I think so. Im really _______________ in doing environmental engineering.

b. A: What an _______________ game. The players' performance was awesome.

B: You bet! I was _______________ by our goalie.

c. A: Phew! Im way too _______________ to move on.

B: But walking isnt a _______________ exercise.

d. A: I get so _______________ watching TV.

B: I can hardly believe it! Most people dont think its _______________ .

54

INTRIGUED

e. A: _______________. Lucy isnt home.

B: You mustnt be _______________. Shes at college for sure.

3) Match the columns to find the best description for the situations.

a. Being in front of a fierce pit bull is damned

b. The scenes of those people starving in Ethiopia are absolutely
c. Id rather watch a comedy. Dramas are so sad and
d. Do you happen to know where we are? That officers information was kind of
e. I hate Nathans eating with his mouth open wide. Goodness, its so
f. Dan lent me some money. He never does that. It was
g. You must be kidding me. Traveling this long by bus is way
h. Hey, stop cracking your knuckles, will you? Thats so
i. I find Broadway shows incredible. Cats, for instance, is

1. (

) disgusting.

2. (

) exhausting.

3. (

) shocking.

4. (

) surprising.

5. (

) misleading.

6. (

) irritating.

7. (

) terrifying.

8. (

) astonishing.

9. (

) depressing.

55

4) Find ( ) 7 ED/ING adjectives in the grid.

G F

O Y

N G

N T

O S

O R

O E

G N

N A

W S

O C

D N

N G

D N

G N I

56

Unit Twenty-one
Lesson One
This lesson presents the use of another, other and others. It also teaches how to use the expression
used to.

Part 1: ANOTHER and THE OTHER

Look at these examples:

1. Harry's going to buy a computer.

2. Harry's going to buy another computer.
3. Harry's going to buy the other computer.

What's the difference between sentences 1, 2 and 3?

In sentence 1, Harry wants to buy a computer. We don't know if he already has a computer.
In sentence 2, probably Harry already has a computer and it no longer works or he wants to buy an
additional one.
In sentence 3, Harry is going to buy a computer that is different from the one seen or mentioned first. It's
more specific. It's related to one computer Harry has in mind.

57

NOTE:
THE OTHER is also used with plural nouns: The
other teachers
The other countries
The other computers

Part 2: OTHER, OTHERS and THE OTHERS

Other can be preceded by my, your or some,

any, no; or numerals 2, 3 , but not 1 (one
other ball, for example, is incorrect).
Look at these sentences:
My other computer is out of order.
Some computers aren't so good.
There's no other way to do it.
Three other victims were identified.

58

Others or the others are used to refer to plural

nouns, but not with them.
Look at these sentences:
Some people believe in UFO's. Others don't.
Some students are playing basketball. Others are
playing baseball.
These documents are due to be sent today. The
others can be sent tomorrow.

NOTE: Another goes with a singular noun unless

it's followed by a cardinal number or by few.

Look at these sentences:

I need another three driving lessons before the
test.
I need another few days before I can make up my
mind.
We decided to stay another 3 days.

59

Part 3: Special uses of ANOTHER and OTHER

The other day
(or the other week, month...)
= a few days (weeks, months) ago
Example:
I saw Martin the other day.

Another day = a different day

Look at these sentences:
I can't go there today. What about tomorrow /
Monday / the 23rd?
We aren't free tomorrow. Can we arrange another
day?

60

USED TO

Used to describes the idea of a habitual action in

the past. Look at the examples:

John used to like parties. Now all he does is

study.

Mary used to take the bus to work. Now she drives.

Examples 1 and 2 show situations that are no

longer happening at the present time, but
happened on a regular basis in the past.

NEGATIVE FORM:
Mary didn't use to drive to work.

INTERROGATIVE FORM:
Did Mary use to drive to work?
Did Mary use to take a bus to work?

61

THERE USED TO BE

There used to be describes something that existed

in the past. Look at the examples:

There used to be many houses on this street. Now

there are only buildings.

There used to be a movie theater at that corner.

