SEX

Animal Reproduction
Jon Giolitti & Emma Reilly

CONCEPT 46.1
Both asexual and sexual reproduction occur
in the animal kingdom

Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction

Sexual
gametes (meiosis)
egg
sperm
Formation of a zygote
(mitosis)

Asexual
No gametes
Mitosis

Asexual Reproduction
Reproduce by fission
separation of a parent into two or more individuals
Reproduce by budding
new individuals grow out from the body of the parent
Fragmentation and regeneration
the breaking of the body into several pieces and then followed by
the regrowth of the body
Parthenogenesis: an egg develops without being fertilized

Asexual Reproduction Cont.

Hermaphroditism
Hermaphroditism
-an individual that has both male
and female reproductive systems

Sequential hermaphroditism
-an individual reverses its sex
during its lifetime

Sessile or burrowing animals and

parasites have both reproductive
systems

Its common in fish

CONCEPT 46.2
Fertilization depends on mechanisms that
bring together sperm and eggs of the same
species

Fertilization!!!!
Fertilization-the union of sperm and egg
External fertilization-eggs are released by the female into a
wet environment where they are fertilized by the male
Internal fertilization-sperm are deposited in or near the
female reproductive tract and fertilization occurs in the tract
Pheromones-chemical signals that attract other individuals

Pictures

Gamete production
Gonads-the organs that produce gametes
Among the simplest system is the polychaete worms. Most have
separate sexes but do not have distinct gonads
The most complex systems contain many sets of accessory tubes
and glands that carry, nourish, and protect the gametes and the
developing embryos.
In males the gametes are produced in the testes and in females the
gametes are produced in the ovaries

Gamete production
In many species the female reproductive system includes
spermatheca
spermatheca is a sac in which sperm may be stored for a year or
more
Spermatheca is present in mostly insects and invertebrates
Many of the reproductive systems in vertebrate are similar but there
are some differences
in many nonmammalian vertebrates have a cloaca, which is a
common opening for the digestive, urinary, and reproductive
tracts
most mammals lack a cloaca, so instead they have separate
openings for the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts

Gamete production
In many vertebrates that produce a lot of
offspring they have a uterus that is divided
into two chambers
In vertebrates that do not produce a lot
of offspring, the uterus is then a single
structure

CONCEPT 46.3
Reproductive organs produce and transport
gametes

Male Reproductive Anatomy

Testes - male gonads that

produce sperm
Seminiferous tubules - highly
coiled tubes where sperm is
produced
Scrotum - a fold in the body
wall that contains the testes
Epididymis - a duct behind the
testes where sperm mature

Male Reproductive Anatomy

Ejaculation - a process when

(semen) is expelled from the
body
Vas deferens - a muscular duct
from the epididymis to the
ejaculatory duct
Ejaculatory duct - short duct
where the vas deferens joins the
seminal vesicle and urethra
Urethra - a muscular duct
connecting the ejaculatory duct
and bladder to the opening of the
penis

Male Reproductive Anatomy

3 accessory glands that help turn

sperm into semen
Semen - the fluid ejaculated
containing sperm
Seminal vesicles - where thick,
yellowish alkaline fluid comes
from, also responsible for 60% of
volume of semen.
Prostate gland - where thin,
milky fluid originates from,
containing more enzymes
Bulbourethral glands - fluid that
neutralizes urine left in urethra

Male Reproductive System

Ejaculation

Male Reproductive Anatomy

Penis - male reproductive organ

containing the urethra and
erectile tissue
Erection
Shaft of the penis - thick skin
Glans - head of the penis, thin,
sensitive skin
Prepuce - skin that covers the
glans (foreskin)
Circumcision

Female Reproductive Anatomy

Ovaries - female gonads on

either side of the uterus
Follicles - all over the outer layer
of the ovary, consisting of an
oocyte
Oocyte - a partially developed
egg, surrounded by support cells
Oviduct - fallopian tube;
connects the uterus to ovaries

Female Reproductive Anatomy

Uterus - thick, muscular organ

used for bearing a child
Endometrium - inner lining of
the uterus, rich in supply of blood
vessels
Cervix - neck of the uterus,
opening to the vagina

Female Reproductive Anatomy

Vagina - a muscular but elastic

chamber for the insertion of the
penis and deposition of sperm;
birth canal; opens to outside of
the body
Vulva - external female genetalia
Labia majora - a pair of
thick, fatty ridges that
enclose and protect the
vulva
Labia minora - vaginal
opening; a pair of slender
skin folds