Now there's a store.
NOTE:
Incorrect: Had many houses on this street.
Correct:
There used to be many houses on this street.
There were many houses on this street.

62

Lets remember!

63

Extra Exercises:
1) Complete the sentences with THE OTHER or ANOTHER.

a. We'll have _______________ bathroom built.

b. This painting is very expensive. Why don't you get _______________ one?
c. Can I fix you _______________ cup of coffee?
d. The teacher wants us to do _______________ paper on the Civil War. The first one wasn't any good.
e. Look, Celia has _______________ boyfriend again!
f. Do you mean this house or _______________ with the big yard?
g. Are you done with the beers or let's go for _______________ round?
h. How much was this ride? I think _______________ taxi driver cheated us.
i. Waiter, would you get me _______________ glass? This one is cracked.

2) Owen wants to buy a car, so he decides to go over to the dealer's. He's now talking to the
salesperson. Complete the blanks in the dialogue using ANOTHER, (THE) OTHER or (THE)
OTHERS.
Salesman:

Good afternoon. I'm Joe. Welcome to It's not just (a) _______________ car.
How can I help you?

Owen:

Hi. I'm interested in (b) ______________ sedan.

Salesman:

Oh, I take it you already have one?

Owen:

Yes. A Toyota Corolla.

Salesman:

OK. I'll show you around. Would you like any (c) ______________ sedan in
special?

Owen:

Actually, I'd like to see (d) _______________ .

Salesperson: So, here you go. We have only one Honda Civic. (e) _______________ are in
our other branch. And I also have that Lexus over there.
Owen:

Do you have it in (f) _______________ color?

Salesman:

(g) _______________ one in the store is black. Is that what you're thinking?

Owen:

Yeah, I think black is nice. This (h) _______________ Lexus Does it have all
the frills?

64

Salesman:

Yes. It's the most complete one. (i) _______________ are automatic only.

Owen:

Can I go for a test drive?

Salesperson: Sure. Let me get the keys. I'll be with you in a second.
Owen:

All right.

3) Rewrite the sentences using used to.

Example:

I - like pop music / I - love rock and roll.

I used to like pop music but now I love rock and roll.

a. I be bad singer / I be much better

.

b. Dan - play the piano / he hate music

.

c. she - love cats / she - hate all sorts of animals

.

d. They - play good music / they be too commercial

.

e. The kids - be obedient / they - be real brats

.

f. Ted - like tennis / he - feel disappointed at his performance

.

65

g. she be a daredevil / she be such a wimp

.

h. the world - be a very peaceful place / it has become dangerous

.

i. Sarah travel a lot / she have a baby

.

Lesson Two
This lessons teaches us the difference between used to and be used to.
Used to X To be used to
Do you remember used to in Lesson 1? It
describes a past habit, right? But, what about be
used to? Take a look at the following:

1. I used to skydive.
2. I'm used to skydiving.

NOTE: Skydiving is a sport in which a person

jumps from an aircraft and falls for as long as
possible before opening a parachute. (Verb: to
skydive; Person: skydiver)
Reference: Cambridge Advanced Leraner's
Dictionary.

66

What's the difference between sentences 1 and 2?

Sentence number 1 describes a past habit.
Something done some time ago, and not
anymore.

Sentence 2 describes a present situation. It

represents something you are familiar with. It's
something you perform well, do most of the time, or
use quite often, as in examples 3 and 4 below.

3. Roger is used to fixing cars.

4. Marie is used to wearing high heels.

67

In example 3, Roger is maybe a mechanic or

knows a lot about fixing cars. So he can fix them.

In example 4, Marie doesn't have any problem

wearing high heels because she does this most of
the time.

To be used to doing something X To be used to something

NOTE: the verb to become is also possible with

Look at these sentences. You can either say:

68

1. I'm used to having breakfast.

verb (-ing); or:
2. I'm used to breakfast.

to be used to +

to be used to + noun.

used to doing.
1. Our little dog became used to living in our
apartment.
2. Our little dog became used to our apartment.

Overview of Verb Forms

Be used to can be shown in many ways or verb tenses. We'll be showing you 3 forms in the boxes below.
Check it out.

Present

Past

AM / IS / ARE + USED TO +

WAS / WERE + USED TO +

SOMETHING / VERB (ING)

SOMETHING / VERB (ING)

Examples:

Examples:

She is used to pressure.

She was used to pressure.

She is used to working under pressure.

She was used to working under pressure.

69

Future

NOTE: The affirmative, interrogative and negative

form is the same used for the verb to be, as you
can see below.

WILL BE + USED TO +
SOMETHING / VERB (ING)

She isn't used to going out.

Examples:

She will be used to going out.

She will be used to pressure.

Is she used to going out?

She will be used to working under pressure.

70

GET USED TO

Get used to shows that we are becoming

accustomed to something. So it describes a habit we
are acquiring. It can be replaced by get accustomed
to:

Verb tenses for get used to:

PRESENT: Neil never gets used to using the
computer.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS: Neil is getting used to
using the computer.

I couldn't run for very long. Now I got used (or

accustomed) to it, I can manage to run some
kilometers.

FUTURE: Neil will get used to using the computer.

FORM: get used to + verb (ing)

PAST: Neil got used to using the computer.

Examples:

PAST CONTINUOUS: Neil was getting used to

using the computer.

1. I get used to new work shifts very easily.

2. Becky is getting used to working on weekends.
3. Harry finally got used to not smoking.

71

Lets remember!

72

73

74

Extra Exercises:
1) Choose the correct option.
1. They __________ live on Parsten Avenue.
a. (

) used to

b. (

) am used to

c. (

) is used to

2. Dorothy __________ the tornadoes in Texas.

a. (

) used to

b. (

) is used to

c. (

) be used to

3. Paula and I __________ spend most of our money on education.

a. (

) used to

b. (

) are used to

c. (

) am used to

75

4. Our teachers __________ giving a lot of homework.

a. (

) used to

b. (

) is used to

c. (

) are used to

5. As I Iive in Seattle I __________ to the rainy weather.

a. (

) used to

b. (

) to be used to

c. (

) am used

6. Ken __________surfing all year long. He lives in Hawaii.

a. (

) used to

b. (

) is used to

c. (

) are used to

7. I think Sheila __________ the freezing winter in Norway.

a. (

) didn't use to

b. (

) is not used to

c. (

) not be used to

8. Bill __________ go white water rafting before. He's just started it.
a. (

) did not use to

b. (

) used to

c. (

) is used to

9. This channel __________ play only films. Now even soup operas are on.
a. (

) is used to

b. (

) used to

c. (

) wasn't used to

76

2) Write a complete sentence from the prompts below using be used to in the present.

a. Ben / affirmative be used to / work the night shift

b. Dennis / interrogative be used to / speak 2 languages

c. They / affirmative be used to / explore archeological sites

d. Mary / negative be used to / cook every day

e. The president / affirmative be used to / make speeches

f. I / affirmative be used to / carry heavy weight

g. Mike / affirmative be used to / tell jokes

h. Vicky / interrogative be used to / roller-blade

i. We / negative be used to / write so many papers

3) Using used to or be used to, complete the sentences in the present or past, affirmative or
negative, according to the context.
a. I _______________ exercising every day. I was really fit.
b. Jim _______________ go out a lot during his college years. He loved parties.
c. Sally _______________ climbing. She's got a job as an instructor just now.
d. Molly _______________ walking long distances. She always takes a bus or drive.

77

e. Frank and Dave _______________ live together before Dave moved out to work in Boston.
f. I _______________ drinking soda. It's very good, but juice is much healthier.
g. New York _______________ be a much more dangerous place, until an anti-crime plan was
implemented in the city.
h. This team _______________ win any single championship, but now they can't even get a tie.
i. I _______________ swimming. I'm afraid of drowning.