Female Reproductive Anatomy

Clitoris - located at the top of the

labia minora; consists of erectile
tissue supporting a rounded
glans covered by the prepuce
Female Sexual Arousal
Clitirus, vagina, & labia
minora enlarge with blood
Vestibular glands secrete
lubricating mucus
Mammary glands (females) milk producing gland

Gametogenesis

Gametogenesis: the production of gametes

Gametogenesis
Spermatogenesis: the formation and development
of sperm; continuous & prolific in adult human
males
Occurs in seminiferous tubules
Spermatogonia: embryonic stem cells that give
rise to (eventually) sperm
Acrosome: a vesicle in the head of sperm that
contains enzymes helpful in the sperm penetrating
the egg

Gametogenesis
Oogenesis: the development of mature oocytes
(eggs); prolonged process in human female
Oogonia: embryonic stem cells that give rise to
(eventually) eggs
Primary oocytes: developmentally arrested
cells residing in the follicles - puberty
Secondary oocyte: Egg cell; fully matured and
passed through ovulation; awaiting sperm cell

CONCEPT 46.4
In humans and other mammals, a complex
interplay of hormones regulates
gametogenesis

Reproductive cycles
Menstrual cycle
occurs in humans and other
primates
ovulation occurs
the endometrium is shed from
the uterus through the cervix
and vagina in bleeding called
menstruation

Estrous cycle
occurs in the other mammals
ovulation occurs as well
the endometrium is reabsorbed
by the uterus. There is no
bleeding
more pronounced behavioral
changes during the estrous cycle

Human female reproductive cycle

The term menstrual cycle is also called the uterine cycle because
it refers to changes that are happening in the uterus
The menstrual cycle is caused by a cycle that occurs in the ovaries.
That is the ovarian cycle.
The female reproductive cycle is actually one cycle involving two
organs, the uterus and the ovaries

Ovarian Cycle
1. The cycle starts with the release of GnRH, which stimulates the
pituitary to secrete small amounts of FSH and LH
2. FSH stimulate follicle growth and is aided by LH
3. The cells of the growing follicles start to make estrogen. This is
called the follicular phase
4. The secretion of estrogen starts to rise rapidly, this stimulates the
secretion of gonadotropins. Since estrogen increased so did FSH
and LH
5. The increased levels of LH induces the final maturation of the
follicle

Ovarian Cycle Continued

6. The follicle develops an internal fluid filled cavity near the ovary.
Ovulation occurs:the follicle and adjacent wall of the ovary rupture
7. The luteal phase happens after ovulation. During this phase LH
stimulates the transformation of the follicular tissue into the corpus
luteum. The corpus luteum starts to secrete progesterone and
estrogen. As the levels of progesterone and estrogen rise it triggers
negative feedback on the pituitary and hypothalamus inhibiting the
secretion of LH and FSH. The corpus luteum disintegrates therefore
causing the pituitary and hypothalamus to start secreting FSH and LH
to stimulate the new growth of follicles in the ovary

Uterine Cycle
1. Estrogen secreted during the ovarian cycle signals the
endometrium to thicken. This is happens during what is called the
proliferative phase
2. The estrogen and progesterone that was secreted by the corpus
luteum stimulates the enlargement of arteries and endometrial
glands that secrete a nutrient fluid that can sustain an early
embryo.
3. The drop in ovarian hormones due to the disintegration of the
corpus luteum causes spasms of the arteries in the uterine lining
that deprives it of blood. This causes the upper of the
endometrium to disintegrate which causes menstruation

Menopause

Happens after about 450 cycles

menopause- ovulation and menstruation stop
Occurs between the ages of 46-54
Menopause causes hot flashes, mood changes, weight gain, and
night sweats

Hormonal control of the male reproductive

system
The principal sex hormones are the androgens. Androgens are
steroid hormones
Testosterone and other androgens are responsible for the primary
and secondary sex characteristics of the male
Primary deals with the reproductive system. Development of the
internal and external structures
Secondary deals with features that are not related to the
reproductive system. Deepening of the voice, facial hair, and
muscle growth

CONCEPT 46.5
In placental mammals, an embryo develops
fully within the mothers uterus

Where do babies come from?