4) Write complete sentences based on the prompts below.

a. Cynthia / get used to / take care of babies affirmative / past

b. Pamela / get used to / be the boss affirmative / present continuous

c. Christine / get used to / work as a flight attendant interrogative / future

d. Greg / get used to / wear a suit negative / present

e. You / get used to / speak in public interrogative / past

f. Our teacher / get used to / have short hair affirmative / past continuous

g. Samantha / get used to / save money interrogative / present continuous

h. The boss / get used to / eat sea food negative / future

i. They / get used to / work and study negative / past

78

Lesson Three
Lesson 3 shows the use of several modal expressions.
COULD HAVE
We use could have to express that some situation
possibly happened in the past, like in example 1
below.

1. Adam showed up with a black eye. He could

have fought at school.

In this example Adam probably had a fight.

Also, could have is used for an opportunity we

didn't take or some result that didn't happen, like
in example 2.

2. Adam could have fought at school, but he

realized it was a stupid thing to do.

In this example Adam didn't fight, even though

there was a possibility.

79

Remember:
COULD HAVE + verb (past participle form)

NOTE: MAY HAVE and MIGHT HAVE are two

other possible forms to be used the same as
COULD HAVE, just that they express a less
probable situation. Look at the examples:

1. Greg may have left. His car isn't in the driveway.

2. Greg might have left. His car isn't in the
driveway.

Examples 1 and 2 express that something

possibly happened in the past. For some result
that didn't happen we usually use MIGHT HAVE,
like in example 3.

3. Greg might have gotten a ticket for not yielding.

80

SHOULD HAVE

SHOULD HAVE is used to express somebody didn't

do the right thing. It expresses some regret in a way.

2. Sam shouldn't have drunk that much. He had a

terrible hangover.

Look at the examples:

Remember:

1. Denise should have apologized for disrespecting

the teacher.

81

SHOULD HAVE + VERB (past

participle form)

NOTE: OUGHT TO HAVE can be used the same

way as SHOULD HAVE, as follows:

2. Melissa ought to have been more patient with

her boyfriend.

1. I ought to have brought a coat. Now I'm cold.

MUST HAVE and CAN'T HAVE

MUST HAVE expresses something certainly
happened due to previous knowledge or deduction.
Examples:
1. It must have been hard for Lucy to forget her
ex-boyfriend.
2. Jeremy must have scheduled another meeting.
On the other hand CAN'T HAVE expresses the
impossibility of something having happened.
3. Kenny can't have fixed the printer. He has no
idea how to.
4. You can't have seen Debbie at the mall. She's
out of town.

82

Extra Exercises:
1) Did it happen or not? Write number 1 if the situations below describe something that possibly
happened, or number 2 if they describe something that probably didnt happen.
a.

) Bobby, turn it off! You could have gotten hurt.

b.

) Denise could have called me. I think this is her new phone.

c.

) Jim might have just gone to lunch. He left all his stuff here.

d.

) This hotel service sucks! We could have stayed at the Burlington.

f.

) You may have put your keys in the desk drawer. Have you looked there?

g.

) You could have told her. Now she'll get really mad.

h.

) I could have borrowed somebody's umbrella. I'll get all wet.

i.

) Ed's all right, but he could have gotten the flu for playing in the rain.

j.

) Zigzagging like that means the driver could have been drunk.

2) Match the sentences or sentence parts appropriately.

1. (

) It was a very serious accident.

2. (

) Mary was so nice with us...

3. (

) You drove so slowly...

4. (

) He is such a great actor...

5. (

) I liked him so much...

6. (

) I was so hungry...

7. (

) I was so embarrassed...

8. (

) Actually, Natalie has all the skills.

9. (

) I can't find Helen anywhere.

a. I could have eaten all the food in the restaurant.

b. he could have won the Oscar.
c. You could have died.
d. I could have married him.
e. you could have at least offered her a drink.

83

f. that I could have opened a hole on the ground to escape from that situation.
g. that you could have been late for the appointment.
h. Do you think she might have traveled?
i. She could have landed that job.

3) Read the situation below and answer T (true) or F (false).

This morning Melissa was on the road driving to work when, out of nowhere, a deer crossed the road in
front of her. It was so foggy she could barely see it. All she could do was step on the brakes and try to
swerve. She almost got out of the road. That was a close call.
Answer T or F for what could have happened to her.
a.

) Melissa had an accident.

b.

) She could have hit the deer.

c.

) She could have honk the horn.

d.

) She could have sped up and passed safely.

e.

) She could have been seriously injured if she had had the accident.

f.

) She might have lost control of the car.

g.

) She could have seen the animal.

h.

) She might have run over somebody.

i.

) She could have avoided the accident.

4) Mach the columns.

1. (

) My clothes are so dirty!

2. (
3. (
4. (

) The living room walls arent nice this color.

) I flunked math.
) I got to school late.

5. (
6. (
7. (
8. (
9. (

) My car broke down on the way to the beach.

) I am sunburned.
) I have the flu.
) My car is driving me crazy.
) Lindsey is mad at me.

84

a. You should have studied more.

b. You should have checked the engine before going on vacation.
c. You should have changed your wet clothes.
d. You shouldnt have lied to her.
e. You should have put on some sunscreen.
f. You shouldnt have spent a weekend on a farm with your new clothes.
g. You should have woken up earlier.
h. You should have taken it to the mechanic's.
i. You should have had them painted a lighter color.

5) Circle the best alternative for the sentences below. CAN'T HAVE or MUST HAVE?
a. I can't /must have forgotten to write to her. I got her reply!?.
b. Jim can't /must have come all the way here on foot. He's damned lazy.
c. Carolyn can't/must have left earlier not to miss the train.
d. Bob decided to travel for a while. He can't/must have taken that job.
e. Something can't/must have come up. Maybe that's why you missed her.
f. Becky can't/must have changed her phone. I can't reach her on this number.
g. Sally speaks English so well. She can't/must have been so nervous during the interview.

85

ANSWERKEY
Unit 18
Lesson 1

1)

a. How long has Ben suffered from asthma?

b. How long has Vicky been a flight attendant?
c. How long has Marie taken piano lessons?
d. How long has Cindy taken this medication?
e. How long has Ted been a bus driver?
f. How long have Harry and Don been unemployed?
g. How long have Paula and Beth trained for the marathon?
h. How long has Martha worked for the Red Cross?
i. How long have the homeless lived in this area?

2)

a. How long has Neil written novels?

b. How long Has Maria had an old sedan?
c. How long have the Sanders lived on the coast of California?
d. How long has Professor Mills taught marketing?
e. How long has Karla had a basset hound?
f. How long have Miss Meyer's students done voluntary work?
g. How long have they been hooked on heavy metal?
h. How long has Mr. O'hara been the president of the company?
i. How long has the TV been on?

86

Lesson 2
1)

a. F

b. F

c. F

d. T

2)

a. Ben has been swimming.

e. F

f. F

g. T

h. F

i. T

b. Greg has been playing soccer.

c. Victoria has been playing golf.
d. Nancy has been playing tennis.
e. Zack has been playing volleyball.
f. Janet has been bowling.
g. Frank has been playing basketball.
h. Dennis has been playing baseball

3)

a. bought

b. heard

c. been taking d. cooked

f. both

g. learned

h. understood i. both

e. graduated

Lesson 3
1)

1. c

2. e

3. a

4. b

5. f

6. d

7. i

8. g

9. h

2)

1. a

2. b

3. a

4. c

5. a

6. c

7. b

8. a

9. c

3)

a. Ice floats if you drop it in water.

b. If you don't breathe, you die.
c. If it doesn't rain, the plants don't grow.
d. If you freeze water, it gets solid.
e. Plants die if they don't get enough light.
f. If you are allergic, you catch a cold more easily.
g. If you don't practice your English, it gets rusty.
h. If you mix black and white, you get gray.
i. If I don't have breakfast, I feel sick.