Conception - (specific to humans) occurs when a
sperm fuses with an egg in an oviduct
Many cell divisions occur
Blastocyst - After 4 days, a sphere of cells surrounding
a central cavity
Embryo implants into the endometrium
Pregnancy/Gestation - the condition of carrying one or
more embryos in the uterus

Pregnancy
First Trimester
The embryo secretes hormones that regulate the mothers
reproductive system
Nutrients obtained from endometrium
Trophoblast - outer layer of the blastocyst
Moves and attaches to endometrium
Forms the Placenta - disk shaped organ containing
embryonic/maternal blood vessels
Diffusion of material between embryo and mother
(ie nutrients, gases, metabolic waste)
Organogenesis - development of body organs
Fetus - major structures are formed

Pregnancy
Second Trimester
Fetus grows in length and becomes very active
Hormone levels stabilize
Third Trimester
Fetus continues to grow, less active
Ends when labor starts
Labor & Delivery
Labor - a series of strong, uterine contractions that push the
fetus and placenta out of the body

Pregnancy

Three Stages of Labor

Stage One
Dilation of the Cervix
Stage Two
Delivery of the baby
Stage Three
Delivery of the Placenta
Lactation - production of a
mothers milk in mammary glands

Contraception

Contraception - the deliberate

prevention of pregnancy
Natural Family Planning
Withdrawal, coitus interruptus
Condom
Diaphragm
Spermicidal
Intrauterine Devices (IUD)
Hormonal Contraceptives
Birth Control Pills
Tubal Ligation
Vasectomy
Abortion, Miscarriage

Todays Technology

Many problems are able to seen

and diagnosed
Not much can be done
Fetal Surgery
After Birth
Infertility - inability to conceive
offspring
Age
STDs
In vitro fertilization (IVF) the combining of oocytes
and sperm in a laboratory

Marijuana
Can cause infertility
If used during pregnancy it can cause premature babies and low
birth rates
Can affect male and female hormones and can diminish the
pleasure of having sexual activity

Caffeine
Higher chance of miscarriage, spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, and
fetal death
increases the length of time that it takes to conceive
If you drink more than 100mg of
caffeine a day then your reproductive
system is suffering
A starbucks grande is 300mg
A starbucks grande latte or
cappuccino is 300mg

Alcohol
Causes a decrease in sperm count and cause the sperm to lose
motor functions
Contributes to a males inability to receive an erection
In women alcohol causes imbalances in the hormonal system that
controls reproduction and can cause infertility
If the mother drinks while carrying a baby it can cause fetal alcohol
syndrome

Links
http://science9reproduction.wikispaces.com/Types+of+Asexual+Reproduction
http://www.theanimalfiles.com/glossary/sequential_hermaphrodite.html
http://i.ytimg.com/vi/q50Yphp1gzI/maxresdefault.jpg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0pJOHRpo1Po
https://web.stanford.edu/group/Urchin/ani.htm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gEwzDydciWc
http://www.csus.edu/indiv/l/loom/wk%209/male%20female.jpg
http://www.doereport.com/imagescooked/42956W.jpg
http://www.soc.ucsb.
edu/sexinfo/sites/default/files/files/styles/large/public/field/image/more%
20sperm.jpg
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/reZBENvl1k4/U3AsmxpufdI/AAAAAAAAIJA/hDuhchuncns/s1600/say+what.

Links
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseasesconditions/menopause/basics/symptoms/con-20019726
http://i0.wp.com/pmchollywoodlife.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/hot-guys-taylorlautner-then-now.jpg?crop=60px%2C0px%2C484px%2C371px&resize=1000%
2C750
http://www.well.com/user/woa/fspot.htm
http://health.uark.edu/Marijuana.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3717046/
http://www.resolve.org/about-infertility/optimizing-fertility/caffeine-does-it-affectyour-fertility-and-pregnancy.html
http://marketingland.com/wp-content/ml-loads/2014/09/PSL-e1410281913717.
jpg

Links
https://www.drinkaware.co.uk/check-the-facts/health-effects-of-alcohol/fertilityand-pregnancy/alcohol-and-reproduction/
http://www.menshormonalhealth.com/prostate-diagram.html
http://apps.cmsfq.edu.ec/biologyexploringlife/units/unit8/..%2F..
/text/chapter33/concept33.1.html
http://mustplant.com/picture/picture-the-internal-reproductive-ans.html
http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/pregnancy-week-by-week/indepth/pregnancy/art-20046767
http://smithlhhsb122.wikispaces.com/Abgail+H.
Campbell, Neil A., and Jane B. Reece. AP* Edition Biology Seventh Edition. San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2005.
Print.