87

Unit 19
Lesson 1
1)

a. arrived / had ... robbed

b. had gone / had
c. noticed / had carried
d. had walked / got
e. thought / had robbed
f. told / had ... come
g. felt / had made
h. was / hadnt caught

2)
a. I had already fastened the seat belt when the plane took off. / When the plane took
seat belt.

off, I had already fastened the

b. When it took off, the flight attendant had given all the instructions. / The flight attendant had given all the
instructions when it took off.
c. She had asked us to put our seats in the upright position.
d. She had also said that the mobile phones had to be turned off.
e. After we had taken off, the captain told us about the weather conditions. / The
weather conditions after we had taken off.

captain told us about the

f. He had already informed how long the trip would take.

g. Once we had departed, the flight attendants started the service. / The flight
we had departed.

attendants started the service once

h. They had told us that there were two sorts of meals.

i. I chose chicken after I had seen my wifes meat dish. / After I had seen my wifes

Lesson 2
1)

a. didnt get

b. remembered

c. bought

d. enjoyed

e. didnt rain

f. opened

g. heard

h. knew

88

meat dish, I chose chicken.

2)

a. Bessie wishes she controlled her temper.

b. Gina wishes she were practical.
c. Peter wishes he traveled abroad.
d. Sonia wishes she lived in another country.
e. Mr. and Mrs. Smith wish they had a bigger house.
f. Jane and Mary wish they went to university.
g. Rose wishes she found a job.
h. Cleo wishes she lived alone.

3)

a. T

b. F

c. T

d. T

e. T

f. F

g. T

h. T

Lesson 3
1)

a. hadnt told
b. had won
c. hadnt shouted
d. had been
e. hadnt had
f. had joined
g. hadnt got/gotten
h. hadnt been
i. hadnt driven

2)

1. a

2. a

3. a

4. b

5. b

6. a

7. b

8. b

3)

a. PS

b. R

c. R

d. R

e. PS

f. PS

g. PS

h. R

k. PS

l. PS

m. PS n. R

o. R

p. R

89

i. PS

j. PS

Lesson 4
1)

b. If I hadn't stopped doing exercises, I wouldnt have got/gotten fat.

c. If I hadnt moved to a small town, I would have been happy.

d. If he hadnt broken up with his girlfriend, he wouldnt have got/gotten depressed.
e. If I had traveled with my parents, I wouldnt have been upset.
f. If we hadnt lost the game, we would have been in the championship.
g. If you had told me you would arrive today, I would have picked you up.
h. If I had waited longer, I would have seen my favorite actress at the airport.

2)

a. had
b. had
c. would
d. had
e. had
f. would
g. would
h. had
i. would

3)

a. If I had called Harry, he would have answered.

b. If she had gone, I would have met her.
c. If I had seen him, I would have said hello.
d. If Mary had taken the job, she would have made money.
e. If we had traveled, we would have had a wonderful time.
f. I would have talked with him if he had called.
g. I would have bought the house if I had had money.
h. I would have changed jobs if I had found a better one.

90

Unit 20
Lesson 1
1) He said his name was Dennis Brown and he was from Glasgow, Scotland. He said he studied computer science at
the University of Toronto and he really enjoyed it. He (also) said it was a great experience to study in a foreign
country. He said (He told us) he spoke English, but Canada was very different from his country.

2)

a. F

b. T

c. T

d. F

e. F

3)

a. Derek said, I want to change jobs.

f. T

g. F

b. Jill said, I have a new boyfriend."

c. Mary said, I can't drive well."
d. Ben said, I need some help with the annual report.
e. Neil said, I can't afford a convertible.
f. Gina said, I hate to do the laundry.
g. Bob said, I teach my kids English.

Lesson 2
1)

1


3

4

5

7


2

6


N
S

S
K

91

2)

1. c

2. a

3. b

4. a

5. d

6. a

7. c

3)

a. Adam asked his father why he had to wear a tie.

b. Adam asked his father why his mom got another job.
c. Adam asked his father why he had to go to bed early.
d. Adam asked his father if Christmas was close.
e. Adam asked his father if Santa Claus lived in the North or South Pole.
f. Adam asked his father why they couldn't have a dog.
g. Adam asked his father if they were moving into a house.

4)

a. 2

b. 4

c. 5

d. 6

e. 1

f. 3

g. 7

5)

(8) she decided to study French too as part of her major. Right now she has finished her TESOL,
(3) her parents she knew it was time to move out. They were very understanding and
(1) I will introduce you to my best friend, Melanie. She used to live in a small
(5) London. Her parents just asked her to be careful. As soon as she got there and got a flat, she got a job
(2) town in the north of England. When she turned 18 and finished school, she told
(4) supported her. She always said she wanted to live in

(7) an English teacher. She had studied German and French for a while but could only speak some French.
So, at University
(6) as a waitress until she was able to apply for London University. She told me she
languages and then decided to become
(9) a teacher training course, and got another job as a part-time teacher in an
downtown London. I talk with Melanie over the net every Sunday.

international school

Lesson 3
1)

2)

a. confused

b. confusing

c. alarming

d. alarmed

e. embarrassed

f. embarrassing

g. frightening

h. frightened

a. interesting interested

92

always loved

b. amazing amazed
c. tired tiring
d. bored boring
e. intriguing intrigued

3)

1. e

2. g

3. b

4. f

5. d

6. h

7. a

4)
G

O Y

O S

O R

G N Y

W S

O C K

H A

G N

Unit 21
Lesson 1
1)

a. another
b. another / the other
c. another
d. another
e. another
f. the other
g. another
h. the other

93

8. i

9. c

i. another

2)

3)

a. another

b. another

c. other

d. others

f. another

g. The other

h. other

i. The others

e. The others

a. I used to be a bad singer but now I am much better.

b. Dan used to play the piano but now he hates music.
c. She used to love cats but now she hates all sort of animals.
d. They used to play good music but now they are too commercial.
e. The kids used to be obedient but now they are brats.
f. Ted used to like tennis but now he feels disappointed at his performance.
g. She used to be a daredevil but now she is such a wimp.
h. The world used to be a very peaceful place but now it has become dangerous.
i. Sarah used to travel a lot but now she has a baby.

Lesson 2
1)

1. a

2. b

3. a

4. c

5. c

2)

a. Ben is used to working the night shift.

6. b

7. b

b. Is Dennis used to speaking 2 languages?

c. They are used to exploring archeological sites.
d. Mary isn't used to cooking every day.
e. The president is used to making speeches.
f . I am used to carrying heavy weight.
g. Mike is used to telling jokes.
h. Is Vicky used to roller-blading?
i. We aren't used to writing so many papers.

94

8. a

9. b

3)

a. I was used to exercising every day.

b. Jim used to go out a lot during his college years.
c. Sally is used to climbing.
d. Molly isn't used to walking long distances.
e. Frank and Dave used to live together before Dave moved out to work in Boston.
f. I am not used to drinking soda. It's very good, but juice is much healthier.
g. New York used to be a much more dangerous place, until an anti-crime plan was implemented in the city.
h. This team used to win any single championship, but now they can't even get a tie.
i. I am not used to swimming. I'm afraid of drowning.

4)

a. Cynthia got used to taking care of babies.

b. Pamela is getting used to being the boss.
c. Will Christine get used to working as a flight attendant?
d. Greg doesn't get used to wearing a suit.
e. Did you get used to speaking in public?
f. Our teacher was getting used to having short hair.
g. Is Samantha getting used to saving money?
h. The boss will not/won't get used to eating sea food.
i. They didn't get used to working and studying.

Lesson 3
1)

a. 2

b. 1

c. 1

d. 2

f. 1

g. 2

h. 2

i. 2

j. 1

2)

1. c

2. e

3. g

4. b

5. d

6. a

7. f

8. i

9. h

3)

a. F

b. T

c. F

d. F

e. T

f. T

g. F

h. F

i. F

4)

1. f

2. i

3. a

4. g

5. b

6. e

7. c

8. h

9. d

5)

a. can't

b. can't

c. must

e. must

f. must

g. can't

d. can't

95